-Pg11JHzUTo.txt

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foreign

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okay

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okay
 

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okay
so last time we ended on one of these

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so last time we ended on one of these
 

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so last time we ended on one of these
Cliffhangers uh and uh so I rushed you

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Cliffhangers uh and uh so I rushed you
 

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Cliffhangers uh and uh so I rushed you
through a bunch of Japanese data and

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through a bunch of Japanese data and
 

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through a bunch of Japanese data and
then we got to

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then we got to
 

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then we got to
um this new bit of linguistic technology

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um this new bit of linguistic technology
 

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um this new bit of linguistic technology
that's going to be annoying

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that's going to be annoying
 

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that's going to be annoying
um this new bit of linguistic technology

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um this new bit of linguistic technology
 

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um this new bit of linguistic technology
and uh sort of went through it pretty

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and uh sort of went through it pretty
 

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and uh sort of went through it pretty
fast so what I want to do is do the

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fast so what I want to do is do the
 

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fast so what I want to do is do the
run-up to that again a little more

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run-up to that again a little more
 

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run-up to that again a little more
carefully and show you what it is that

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carefully and show you what it is that
 

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carefully and show you what it is that
we're talking about what we were talking

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we're talking about what we were talking
 

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we're talking about what we were talking
about at the end was the position of

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about at the end was the position of
 

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about at the end was the position of
accent and Japanese compounds so here

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accent and Japanese compounds so here
 

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accent and Japanese compounds so here
are a bunch of compound nouns uh in

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are a bunch of compound nouns uh in
 

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are a bunch of compound nouns uh in
Japanese and the observation was that

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Japanese and the observation was that
 

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Japanese and the observation was that
when you have two compound consisting of

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when you have two compound consisting of
 

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when you have two compound consisting of
two parts uh you the result always has

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two parts uh you the result always has
 

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two parts uh you the result always has
one accent it has Accent on one

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one accent it has Accent on one
 

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one accent it has Accent on one
particular syllable

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particular syllable
 

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particular syllable
um the accented syllable doesn't have to

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um the accented syllable doesn't have to
 

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um the accented syllable doesn't have to
be the accented syllable in either of

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be the accented syllable in either of
 

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be the accented syllable in either of
the original you know parts of the

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the original you know parts of the
 

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the original you know parts of the
compounds so like raw egg which is the

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compounds so like raw egg which is the
 

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compounds so like raw egg which is the
first example on this slide

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first example on this slide
 

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first example on this slide
raw and egg uh you know they have

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raw and egg uh you know they have
 

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raw and egg uh you know they have
accents where they have accents raw has

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accents where they have accents raw has
 

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accents where they have accents raw has
an accent on the first syllable egg has

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an accent on the first syllable egg has
 

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an accent on the first syllable egg has
snacks in on the second syllable but raw

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snacks in on the second syllable but raw
 

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snacks in on the second syllable but raw
egg has an accent on the syllable which

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egg has an accent on the syllable which
 

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egg has an accent on the syllable which
is not normally accented in a

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is not normally accented in a
 

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is not normally accented in a
um what we said was you know there is a

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um what we said was you know there is a
 

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um what we said was you know there is a
set of rules for where accent goes in

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set of rules for where accent goes in
 

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set of rules for where accent goes in
these compounds

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these compounds
 

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these compounds
and the rules go something like this uh

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and the rules go something like this uh
 

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and the rules go something like this uh
there's only going to be one accent it

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there's only going to be one accent it
 

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there's only going to be one accent it
needs to be next to the boundary between

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needs to be next to the boundary between
 

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needs to be next to the boundary between
the words

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the words
 

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the words
um and if possible it should be on the

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um and if possible it should be on the
 

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um and if possible it should be on the
second word that is it should be after

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second word that is it should be after
 

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second word that is it should be after
the boundary between the words

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the boundary between the words
 

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the boundary between the words
but you don't do that if that would

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but you don't do that if that would
 

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but you don't do that if that would
result in the accident being on the last

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result in the accident being on the last
 

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result in the accident being on the last
syllable so the sort of General pattern

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syllable so the sort of General pattern
 

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syllable so the sort of General pattern
is the one you're getting in french

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is the one you're getting in french
 

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is the one you're getting in french
fries

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fries
 

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fries
where you get accent at the beginning of

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where you get accent at the beginning of
 

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where you get accent at the beginning of
the second half of the compound potato

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the second half of the compound potato
 

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the second half of the compound potato
yeah

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yeah
 

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yeah
um that's what you get in most of the

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um that's what you get in most of the
 

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um that's what you get in most of the
examples on the preceding slide if we go

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examples on the preceding slide if we go
 

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examples on the preceding slide if we go
back to the preceding slide you can see

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back to the preceding slide you can see
 

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back to the preceding slide you can see
that in raw egg right it's at the

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that in raw egg right it's at the
 

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that in raw egg right it's at the
beginning of egg you can see it in field

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beginning of egg you can see it in field
 

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beginning of egg you can see it in field
mouse it's at the beginning of mouse and

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mouse it's at the beginning of mouse and
 

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mouse it's at the beginning of mouse and
uh you're also getting it in French fry

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uh you're also getting it in French fry
 

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uh you're also getting it in French fry
but there's this class sort of coherent

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but there's this class sort of coherent
 

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but there's this class sort of coherent
class of exceptions if the second half

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class of exceptions if the second half
 

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class of exceptions if the second half
of the compound is only one syllable

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of the compound is only one syllable
 

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of the compound is only one syllable
long then you don't put accent on the

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long then you don't put accent on the
 

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long then you don't put accent on the
second half you put it at the end of the

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second half you put it at the end of the
 

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second half you put it at the end of the
first half so Kagawa prefecture uh

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first half so Kagawa prefecture uh
 

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first half so Kagawa prefecture uh
Kagawa is uh its name of a place and

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Kagawa is uh its name of a place and
 

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Kagawa is uh its name of a place and
it's got Accent on its first syllable

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it's got Accent on its first syllable
 

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it's got Accent on its first syllable
but the expression for Kagawa prefecture

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but the expression for Kagawa prefecture
 

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but the expression for Kagawa prefecture
has accent at almost at the boundary

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has accent at almost at the boundary
 

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has accent at almost at the boundary
it's right before the boundary between

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it's right before the boundary between
 

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it's right before the boundary between
them not on the second half of the

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them not on the second half of the
 

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them not on the second half of the
compound unusually because the second

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compound unusually because the second
 

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compound unusually because the second
half of the compound is only one

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half of the compound is only one
 

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half of the compound is only one
syllable longs

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I'm telling you all this not just to

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I'm telling you all this not just to
 

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I'm telling you all this not just to
educate you in what a cool and

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educate you in what a cool and
 

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educate you in what a cool and
complicated language Japanese is uh but

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complicated language Japanese is uh but
 

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complicated language Japanese is uh but
to show you that there are cases of cool

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to show you that there are cases of cool
 

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to show you that there are cases of cool
and complicated phenomena uh that can be

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and complicated phenomena uh that can be
 

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and complicated phenomena uh that can be
fruitfully thought of as a series of

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fruitfully thought of as a series of
 

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fruitfully thought of as a series of
things that you're trying to do which

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things that you're trying to do which
 

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things that you're trying to do which
are in conflict with each other

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are in conflict with each other
 

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are in conflict with each other
sometimes so Japanese wants the accent

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sometimes so Japanese wants the accent
 

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sometimes so Japanese wants the accent
to be on the second word right and next

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to be on the second word right and next
 

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to be on the second word right and next
to the boundary between the words but it

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to the boundary between the words but it
 

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to the boundary between the words but it
also wants it not to be final

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also wants it not to be final
 

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also wants it not to be final
and if it can't have all of those things

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and if it can't have all of those things
 

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and if it can't have all of those things
at once like in gagawa prefecture it has

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at once like in gagawa prefecture it has
 

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at once like in gagawa prefecture it has
to decide do I care more about it not

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to decide do I care more about it not
 

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to decide do I care more about it not
being final or do I care more about it

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being final or do I care more about it
 

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being final or do I care more about it
being on the second word and Japanese

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being on the second word and Japanese
 

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being on the second word and Japanese
cares more about it not about it uh not

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cares more about it not about it uh not
 

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cares more about it not about it uh not
being final right so it retracts it from

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being final right so it retracts it from
 

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being final right so it retracts it from
the second word to the end of the first

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the second word to the end of the first
 

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the second word to the end of the first
word so this is this case does anybody

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word so this is this case does anybody
 

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word so this is this case does anybody
still read Isaac Asimov had these

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still read Isaac Asimov had these
 

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still read Isaac Asimov had these
stories the robot stories uh I had a

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stories the robot stories uh I had a
 

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stories the robot stories uh I had a
book I Robot it was a series of stories

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book I Robot it was a series of stories
 

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book I Robot it was a series of stories
some of you have heard of them at least

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some of you have heard of them at least
 

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some of you have heard of them at least
yeah so they feature uh robots that uh

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yeah so they feature uh robots that uh
 

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yeah so they feature uh robots that uh
have these laws governing how they work

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have these laws governing how they work
 

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have these laws governing how they work
and the laws act like these kinds of

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and the laws act like these kinds of
 

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and the laws act like these kinds of
laws so there's the first law uh and

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laws so there's the first law uh and
 

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laws so there's the first law uh and
then there's the second law and the rule

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then there's the second law and the rule
 

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then there's the second law and the rule
for the second law is you must obey the

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for the second law is you must obey the
 

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for the second law is you must obey the
second law unless it comes in conflict

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second law unless it comes in conflict
 

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second law unless it comes in conflict
with the first law then you disobey the

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with the first law then you disobey the
 

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with the first law then you disobey the
second law and do the first law right

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second law and do the first law right
 

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second law and do the first law right
and there's a third law which you should

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and there's a third law which you should
 

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and there's a third law which you should
do unless it conflicts with the first or

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do unless it conflicts with the first or
 

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do unless it conflicts with the first or
the second laws uh this is like that

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the second laws uh this is like that
 

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the second laws uh this is like that
right so

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right so
 

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right so
um Japanese wants the accent to be on

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um Japanese wants the accent to be on
 

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um Japanese wants the accent to be on
the second word oh unless that's going

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the second word oh unless that's going
 

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the second word oh unless that's going
to make the accent final then you don't

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to make the accent final then you don't
 

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to make the accent final then you don't
do that

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do that
 

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do that
does that make sense

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does that make sense
 

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does that make sense
uh that's a way

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uh that's a way
 

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uh that's a way
or to put that another way don't put the

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or to put that another way don't put the
 

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or to put that another way don't put the
accent on the last syllable is more

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accent on the last syllable is more
 

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accent on the last syllable is more
important than put the accent on the

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important than put the accent on the
 

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important than put the accent on the
second word that's the picture so you

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second word that's the picture so you
 

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second word that's the picture so you
get

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get
 

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get
um uh Kagawa can with the accent at the

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um uh Kagawa can with the accent at the
 

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um uh Kagawa can with the accent at the
end of Kagawa uh uh and not Kagawa King

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end of Kagawa uh uh and not Kagawa King
 

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end of Kagawa uh uh and not Kagawa King
you know put accent on the at the end

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you know put accent on the at the end
 

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you know put accent on the at the end
um

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um
 

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um
there's a standard way of representing

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there's a standard way of representing
 

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there's a standard way of representing
these kinds of facts these bodies of

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these kinds of facts these bodies of
 

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these kinds of facts these bodies of
facts which involves this table that

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facts which involves this table that
 

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facts which involves this table that
I've got here at the bottom of the uh

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I've got here at the bottom of the uh
 

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I've got here at the bottom of the uh
the slide this was uh is an approach to

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the slide this was uh is an approach to
 

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the slide this was uh is an approach to
phonology that was invented by people uh

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phonology that was invented by people uh
 

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phonology that was invented by people uh
who

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who
 

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who
um one of them in particular Ellen

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um one of them in particular Ellen
 

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um one of them in particular Ellen
Prince is uh brilliant brilliant men but

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Prince is uh brilliant brilliant men but
 

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Prince is uh brilliant brilliant men but
he enjoys intimidating people and so

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he enjoys intimidating people and so
 

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he enjoys intimidating people and so
instead of calling this a table uh he

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instead of calling this a table uh he
 

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instead of calling this a table uh he
decided to call it a tableau so he gives

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decided to call it a tableau so he gives
 

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decided to call it a tableau so he gives
it a French name uh in order to be as

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it a French name uh in order to be as
 

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it a French name uh in order to be as
intimidating as possible

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intimidating as possible
 

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intimidating as possible
um so I'll I'll adopt that because

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um so I'll I'll adopt that because
 

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um so I'll I'll adopt that because
that's what the tactician standard

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that's what the tactician standard
 

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that's what the tactician standard
phonologists uh linguists standardly

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phonologists uh linguists standardly
 

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phonologists uh linguists standardly
call these objects this is a tableau

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call these objects this is a tableau
 

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call these objects this is a tableau
um and what the Tableau represents is

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um and what the Tableau represents is
 

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um and what the Tableau represents is
this kind of interplay between the

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this kind of interplay between the
 

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this kind of interplay between the
different laws that are governing uh

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different laws that are governing uh
 

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different laws that are governing uh
where the accent goes the idea is the

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where the accent goes the idea is the
 

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where the accent goes the idea is the
most important laws are toward the left

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most important laws are toward the left
 

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most important laws are toward the left
and the least important laws are toward

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and the least important laws are toward
 

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and the least important laws are toward
the right and what you do is Imagine

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the right and what you do is Imagine
 

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the right and what you do is Imagine
imagine all of the places where you

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imagine all of the places where you
 

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imagine all of the places where you
could put the accent and you ask

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could put the accent and you ask
 

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could put the accent and you ask
yourself

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yourself
 

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yourself
how does that placement of the accent

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how does that placement of the accent
 

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how does that placement of the accent
you know square with the various

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you know square with the various
 

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you know square with the various
different laws the little asterisks Mark

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different laws the little asterisks Mark
 

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different laws the little asterisks Mark
places where one of the candidates one

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places where one of the candidates one
 

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places where one of the candidates one
of the sort of options you're

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of the sort of options you're
 

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of the sort of options you're
considering violates one of the laws so

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considering violates one of the laws so
 

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considering violates one of the laws so
for example the first one which kept

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for example the first one which kept
 

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for example the first one which kept
both of the Accents in in the parts of

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both of the Accents in in the parts of
 

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both of the Accents in in the parts of
the compound just kept them both

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the compound just kept them both
 

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the compound just kept them both
violates the most important law which is

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violates the most important law which is
 

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violates the most important law which is
you may only have one accent so it gets

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you may only have one accent so it gets
 

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you may only have one accent so it gets
a star right there yeah and that

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a star right there yeah and that
 

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a star right there yeah and that
eliminates that one from competition

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eliminates that one from competition
 

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eliminates that one from competition
because you know it's violated the most

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because you know it's violated the most
 

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because you know it's violated the most
important law the one that's furthest on

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important law the one that's furthest on
 

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important law the one that's furthest on
the left uh and then what what I've done

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the left uh and then what what I've done
 

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the left uh and then what what I've done
is consider examples where the accent is

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is consider examples where the accent is
 

 align:start position:0%
is consider examples where the accent is
a four-syllable word so we're

 align:start position:0%
a four-syllable word so we're
 

 align:start position:0%
a four-syllable word so we're
considering putting the single accent in

 align:start position:0%
considering putting the single accent in
 

 align:start position:0%
considering putting the single accent in
on any of the four syllables the first

 align:start position:0%
on any of the four syllables the first
 

 align:start position:0%
on any of the four syllables the first
two uh which have the accent on the

 align:start position:0%
two uh which have the accent on the
 

 align:start position:0%
two uh which have the accent on the
first or the second syllable violate the

 align:start position:0%
first or the second syllable violate the
 

 align:start position:0%
first or the second syllable violate the
second law which says put the accent

 align:start position:0%
second law which says put the accent
 

 align:start position:0%
second law which says put the accent
near the boundary between the two halves

 align:start position:0%
near the boundary between the two halves
 

 align:start position:0%
near the boundary between the two halves
of the compound so uh those are ones in

 align:start position:0%
of the compound so uh those are ones in
 

 align:start position:0%
of the compound so uh those are ones in
which uh the accent is not on a syllable

 align:start position:0%
which uh the accent is not on a syllable
 

 align:start position:0%
which uh the accent is not on a syllable
that's next to the boundary

 align:start position:0%
that's next to the boundary
 

 align:start position:0%
that's next to the boundary
um and then uh the the next last one

 align:start position:0%
um and then uh the the next last one
 

 align:start position:0%
um and then uh the the next last one
which is the one that wins that's the

 align:start position:0%
which is the one that wins that's the
 

 align:start position:0%
which is the one that wins that's the
one that obeys all of the conditions

 align:start position:0%
one that obeys all of the conditions
 

 align:start position:0%
one that obeys all of the conditions
except for the least important one which

 align:start position:0%
except for the least important one which
 

 align:start position:0%
except for the least important one which
is

 align:start position:0%
is
 

 align:start position:0%
is
um uh it's best to put your accent on

 align:start position:0%
um uh it's best to put your accent on
 

 align:start position:0%
um uh it's best to put your accent on
the last word right right that's not

 align:start position:0%
the last word right right that's not
 

 align:start position:0%
the last word right right that's not
there there is no you notice there is no

 align:start position:0%
there there is no you notice there is no
 

 align:start position:0%
there there is no you notice there is no
perfect candidate there isn't anything

 align:start position:0%
perfect candidate there isn't anything
 

 align:start position:0%
perfect candidate there isn't anything
that doesn't have any stars

 align:start position:0%
that doesn't have any stars
 

 align:start position:0%
that doesn't have any stars
um what the Tableau does is allow us to

 align:start position:0%
um what the Tableau does is allow us to
 

 align:start position:0%
um what the Tableau does is allow us to
think in a you know formal kind of way

 align:start position:0%
think in a you know formal kind of way
 

 align:start position:0%
think in a you know formal kind of way
about uh how you satisfy conditions that

 align:start position:0%
about uh how you satisfy conditions that
 

 align:start position:0%
about uh how you satisfy conditions that
are not compatible with each other and I

 align:start position:0%
are not compatible with each other and I
 

 align:start position:0%
are not compatible with each other and I
just realized I get to take this off I

 align:start position:0%
just realized I get to take this off I
 

 align:start position:0%
just realized I get to take this off I
keep forgetting that

 align:start position:0%
keep forgetting that
 

 align:start position:0%
keep forgetting that
yeah

 align:start position:0%
yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
yeah
so that's what the tip low is meant to

 align:start position:0%
so that's what the tip low is meant to
 

 align:start position:0%
so that's what the tip low is meant to
represent are there questions about the

 align:start position:0%
represent are there questions about the
 

 align:start position:0%
represent are there questions about the
tableau

 align:start position:0%
tableau
 

 align:start position:0%
tableau
there's a standard way to represent the

 align:start position:0%
there's a standard way to represent the
 

 align:start position:0%
there's a standard way to represent the
fact that the winner is that next last

 align:start position:0%
fact that the winner is that next last
 

 align:start position:0%
fact that the winner is that next last
one there where the stress is on the

 align:start position:0%
one there where the stress is on the
 

 align:start position:0%
one there where the stress is on the
next last syllable the accent is on the

 align:start position:0%
next last syllable the accent is on the
 

 align:start position:0%
next last syllable the accent is on the
next last syllable which is to put a

 align:start position:0%
next last syllable which is to put a
 

 align:start position:0%
next last syllable which is to put a
pointing finger next to it like that

 align:start position:0%
pointing finger next to it like that
 

 align:start position:0%
pointing finger next to it like that
this is the one that wins

 align:start position:0%
this is the one that wins
 

 align:start position:0%
this is the one that wins
optimality Theory this approach to to

 align:start position:0%
optimality Theory this approach to to
 

 align:start position:0%
optimality Theory this approach to to
phonology is called optimality Theory

 align:start position:0%
phonology is called optimality Theory
 

 align:start position:0%
phonology is called optimality Theory
and uh

 align:start position:0%
and uh
 

 align:start position:0%
and uh
um I don't know I guess they just liked

 align:start position:0%
um I don't know I guess they just liked
 

 align:start position:0%
um I don't know I guess they just liked
the font that had the pointing finger in

 align:start position:0%
the font that had the pointing finger in
 

 align:start position:0%
the font that had the pointing finger in
it so they decided to use it

 align:start position:0%
it so they decided to use it
 

 align:start position:0%
it so they decided to use it
okay this is an approach yeah

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
Oh you mean why am I putting an accent

 align:start position:0%
Oh you mean why am I putting an accent
 

 align:start position:0%
Oh you mean why am I putting an accent
on Ken over there

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
yeah that's a very good point

 align:start position:0%
yeah that's a very good point
 

 align:start position:0%
yeah that's a very good point
um it is possible to pronounce Ken by

 align:start position:0%
um it is possible to pronounce Ken by
 

 align:start position:0%
um it is possible to pronounce Ken by
itself not as part of a compound so if

 align:start position:0%
itself not as part of a compound so if
 

 align:start position:0%
itself not as part of a compound so if
you want to talk about the prefecture

 align:start position:0%
you want to talk about the prefecture
 

 align:start position:0%
you want to talk about the prefecture
it's a word it means prefecture so it's

 align:start position:0%
it's a word it means prefecture so it's
 

 align:start position:0%
it's a word it means prefecture so it's
which is a sort of kind of like a state

 align:start position:0%
which is a sort of kind of like a state
 

 align:start position:0%
which is a sort of kind of like a state
it's an administrative subdivision of

 align:start position:0%
it's an administrative subdivision of
 

 align:start position:0%
it's an administrative subdivision of
Japan

 align:start position:0%
Japan
 

 align:start position:0%
Japan
um and it's possible to say that word by

 align:start position:0%
um and it's possible to say that word by
 

 align:start position:0%
um and it's possible to say that word by
itself

 align:start position:0%
itself
 

 align:start position:0%
itself
sorry

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
it's

 align:start position:0%
it's
 

 align:start position:0%
it's
um Ken is

 align:start position:0%
um Ken is
 

 align:start position:0%
um Ken is
unbounded I don't think I know what you

 align:start position:0%
unbounded I don't think I know what you
 

 align:start position:0%
unbounded I don't think I know what you
mean you could you oh it's not a bound

 align:start position:0%
mean you could you oh it's not a bound
 

 align:start position:0%
mean you could you oh it's not a bound
morpheme that's right it can be it can

 align:start position:0%
morpheme that's right it can be it can
 

 align:start position:0%
morpheme that's right it can be it can
be a free morphine yes yes that's right

 align:start position:0%
be a free morphine yes yes that's right
 

 align:start position:0%
be a free morphine yes yes that's right
so so uh you can say in Japanese you

 align:start position:0%
so so uh you can say in Japanese you
 

 align:start position:0%
so so uh you can say in Japanese you
know the the prefecture is large or

 align:start position:0%
know the the prefecture is large or
 

 align:start position:0%
know the the prefecture is large or
whatever uh and then you can show that

 align:start position:0%
whatever uh and then you can show that
 

 align:start position:0%
whatever uh and then you can show that
it's accented yeah

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
yeah good question there are other

 align:start position:0%
yeah good question there are other
 

 align:start position:0%
yeah good question there are other
questions people have about this

 align:start position:0%
questions people have about this
 

 align:start position:0%
questions people have about this
okay so this is just meant to illustrate

 align:start position:0%
okay so this is just meant to illustrate
 

 align:start position:0%
okay so this is just meant to illustrate
um the workings of optimality theory

 align:start position:0%
um the workings of optimality theory
 

 align:start position:0%
um the workings of optimality theory
um why am i showing you this one

 align:start position:0%
um why am i showing you this one
 

 align:start position:0%
um why am i showing you this one
sure

 align:start position:0%
sure
 

 align:start position:0%
sure
okay oh I I see this is a similar

 align:start position:0%
okay oh I I see this is a similar
 

 align:start position:0%
okay oh I I see this is a similar
Tableau for french fry

 align:start position:0%
Tableau for french fry
 

 align:start position:0%
Tableau for french fry
so it says the same uh the same

 align:start position:0%
so it says the same uh the same
 

 align:start position:0%
so it says the same uh the same
constraints these things that I put in

 align:start position:0%
constraints these things that I put in
 

 align:start position:0%
constraints these things that I put in
in all caps up at the top uh in this

 align:start position:0%
in all caps up at the top uh in this
 

 align:start position:0%
in all caps up at the top uh in this
case you do end up with Accent on the at

 align:start position:0%
case you do end up with Accent on the at
 

 align:start position:0%
case you do end up with Accent on the at
the beginning of potato on the second

 align:start position:0%
the beginning of potato on the second
 

 align:start position:0%
the beginning of potato on the second
word that actually is a perfect

 align:start position:0%
word that actually is a perfect
 

 align:start position:0%
word that actually is a perfect
candidate so this is an example in which

 align:start position:0%
candidate so this is an example in which
 

 align:start position:0%
candidate so this is an example in which
none of the laws are violated by uh by

 align:start position:0%
none of the laws are violated by uh by
 

 align:start position:0%
none of the laws are violated by uh by
the best candidate the laws aren't doing

 align:start position:0%
the best candidate the laws aren't doing
 

 align:start position:0%
the best candidate the laws aren't doing
conflict with each other so you can put

 align:start position:0%
conflict with each other so you can put
 

 align:start position:0%
conflict with each other so you can put
accent at the beginning of the last word

 align:start position:0%
accent at the beginning of the last word
 

 align:start position:0%
accent at the beginning of the last word
and potato and it won't be final yeah

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
that's absolutely right so if for some

 align:start position:0%
that's absolutely right so if for some
 

 align:start position:0%
that's absolutely right so if for some
reason that fourth candidate were

 align:start position:0%
reason that fourth candidate were
 

 align:start position:0%
reason that fourth candidate were
impossible say there was another very

 align:start position:0%
impossible say there was another very
 

 align:start position:0%
impossible say there was another very
high ranking constraint don't uh don't

 align:start position:0%
high ranking constraint don't uh don't
 

 align:start position:0%
high ranking constraint don't uh don't
stress the first don't put accent on

 align:start position:0%
stress the first don't put accent on
 

 align:start position:0%
stress the first don't put accent on
potato

 align:start position:0%
potato
 

 align:start position:0%
potato
um then yes the third would win that's

 align:start position:0%
um then yes the third would win that's
 

 align:start position:0%
um then yes the third would win that's
right and uh actually we can kind of see

 align:start position:0%
right and uh actually we can kind of see
 

 align:start position:0%
right and uh actually we can kind of see
that by looking at the behavior of

 align:start position:0%
that by looking at the behavior of
 

 align:start position:0%
that by looking at the behavior of
kagawaken so if we eliminate

 align:start position:0%
kagawaken so if we eliminate
 

 align:start position:0%
kagawaken so if we eliminate
the option of putting Accent on the last

 align:start position:0%
the option of putting Accent on the last
 

 align:start position:0%
the option of putting Accent on the last
word that's where the accent goes It

 align:start position:0%
word that's where the accent goes It
 

 align:start position:0%
word that's where the accent goes It
goes at the end of the first word

 align:start position:0%
goes at the end of the first word
 

 align:start position:0%
goes at the end of the first word
and so it's the best you can do right uh

 align:start position:0%
and so it's the best you can do right uh
 

 align:start position:0%
and so it's the best you can do right uh
still near the boundary still only one

 align:start position:0%
still near the boundary still only one
 

 align:start position:0%
still near the boundary still only one
accent uh just didn't manage to Accent

 align:start position:0%
accent uh just didn't manage to Accent
 

 align:start position:0%
accent uh just didn't manage to Accent
the last word which is what you'd like

 align:start position:0%
the last word which is what you'd like
 

 align:start position:0%
the last word which is what you'd like
to do but it's not high on your list of

 align:start position:0%
to do but it's not high on your list of
 

 align:start position:0%
to do but it's not high on your list of
list of constraints yep

 align:start position:0%
list of constraints yep
 

 align:start position:0%
list of constraints yep
does that make sense

 align:start position:0%
does that make sense
 

 align:start position:0%
does that make sense
so this is an approach to thinking about

 align:start position:0%
so this is an approach to thinking about
 

 align:start position:0%
so this is an approach to thinking about
phenology

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
um optimality theory is the name for it

 align:start position:0%
um optimality theory is the name for it
 

 align:start position:0%
um optimality theory is the name for it
it says you know in a way it's a kind of

 align:start position:0%
it says you know in a way it's a kind of
 

 align:start position:0%
it says you know in a way it's a kind of
comforting Theory it says do the best

 align:start position:0%
comforting Theory it says do the best
 

 align:start position:0%
comforting Theory it says do the best
you can you know you have all of these

 align:start position:0%
you can you know you have all of these
 

 align:start position:0%
you can you know you have all of these
things probably all of you have

 align:start position:0%
things probably all of you have
 

 align:start position:0%
things probably all of you have
encountered things like this in other

 align:start position:0%
encountered things like this in other
 

 align:start position:0%
encountered things like this in other
domains at MIT if you've ever dealt with

 align:start position:0%
domains at MIT if you've ever dealt with
 

 align:start position:0%
domains at MIT if you've ever dealt with
engineering problems there are probably

 align:start position:0%
engineering problems there are probably
 

 align:start position:0%
engineering problems there are probably
cases where you know you have various

 align:start position:0%
cases where you know you have various
 

 align:start position:0%
cases where you know you have various
things that you want to achieve and you

 align:start position:0%
things that you want to achieve and you
 

 align:start position:0%
things that you want to achieve and you
can't optimize all of them you have to

 align:start position:0%
can't optimize all of them you have to
 

 align:start position:0%
can't optimize all of them you have to
decide which ones are the most important

 align:start position:0%
decide which ones are the most important
 

 align:start position:0%
decide which ones are the most important
and the idea here is that language is

 align:start position:0%
and the idea here is that language is
 

 align:start position:0%
and the idea here is that language is
like that there are cases where

 align:start position:0%
like that there are cases where
 

 align:start position:0%
like that there are cases where
you have to decide among your various uh

 align:start position:0%
you have to decide among your various uh
 

 align:start position:0%
you have to decide among your various uh
your various desiderata which ones you

 align:start position:0%
your various desiderata which ones you
 

 align:start position:0%
your various desiderata which ones you
care about the most

 align:start position:0%
care about the most
 

 align:start position:0%
care about the most
The Hope in optimality theory is that

 align:start position:0%
The Hope in optimality theory is that
 

 align:start position:0%
The Hope in optimality theory is that
we'll end up with a list of these

 align:start position:0%
we'll end up with a list of these
 

 align:start position:0%
we'll end up with a list of these
constraints these laws these rules uh

 align:start position:0%
constraints these laws these rules uh
 

 align:start position:0%
constraints these laws these rules uh
that'll be Universal and the differences

 align:start position:0%
that'll be Universal and the differences
 

 align:start position:0%
that'll be Universal and the differences
between languages are just a matter of

 align:start position:0%
between languages are just a matter of
 

 align:start position:0%
between languages are just a matter of
deciding what order the different

 align:start position:0%
deciding what order the different
 

 align:start position:0%
deciding what order the different
constraints are in you know so that

 align:start position:0%
constraints are in you know so that
 

 align:start position:0%
constraints are in you know so that
there could be uh uh languages in which

 align:start position:0%
there could be uh uh languages in which
 

 align:start position:0%
there could be uh uh languages in which
you know uh the one accent rule is very

 align:start position:0%
you know uh the one accent rule is very
 

 align:start position:0%
you know uh the one accent rule is very
low rank and the first uh the first

 align:start position:0%
low rank and the first uh the first
 

 align:start position:0%
low rank and the first uh the first
candidate maybe wins right you could

 align:start position:0%
candidate maybe wins right you could
 

 align:start position:0%
candidate maybe wins right you could
imagine a language like that uh Tokyo

 align:start position:0%
imagine a language like that uh Tokyo
 

 align:start position:0%
imagine a language like that uh Tokyo
Japanese doesn't work that way yeah so

 align:start position:0%
Japanese doesn't work that way yeah so
 

 align:start position:0%
Japanese doesn't work that way yeah so
differences between languages are all a

 align:start position:0%
differences between languages are all a
 

 align:start position:0%
differences between languages are all a
matter of re-ranking the constraints

 align:start position:0%
matter of re-ranking the constraints
 

 align:start position:0%
matter of re-ranking the constraints
that's sort of the the mission statement

 align:start position:0%
that's sort of the the mission statement
 

 align:start position:0%
that's sort of the the mission statement
of optimality theories try to figure out

 align:start position:0%
of optimality theories try to figure out
 

 align:start position:0%
of optimality theories try to figure out
how the world could work that way

 align:start position:0%
how the world could work that way
 

 align:start position:0%
how the world could work that way
yep

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
okay

 align:start position:0%
okay
 

 align:start position:0%
okay
um

 align:start position:0%
um
 

 align:start position:0%
um
optimality theory was partly inspired by

 align:start position:0%
optimality theory was partly inspired by
 

 align:start position:0%
optimality theory was partly inspired by
the discovery of these kinds of

 align:start position:0%
the discovery of these kinds of
 

 align:start position:0%
the discovery of these kinds of
conspiracies that we started talking

 align:start position:0%
conspiracies that we started talking
 

 align:start position:0%
conspiracies that we started talking
about when I was showing you some stuff

 align:start position:0%
about when I was showing you some stuff
 

 align:start position:0%
about when I was showing you some stuff
about yellow money and now we've seen

 align:start position:0%
about yellow money and now we've seen
 

 align:start position:0%
about yellow money and now we've seen
another example from Japanese for yellow

 align:start position:0%
another example from Japanese for yellow
 

 align:start position:0%
another example from Japanese for yellow
money the conspiracy was uh I don't want

 align:start position:0%
money the conspiracy was uh I don't want
 

 align:start position:0%
money the conspiracy was uh I don't want
three consonants in a row and I'll do

 align:start position:0%
three consonants in a row and I'll do
 

 align:start position:0%
three consonants in a row and I'll do
various things to achieve that we said

 align:start position:0%
various things to achieve that we said
 

 align:start position:0%
various things to achieve that we said
you know you could State rules governing

 align:start position:0%
you know you could State rules governing
 

 align:start position:0%
you know you could State rules governing
the various things and maybe in a sense

 align:start position:0%
the various things and maybe in a sense
 

 align:start position:0%
the various things and maybe in a sense
you should uh but you sort of the idea

 align:start position:0%
you should uh but you sort of the idea
 

 align:start position:0%
you should uh but you sort of the idea
is let's try to keep sight of the fact

 align:start position:0%
is let's try to keep sight of the fact
 

 align:start position:0%
is let's try to keep sight of the fact
that all of these rules are trying to

 align:start position:0%
that all of these rules are trying to
 

 align:start position:0%
that all of these rules are trying to
achieve the same thing that's we want to

 align:start position:0%
achieve the same thing that's we want to
 

 align:start position:0%
achieve the same thing that's we want to
also capture that kind of a fact and

 align:start position:0%
also capture that kind of a fact and
 

 align:start position:0%
also capture that kind of a fact and
there's something similar going on here

 align:start position:0%
there's something similar going on here
 

 align:start position:0%
there's something similar going on here
in Japanese uh one of the rules the

 align:start position:0%
in Japanese uh one of the rules the
 

 align:start position:0%
in Japanese uh one of the rules the
highest ranking rule uh was uh don't

 align:start position:0%
highest ranking rule uh was uh don't
 

 align:start position:0%
highest ranking rule uh was uh don't
have more than one accent in word yeah

 align:start position:0%
have more than one accent in word yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
have more than one accent in word yeah
and what we saw last time was that there

 align:start position:0%
and what we saw last time was that there
 

 align:start position:0%
and what we saw last time was that there
are various things that Japanese does to

 align:start position:0%
are various things that Japanese does to
 

 align:start position:0%
are various things that Japanese does to
achieve this depending on the situation

 align:start position:0%
achieve this depending on the situation
 

 align:start position:0%
achieve this depending on the situation
so there are

 align:start position:0%
so there are
 

 align:start position:0%
so there are
words uh uh like gurai which I think I

 align:start position:0%
words uh uh like gurai which I think I
 

 align:start position:0%
words uh uh like gurai which I think I
translated last time is even which are

 align:start position:0%
translated last time is even which are
 

 align:start position:0%
translated last time is even which are
accented and if you attach them to

 align:start position:0%
accented and if you attach them to
 

 align:start position:0%
accented and if you attach them to
another word that's also accented you

 align:start position:0%
another word that's also accented you
 

 align:start position:0%
another word that's also accented you
delete the accent on the first word on

 align:start position:0%
delete the accent on the first word on
 

 align:start position:0%
delete the accent on the first word on
the word you're attaching good eye to

 align:start position:0%
the word you're attaching good eye to
 

 align:start position:0%
the word you're attaching good eye to
and there are other words like made

 align:start position:0%
and there are other words like made
 

 align:start position:0%
and there are other words like made
which means to up to as far as uh which

 align:start position:0%
which means to up to as far as uh which
 

 align:start position:0%
which means to up to as far as uh which
are accented but only if they are

 align:start position:0%
are accented but only if they are
 

 align:start position:0%
are accented but only if they are
attached to unaccented words

 align:start position:0%
attached to unaccented words
 

 align:start position:0%
attached to unaccented words
and then we've done all this talking

 align:start position:0%
and then we've done all this talking
 

 align:start position:0%
and then we've done all this talking
about compounds uh these are all

 align:start position:0%
about compounds uh these are all
 

 align:start position:0%
about compounds uh these are all
different kinds of examples in which

 align:start position:0%
different kinds of examples in which
 

 align:start position:0%
different kinds of examples in which
different things happen there are

 align:start position:0%
different things happen there are
 

 align:start position:0%
different things happen there are
different strategies right so for good I

 align:start position:0%
different strategies right so for good I
 

 align:start position:0%
different strategies right so for good I
it's delete the accent on the word

 align:start position:0%
it's delete the accent on the word
 

 align:start position:0%
it's delete the accent on the word
you've attached good eye to uh for a mad

 align:start position:0%
you've attached good eye to uh for a mad
 

 align:start position:0%
you've attached good eye to uh for a mad
it's delete the accent on Monday for the

 align:start position:0%
it's delete the accent on Monday for the
 

 align:start position:0%
it's delete the accent on Monday for the
compounds we've now talked about this

 align:start position:0%
compounds we've now talked about this
 

 align:start position:0%
compounds we've now talked about this
computation that you go through to try

 align:start position:0%
computation that you go through to try
 

 align:start position:0%
computation that you go through to try
to figure out where the single accent

 align:start position:0%
to figure out where the single accent
 

 align:start position:0%
to figure out where the single accent
should go but what all of these things

 align:start position:0%
should go but what all of these things
 

 align:start position:0%
should go but what all of these things
are doing is trying to arrange for there

 align:start position:0%
are doing is trying to arrange for there
 

 align:start position:0%
are doing is trying to arrange for there
to just be a single accent and one of

 align:start position:0%
to just be a single accent and one of
 

 align:start position:0%
to just be a single accent and one of
the virtues of optimality theory is that

 align:start position:0%
the virtues of optimality theory is that
 

 align:start position:0%
the virtues of optimality theory is that
it allows us to sort of make that part

 align:start position:0%
it allows us to sort of make that part
 

 align:start position:0%
it allows us to sort of make that part
of our analysis uh we don't if we just

 align:start position:0%
of our analysis uh we don't if we just
 

 align:start position:0%
of our analysis uh we don't if we just
stated these rules we'd be sort of

 align:start position:0%
stated these rules we'd be sort of
 

 align:start position:0%
stated these rules we'd be sort of
losing sight of the fact that these

 align:start position:0%
losing sight of the fact that these
 

 align:start position:0%
losing sight of the fact that these
rules all seem to be trying to achieve

 align:start position:0%
rules all seem to be trying to achieve
 

 align:start position:0%
rules all seem to be trying to achieve
the same thing

 align:start position:0%
the same thing
 

 align:start position:0%
the same thing
things people who work on optimality

 align:start position:0%
things people who work on optimality
 

 align:start position:0%
things people who work on optimality
Theory are trying to get and then of

 align:start position:0%
Theory are trying to get and then of
 

 align:start position:0%
Theory are trying to get and then of
course the goal is to try to understand

 align:start position:0%
course the goal is to try to understand
 

 align:start position:0%
course the goal is to try to understand
why we have the constraints that we have

 align:start position:0%
why we have the constraints that we have
 

 align:start position:0%
why we have the constraints that we have
and not others it's another kind of

 align:start position:0%
and not others it's another kind of
 

 align:start position:0%
and not others it's another kind of
thing people who work on this try to do

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
uh yes I just said that

 align:start position:0%
uh yes I just said that
 

 align:start position:0%
uh yes I just said that
and that so remember yellow money which

 align:start position:0%
and that so remember yellow money which
 

 align:start position:0%
and that so remember yellow money which
was avoid strings of three consonants

 align:start position:0%
was avoid strings of three consonants
 

 align:start position:0%
was avoid strings of three consonants
either by inserting vowels or by

 align:start position:0%
either by inserting vowels or by
 

 align:start position:0%
either by inserting vowels or by
deleting H if you have an H

 align:start position:0%
deleting H if you have an H
 

 align:start position:0%
deleting H if you have an H
um so uh

 align:start position:0%
um so uh
 

 align:start position:0%
um so uh
I've been saying we could just State

 align:start position:0%
I've been saying we could just State
 

 align:start position:0%
I've been saying we could just State
these rules but we'd be missing a

 align:start position:0%
these rules but we'd be missing a
 

 align:start position:0%
these rules but we'd be missing a
generalization yellow money is trying to

 align:start position:0%
generalization yellow money is trying to
 

 align:start position:0%
generalization yellow money is trying to
avoid three constants in a row Japanese

 align:start position:0%
avoid three constants in a row Japanese
 

 align:start position:0%
avoid three constants in a row Japanese
is trying to avoid two Accents in a

 align:start position:0%
is trying to avoid two Accents in a
 

 align:start position:0%
is trying to avoid two Accents in a
single word

 align:start position:0%
single word
 

 align:start position:0%
single word
um uh maybe it's obvious we don't want

 align:start position:0%
um uh maybe it's obvious we don't want
 

 align:start position:0%
um uh maybe it's obvious we don't want
to miss generalizations like that we

 align:start position:0%
to miss generalizations like that we
 

 align:start position:0%
to miss generalizations like that we
want to find them and understand them

 align:start position:0%
want to find them and understand them
 

 align:start position:0%
want to find them and understand them
um

 align:start position:0%
um
 

 align:start position:0%
um
so similar kind of thing that we could

 align:start position:0%
so similar kind of thing that we could
 

 align:start position:0%
so similar kind of thing that we could
think about here uh we've talked now a

 align:start position:0%
think about here uh we've talked now a
 

 align:start position:0%
think about here uh we've talked now a
couple of times about Polish Polish is

 align:start position:0%
couple of times about Polish Polish is
 

 align:start position:0%
couple of times about Polish Polish is
one of a number of languages in which uh

 align:start position:0%
one of a number of languages in which uh
 

 align:start position:0%
one of a number of languages in which uh
if you have certain kinds of consonants

 align:start position:0%
if you have certain kinds of consonants
 

 align:start position:0%
if you have certain kinds of consonants
at the ends of words uh consonants like

 align:start position:0%
at the ends of words uh consonants like
 

 align:start position:0%
at the ends of words uh consonants like
B and D and G and Z we convinced

 align:start position:0%
B and D and G and Z we convinced
 

 align:start position:0%
B and D and G and Z we convinced
ourselves that they devoice they become

 align:start position:0%
ourselves that they devoice they become
 

 align:start position:0%
ourselves that they devoice they become
voiceless at the ends of words that

 align:start position:0%
voiceless at the ends of words that
 

 align:start position:0%
voiceless at the ends of words that
allows us to capture various kinds of

 align:start position:0%
allows us to capture various kinds of
 

 align:start position:0%
allows us to capture various kinds of
facts about what happens to polish words

 align:start position:0%
facts about what happens to polish words
 

 align:start position:0%
facts about what happens to polish words
when they become plural namely but words

 align:start position:0%
when they become plural namely but words
 

 align:start position:0%
when they become plural namely but words
that sound voiceless sound consonants

 align:start position:0%
that sound voiceless sound consonants
 

 align:start position:0%
that sound voiceless sound consonants
that sound voiceless when they're at the

 align:start position:0%
that sound voiceless when they're at the
 

 align:start position:0%
that sound voiceless when they're at the
ends of words uh become voiced sometimes

 align:start position:0%
ends of words uh become voiced sometimes
 

 align:start position:0%
ends of words uh become voiced sometimes
when they're no longer at the end of

 align:start position:0%
when they're no longer at the end of
 

 align:start position:0%
when they're no longer at the end of
words we decided that's because they're

 align:start position:0%
words we decided that's because they're
 

 align:start position:0%
words we decided that's because they're
underlying the uh voiced and they they

 align:start position:0%
underlying the uh voiced and they they
 

 align:start position:0%
underlying the uh voiced and they they
devoice when they're at the ends of

 align:start position:0%
devoice when they're at the ends of
 

 align:start position:0%
devoice when they're at the ends of
words

 align:start position:0%
words
 

 align:start position:0%
words
now so right this is all kind of

 align:start position:0%
now so right this is all kind of
 

 align:start position:0%
now so right this is all kind of
familiar you all remember polish yeah

 align:start position:0%
familiar you all remember polish yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
familiar you all remember polish yeah
it's not just polish there are lots of

 align:start position:0%
it's not just polish there are lots of
 

 align:start position:0%
it's not just polish there are lots of
languages that do this

 align:start position:0%
languages that do this
 

 align:start position:0%
languages that do this
um

 align:start position:0%
um
 

 align:start position:0%
um
uh and so what I'm inviting you to do at

 align:start position:0%
uh and so what I'm inviting you to do at
 

 align:start position:0%
uh and so what I'm inviting you to do at
the end of this slide is to imagine two

 align:start position:0%
the end of this slide is to imagine two
 

 align:start position:0%
the end of this slide is to imagine two
kinds of stories about polish one that

 align:start position:0%
kinds of stories about polish one that
 

 align:start position:0%
kinds of stories about polish one that
would say yeah final consonants the

 align:start position:0%
would say yeah final consonants the
 

 align:start position:0%
would say yeah final consonants the
voice in Polish and another that would

 align:start position:0%
voice in Polish and another that would
 

 align:start position:0%
voice in Polish and another that would
say well there are four rules actually

 align:start position:0%
say well there are four rules actually
 

 align:start position:0%
say well there are four rules actually
there's a rule that says b d voices when

 align:start position:0%
there's a rule that says b d voices when
 

 align:start position:0%
there's a rule that says b d voices when
it's final and a rule that says d d

 align:start position:0%
it's final and a rule that says d d
 

 align:start position:0%
it's final and a rule that says d d
voices when it's final and a rule that

 align:start position:0%
voices when it's final and a rule that
 

 align:start position:0%
voices when it's final and a rule that
says G devices yeah

 align:start position:0%
says G devices yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
says G devices yeah
both of those would capture all of the

 align:start position:0%
both of those would capture all of the
 

 align:start position:0%
both of those would capture all of the
Polish facts one of them is clearly

 align:start position:0%
Polish facts one of them is clearly
 

 align:start position:0%
Polish facts one of them is clearly
better yeah uh so we want to understand

 align:start position:0%
better yeah uh so we want to understand
 

 align:start position:0%
better yeah uh so we want to understand
why we get the particular phenomena that

 align:start position:0%
why we get the particular phenomena that
 

 align:start position:0%
why we get the particular phenomena that
we do in Polish is it clear to everybody

 align:start position:0%
we do in Polish is it clear to everybody
 

 align:start position:0%
we do in Polish is it clear to everybody
that that's that it would be better to

 align:start position:0%
that that's that it would be better to
 

 align:start position:0%
that that's that it would be better to
do things that way

 align:start position:0%
do things that way
 

 align:start position:0%
do things that way
and what we're doing here is uh sort of

 align:start position:0%
and what we're doing here is uh sort of
 

 align:start position:0%
and what we're doing here is uh sort of
similar

 align:start position:0%
similar
 

 align:start position:0%
similar
why would it be better

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
what would be wrong why why is it better

 align:start position:0%
what would be wrong why why is it better
 

 align:start position:0%
what would be wrong why why is it better
to be able to say final continent is The

 align:start position:0%
to be able to say final continent is The
 

 align:start position:0%
to be able to say final continent is The
Voice

 align:start position:0%
Voice
 

 align:start position:0%
Voice
than to say

 align:start position:0%
than to say
 

 align:start position:0%
than to say
well we have these four rules yeah

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
yeah so it might make it easier to make

 align:start position:0%
yeah so it might make it easier to make
 

 align:start position:0%
yeah so it might make it easier to make
cross-linguistic comparisons so yeah

 align:start position:0%
cross-linguistic comparisons so yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
cross-linguistic comparisons so yeah
that's a very good point yeah

 align:start position:0%
that's a very good point yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
that's a very good point yeah
yeah

 align:start position:0%
yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
yeah
yeah

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
we also maybe

 align:start position:0%
we also maybe
 

 align:start position:0%
we also maybe
I don't know if this is a good way to

 align:start position:0%
I don't know if this is a good way to
 

 align:start position:0%
I don't know if this is a good way to
say it maybe it is

 align:start position:0%
say it maybe it is
 

 align:start position:0%
say it maybe it is
we want to understand why

 align:start position:0%
we want to understand why
 

 align:start position:0%
we want to understand why
the sounds that become voiceless at the

 align:start position:0%
the sounds that become voiceless at the
 

 align:start position:0%
the sounds that become voiceless at the
ends of words in Polish are bdg and z

 align:start position:0%
ends of words in Polish are bdg and z
 

 align:start position:0%
ends of words in Polish are bdg and z
and not b d a and o right

 align:start position:0%
and not b d a and o right
 

 align:start position:0%
and not b d a and o right
um

 align:start position:0%
um
 

 align:start position:0%
um
if we're just making four rules for

 align:start position:0%
if we're just making four rules for
 

 align:start position:0%
if we're just making four rules for
those four letters then uh it's not

 align:start position:0%
those four letters then uh it's not
 

 align:start position:0%
those four letters then uh it's not
clear there's no reason why one of those

 align:start position:0%
clear there's no reason why one of those
 

 align:start position:0%
clear there's no reason why one of those
rules is more natural than the other but

 align:start position:0%
rules is more natural than the other but
 

 align:start position:0%
rules is more natural than the other but
as I keep saying

 align:start position:0%
as I keep saying
 

 align:start position:0%
as I keep saying
What's Happening Here in Polish is

 align:start position:0%
What's Happening Here in Polish is
 

 align:start position:0%
What's Happening Here in Polish is
extremely common uh so you get it in

 align:start position:0%
extremely common uh so you get it in
 

 align:start position:0%
extremely common uh so you get it in
Turkish you get it in Russian you get it

 align:start position:0%
Turkish you get it in Russian you get it
 

 align:start position:0%
Turkish you get it in Russian you get it
in a bunch of different languages German

 align:start position:0%
in a bunch of different languages German
 

 align:start position:0%
in a bunch of different languages German
um and so we want to understand why it's

 align:start position:0%
um and so we want to understand why it's
 

 align:start position:0%
um and so we want to understand why it's
common and part of understanding why

 align:start position:0%
common and part of understanding why
 

 align:start position:0%
common and part of understanding why
it's common is being able to say that

 align:start position:0%
it's common is being able to say that
 

 align:start position:0%
it's common is being able to say that
that's a common rule a standard rule

 align:start position:0%
that's a common rule a standard rule
 

 align:start position:0%
that's a common rule a standard rule
that we see all over the place and then

 align:start position:0%
that we see all over the place and then
 

 align:start position:0%
that we see all over the place and then
we can get to work on understanding it

 align:start position:0%
we can get to work on understanding it
 

 align:start position:0%
we can get to work on understanding it
if we just have these four rules then

 align:start position:0%
if we just have these four rules then
 

 align:start position:0%
if we just have these four rules then
it's unclear why those four rules are so

 align:start position:0%
it's unclear why those four rules are so
 

 align:start position:0%
it's unclear why those four rules are so
common whereas uh b d a and o d voice at

 align:start position:0%
common whereas uh b d a and o d voice at
 

 align:start position:0%
common whereas uh b d a and o d voice at
the ends of words is not at all common I

 align:start position:0%
the ends of words is not at all common I
 

 align:start position:0%
the ends of words is not at all common I
don't know of any languages that do that

 align:start position:0%
don't know of any languages that do that
 

 align:start position:0%
don't know of any languages that do that
that makes sense that's another sense in

 align:start position:0%
that makes sense that's another sense in
 

 align:start position:0%
that makes sense that's another sense in
which yeah making generalizations is

 align:start position:0%
which yeah making generalizations is
 

 align:start position:0%
which yeah making generalizations is
good this is this is becoming a

 align:start position:0%
good this is this is becoming a
 

 align:start position:0%
good this is this is becoming a
philosophy of science question yeah it's

 align:start position:0%
philosophy of science question yeah it's
 

 align:start position:0%
philosophy of science question yeah it's
like you know why why is science good

 align:start position:0%
like you know why why is science good
 

 align:start position:0%
like you know why why is science good
why is it good to make generalizations

 align:start position:0%
why is it good to make generalizations
 

 align:start position:0%
why is it good to make generalizations
um because it helps us to understand the

 align:start position:0%
um because it helps us to understand the
 

 align:start position:0%
um because it helps us to understand the
world we're all better for Faith's

 align:start position:0%
world we're all better for Faith's
 

 align:start position:0%
world we're all better for Faith's
reason as well as the reason I just

 align:start position:0%
reason as well as the reason I just
 

 align:start position:0%
reason as well as the reason I just
offered yeah

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
it's um yeah

 align:start position:0%
it's um yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
it's um yeah
yes arguably so there are languages that

 align:start position:0%
yes arguably so there are languages that
 

 align:start position:0%
yes arguably so there are languages that
D voice vowels

 align:start position:0%
D voice vowels
 

 align:start position:0%
D voice vowels
um

 align:start position:0%
um
 

 align:start position:0%
um
uh mokalis is one no Japanese is another

 align:start position:0%
uh mokalis is one no Japanese is another
 

 align:start position:0%
uh mokalis is one no Japanese is another
um so Japanese has a general rule

 align:start position:0%
um so Japanese has a general rule
 

 align:start position:0%
um so Japanese has a general rule
devoicing

 align:start position:0%
devoicing
 

 align:start position:0%
devoicing
um it's High vowels

 align:start position:0%
um it's High vowels
 

 align:start position:0%
um it's High vowels
when they are

 align:start position:0%
when they are
 

 align:start position:0%
when they are
between voiceless consonants I guess so

 align:start position:0%
between voiceless consonants I guess so
 

 align:start position:0%
between voiceless consonants I guess so
uh here's the Japanese word for like and

 align:start position:0%
uh here's the Japanese word for like and
 

 align:start position:0%
uh here's the Japanese word for like and
it's pronounced ski ski so the uh isn't

 align:start position:0%
it's pronounced ski ski so the uh isn't
 

 align:start position:0%
it's pronounced ski ski so the uh isn't
proud you can't you don't say Suki

 align:start position:0%
proud you can't you don't say Suki
 

 align:start position:0%
proud you can't you don't say Suki
unless you're being very slow and

 align:start position:0%
unless you're being very slow and
 

 align:start position:0%
unless you're being very slow and
careful

 align:start position:0%
careful
 

 align:start position:0%
careful
and uh it's still a vowel in the sense

 align:start position:0%
and uh it's still a vowel in the sense
 

 align:start position:0%
and uh it's still a vowel in the sense
that your tongue and the rest of your

 align:start position:0%
that your tongue and the rest of your
 

 align:start position:0%
that your tongue and the rest of your
vocal tract is still in the

 align:start position:0%
vocal tract is still in the
 

 align:start position:0%
vocal tract is still in the
configuration that it would be if your

 align:start position:0%
configuration that it would be if your
 

 align:start position:0%
configuration that it would be if your
vocal cords were vibrating but they

 align:start position:0%
vocal cords were vibrating but they
 

 align:start position:0%
vocal cords were vibrating but they
aren't yeah so so yeah they're arguably

 align:start position:0%
aren't yeah so so yeah they're arguably
 

 align:start position:0%
aren't yeah so so yeah they're arguably
are voiceless vaults yeah yes Joseph

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
oh

 align:start position:0%
oh
 

 align:start position:0%
oh
um so in this particular example there

 align:start position:0%
um so in this particular example there
 

 align:start position:0%
um so in this particular example there
aren't any affixes you can add to ski to

 align:start position:0%
aren't any affixes you can add to ski to
 

 align:start position:0%
aren't any affixes you can add to ski to
to devoice the vowel

 align:start position:0%
to devoice the vowel
 

 align:start position:0%
to devoice the vowel
um but uh

 align:start position:0%
um but uh
 

 align:start position:0%
um but uh
um let me think of a of an example

 align:start position:0%
um let me think of a of an example
 

 align:start position:0%
um let me think of a of an example
uh

 align:start position:0%
uh
 

 align:start position:0%
uh
yeah so

 align:start position:0%
yeah so
 

 align:start position:0%
yeah so
um

 align:start position:0%
um
 

 align:start position:0%
um
uh

 align:start position:0%
uh
 

 align:start position:0%
uh
Tatsu

 align:start position:0%
Tatsu
 

 align:start position:0%
Tatsu
um so this is not high so it doesn't

 align:start position:0%
um so this is not high so it doesn't
 

 align:start position:0%
um so this is not high so it doesn't
devoice this is the verb to stand

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devoice this is the verb to stand
 

 align:start position:0%
devoice this is the verb to stand
um the more polite version of this

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
um

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
let me try to think of an example let me

 align:start position:0%
let me try to think of an example let me
 

 align:start position:0%
let me try to think of an example let me
try to think of an example that does

 align:start position:0%
try to think of an example that does
 

 align:start position:0%
try to think of an example that does
what you want but there aren't any

 align:start position:0%
what you want but there aren't any
 

 align:start position:0%
what you want but there aren't any
examples that will work with ski yeah

 align:start position:0%
examples that will work with ski yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
examples that will work with ski yeah
um

 align:start position:0%
um
 

 align:start position:0%
um
uh

 align:start position:0%
uh
 

 align:start position:0%
uh
okay so when I think of an example at

 align:start position:0%
okay so when I think of an example at
 

 align:start position:0%
okay so when I think of an example at
three in the morning I'll give you a

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three in the morning I'll give you a
 

 align:start position:0%
three in the morning I'll give you a
call leave me your phone number and uh

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call leave me your phone number and uh
 

 align:start position:0%
call leave me your phone number and uh
think of that

 align:start position:0%
think of that
 

 align:start position:0%
think of that
it's got to be a straightforward way to

 align:start position:0%
it's got to be a straightforward way to
 

 align:start position:0%
it's got to be a straightforward way to
do this it's going to bother me now uh

 align:start position:0%
do this it's going to bother me now uh
 

 align:start position:0%
do this it's going to bother me now uh
yeah other questions about this

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
ah

 align:start position:0%
ah
 

 align:start position:0%
ah
try to think of questions while I tried

 align:start position:0%
try to think of questions while I tried
 

 align:start position:0%
try to think of questions while I tried
to think of examples that do what Joseph

 align:start position:0%
to think of examples that do what Joseph
 

 align:start position:0%
to think of examples that do what Joseph
wants because the past tense suffix in

 align:start position:0%
wants because the past tense suffix in
 

 align:start position:0%
wants because the past tense suffix in
Japanese oh oh

 align:start position:0%
Japanese oh oh
 

 align:start position:0%
Japanese oh oh
yeah yeah okay here's one

 align:start position:0%
yeah yeah okay here's one
 

 align:start position:0%
yeah yeah okay here's one
um uh uh adjectives in Japanese

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
so this is the the word for new

 align:start position:0%
so this is the the word for new
 

 align:start position:0%
so this is the the word for new
atarashi

 align:start position:0%
atarashi
 

 align:start position:0%
atarashi
um and uh

 align:start position:0%
um and uh
 

 align:start position:0%
um and uh
negative of it

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
and I

 align:start position:0%
and I
 

 align:start position:0%
and I
uh and so there's a coup that you add to

 align:start position:0%
uh and so there's a coup that you add to
 

 align:start position:0%
uh and so there's a coup that you add to
make the negative form

 align:start position:0%
make the negative form
 

 align:start position:0%
make the negative form
um and it ends up putting this vowel

 align:start position:0%
um and it ends up putting this vowel
 

 align:start position:0%
um and it ends up putting this vowel
between bracelets between voiceless

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between bracelets between voiceless
 

 align:start position:0%
between bracelets between voiceless
sounds and then yeah City voices so it

 align:start position:0%
sounds and then yeah City voices so it
 

 align:start position:0%
sounds and then yeah City voices so it
goes from atarashi to uh

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
uh or the past tense actually so it was

 align:start position:0%
uh or the past tense actually so it was
 

 align:start position:0%
uh or the past tense actually so it was
if you want to say something was new

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if you want to say something was new
 

 align:start position:0%
if you want to say something was new
it's

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
again the e that's after the voices

 align:start position:0%
again the e that's after the voices
 

 align:start position:0%
again the e that's after the voices
because there's a voiceless sound good

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because there's a voiceless sound good
 

 align:start position:0%
because there's a voiceless sound good
now I won't call you at two in the

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now I won't call you at two in the
 

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now I won't call you at two in the
morning

 align:start position:0%
morning
 

 align:start position:0%
morning
any other questions about this

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
uh okay

 align:start position:0%
uh okay
 

 align:start position:0%
uh okay
so

 align:start position:0%
so
 

 align:start position:0%
so
um

 align:start position:0%
um
 

 align:start position:0%
um
let's go back now to the English plural

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let's go back now to the English plural
 

 align:start position:0%
let's go back now to the English plural
suffix

 align:start position:0%
suffix
 

 align:start position:0%
suffix
um and kind of uh review something that

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um and kind of uh review something that
 

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um and kind of uh review something that
we have talked about but in the in the

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we have talked about but in the in the
 

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we have talked about but in the in the
light of all of the things that we've

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light of all of the things that we've
 

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light of all of the things that we've
talked about since then I hope

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talked about since then I hope
 

 align:start position:0%
talked about since then I hope
it'll become a little clearer so again

 align:start position:0%
it'll become a little clearer so again
 

 align:start position:0%
it'll become a little clearer so again
we're talking about the regular English

 align:start position:0%
we're talking about the regular English
 

 align:start position:0%
we're talking about the regular English
plural suffix stop thinking about oxen

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plural suffix stop thinking about oxen
 

 align:start position:0%
plural suffix stop thinking about oxen
and fish and sheep

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and fish and sheep
 

 align:start position:0%
and fish and sheep
um cats and dogs and bushes we decided

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um cats and dogs and bushes we decided
 

 align:start position:0%
um cats and dogs and bushes we decided
the underlying form of the plural suffix

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the underlying form of the plural suffix
 

 align:start position:0%
the underlying form of the plural suffix
is a z right and it undergoes various

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is a z right and it undergoes various
 

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is a z right and it undergoes various
kinds of sound changes depending on

 align:start position:0%
kinds of sound changes depending on
 

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kinds of sound changes depending on
what's before it so you add Z to all

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what's before it so you add Z to all
 

 align:start position:0%
what's before it so you add Z to all
three of these underlyingly and then

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three of these underlyingly and then
 

 align:start position:0%
three of these underlyingly and then
there are generalizations like English

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there are generalizations like English
 

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there are generalizations like English
doesn't like words that end in a z

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doesn't like words that end in a z
 

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doesn't like words that end in a z
that's preceded by a voiceless sound

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that's preceded by a voiceless sound
 

 align:start position:0%
that's preceded by a voiceless sound
and words don't get to end in two

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and words don't get to end in two
 

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and words don't get to end in two
strident consonants right where

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strident consonants right where
 

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strident consonants right where
stridents or things like the Shu and the

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stridents or things like the Shu and the
 

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stridents or things like the Shu and the
Z that's at the end of bushes yeah

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Z that's at the end of bushes yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
Z that's at the end of bushes yeah
um

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um
 

 align:start position:0%
um
so those are generalizations but we said

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so those are generalizations but we said
 

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so those are generalizations but we said
one of the attractive things about this

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one of the attractive things about this
 

 align:start position:0%
one of the attractive things about this
way of thinking about the English plural

 align:start position:0%
way of thinking about the English plural
 

 align:start position:0%
way of thinking about the English plural
is that these are generalizations that

 align:start position:0%
is that these are generalizations that
 

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is that these are generalizations that
just seem to hold about English

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just seem to hold about English
 

 align:start position:0%
just seem to hold about English
generally English doesn't have any words

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generally English doesn't have any words
 

 align:start position:0%
generally English doesn't have any words
that end in a z preceded by a voiceless

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that end in a z preceded by a voiceless
 

 align:start position:0%
that end in a z preceded by a voiceless
sound and we can kind of rely on English

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sound and we can kind of rely on English
 

 align:start position:0%
sound and we can kind of rely on English
phonology to demand that you do

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phonology to demand that you do
 

 align:start position:0%
phonology to demand that you do
something if you add Z to cat yeah

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something if you add Z to cat yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
something if you add Z to cat yeah
um

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um
 

 align:start position:0%
um
and then

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and then
 

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and then
again we've said this before I just want

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again we've said this before I just want
 

 align:start position:0%
again we've said this before I just want
to say it again a little more clearly

 align:start position:0%
to say it again a little more clearly
 

 align:start position:0%
to say it again a little more clearly
there are these conditions and then

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there are these conditions and then
 

 align:start position:0%
there are these conditions and then
there are also these procedures for

 align:start position:0%
there are also these procedures for
 

 align:start position:0%
there are also these procedures for
repairing these violations so you know

 align:start position:0%
repairing these violations so you know
 

 align:start position:0%
repairing these violations so you know
what do you do about the fact that you

 align:start position:0%
what do you do about the fact that you
 

 align:start position:0%
what do you do about the fact that you
added Z to cat well you D voice the Z

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added Z to cat well you D voice the Z
 

 align:start position:0%
added Z to cat well you D voice the Z
if the condition just says you can't

 align:start position:0%
if the condition just says you can't
 

 align:start position:0%
if the condition just says you can't
have a z preceded by something voiceless

 align:start position:0%
have a z preceded by something voiceless
 

 align:start position:0%
have a z preceded by something voiceless
there are various things you could have

 align:start position:0%
there are various things you could have
 

 align:start position:0%
there are various things you could have
done to fix that problem you could have

 align:start position:0%
done to fix that problem you could have
 

 align:start position:0%
done to fix that problem you could have
voiced the D right so the plural of cat

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voiced the D right so the plural of cat
 

 align:start position:0%
voiced the D right so the plural of cat
could be cads right that would be a good

 align:start position:0%
could be cads right that would be a good
 

 align:start position:0%
could be cads right that would be a good
English word or you could add a vowel

 align:start position:0%
English word or you could add a vowel
 

 align:start position:0%
English word or you could add a vowel
like you do in bushes right the plural

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like you do in bushes right the plural
 

 align:start position:0%
like you do in bushes right the plural
of cat could be catas you know there are

 align:start position:0%
of cat could be catas you know there are
 

 align:start position:0%
of cat could be catas you know there are
various things that would fix that

 align:start position:0%
various things that would fix that
 

 align:start position:0%
various things that would fix that
problem if that's the problem but this

 align:start position:0%
problem if that's the problem but this
 

 align:start position:0%
problem if that's the problem but this
is the thing that you do yeah it's kind

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is the thing that you do yeah it's kind
 

 align:start position:0%
is the thing that you do yeah it's kind
of like when we were talking about yeah

 align:start position:0%
of like when we were talking about yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
of like when we were talking about yeah
well money we said you can't have three

 align:start position:0%
well money we said you can't have three
 

 align:start position:0%
well money we said you can't have three
consonants in a row what do you do about

 align:start position:0%
consonants in a row what do you do about
 

 align:start position:0%
consonants in a row what do you do about
it well it depends on the situation

 align:start position:0%
it well it depends on the situation
 

 align:start position:0%
it well it depends on the situation
right so if one of them is an H you get

 align:start position:0%
right so if one of them is an H you get
 

 align:start position:0%
right so if one of them is an H you get
rid of the H if not then you insert a

 align:start position:0%
rid of the H if not then you insert a
 

 align:start position:0%
rid of the H if not then you insert a
vowel in this position and not that

 align:start position:0%
vowel in this position and not that
 

 align:start position:0%
vowel in this position and not that
position so a similar kind of thing

 align:start position:0%
position so a similar kind of thing
 

 align:start position:0%
position so a similar kind of thing
um

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um
 

 align:start position:0%
um
so this is all a way of saying what we

 align:start position:0%
so this is all a way of saying what we
 

 align:start position:0%
so this is all a way of saying what we
it's it's uh worthwhile maybe to

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it's it's uh worthwhile maybe to
 

 align:start position:0%
it's it's uh worthwhile maybe to
distinguish between uh the phonotactic

 align:start position:0%
distinguish between uh the phonotactic
 

 align:start position:0%
distinguish between uh the phonotactic
considerations or the the well informed

 align:start position:0%
considerations or the the well informed
 

 align:start position:0%
considerations or the the well informed
in this considerations that tell you

 align:start position:0%
in this considerations that tell you
 

 align:start position:0%
in this considerations that tell you
this language doesn't like uh three

 align:start position:0%
this language doesn't like uh three
 

 align:start position:0%
this language doesn't like uh three
consonants in a row or two accented

 align:start position:0%
consonants in a row or two accented
 

 align:start position:0%
consonants in a row or two accented
syllables in your word or uh words

 align:start position:0%
syllables in your word or uh words
 

 align:start position:0%
syllables in your word or uh words
ending in a z preceded by a voiceless

 align:start position:0%
ending in a z preceded by a voiceless
 

 align:start position:0%
ending in a z preceded by a voiceless
sound there's that kind of condition and

 align:start position:0%
sound there's that kind of condition and
 

 align:start position:0%
sound there's that kind of condition and
then there's how do you repair it what

 align:start position:0%
then there's how do you repair it what
 

 align:start position:0%
then there's how do you repair it what
kind of a repair do you use

 align:start position:0%
kind of a repair do you use
 

 align:start position:0%
kind of a repair do you use
um so there's the well-formed in this

 align:start position:0%
um so there's the well-formed in this
 

 align:start position:0%
um so there's the well-formed in this
condition and then there's the repair

 align:start position:0%
condition and then there's the repair
 

 align:start position:0%
condition and then there's the repair
yeah so in this particular case the

 align:start position:0%
yeah so in this particular case the
 

 align:start position:0%
yeah so in this particular case the
procedures are devoice and insert schwa

 align:start position:0%
procedures are devoice and insert schwa
 

 align:start position:0%
procedures are devoice and insert schwa
um there's a particularly sort of

 align:start position:0%
um there's a particularly sort of
 

 align:start position:0%
um there's a particularly sort of
striking bit of evidence for this way of

 align:start position:0%
striking bit of evidence for this way of
 

 align:start position:0%
striking bit of evidence for this way of
dividing things up uh this distinction

 align:start position:0%
dividing things up uh this distinction
 

 align:start position:0%
dividing things up uh this distinction
that I'm drawing between well-formedness

 align:start position:0%
that I'm drawing between well-formedness
 

 align:start position:0%
that I'm drawing between well-formedness
conditions on words on the one hand and

 align:start position:0%
conditions on words on the one hand and
 

 align:start position:0%
conditions on words on the one hand and
uh types of possible repair on the other

 align:start position:0%
uh types of possible repair on the other
 

 align:start position:0%
uh types of possible repair on the other
that we need to think about both of

 align:start position:0%
that we need to think about both of
 

 align:start position:0%
that we need to think about both of
those things if we're going to describe

 align:start position:0%
those things if we're going to describe
 

 align:start position:0%
those things if we're going to describe
what the language is doing

 align:start position:0%
what the language is doing
 

 align:start position:0%
what the language is doing
this is a classic test in 1957 I

 align:start position:0%
this is a classic test in 1957 I
 

 align:start position:0%
this is a classic test in 1957 I
mentioned it in class before but I

 align:start position:0%
mentioned it in class before but I
 

 align:start position:0%
mentioned it in class before but I
wanted to talk about it a little more

 align:start position:0%
wanted to talk about it a little more
 

 align:start position:0%
wanted to talk about it a little more
now that we've drawn this distinction uh

 align:start position:0%
now that we've drawn this distinction uh
 

 align:start position:0%
now that we've drawn this distinction uh
so uh Gene burco later Jean burko

 align:start position:0%
so uh Gene burco later Jean burko
 

 align:start position:0%
so uh Gene burco later Jean burko
Gleason uh did this work in 1957 with

 align:start position:0%
Gleason uh did this work in 1957 with
 

 align:start position:0%
Gleason uh did this work in 1957 with
children she was demonstrating that they

 align:start position:0%
children she was demonstrating that they
 

 align:start position:0%
children she was demonstrating that they
know these generalizations about plurals

 align:start position:0%
know these generalizations about plurals
 

 align:start position:0%
know these generalizations about plurals
uh even with words they've never heard

 align:start position:0%
uh even with words they've never heard
 

 align:start position:0%
uh even with words they've never heard
before so she would show them pictures

 align:start position:0%
before so she would show them pictures
 

 align:start position:0%
before so she would show them pictures
like this one this is one of her

 align:start position:0%
like this one this is one of her
 

 align:start position:0%
like this one this is one of her
pictures she said this is a wug

 align:start position:0%
pictures she said this is a wug
 

 align:start position:0%
pictures she said this is a wug
um and then she would show them

 align:start position:0%
um and then she would show them
 

 align:start position:0%
um and then she would show them
two pictures of the same thing and she

 align:start position:0%
two pictures of the same thing and she
 

 align:start position:0%
two pictures of the same thing and she
would say now there are two of them

 align:start position:0%
would say now there are two of them
 

 align:start position:0%
would say now there are two of them
there are two and children were supposed

 align:start position:0%
there are two and children were supposed
 

 align:start position:0%
there are two and children were supposed
to say

 align:start position:0%
to say
 

 align:start position:0%
to say
bugs yeah uh even though they'd never

 align:start position:0%
bugs yeah uh even though they'd never
 

 align:start position:0%
bugs yeah uh even though they'd never
heard anybody say well before right so

 align:start position:0%
heard anybody say well before right so
 

 align:start position:0%
heard anybody say well before right so
Jean Virgo Gleason Gene burko uh made up

 align:start position:0%
Jean Virgo Gleason Gene burko uh made up
 

 align:start position:0%
Jean Virgo Gleason Gene burko uh made up
a bunch of words she worked hard to make

 align:start position:0%
a bunch of words she worked hard to make
 

 align:start position:0%
a bunch of words she worked hard to make
sure they were not real words and then

 align:start position:0%
sure they were not real words and then
 

 align:start position:0%
sure they were not real words and then
she Drew many cute pictures uh and

 align:start position:0%
she Drew many cute pictures uh and
 

 align:start position:0%
she Drew many cute pictures uh and
showed children singulars and plurals

 align:start position:0%
showed children singulars and plurals
 

 align:start position:0%
showed children singulars and plurals
and said okay here's the singular what's

 align:start position:0%
and said okay here's the singular what's
 

 align:start position:0%
and said okay here's the singular what's
the plural right and the kids

 align:start position:0%
the plural right and the kids
 

 align:start position:0%
the plural right and the kids
um responded and she wrote down their

 align:start position:0%
um responded and she wrote down their
 

 align:start position:0%
um responded and she wrote down their
responses and their responses

 align:start position:0%
responses and their responses
 

 align:start position:0%
responses and their responses
interestingly were accurate uh in one

 align:start position:0%
interestingly were accurate uh in one
 

 align:start position:0%
interestingly were accurate uh in one
way and sometimes inaccurate in another

 align:start position:0%
way and sometimes inaccurate in another
 

 align:start position:0%
way and sometimes inaccurate in another
um

 align:start position:0%
um
 

 align:start position:0%
um
interesting to think about so she was

 align:start position:0%
interesting to think about so she was
 

 align:start position:0%
interesting to think about so she was
working with children who were five

 align:start position:0%
working with children who were five
 

 align:start position:0%
working with children who were five
years old and children who were seven

 align:start position:0%
years old and children who were seven
 

 align:start position:0%
years old and children who were seven
years old uh what she discovered was

 align:start position:0%
years old uh what she discovered was
 

 align:start position:0%
years old uh what she discovered was
that by the time they're five years old

 align:start position:0%
that by the time they're five years old
 

 align:start position:0%
that by the time they're five years old
they are in a sense perfect uh in the

 align:start position:0%
they are in a sense perfect uh in the
 

 align:start position:0%
they are in a sense perfect uh in the
sense that all of the words that they

 align:start position:0%
sense that all of the words that they
 

 align:start position:0%
sense that all of the words that they
came up with were phonatactically

 align:start position:0%
came up with were phonatactically
 

 align:start position:0%
came up with were phonatactically
well-formed English words uh so here are

 align:start position:0%
well-formed English words uh so here are
 

 align:start position:0%
well-formed English words uh so here are
three of uh burko's words heaths and

 align:start position:0%
three of uh burko's words heaths and
 

 align:start position:0%
three of uh burko's words heaths and
Muzz yeah and uh well I think everybody

 align:start position:0%
Muzz yeah and uh well I think everybody
 

 align:start position:0%
Muzz yeah and uh well I think everybody
did well perfectly everybody said the

 align:start position:0%
did well perfectly everybody said the
 

 align:start position:0%
did well perfectly everybody said the
plural bug is wugs

 align:start position:0%
plural bug is wugs
 

 align:start position:0%
plural bug is wugs
um but there were other cases where you

 align:start position:0%
um but there were other cases where you
 

 align:start position:0%
um but there were other cases where you
know uh children would say sometimes

 align:start position:0%
know uh children would say sometimes
 

 align:start position:0%
know uh children would say sometimes
things like the plural Thief is heifas

 align:start position:0%
things like the plural Thief is heifas
 

 align:start position:0%
things like the plural Thief is heifas
or the plural of fast is fast or the

 align:start position:0%
or the plural of fast is fast or the
 

 align:start position:0%
or the plural of fast is fast or the
plural of Moses Muzz

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
these are all words where

 align:start position:0%
these are all words where
 

 align:start position:0%
these are all words where
um and then there were other kinds of

 align:start position:0%
um and then there were other kinds of
 

 align:start position:0%
um and then there were other kinds of
mistakes that children didn't make so um

 align:start position:0%
mistakes that children didn't make so um
 

 align:start position:0%
mistakes that children didn't make so um
nobody said that the plural of wug was

 align:start position:0%
nobody said that the plural of wug was
 

 align:start position:0%
nobody said that the plural of wug was
wugs you know or that the plural of wook

 align:start position:0%
wugs you know or that the plural of wook
 

 align:start position:0%
wugs you know or that the plural of wook
is right or that the plural fast as fast

 align:start position:0%
is right or that the plural fast as fast
 

 align:start position:0%
is right or that the plural fast as fast
as

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
what were children doing well children

 align:start position:0%
what were children doing well children
 

 align:start position:0%
what were children doing well children
know if you show them something that's

 align:start position:0%
know if you show them something that's
 

 align:start position:0%
know if you show them something that's
underlyingly you know you give them

 align:start position:0%
underlyingly you know you give them
 

 align:start position:0%
underlyingly you know you give them
Heath

 align:start position:0%
Heath
 

 align:start position:0%
Heath
for some reason I'm spelling backwards

 align:start position:0%
for some reason I'm spelling backwards
 

 align:start position:0%
for some reason I'm spelling backwards
you give them Heath and you ask them the

 align:start position:0%
you give them Heath and you ask them the
 

 align:start position:0%
you give them Heath and you ask them the
plural they know that you're supposed to

 align:start position:0%
plural they know that you're supposed to
 

 align:start position:0%
plural they know that you're supposed to
add a z and they know that English

 align:start position:0%
add a z and they know that English
 

 align:start position:0%
add a z and they know that English
doesn't allow words that end in a z

 align:start position:0%
doesn't allow words that end in a z
 

 align:start position:0%
doesn't allow words that end in a z
preceded by a voiceless sound

 align:start position:0%
preceded by a voiceless sound
 

 align:start position:0%
preceded by a voiceless sound
but some of these five and

 align:start position:0%
but some of these five and
 

 align:start position:0%
but some of these five and
seven-year-olds were a little fuzzy on

 align:start position:0%
seven-year-olds were a little fuzzy on
 

 align:start position:0%
seven-year-olds were a little fuzzy on
on the possible repairs

 align:start position:0%
on the possible repairs
 

 align:start position:0%
on the possible repairs
so

 align:start position:0%
so
 

 align:start position:0%
so
um they none of them said oh yeah it's

 align:start position:0%
um they none of them said oh yeah it's
 

 align:start position:0%
um they none of them said oh yeah it's
he right

 align:start position:0%
he right
 

 align:start position:0%
he right
but I just said this if the only problem

 align:start position:0%
but I just said this if the only problem
 

 align:start position:0%
but I just said this if the only problem
is well this word ends in the voiceless

 align:start position:0%
is well this word ends in the voiceless
 

 align:start position:0%
is well this word ends in the voiceless
sound followed by a z in fact what

 align:start position:0%
sound followed by a z in fact what
 

 align:start position:0%
sound followed by a z in fact what
you're supposed to do is devoice the Z

 align:start position:0%
you're supposed to do is devoice the Z
 

 align:start position:0%
you're supposed to do is devoice the Z
that's what an adult would do it's a

 align:start position:0%
that's what an adult would do it's a
 

 align:start position:0%
that's what an adult would do it's a
plural Thief is heafs yeah but if you

 align:start position:0%
plural Thief is heafs yeah but if you
 

 align:start position:0%
plural Thief is heafs yeah but if you
were instead to insert a schwa well that

 align:start position:0%
were instead to insert a schwa well that
 

 align:start position:0%
were instead to insert a schwa well that
would fix it too right so uh now the Z

 align:start position:0%
would fix it too right so uh now the Z
 

 align:start position:0%
would fix it too right so uh now the Z
is preceded by a voiced sound the plural

 align:start position:0%
is preceded by a voiced sound the plural
 

 align:start position:0%
is preceded by a voiced sound the plural
Thief is yeah and there were some kids

 align:start position:0%
Thief is yeah and there were some kids
 

 align:start position:0%
Thief is yeah and there were some kids
who were going through a stage who were

 align:start position:0%
who were going through a stage who were
 

 align:start position:0%
who were going through a stage who were
entertaining that possibility you know

 align:start position:0%
entertaining that possibility you know
 

 align:start position:0%
entertaining that possibility you know
that that was the correct repair for

 align:start position:0%
that that was the correct repair for
 

 align:start position:0%
that that was the correct repair for
that so what what uh berko found was

 align:start position:0%
that so what what uh berko found was
 

 align:start position:0%
that so what what uh berko found was
that children uh universally knew the

 align:start position:0%
that children uh universally knew the
 

 align:start position:0%
that children uh universally knew the
phono tactics right they they knew that

 align:start position:0%
phono tactics right they they knew that
 

 align:start position:0%
phono tactics right they they knew that
English doesn't allow words that end in

 align:start position:0%
English doesn't allow words that end in
 

 align:start position:0%
English doesn't allow words that end in
the Z preceded by a voiceless sound but

 align:start position:0%
the Z preceded by a voiceless sound but
 

 align:start position:0%
the Z preceded by a voiceless sound but
they made sort of uh intriguing mistakes

 align:start position:0%
they made sort of uh intriguing mistakes
 

 align:start position:0%
they made sort of uh intriguing mistakes
of various kinds not very often most of

 align:start position:0%
of various kinds not very often most of
 

 align:start position:0%
of various kinds not very often most of
the kids just did everything perfectly

 align:start position:0%
the kids just did everything perfectly
 

 align:start position:0%
the kids just did everything perfectly
but every so often she would get kids

 align:start position:0%
but every so often she would get kids
 

 align:start position:0%
but every so often she would get kids
who made some mistakes and the mistakes

 align:start position:0%
who made some mistakes and the mistakes
 

 align:start position:0%
who made some mistakes and the mistakes
were of this class that is mistakes

 align:start position:0%
were of this class that is mistakes
 

 align:start position:0%
were of this class that is mistakes
where they knew that there needed to be

 align:start position:0%
where they knew that there needed to be
 

 align:start position:0%
where they knew that there needed to be
a repair but got the repair wrong

 align:start position:0%
a repair but got the repair wrong
 

 align:start position:0%
a repair but got the repair wrong
similarly for Muzz this was a kid who

 align:start position:0%
similarly for Muzz this was a kid who
 

 align:start position:0%
similarly for Muzz this was a kid who
you know the singular is Muzz and the

 align:start position:0%
you know the singular is Muzz and the
 

 align:start position:0%
you know the singular is Muzz and the
kid knows that you need to add a z and

 align:start position:0%
kid knows that you need to add a z and
 

 align:start position:0%
kid knows that you need to add a z and
the kid knows that you can't have two

 align:start position:0%
the kid knows that you can't have two
 

 align:start position:0%
the kid knows that you can't have two
stridents at the end of a word the

 align:start position:0%
stridents at the end of a word the
 

 align:start position:0%
stridents at the end of a word the
correct answer the adult's answer is to

 align:start position:0%
correct answer the adult's answer is to
 

 align:start position:0%
correct answer the adult's answer is to
insert a schwa so the plural of Muzz

 align:start position:0%
insert a schwa so the plural of Muzz
 

 align:start position:0%
insert a schwa so the plural of Muzz
will be muzzes but uh deleting the Z one

 align:start position:0%
will be muzzes but uh deleting the Z one
 

 align:start position:0%
will be muzzes but uh deleting the Z one
of the Z is hard to know which one uh

 align:start position:0%
of the Z is hard to know which one uh
 

 align:start position:0%
of the Z is hard to know which one uh
also fixes that problem and so uh that

 align:start position:0%
also fixes that problem and so uh that
 

 align:start position:0%
also fixes that problem and so uh that
was a kid who thought yeah I'll delete a

 align:start position:0%
was a kid who thought yeah I'll delete a
 

 align:start position:0%
was a kid who thought yeah I'll delete a
z yeah yeah Joseph

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
as something that English does yeah no

 align:start position:0%
as something that English does yeah no
 

 align:start position:0%
as something that English does yeah no
so English there aren't I don't think

 align:start position:0%
so English there aren't I don't think
 

 align:start position:0%
so English there aren't I don't think
any English nouns

 align:start position:0%
any English nouns
 

 align:start position:0%
any English nouns
that form their plural by adding a z and

 align:start position:0%
that form their plural by adding a z and
 

 align:start position:0%
that form their plural by adding a z and
deleting something before the Z don't

 align:start position:0%
deleting something before the Z don't
 

 align:start position:0%
deleting something before the Z don't
believe

 align:start position:0%
believe
 

 align:start position:0%
believe
that ever happens yeah this is me

 align:start position:0%
that ever happens yeah this is me
 

 align:start position:0%
that ever happens yeah this is me
slowing down while I tried to think of

 align:start position:0%
slowing down while I tried to think of
 

 align:start position:0%
slowing down while I tried to think of
English nouns of which I know several

 align:start position:0%
English nouns of which I know several
 

 align:start position:0%
English nouns of which I know several
but

 align:start position:0%
but
 

 align:start position:0%
but
um I can't think of any of it I can't

 align:start position:0%
um I can't think of any of it I can't
 

 align:start position:0%
um I can't think of any of it I can't
think of any to do that yeah

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
um yeah so is this clear another reason

 align:start position:0%
um yeah so is this clear another reason
 

 align:start position:0%
um yeah so is this clear another reason
to draw this distinction between on the

 align:start position:0%
to draw this distinction between on the
 

 align:start position:0%
to draw this distinction between on the
one hand

 align:start position:0%
one hand
 

 align:start position:0%
one hand
what I was calling phonotactics these

 align:start position:0%
what I was calling phonotactics these
 

 align:start position:0%
what I was calling phonotactics these
rules for which kinds of sounds can be

 align:start position:0%
rules for which kinds of sounds can be
 

 align:start position:0%
rules for which kinds of sounds can be
where uh and on the other hand the

 align:start position:0%
where uh and on the other hand the
 

 align:start position:0%
where uh and on the other hand the
repairs so uh uh the kids that burka was

 align:start position:0%
repairs so uh uh the kids that burka was
 

 align:start position:0%
repairs so uh uh the kids that burka was
working with uh knew the founder tactics

 align:start position:0%
working with uh knew the founder tactics
 

 align:start position:0%
working with uh knew the founder tactics
but were sometimes fuzzy on what the

 align:start position:0%
but were sometimes fuzzy on what the
 

 align:start position:0%
but were sometimes fuzzy on what the
correct repairs were um

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
okay

 align:start position:0%
okay
 

 align:start position:0%
okay
so moral yet again needed to distinguish

 align:start position:0%
so moral yet again needed to distinguish
 

 align:start position:0%
so moral yet again needed to distinguish
between on the one hand the phony

 align:start position:0%
between on the one hand the phony
 

 align:start position:0%
between on the one hand the phony
tactics and on the other hand the

 align:start position:0%
tactics and on the other hand the
 

 align:start position:0%
tactics and on the other hand the
particular sound changes the repairs

 align:start position:0%
particular sound changes the repairs
 

 align:start position:0%
particular sound changes the repairs
that enforce the phonotactics it's

 align:start position:0%
that enforce the phonotactics it's
 

 align:start position:0%
that enforce the phonotactics it's
apparently possible to know one of those

 align:start position:0%
apparently possible to know one of those
 

 align:start position:0%
apparently possible to know one of those
but not the other

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
um okay that

 align:start position:0%
um okay that
 

 align:start position:0%
um okay that
ends a chapter yeah now we're going to

 align:start position:0%
ends a chapter yeah now we're going to
 

 align:start position:0%
ends a chapter yeah now we're going to
talk about something else

 align:start position:0%
talk about something else
 

 align:start position:0%
talk about something else
so are there any questions about that is

 align:start position:0%
so are there any questions about that is
 

 align:start position:0%
so are there any questions about that is
that clear

 align:start position:0%
that clear
 

 align:start position:0%
that clear
um we've already done some of this but I

 align:start position:0%
um we've already done some of this but I
 

 align:start position:0%
um we've already done some of this but I
want to do more

 align:start position:0%
want to do more
 

 align:start position:0%
want to do more
we've been talking about how uh there

 align:start position:0%
we've been talking about how uh there
 

 align:start position:0%
we've been talking about how uh there
are some kinds of sound changes that are

 align:start position:0%
are some kinds of sound changes that are
 

 align:start position:0%
are some kinds of sound changes that are
natural because they apply to Natural

 align:start position:0%
natural because they apply to Natural
 

 align:start position:0%
natural because they apply to Natural
classes of things uh sort of can be

 align:start position:0%
classes of things uh sort of can be
 

 align:start position:0%
classes of things uh sort of can be
almost circular uh so you know I quickly

 align:start position:0%
almost circular uh so you know I quickly
 

 align:start position:0%
almost circular uh so you know I quickly
introduced you to the word strivons

 align:start position:0%
introduced you to the word strivons
 

 align:start position:0%
introduced you to the word strivons
because the generalization about English

 align:start position:0%
because the generalization about English
 

 align:start position:0%
because the generalization about English
plurals is that two stridents can't end

 align:start position:0%
plurals is that two stridents can't end
 

 align:start position:0%
plurals is that two stridents can't end
the word in English and that's why you

 align:start position:0%
the word in English and that's why you
 

 align:start position:0%
the word in English and that's why you
introduce a schwa just in case you're in

 align:start position:0%
introduce a schwa just in case you're in
 

 align:start position:0%
introduce a schwa just in case you're in
danger of having two stridents at the

 align:start position:0%
danger of having two stridents at the
 

 align:start position:0%
danger of having two stridents at the
end of your word

 align:start position:0%
end of your word
 

 align:start position:0%
end of your word
um uh straight in the word strident uh

 align:start position:0%
um uh straight in the word strident uh
 

 align:start position:0%
um uh straight in the word strident uh
has an acoustic definition they are

 align:start position:0%
has an acoustic definition they are
 

 align:start position:0%
has an acoustic definition they are
fricatives that have lots of high

 align:start position:0%
fricatives that have lots of high
 

 align:start position:0%
fricatives that have lots of high
frequency noise uh but uh it's kind of

 align:start position:0%
frequency noise uh but uh it's kind of
 

 align:start position:0%
frequency noise uh but uh it's kind of
of interest that there are phenomena

 align:start position:0%
of interest that there are phenomena
 

 align:start position:0%
of interest that there are phenomena
like the alamorphy and English plurals

 align:start position:0%
like the alamorphy and English plurals
 

 align:start position:0%
like the alamorphy and English plurals
that make reference to That acoustic

 align:start position:0%
that make reference to That acoustic
 

 align:start position:0%
that make reference to That acoustic
fact that's apparently something that a

 align:start position:0%
fact that's apparently something that a
 

 align:start position:0%
fact that's apparently something that a
language can care about uh how much high

 align:start position:0%
language can care about uh how much high
 

 align:start position:0%
language can care about uh how much high
frequency noise you have at once

 align:start position:0%
frequency noise you have at once
 

 align:start position:0%
frequency noise you have at once
um it's also something that varies from

 align:start position:0%
um it's also something that varies from
 

 align:start position:0%
um it's also something that varies from
language to language there are certain

 align:start position:0%
language to language there are certain
 

 align:start position:0%
language to language there are certain
languages that are perfectly happy to

 align:start position:0%
languages that are perfectly happy to
 

 align:start position:0%
languages that are perfectly happy to
have long strings of stridents uh

 align:start position:0%
have long strings of stridents uh
 

 align:start position:0%
have long strings of stridents uh
English just isn't one of them

 align:start position:0%
English just isn't one of them
 

 align:start position:0%
English just isn't one of them
yep

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
so

 align:start position:0%
so
 

 align:start position:0%
so
we've already done as I said some

 align:start position:0%
we've already done as I said some
 

 align:start position:0%
we've already done as I said some
talking about this so when I was first

 align:start position:0%
talking about this so when I was first
 

 align:start position:0%
talking about this so when I was first
introducing you to consonants or

 align:start position:0%
introducing you to consonants or
 

 align:start position:0%
introducing you to consonants or
introducing you to vowels I mean you'd

 align:start position:0%
introducing you to vowels I mean you'd
 

 align:start position:0%
introducing you to vowels I mean you'd
already met Constance at some point in

 align:start position:0%
already met Constance at some point in
 

 align:start position:0%
already met Constance at some point in
your life but we were talking about them

 align:start position:0%
your life but we were talking about them
 

 align:start position:0%
your life but we were talking about them
in a particular systematic way uh we

 align:start position:0%
in a particular systematic way uh we
 

 align:start position:0%
in a particular systematic way uh we
talked about various ways of classifying

 align:start position:0%
talked about various ways of classifying
 

 align:start position:0%
talked about various ways of classifying
them uh saying you know there are some

 align:start position:0%
them uh saying you know there are some
 

 align:start position:0%
them uh saying you know there are some
consonants that are fricatives and some

 align:start position:0%
consonants that are fricatives and some
 

 align:start position:0%
consonants that are fricatives and some
consonants that are stops or saying

 align:start position:0%
consonants that are stops or saying
 

 align:start position:0%
consonants that are stops or saying
there are some consonants that are

 align:start position:0%
there are some consonants that are
 

 align:start position:0%
there are some consonants that are
voiced and some consonants that are

 align:start position:0%
voiced and some consonants that are
 

 align:start position:0%
voiced and some consonants that are
voiceless so what I want to do today is

 align:start position:0%
voiceless so what I want to do today is
 

 align:start position:0%
voiceless so what I want to do today is
to introduce you to some other kinds of

 align:start position:0%
to introduce you to some other kinds of
 

 align:start position:0%
to introduce you to some other kinds of
classification and they'll as much as

 align:start position:0%
classification and they'll as much as
 

 align:start position:0%
classification and they'll as much as
possible try to show you places where

 align:start position:0%
possible try to show you places where
 

 align:start position:0%
possible try to show you places where
languages care about a particular class

 align:start position:0%
languages care about a particular class
 

 align:start position:0%
languages care about a particular class
of sounds again this is all in the

 align:start position:0%
of sounds again this is all in the
 

 align:start position:0%
of sounds again this is all in the
service of making it easier easier for

 align:start position:0%
service of making it easier easier for
 

 align:start position:0%
service of making it easier easier for
us to understand why certain kinds of

 align:start position:0%
us to understand why certain kinds of
 

 align:start position:0%
us to understand why certain kinds of
sound changes are natural and others uh

 align:start position:0%
sound changes are natural and others uh
 

 align:start position:0%
sound changes are natural and others uh
are are not

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
so

 align:start position:0%
so
 

 align:start position:0%
so
here's one that we've already seen there

 align:start position:0%
here's one that we've already seen there
 

 align:start position:0%
here's one that we've already seen there
are sounds that are nasal

 align:start position:0%
are sounds that are nasal
 

 align:start position:0%
are sounds that are nasal
this is a contrast that I believe I have

 align:start position:0%
this is a contrast that I believe I have
 

 align:start position:0%
this is a contrast that I believe I have
introduced you to before but let me

 align:start position:0%
introduced you to before but let me
 

 align:start position:0%
introduced you to before but let me
introduce you to it again there's a

 align:start position:0%
introduce you to it again there's a
 

 align:start position:0%
introduce you to it again there's a
distinction

 align:start position:0%
distinction
 

 align:start position:0%
distinction
um I think I brought this up last time

 align:start position:0%
um I think I brought this up last time
 

 align:start position:0%
um I think I brought this up last time
actually there's a distinction when we

 align:start position:0%
actually there's a distinction when we
 

 align:start position:0%
actually there's a distinction when we
talk about consonants between what are

 align:start position:0%
talk about consonants between what are
 

 align:start position:0%
talk about consonants between what are
called sonorants

 align:start position:0%
called sonorants
 

 align:start position:0%
called sonorants
and what are called obstructs so these

 align:start position:0%
and what are called obstructs so these
 

 align:start position:0%
and what are called obstructs so these
are opposites of each other I hope I

 align:start position:0%
are opposites of each other I hope I
 

 align:start position:0%
are opposites of each other I hope I
have the word obstrand on a later slide

 align:start position:0%
have the word obstrand on a later slide
 

 align:start position:0%
have the word obstrand on a later slide
but just in case I don't there are these

 align:start position:0%
but just in case I don't there are these
 

 align:start position:0%
but just in case I don't there are these
two kinds of sounds obstruents

 align:start position:0%
two kinds of sounds obstruents
 

 align:start position:0%
two kinds of sounds obstruents
and sonorants

 align:start position:0%
and sonorants
 

 align:start position:0%
and sonorants
and the distinction between them has to

 align:start position:0%
and the distinction between them has to
 

 align:start position:0%
and the distinction between them has to
do with whether you are building up

 align:start position:0%
do with whether you are building up
 

 align:start position:0%
do with whether you are building up
pressure in the oral cavity so uh the

 align:start position:0%
pressure in the oral cavity so uh the
 

 align:start position:0%
pressure in the oral cavity so uh the
sonorants are the nasals and the liquids

 align:start position:0%
sonorants are the nasals and the liquids
 

 align:start position:0%
sonorants are the nasals and the liquids
and the Glides the the consonants in

 align:start position:0%
and the Glides the the consonants in
 

 align:start position:0%
and the Glides the the consonants in
which there's no pressure building up in

 align:start position:0%
which there's no pressure building up in
 

 align:start position:0%
which there's no pressure building up in
the oral cavity

 align:start position:0%
the oral cavity
 

 align:start position:0%
the oral cavity
whereas the obstruents those are the

 align:start position:0%
whereas the obstruents those are the
 

 align:start position:0%
whereas the obstruents those are the
stops and the fricatives the oral stops

 align:start position:0%
stops and the fricatives the oral stops
 

 align:start position:0%
stops and the fricatives the oral stops
the fricatives those are the sounds in

 align:start position:0%
the fricatives those are the sounds in
 

 align:start position:0%
the fricatives those are the sounds in
which there is pressure building up in

 align:start position:0%
which there is pressure building up in
 

 align:start position:0%
which there is pressure building up in
the oral cavity for a stop it's because

 align:start position:0%
the oral cavity for a stop it's because
 

 align:start position:0%
the oral cavity for a stop it's because
well you've stopped the flow there at

 align:start position:0%
well you've stopped the flow there at
 

 align:start position:0%
well you've stopped the flow there at
the mouth and so pressure is building up

 align:start position:0%
the mouth and so pressure is building up
 

 align:start position:0%
the mouth and so pressure is building up
and for a fricative uh well you haven't

 align:start position:0%
and for a fricative uh well you haven't
 

 align:start position:0%
and for a fricative uh well you haven't
stopped the flow of air but you're

 align:start position:0%
stopped the flow of air but you're
 

 align:start position:0%
stopped the flow of air but you're
constricting it that's how you make a

 align:start position:0%
constricting it that's how you make a
 

 align:start position:0%
constricting it that's how you make a
fricative and so pressure is building up

 align:start position:0%
fricative and so pressure is building up
 

 align:start position:0%
fricative and so pressure is building up
in the oral cavity and when I say

 align:start position:0%
in the oral cavity and when I say
 

 align:start position:0%
in the oral cavity and when I say
pressure is building up in the oral

 align:start position:0%
pressure is building up in the oral
 

 align:start position:0%
pressure is building up in the oral
cavity what I mean is that phoneticists

 align:start position:0%
cavity what I mean is that phoneticists
 

 align:start position:0%
cavity what I mean is that phoneticists
have put instruments inside people's

 align:start position:0%
have put instruments inside people's
 

 align:start position:0%
have put instruments inside people's
mouths to measure air pressure to find

 align:start position:0%
mouths to measure air pressure to find
 

 align:start position:0%
mouths to measure air pressure to find
out what happens and they've discovered

 align:start position:0%
out what happens and they've discovered
 

 align:start position:0%
out what happens and they've discovered
that this is true yeah so

 align:start position:0%
that this is true yeah so
 

 align:start position:0%
that this is true yeah so
um I I try not to lie to you in this

 align:start position:0%
um I I try not to lie to you in this
 

 align:start position:0%
um I I try not to lie to you in this
class any more than I can help it but in

 align:start position:0%
class any more than I can help it but in
 

 align:start position:0%
class any more than I can help it but in
this particular case what I'm saying is

 align:start position:0%
this particular case what I'm saying is
 

 align:start position:0%
this particular case what I'm saying is
absolutely true yeah

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
um okay so there's honorance and there

 align:start position:0%
um okay so there's honorance and there
 

 align:start position:0%
um okay so there's honorance and there
are obstrands uh we have already talked

 align:start position:0%
are obstrands uh we have already talked
 

 align:start position:0%
are obstrands uh we have already talked
about the classification of sounds into

 align:start position:0%
about the classification of sounds into
 

 align:start position:0%
about the classification of sounds into
voiced and voiceless sounds so the red

 align:start position:0%
voiced and voiceless sounds so the red
 

 align:start position:0%
voiced and voiceless sounds so the red
sounds on this slide are voiced uh and

 align:start position:0%
sounds on this slide are voiced uh and
 

 align:start position:0%
sounds on this slide are voiced uh and
as you can see this crosscuts some of

 align:start position:0%
as you can see this crosscuts some of
 

 align:start position:0%
as you can see this crosscuts some of
the other classifications so you know

 align:start position:0%
the other classifications so you know
 

 align:start position:0%
the other classifications so you know
you can be uh you can be an obstruent

 align:start position:0%
you can be uh you can be an obstruent
 

 align:start position:0%
you can be uh you can be an obstruent
like a stop or a fricative and you can

 align:start position:0%
like a stop or a fricative and you can
 

 align:start position:0%
like a stop or a fricative and you can
be either voiced or voiceless yeah so uh

 align:start position:0%
be either voiced or voiceless yeah so uh
 

 align:start position:0%
be either voiced or voiceless yeah so uh
English stops can be voiced or voiceless

 align:start position:0%
English stops can be voiced or voiceless
 

 align:start position:0%
English stops can be voiced or voiceless
English fricatives can be voiced or

 align:start position:0%
English fricatives can be voiced or
 

 align:start position:0%
English fricatives can be voiced or
voiceless

 align:start position:0%
voiceless
 

 align:start position:0%
voiceless
English sonorants interestingly can only

 align:start position:0%
English sonorants interestingly can only
 

 align:start position:0%
English sonorants interestingly can only
be voiced they cannot be voiceless we

 align:start position:0%
be voiced they cannot be voiceless we
 

 align:start position:0%
be voiced they cannot be voiceless we
have sonderance like like L like little

 align:start position:0%
have sonderance like like L like little
 

 align:start position:0%
have sonderance like like L like little
but we don't have a voiceless version of

 align:start position:0%
but we don't have a voiceless version of
 

 align:start position:0%
but we don't have a voiceless version of
L we talked about this when we were

 align:start position:0%
L we talked about this when we were
 

 align:start position:0%
L we talked about this when we were
first going through uh sounds there are

 align:start position:0%
first going through uh sounds there are
 

 align:start position:0%
first going through uh sounds there are
languages out there that have a

 align:start position:0%
languages out there that have a
 

 align:start position:0%
languages out there that have a
voiceless version of L that have a sound

 align:start position:0%
voiceless version of L that have a sound
 

 align:start position:0%
voiceless version of L that have a sound
uh Tibetan has one for example uh so if

 align:start position:0%
uh Tibetan has one for example uh so if
 

 align:start position:0%
uh Tibetan has one for example uh so if
you go to Casa the capital of Tibet you

 align:start position:0%
you go to Casa the capital of Tibet you
 

 align:start position:0%
you go to Casa the capital of Tibet you
must learn to make voiceless cells uh uh

 align:start position:0%
must learn to make voiceless cells uh uh
 

 align:start position:0%
must learn to make voiceless cells uh uh
Welsh

 align:start position:0%
Welsh
 

 align:start position:0%
Welsh
um has a voiceless L it's they spell it

 align:start position:0%
um has a voiceless L it's they spell it
 

 align:start position:0%
um has a voiceless L it's they spell it
with two L's so if you look at Welsh

 align:start position:0%
with two L's so if you look at Welsh
 

 align:start position:0%
with two L's so if you look at Welsh
words you'll see pairs of L's that's

 align:start position:0%
words you'll see pairs of L's that's
 

 align:start position:0%
words you'll see pairs of L's that's
their way of spelling of voiceless a

 align:start position:0%
their way of spelling of voiceless a
 

 align:start position:0%
their way of spelling of voiceless a
voiceless cell so there's a traditional

 align:start position:0%
voiceless cell so there's a traditional
 

 align:start position:0%
voiceless cell so there's a traditional
Welsh name spelled like this and

 align:start position:0%
Welsh name spelled like this and
 

 align:start position:0%
Welsh name spelled like this and
pronounced Floyd

 align:start position:0%
pronounced Floyd
 

 align:start position:0%
pronounced Floyd
uh which has been borrowed into English

 align:start position:0%
uh which has been borrowed into English
 

 align:start position:0%
uh which has been borrowed into English
twice as the name Lloyd and the name

 align:start position:0%
twice as the name Lloyd and the name
 

 align:start position:0%
twice as the name Lloyd and the name
Floyd

 align:start position:0%
Floyd
 

 align:start position:0%
Floyd
these are both attempts to pronounce

 align:start position:0%
these are both attempts to pronounce
 

 align:start position:0%
these are both attempts to pronounce
Floyd which we can't pronounce because

 align:start position:0%
Floyd which we can't pronounce because
 

 align:start position:0%
Floyd which we can't pronounce because
we don't have that sound

 align:start position:0%
we don't have that sound
 

 align:start position:0%
we don't have that sound
um uh yeah so uh English has uh voiced

 align:start position:0%
um uh yeah so uh English has uh voiced
 

 align:start position:0%
um uh yeah so uh English has uh voiced
and voiceless obstruents stops and

 align:start position:0%
and voiceless obstruents stops and
 

 align:start position:0%
and voiceless obstruents stops and
fricatives but it only has voiced

 align:start position:0%
fricatives but it only has voiced
 

 align:start position:0%
fricatives but it only has voiced
dishonorance that's a very common state

 align:start position:0%
dishonorance that's a very common state
 

 align:start position:0%
dishonorance that's a very common state
of affairs uh if you're gonna have a

 align:start position:0%
of affairs uh if you're gonna have a
 

 align:start position:0%
of affairs uh if you're gonna have a
voicing distinction in only one of these

 align:start position:0%
voicing distinction in only one of these
 

 align:start position:0%
voicing distinction in only one of these
places it's in the obstrands uh language

 align:start position:0%
places it's in the obstrands uh language
 

 align:start position:0%
places it's in the obstrands uh language
is only having voiced sonorants that's

 align:start position:0%
is only having voiced sonorants that's
 

 align:start position:0%
is only having voiced sonorants that's
very common yeah

 align:start position:0%
very common yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
very common yeah
though not Universal as we've said

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
um quick interlude

 align:start position:0%
um quick interlude
 

 align:start position:0%
um quick interlude
to use one of these features here are a

 align:start position:0%
to use one of these features here are a
 

 align:start position:0%
to use one of these features here are a
bunch of uh verbs that you can make out

 align:start position:0%
bunch of uh verbs that you can make out
 

 align:start position:0%
bunch of uh verbs that you can make out
of adjectives so you can take an

 align:start position:0%
of adjectives so you can take an
 

 align:start position:0%
of adjectives so you can take an
adjective like black

 align:start position:0%
adjective like black
 

 align:start position:0%
adjective like black
and you can make a verb blackened which

 align:start position:0%
and you can make a verb blackened which
 

 align:start position:0%
and you can make a verb blackened which
can be either a transitive verb or an

 align:start position:0%
can be either a transitive verb or an
 

 align:start position:0%
can be either a transitive verb or an
intrinsic verb I guess so uh you can you

 align:start position:0%
intrinsic verb I guess so uh you can you
 

 align:start position:0%
intrinsic verb I guess so uh you can you
can blacken

 align:start position:0%
can blacken
 

 align:start position:0%
can blacken
um the paper or blacken the fish I guess

 align:start position:0%
um the paper or blacken the fish I guess
 

 align:start position:0%
um the paper or blacken the fish I guess
it means to make it black yeah

 align:start position:0%
it means to make it black yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
it means to make it black yeah
similarly something can whiten or lessen

 align:start position:0%
similarly something can whiten or lessen
 

 align:start position:0%
similarly something can whiten or lessen
or freshen or darkening you can offer to

 align:start position:0%
or freshen or darkening you can offer to
 

 align:start position:0%
or freshen or darkening you can offer to
freshen a drink say yeah it means to

 align:start position:0%
freshen a drink say yeah it means to
 

 align:start position:0%
freshen a drink say yeah it means to
make it fresh right so this is there's

 align:start position:0%
make it fresh right so this is there's
 

 align:start position:0%
make it fresh right so this is there's
this um that you can add to adjectives

 align:start position:0%
this um that you can add to adjectives
 

 align:start position:0%
this um that you can add to adjectives
to make verbs

 align:start position:0%
to make verbs
 

 align:start position:0%
to make verbs
sound right

 align:start position:0%
sound right
 

 align:start position:0%
sound right
on the other hand there are these other

 align:start position:0%
on the other hand there are these other
 

 align:start position:0%
on the other hand there are these other
adjectives

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
which can't happen yeah so

 align:start position:0%
which can't happen yeah so
 

 align:start position:0%
which can't happen yeah so
um the the screen of a computer can

 align:start position:0%
um the the screen of a computer can
 

 align:start position:0%
um the the screen of a computer can
darken but it cannot yellow in yeah a

 align:start position:0%
darken but it cannot yellow in yeah a
 

 align:start position:0%
darken but it cannot yellow in yeah a
piece of paper uh that gets old uh you

 align:start position:0%
piece of paper uh that gets old uh you
 

 align:start position:0%
piece of paper uh that gets old uh you
what you say is that it yellows it

 align:start position:0%
what you say is that it yellows it
 

 align:start position:0%
what you say is that it yellows it
yellowed with age you don't say that it

 align:start position:0%
yellowed with age you don't say that it
 

 align:start position:0%
yellowed with age you don't say that it
yellow end yeah similarly you can't

 align:start position:0%
yellow end yeah similarly you can't
 

 align:start position:0%
yellow end yeah similarly you can't
demon or gray in or clearing or Browning

 align:start position:0%
demon or gray in or clearing or Browning
 

 align:start position:0%
demon or gray in or clearing or Browning
yeah all of those things if you want to

 align:start position:0%
yeah all of those things if you want to
 

 align:start position:0%
yeah all of those things if you want to
make them into verbs you just they're

 align:start position:0%
make them into verbs you just they're
 

 align:start position:0%
make them into verbs you just they're
verbs yeah

 align:start position:0%
verbs yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
verbs yeah
yeah does that sound right

 align:start position:0%
yeah does that sound right
 

 align:start position:0%
yeah does that sound right
what's the difference between black

 align:start position:0%
what's the difference between black
 

 align:start position:0%
what's the difference between black
white less fresh and dark on the one

 align:start position:0%
white less fresh and dark on the one
 

 align:start position:0%
white less fresh and dark on the one
hand and yellow dim gray clear and brown

 align:start position:0%
hand and yellow dim gray clear and brown
 

 align:start position:0%
hand and yellow dim gray clear and brown
on the other

 align:start position:0%
on the other
 

 align:start position:0%
on the other
the endless voiceless

 align:start position:0%
the endless voiceless
 

 align:start position:0%
the endless voiceless
stops on the first line in the first

 align:start position:0%
stops on the first line in the first
 

 align:start position:0%
stops on the first line in the first
line black white and dark end with

 align:start position:0%
line black white and dark end with
 

 align:start position:0%
line black white and dark end with
voiceless stops and less and fresh

 align:start position:0%
voiceless stops and less and fresh
 

 align:start position:0%
voiceless stops and less and fresh
and with voiceless fricatives yeah yeah

 align:start position:0%
and with voiceless fricatives yeah yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
and with voiceless fricatives yeah yeah
yeah yeah nice

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
and yellow dim gray clear and brown

 align:start position:0%
and yellow dim gray clear and brown
 

 align:start position:0%
and yellow dim gray clear and brown
and in voiced sounds

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
what's the cover term for uh stops and

 align:start position:0%
what's the cover term for uh stops and
 

 align:start position:0%
what's the cover term for uh stops and
fricatives

 align:start position:0%
fricatives
 

 align:start position:0%
fricatives
obstreams yeah so um can be added to

 align:start position:0%
obstreams yeah so um can be added to
 

 align:start position:0%
obstreams yeah so um can be added to
words ending and obstruents uh and it

 align:start position:0%
words ending and obstruents uh and it
 

 align:start position:0%
words ending and obstruents uh and it
can't be added to two adjectives ending

 align:start position:0%
can't be added to two adjectives ending
 

 align:start position:0%
can't be added to two adjectives ending
in sonorance yeah

 align:start position:0%
in sonorance yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
in sonorance yeah
okay

 align:start position:0%
okay
 

 align:start position:0%
okay
another place where it's useful to

 align:start position:0%
another place where it's useful to
 

 align:start position:0%
another place where it's useful to
distinguish uh sonorants from uh

 align:start position:0%
distinguish uh sonorants from uh
 

 align:start position:0%
distinguish uh sonorants from uh
obstruents polish plurals I think this

 align:start position:0%
obstruents polish plurals I think this
 

 align:start position:0%
obstruents polish plurals I think this
is the last time I will say anything

 align:start position:0%
is the last time I will say anything
 

 align:start position:0%
is the last time I will say anything
about polish plurals I can't promise

 align:start position:0%
about polish plurals I can't promise
 

 align:start position:0%
about polish plurals I can't promise
because you know it's a very useful

 align:start position:0%
because you know it's a very useful
 

 align:start position:0%
because you know it's a very useful
example but if you're getting tired of

 align:start position:0%
example but if you're getting tired of
 

 align:start position:0%
example but if you're getting tired of
Polish plurals I apologize I think we're

 align:start position:0%
Polish plurals I apologize I think we're
 

 align:start position:0%
Polish plurals I apologize I think we're
just about to the end on the other hand

 align:start position:0%
just about to the end on the other hand
 

 align:start position:0%
just about to the end on the other hand
if you've become fond of Polish plurals

 align:start position:0%
if you've become fond of Polish plurals
 

 align:start position:0%
if you've become fond of Polish plurals
please gaze at this this slide for a

 align:start position:0%
please gaze at this this slide for a
 

 align:start position:0%
please gaze at this this slide for a
while you know because this is your last

 align:start position:0%
while you know because this is your last
 

 align:start position:0%
while you know because this is your last
big chance

 align:start position:0%
big chance
 

 align:start position:0%
big chance
um

 align:start position:0%
um
 

 align:start position:0%
um
what we said about polish florals was

 align:start position:0%
what we said about polish florals was
 

 align:start position:0%
what we said about polish florals was
that it's useful to say that there are

 align:start position:0%
that it's useful to say that there are
 

 align:start position:0%
that it's useful to say that there are
words that end underlyingly in sounds

 align:start position:0%
words that end underlyingly in sounds
 

 align:start position:0%
words that end underlyingly in sounds
like G and B and z and that those final

 align:start position:0%
like G and B and z and that those final
 

 align:start position:0%
like G and B and z and that those final
sounds G and B and Z devoice when

 align:start position:0%
sounds G and B and Z devoice when
 

 align:start position:0%
sounds G and B and Z devoice when
they're at the ends of words so

 align:start position:0%
they're at the ends of words so
 

 align:start position:0%
they're at the ends of words so
underlying the word for lie becomes if

 align:start position:0%
underlying the word for lie becomes if
 

 align:start position:0%
underlying the word for lie becomes if
you don't add anything to after it all

 align:start position:0%
you don't add anything to after it all
 

 align:start position:0%
you don't add anything to after it all
right and same with the word for club

 align:start position:0%
right and same with the word for club
 

 align:start position:0%
right and same with the word for club
and the word for Rubble and I have been

 align:start position:0%
and the word for Rubble and I have been
 

 align:start position:0%
and the word for Rubble and I have been
in cautiously saying things like polish

 align:start position:0%
in cautiously saying things like polish
 

 align:start position:0%
in cautiously saying things like polish
devoices its final consonants

 align:start position:0%
devoices its final consonants
 

 align:start position:0%
devoices its final consonants
which was a lie I think I told you just

 align:start position:0%
which was a lie I think I told you just
 

 align:start position:0%
which was a lie I think I told you just
now that I try not to lie to you any

 align:start position:0%
now that I try not to lie to you any
 

 align:start position:0%
now that I try not to lie to you any
more than I have to

 align:start position:0%
more than I have to
 

 align:start position:0%
more than I have to
um

 align:start position:0%
um
 

 align:start position:0%
um
it doesn't devoice its final consonants

 align:start position:0%
it doesn't devoice its final consonants
 

 align:start position:0%
it doesn't devoice its final consonants
right because uh polish has words like

 align:start position:0%
right because uh polish has words like
 

 align:start position:0%
right because uh polish has words like
Dom which is the word for house and that

 align:start position:0%
Dom which is the word for house and that
 

 align:start position:0%
Dom which is the word for house and that
ends in a voiced sound right Dom doesn't

 align:start position:0%
ends in a voiced sound right Dom doesn't
 

 align:start position:0%
ends in a voiced sound right Dom doesn't
become Dom yeah

 align:start position:0%
become Dom yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
become Dom yeah
right

 align:start position:0%
right
 

 align:start position:0%
right
so it's not the case that final

 align:start position:0%
so it's not the case that final
 

 align:start position:0%
so it's not the case that final
consonants become voiceless in Polish

 align:start position:0%
consonants become voiceless in Polish
 

 align:start position:0%
consonants become voiceless in Polish
what are the things that become

 align:start position:0%
what are the things that become
 

 align:start position:0%
what are the things that become
voiceless in Polish

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
obstrands yeah stop centricatives yeah

 align:start position:0%
obstrands yeah stop centricatives yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
obstrands yeah stop centricatives yeah
those are the things that become

 align:start position:0%
those are the things that become
 

 align:start position:0%
those are the things that become
voiceless in Polish relatedly polish is

 align:start position:0%
voiceless in Polish relatedly polish is
 

 align:start position:0%
voiceless in Polish relatedly polish is
like English in having voiced and

 align:start position:0%
like English in having voiced and
 

 align:start position:0%
like English in having voiced and
voiceless obstruents but not in having

 align:start position:0%
voiceless obstruents but not in having
 

 align:start position:0%
voiceless obstruents but not in having
voiced and not having voiced and

 align:start position:0%
voiced and not having voiced and
 

 align:start position:0%
voiced and not having voiced and
voiceless honorings uh polish you know

 align:start position:0%
voiceless honorings uh polish you know
 

 align:start position:0%
voiceless honorings uh polish you know
the m in a sense doesn't have anywhere

 align:start position:0%
the m in a sense doesn't have anywhere
 

 align:start position:0%
the m in a sense doesn't have anywhere
to go

 align:start position:0%
to go
 

 align:start position:0%
to go
polish doesn't have that sound

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
common situation so it's really final

 align:start position:0%
common situation so it's really final
 

 align:start position:0%
common situation so it's really final
obstruents that are becoming voiceless

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
okay all right so that's that's that's a

 align:start position:0%
okay all right so that's that's that's a
 

 align:start position:0%
okay all right so that's that's that's a
reason to want to care about the

 align:start position:0%
reason to want to care about the
 

 align:start position:0%
reason to want to care about the
distinction between sunrings and

 align:start position:0%
distinction between sunrings and
 

 align:start position:0%
distinction between sunrings and
obstrids uh not just because you want to

 align:start position:0%
obstrids uh not just because you want to
 

 align:start position:0%
obstrids uh not just because you want to
understand why it's white and darkened

 align:start position:0%
understand why it's white and darkened
 

 align:start position:0%
understand why it's white and darkened
and lessened but not yellowing yeah

 align:start position:0%
and lessened but not yellowing yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
and lessened but not yellowing yeah
uh it seems to be a distinction that

 align:start position:0%
uh it seems to be a distinction that
 

 align:start position:0%
uh it seems to be a distinction that
cares about sonorants and obstruents

 align:start position:0%
cares about sonorants and obstruents
 

 align:start position:0%
cares about sonorants and obstruents
here's another one uh polish which as

 align:start position:0%
here's another one uh polish which as
 

 align:start position:0%
here's another one uh polish which as
I've said now several times and I think

 align:start position:0%
I've said now several times and I think
 

 align:start position:0%
I've said now several times and I think
this might be the last time uh polish is

 align:start position:0%
this might be the last time uh polish is
 

 align:start position:0%
this might be the last time uh polish is
doing something that is very common in

 align:start position:0%
doing something that is very common in
 

 align:start position:0%
doing something that is very common in
languages of the world it's devoicing

 align:start position:0%
languages of the world it's devoicing
 

 align:start position:0%
languages of the world it's devoicing
final obstrands

 align:start position:0%
final obstrands
 

 align:start position:0%
final obstrands
um uh uh that's a that's a thing that

 align:start position:0%
um uh uh that's a that's a thing that
 

 align:start position:0%
um uh uh that's a that's a thing that
happens a lot

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
all right so

 align:start position:0%
all right so
 

 align:start position:0%
all right so
um phonology so far we've been doing

 align:start position:0%
um phonology so far we've been doing
 

 align:start position:0%
um phonology so far we've been doing
phenology for a couple days now uh it's

 align:start position:0%
phenology for a couple days now uh it's
 

 align:start position:0%
phenology for a couple days now uh it's
useful to think of sounds as undergoing

 align:start position:0%
useful to think of sounds as undergoing
 

 align:start position:0%
useful to think of sounds as undergoing
changes uh sometimes uh driven by sounds

 align:start position:0%
changes uh sometimes uh driven by sounds
 

 align:start position:0%
changes uh sometimes uh driven by sounds
coming in contact with each other

 align:start position:0%
coming in contact with each other
 

 align:start position:0%
coming in contact with each other
um and we can describe these changes in

 align:start position:0%
um and we can describe these changes in
 

 align:start position:0%
um and we can describe these changes in
terms of rules here's the formalism for

 align:start position:0%
terms of rules here's the formalism for
 

 align:start position:0%
terms of rules here's the formalism for
rules that I've been showing you uh so

 align:start position:0%
rules that I've been showing you uh so
 

 align:start position:0%
rules that I've been showing you uh so
we'll say you know sound a changes into

 align:start position:0%
we'll say you know sound a changes into
 

 align:start position:0%
we'll say you know sound a changes into
sound B the slash introduces you to the

 align:start position:0%
sound B the slash introduces you to the
 

 align:start position:0%
sound B the slash introduces you to the
environment this is a description of

 align:start position:0%
environment this is a description of
 

 align:start position:0%
environment this is a description of
what's happening in Polish and Turkish

 align:start position:0%
what's happening in Polish and Turkish
 

 align:start position:0%
what's happening in Polish and Turkish
and German Russian lots of other

 align:start position:0%
and German Russian lots of other
 

 align:start position:0%
and German Russian lots of other
languages uh final obstruents so if you

 align:start position:0%
languages uh final obstruents so if you
 

 align:start position:0%
languages uh final obstruents so if you
are an obstrom that is something which

 align:start position:0%
are an obstrom that is something which
 

 align:start position:0%
are an obstrom that is something which
is now the sonorant you become something

 align:start position:0%
is now the sonorant you become something
 

 align:start position:0%
is now the sonorant you become something
which is not voiced if you are at the

 align:start position:0%
which is not voiced if you are at the
 

 align:start position:0%
which is not voiced if you are at the
end of a word that environment

 align:start position:0%
end of a word that environment
 

 align:start position:0%
end of a word that environment
description is the way to write at the

 align:start position:0%
description is the way to write at the
 

 align:start position:0%
description is the way to write at the
end of a word that hash symbol is the

 align:start position:0%
end of a word that hash symbol is the
 

 align:start position:0%
end of a word that hash symbol is the
symbol for a boundary between words and

 align:start position:0%
symbol for a boundary between words and
 

 align:start position:0%
symbol for a boundary between words and
and the underscore is where the change

 align:start position:0%
and the underscore is where the change
 

 align:start position:0%
and the underscore is where the change
takes place so this rule says this

 align:start position:0%
takes place so this rule says this
 

 align:start position:0%
takes place so this rule says this
change happens uh when the sound is

 align:start position:0%
change happens uh when the sound is
 

 align:start position:0%
change happens uh when the sound is
before a word boundary or if there's

 align:start position:0%
before a word boundary or if there's
 

 align:start position:0%
before a word boundary or if there's
another way when it is at the end of a

 align:start position:0%
another way when it is at the end of a
 

 align:start position:0%
another way when it is at the end of a
word

 align:start position:0%
word
 

 align:start position:0%
word
does that make sense this is a way of

 align:start position:0%
does that make sense this is a way of
 

 align:start position:0%
does that make sense this is a way of
writing rules

 align:start position:0%
writing rules
 

 align:start position:0%
writing rules
um

 align:start position:0%
um
 

 align:start position:0%
um
these rules are part of our knowledge of

 align:start position:0%
these rules are part of our knowledge of
 

 align:start position:0%
these rules are part of our knowledge of
a language so you know we've talked

 align:start position:0%
a language so you know we've talked
 

 align:start position:0%
a language so you know we've talked
about this uh

 align:start position:0%
about this uh
 

 align:start position:0%
about this uh
uh

 align:start position:0%
uh
 

 align:start position:0%
uh
as adults uh all of anybody who is a

 align:start position:0%
as adults uh all of anybody who is a
 

 align:start position:0%
as adults uh all of anybody who is a
native speaker of English knows how to

 align:start position:0%
native speaker of English knows how to
 

 align:start position:0%
native speaker of English knows how to
make the plural of wug or how to make

 align:start position:0%
make the plural of wug or how to make
 

 align:start position:0%
make the plural of wug or how to make
the plural of Bach even so uh how to

 align:start position:0%
the plural of Bach even so uh how to
 

 align:start position:0%
the plural of Bach even so uh how to
make plurals of words you've never heard

 align:start position:0%
make plurals of words you've never heard
 

 align:start position:0%
make plurals of words you've never heard
before and even words that end in sounds

 align:start position:0%
before and even words that end in sounds
 

 align:start position:0%
before and even words that end in sounds
that your language doesn't have right

 align:start position:0%
that your language doesn't have right
 

 align:start position:0%
that your language doesn't have right
so if I insist on calling the composer

 align:start position:0%
so if I insist on calling the composer
 

 align:start position:0%
so if I insist on calling the composer
Bach if I insist on the original

 align:start position:0%
Bach if I insist on the original
 

 align:start position:0%
Bach if I insist on the original
pronunciation of the word kayak which is

 align:start position:0%
pronunciation of the word kayak which is
 

 align:start position:0%
pronunciation of the word kayak which is
you know kayaka a single-person vote

 align:start position:0%
you know kayaka a single-person vote
 

 align:start position:0%
you know kayaka a single-person vote
which in in yupiak begins and ends with

 align:start position:0%
which in in yupiak begins and ends with
 

 align:start position:0%
which in in yupiak begins and ends with
a uvular stop so if I'm trying to

 align:start position:0%
a uvular stop so if I'm trying to
 

 align:start position:0%
a uvular stop so if I'm trying to
impress you with my ability to make

 align:start position:0%
impress you with my ability to make
 

 align:start position:0%
impress you with my ability to make
uvular stops and I insist on calling a

 align:start position:0%
uvular stops and I insist on calling a
 

 align:start position:0%
uvular stops and I insist on calling a
kayak a kayak then my plural for it is

 align:start position:0%
kayak a kayak then my plural for it is
 

 align:start position:0%
kayak a kayak then my plural for it is
going to be kayaks right so I'm going to

 align:start position:0%
going to be kayaks right so I'm going to
 

 align:start position:0%
going to be kayaks right so I'm going to
add an S sound I'm going to devoice it

 align:start position:0%
add an S sound I'm going to devoice it
 

 align:start position:0%
add an S sound I'm going to devoice it
because that uvular stop although it's a

 align:start position:0%
because that uvular stop although it's a
 

 align:start position:0%
because that uvular stop although it's a
sound we don't have in English it's

 align:start position:0%
sound we don't have in English it's
 

 align:start position:0%
sound we don't have in English it's
voiceless and so we're going to devoice

 align:start position:0%
voiceless and so we're going to devoice
 

 align:start position:0%
voiceless and so we're going to devoice
uh do voice after it yeah uh so these

 align:start position:0%
uh do voice after it yeah uh so these
 

 align:start position:0%
uh do voice after it yeah uh so these
rules are part of our knowledge of a

 align:start position:0%
rules are part of our knowledge of a
 

 align:start position:0%
rules are part of our knowledge of a
language and we can apply them to uh

 align:start position:0%
language and we can apply them to uh
 

 align:start position:0%
language and we can apply them to uh
unfamiliar problems unfamiliar words and

 align:start position:0%
unfamiliar problems unfamiliar words and
 

 align:start position:0%
unfamiliar problems unfamiliar words and
even unfamiliar sounds

 align:start position:0%
even unfamiliar sounds
 

 align:start position:0%
even unfamiliar sounds
um and I've now tried to convince you

 align:start position:0%
um and I've now tried to convince you
 

 align:start position:0%
um and I've now tried to convince you
the best way to State these rules

 align:start position:0%
the best way to State these rules
 

 align:start position:0%
the best way to State these rules
sometimes at least is in terms of

 align:start position:0%
sometimes at least is in terms of
 

 align:start position:0%
sometimes at least is in terms of
features that is

 align:start position:0%
features that is
 

 align:start position:0%
features that is
um we don't just want to list the sounds

 align:start position:0%
um we don't just want to list the sounds
 

 align:start position:0%
um we don't just want to list the sounds
that undergo a change we want to have

 align:start position:0%
that undergo a change we want to have
 

 align:start position:0%
that undergo a change we want to have
these features which are ways of

 align:start position:0%
these features which are ways of
 

 align:start position:0%
these features which are ways of
capturing sets of sounds we we think

 align:start position:0%
capturing sets of sounds we we think
 

 align:start position:0%
capturing sets of sounds we we think
that there are natural classes of sounds

 align:start position:0%
that there are natural classes of sounds
 

 align:start position:0%
that there are natural classes of sounds
that undergo particular changes so there

 align:start position:0%
that undergo particular changes so there
 

 align:start position:0%
that undergo particular changes so there
are sound changes that apply say to

 align:start position:0%
are sound changes that apply say to
 

 align:start position:0%
are sound changes that apply say to
obstruents to tolerance or to vowels or

 align:start position:0%
obstruents to tolerance or to vowels or
 

 align:start position:0%
obstruents to tolerance or to vowels or
to voice sounds or to voiceless sounds

 align:start position:0%
to voice sounds or to voiceless sounds
 

 align:start position:0%
to voice sounds or to voiceless sounds
we're not just going to list the sounds

 align:start position:0%
we're not just going to list the sounds
 

 align:start position:0%
we're not just going to list the sounds
that undergo sound changes we're gonna

 align:start position:0%
that undergo sound changes we're gonna
 

 align:start position:0%
that undergo sound changes we're gonna
we're gonna State these uh in terms of

 align:start position:0%
we're gonna State these uh in terms of
 

 align:start position:0%
we're gonna State these uh in terms of
features okay

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
all right

 align:start position:0%
all right
 

 align:start position:0%
all right
and then the other thing that I've

 align:start position:0%
and then the other thing that I've
 

 align:start position:0%
and then the other thing that I've
introduced you to is the idea that at

 align:start position:0%
introduced you to is the idea that at
 

 align:start position:0%
introduced you to is the idea that at
least sometimes

 align:start position:0%
least sometimes
 

 align:start position:0%
least sometimes
it's fruitful to model these as these

 align:start position:0%
it's fruitful to model these as these
 

 align:start position:0%
it's fruitful to model these as these
kinds of sound changes as involving uh

 align:start position:0%
kinds of sound changes as involving uh
 

 align:start position:0%
kinds of sound changes as involving uh
ranked constraints this was the the

 align:start position:0%
ranked constraints this was the the
 

 align:start position:0%
ranked constraints this was the the
optimality theory tableaus uh that is to

 align:start position:0%
optimality theory tableaus uh that is to
 

 align:start position:0%
optimality theory tableaus uh that is to
imagine that languages have a list of

 align:start position:0%
imagine that languages have a list of
 

 align:start position:0%
imagine that languages have a list of
things that they are trying to achieve

 align:start position:0%
things that they are trying to achieve
 

 align:start position:0%
things that they are trying to achieve
and it's a list that's ranked in order

 align:start position:0%
and it's a list that's ranked in order
 

 align:start position:0%
and it's a list that's ranked in order
of priority

 align:start position:0%
of priority
 

 align:start position:0%
of priority
and you get to observe the interplay

 align:start position:0%
and you get to observe the interplay
 

 align:start position:0%
and you get to observe the interplay
between these different priorities uh in

 align:start position:0%
between these different priorities uh in
 

 align:start position:0%
between these different priorities uh in
certain kinds of complicated cases uh

 align:start position:0%
certain kinds of complicated cases uh
 

 align:start position:0%
certain kinds of complicated cases uh
the the Japanese accent case was one of

 align:start position:0%
the the Japanese accent case was one of
 

 align:start position:0%
the the Japanese accent case was one of
the ones that we looked at

 align:start position:0%
the ones that we looked at
 

 align:start position:0%
the ones that we looked at
okay

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
and I think that's it for this review

 align:start position:0%
and I think that's it for this review
 

 align:start position:0%
and I think that's it for this review
slide is there something else oh okay is

 align:start position:0%
slide is there something else oh okay is
 

 align:start position:0%
slide is there something else oh okay is
everyone happy with all of this is there

 align:start position:0%
everyone happy with all of this is there
 

 align:start position:0%
everyone happy with all of this is there
any of this that people are looking at

 align:start position:0%
any of this that people are looking at
 

 align:start position:0%
any of this that people are looking at
and going no wait how did how did we see

 align:start position:0%
and going no wait how did how did we see
 

 align:start position:0%
and going no wait how did how did we see
that or what does that mean or anything

 align:start position:0%
that or what does that mean or anything
 

 align:start position:0%
that or what does that mean or anything
like that it's an attempt to make sure

 align:start position:0%
like that it's an attempt to make sure
 

 align:start position:0%
like that it's an attempt to make sure
we're all

 align:start position:0%
we're all
 

 align:start position:0%
we're all
in the same ballpark here yeah

 align:start position:0%
in the same ballpark here yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
in the same ballpark here yeah
oh all I mean by feature are uh things

 align:start position:0%
oh all I mean by feature are uh things
 

 align:start position:0%
oh all I mean by feature are uh things
like voiced or sonorant or you know

 align:start position:0%
like voiced or sonorant or you know
 

 align:start position:0%
like voiced or sonorant or you know
those kinds of things yeah good question

 align:start position:0%
those kinds of things yeah good question
 

 align:start position:0%
those kinds of things yeah good question
um and a standard way to write rules

 align:start position:0%
um and a standard way to write rules
 

 align:start position:0%
um and a standard way to write rules
involves putting features in Brackets

 align:start position:0%
involves putting features in Brackets
 

 align:start position:0%
involves putting features in Brackets
like that so you know the fancy way to

 align:start position:0%
like that so you know the fancy way to
 

 align:start position:0%
like that so you know the fancy way to
say something is voiceless is to say

 align:start position:0%
say something is voiceless is to say
 

 align:start position:0%
say something is voiceless is to say
that it's its value for the feature

 align:start position:0%
that it's its value for the feature
 

 align:start position:0%
that it's its value for the feature
voice is minus right so it is not voiced

 align:start position:0%
voice is minus right so it is not voiced
 

 align:start position:0%
voice is minus right so it is not voiced
yeah that's all that means

 align:start position:0%
yeah that's all that means
 

 align:start position:0%
yeah that's all that means
yeah yeah

 align:start position:0%
yeah yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
yeah yeah
okay when we ask you to do phonology we

 align:start position:0%
okay when we ask you to do phonology we
 

 align:start position:0%
okay when we ask you to do phonology we
will tell you whether we want you to

 align:start position:0%
will tell you whether we want you to
 

 align:start position:0%
will tell you whether we want you to
what extent we want you to be formal

 align:start position:0%
what extent we want you to be formal
 

 align:start position:0%
what extent we want you to be formal
about how you write your rules yeah so I

 align:start position:0%
about how you write your rules yeah so I
 

 align:start position:0%
about how you write your rules yeah so I
think the problem set that I just send

 align:start position:0%
think the problem set that I just send
 

 align:start position:0%
think the problem set that I just send
out uh asks you to look around for

 align:start position:0%
out uh asks you to look around for
 

 align:start position:0%
out uh asks you to look around for
possible rules in your in the

 align:start position:0%
possible rules in your in the
 

 align:start position:0%
possible rules in your in the
what is it it's a green Landing data I

 align:start position:0%
what is it it's a green Landing data I
 

 align:start position:0%
what is it it's a green Landing data I
think

 align:start position:0%
think
 

 align:start position:0%
think
um uh you don't have to sweat this level

 align:start position:0%
um uh you don't have to sweat this level
 

 align:start position:0%
um uh you don't have to sweat this level
of formality in your rules so if your

 align:start position:0%
of formality in your rules so if your
 

 align:start position:0%
of formality in your rules so if your
rule for that problem said so if you

 align:start position:0%
rule for that problem said so if you
 

 align:start position:0%
rule for that problem said so if you
think you've figured out what's going on

 align:start position:0%
think you've figured out what's going on
 

 align:start position:0%
think you've figured out what's going on
you can just tell us more or less

 align:start position:0%
you can just tell us more or less
 

 align:start position:0%
you can just tell us more or less
don't feel like we're going to count off

 align:start position:0%
don't feel like we're going to count off
 

 align:start position:0%
don't feel like we're going to count off
for not using features or not not

 align:start position:0%
for not using features or not not
 

 align:start position:0%
for not using features or not not
writing your rules this way

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
all right then

 align:start position:0%
all right then
 

 align:start position:0%
all right then
now I told you just now

 align:start position:0%
now I told you just now
 

 align:start position:0%
now I told you just now
tried to convince you earlier that there

 align:start position:0%
tried to convince you earlier that there
 

 align:start position:0%
tried to convince you earlier that there
are cases where uh the Japanese accent

 align:start position:0%
are cases where uh the Japanese accent
 

 align:start position:0%
are cases where uh the Japanese accent
case was the one that we spent the most

 align:start position:0%
case was the one that we spent the most
 

 align:start position:0%
case was the one that we spent the most
time on where uh it's sort of fruitful

 align:start position:0%
time on where uh it's sort of fruitful
 

 align:start position:0%
time on where uh it's sort of fruitful
to think of the phenomenon as involving

 align:start position:0%
to think of the phenomenon as involving
 

 align:start position:0%
to think of the phenomenon as involving
a bunch of ranked priorities a bunch of

 align:start position:0%
a bunch of ranked priorities a bunch of
 

 align:start position:0%
a bunch of ranked priorities a bunch of
constraints that are all pulling in

 align:start position:0%
constraints that are all pulling in
 

 align:start position:0%
constraints that are all pulling in
different directions and you sort of

 align:start position:0%
different directions and you sort of
 

 align:start position:0%
different directions and you sort of
solve that problem by deciding which is

 align:start position:0%
solve that problem by deciding which is
 

 align:start position:0%
solve that problem by deciding which is
the most important one

 align:start position:0%
the most important one
 

 align:start position:0%
the most important one
uh which ones are more important than

 align:start position:0%
uh which ones are more important than
 

 align:start position:0%
uh which ones are more important than
which other ones ranking your various

 align:start position:0%
which other ones ranking your various
 

 align:start position:0%
which other ones ranking your various
constraints with respect to each other

 align:start position:0%
constraints with respect to each other
 

 align:start position:0%
constraints with respect to each other
there are other cases though uh that are

 align:start position:0%
there are other cases though uh that are
 

 align:start position:0%
there are other cases though uh that are
uh problematic for that way of thinking

 align:start position:0%
uh problematic for that way of thinking
 

 align:start position:0%
uh problematic for that way of thinking
about things uh and there's a sort of

 align:start position:0%
about things uh and there's a sort of
 

 align:start position:0%
about things uh and there's a sort of
big literature on trying to reconcile

 align:start position:0%
big literature on trying to reconcile
 

 align:start position:0%
big literature on trying to reconcile
these kinds of observations on the one

 align:start position:0%
these kinds of observations on the one
 

 align:start position:0%
these kinds of observations on the one
hand uh the observation that there do

 align:start position:0%
hand uh the observation that there do
 

 align:start position:0%
hand uh the observation that there do
seem to be these conspiracies where a

 align:start position:0%
seem to be these conspiracies where a
 

 align:start position:0%
seem to be these conspiracies where a
language is doing the same thing in a

 align:start position:0%
language is doing the same thing in a
 

 align:start position:0%
language is doing the same thing in a
variety of ways which is the kind of

 align:start position:0%
variety of ways which is the kind of
 

 align:start position:0%
variety of ways which is the kind of
thing that makes people want to think in

 align:start position:0%
thing that makes people want to think in
 

 align:start position:0%
thing that makes people want to think in
terms of running to constraints and on

 align:start position:0%
terms of running to constraints and on
 

 align:start position:0%
terms of running to constraints and on
the other hand the kinds of cases which

 align:start position:0%
the other hand the kinds of cases which
 

 align:start position:0%
the other hand the kinds of cases which
we've talked about before where it looks

 align:start position:0%
we've talked about before where it looks
 

 align:start position:0%
we've talked about before where it looks
more like what's happening is that you

 align:start position:0%
more like what's happening is that you
 

 align:start position:0%
more like what's happening is that you
have a bunch of rules and they're

 align:start position:0%
have a bunch of rules and they're
 

 align:start position:0%
have a bunch of rules and they're
applying in an order uh and you they

 align:start position:0%
applying in an order uh and you they
 

 align:start position:0%
applying in an order uh and you they
they don't necessarily all get

 align:start position:0%
they don't necessarily all get
 

 align:start position:0%
they don't necessarily all get
um get obeyed we did this on the board

 align:start position:0%
um get obeyed we did this on the board
 

 align:start position:0%
um get obeyed we did this on the board
um when was it last time I think but

 align:start position:0%
um when was it last time I think but
 

 align:start position:0%
um when was it last time I think but
let's let's do it on the slide a little

 align:start position:0%
let's let's do it on the slide a little
 

 align:start position:0%
let's let's do it on the slide a little
more carefully so cast your minds back

 align:start position:0%
more carefully so cast your minds back
 

 align:start position:0%
more carefully so cast your minds back
to when we were talking about Lardo I

 align:start position:0%
to when we were talking about Lardo I
 

 align:start position:0%
to when we were talking about Lardo I
tried to convince you we worked out an

 align:start position:0%
tried to convince you we worked out an
 

 align:start position:0%
tried to convince you we worked out an
analysis of Lardo

 align:start position:0%
analysis of Lardo
 

 align:start position:0%
analysis of Lardo
in which again uh Bearer nominative

 align:start position:0%
in which again uh Bearer nominative
 

 align:start position:0%
in which again uh Bearer nominative
singular lardol doesn't Mark number but

 align:start position:0%
singular lardol doesn't Mark number but
 

 align:start position:0%
singular lardol doesn't Mark number but
uh bare nominative forms of uh nouns

 align:start position:0%
uh bare nominative forms of uh nouns
 

 align:start position:0%
uh bare nominative forms of uh nouns
um undergo various kinds of sound

 align:start position:0%
um undergo various kinds of sound
 

 align:start position:0%
um undergo various kinds of sound
changes so lardel has words that

 align:start position:0%
changes so lardel has words that
 

 align:start position:0%
changes so lardel has words that
underlyingly end in a k for example and

 align:start position:0%
underlyingly end in a k for example and
 

 align:start position:0%
underlyingly end in a k for example and
there was a a general rule in lardel

 align:start position:0%
there was a a general rule in lardel
 

 align:start position:0%
there was a a general rule in lardel
that said uh if you have a word that

 align:start position:0%
that said uh if you have a word that
 

 align:start position:0%
that said uh if you have a word that
ends in a k get rid of the K you know so

 align:start position:0%
ends in a k get rid of the K you know so
 

 align:start position:0%
ends in a k get rid of the K you know so
I'll start writing these down uh some

 align:start position:0%
I'll start writing these down uh some
 

 align:start position:0%
I'll start writing these down uh some
marital rules one of them was uh

 align:start position:0%
marital rules one of them was uh
 

 align:start position:0%
marital rules one of them was uh
eliminate and I won't try to write them

 align:start position:0%
eliminate and I won't try to write them
 

 align:start position:0%
eliminate and I won't try to write them
formally eliminate finally

 align:start position:0%
formally eliminate finally
 

 align:start position:0%
formally eliminate finally
okay so the word that we think is

 align:start position:0%
okay so the word that we think is
 

 align:start position:0%
okay so the word that we think is
underlying out the word for Boomerang uh

 align:start position:0%
underlying out the word for Boomerang uh
 

 align:start position:0%
underlying out the word for Boomerang uh
in Islam and the form is the reason we

 align:start position:0%
in Islam and the form is the reason we
 

 align:start position:0%
in Islam and the form is the reason we
think that it's underlying liuang is

 align:start position:0%
think that it's underlying liuang is
 

 align:start position:0%
think that it's underlying liuang is
that if you add any suffixes to it you

 align:start position:0%
that if you add any suffixes to it you
 

 align:start position:0%
that if you add any suffixes to it you
you get to see that K so the accusative

 align:start position:0%
you get to see that K so the accusative
 

 align:start position:0%
you get to see that K so the accusative
I think I told you was

 align:start position:0%
I think I told you was
 

 align:start position:0%
I think I told you was
um uh so you know the K shows up uh in

 align:start position:0%
um uh so you know the K shows up uh in
 

 align:start position:0%
um uh so you know the K shows up uh in
and in other forms as well

 align:start position:0%
and in other forms as well
 

 align:start position:0%
and in other forms as well
we thought there was another rule that

 align:start position:0%
we thought there was another rule that
 

 align:start position:0%
we thought there was another rule that
said uh final

 align:start position:0%
said uh final
 

 align:start position:0%
said uh final
U becomes ah

 align:start position:0%
U becomes ah
 

 align:start position:0%
U becomes ah
uh and that was why uh gandu which is

 align:start position:0%
uh and that was why uh gandu which is
 

 align:start position:0%
uh and that was why uh gandu which is
the word for blood uh underlyingly

 align:start position:0%
the word for blood uh underlyingly
 

 align:start position:0%
the word for blood uh underlyingly
becomes Kanda uh in the nominative and

 align:start position:0%
becomes Kanda uh in the nominative and
 

 align:start position:0%
becomes Kanda uh in the nominative and
in the excuse

 align:start position:0%
in the excuse
 

 align:start position:0%
in the excuse
why we think it starts out as gandu

 align:start position:0%
why we think it starts out as gandu
 

 align:start position:0%
why we think it starts out as gandu
um so we have these two rules and what

 align:start position:0%
um so we have these two rules and what
 

 align:start position:0%
um so we have these two rules and what
we said when we were doing Laredo before

 align:start position:0%
we said when we were doing Laredo before
 

 align:start position:0%
we said when we were doing Laredo before
was something like uh we might want

 align:start position:0%
was something like uh we might want
 

 align:start position:0%
was something like uh we might want
these rules to apply in a particular

 align:start position:0%
these rules to apply in a particular
 

 align:start position:0%
these rules to apply in a particular
order uh in fact I see that I have

 align:start position:0%
order uh in fact I see that I have
 

 align:start position:0%
order uh in fact I see that I have
written them in the wrong order

 align:start position:0%
written them in the wrong order
 

 align:start position:0%
written them in the wrong order
um if you were to uh take the word nalok

 align:start position:0%
um if you were to uh take the word nalok
 

 align:start position:0%
um if you were to uh take the word nalok
which is the underlying form for story

 align:start position:0%
which is the underlying form for story
 

 align:start position:0%
which is the underlying form for story
and apply this Rule and then this rule

 align:start position:0%
and apply this Rule and then this rule
 

 align:start position:0%
and apply this Rule and then this rule
well then you know you would eliminate

 align:start position:0%
well then you know you would eliminate
 

 align:start position:0%
well then you know you would eliminate
the final K that would get you Malu and

 align:start position:0%
the final K that would get you Malu and
 

 align:start position:0%
the final K that would get you Malu and
then you would change the final uh

 align:start position:0%
then you would change the final uh
 

 align:start position:0%
then you would change the final uh
but that's not in fact the nominative

 align:start position:0%
but that's not in fact the nominative
 

 align:start position:0%
but that's not in fact the nominative
form for story The nominative form for

 align:start position:0%
form for story The nominative form for
 

 align:start position:0%
form for story The nominative form for
story is yeah and so what I said at the

 align:start position:0%
story is yeah and so what I said at the
 

 align:start position:0%
story is yeah and so what I said at the
time was one way of thinking about this

 align:start position:0%
time was one way of thinking about this
 

 align:start position:0%
time was one way of thinking about this
a popular way of thinking about this is

 align:start position:0%
a popular way of thinking about this is
 

 align:start position:0%
a popular way of thinking about this is
to think there are these rules and it's

 align:start position:0%
to think there are these rules and it's
 

 align:start position:0%
to think there are these rules and it's
like an assembly line you know there's

 align:start position:0%
like an assembly line you know there's
 

 align:start position:0%
like an assembly line you know there's
first the first station is the one where

 align:start position:0%
first the first station is the one where
 

 align:start position:0%
first the first station is the one where
you do this where you get rid of final

 align:start position:0%
you do this where you get rid of final
 

 align:start position:0%
you do this where you get rid of final
ooh and then after you're done with that

 align:start position:0%
ooh and then after you're done with that
 

 align:start position:0%
ooh and then after you're done with that
you get handed off to another another

 align:start position:0%
you get handed off to another another
 

 align:start position:0%
you get handed off to another another
place in the assembly line where they

 align:start position:0%
place in the assembly line where they
 

 align:start position:0%
place in the assembly line where they
eliminate final K and what's happened

 align:start position:0%
eliminate final K and what's happened
 

 align:start position:0%
eliminate final K and what's happened
with underlying is that it got handed to

 align:start position:0%
with underlying is that it got handed to
 

 align:start position:0%
with underlying is that it got handed to
the first station first first station

 align:start position:0%
the first station first first station
 

 align:start position:0%
the first station first first station
said well this word and I look it

 align:start position:0%
said well this word and I look it
 

 align:start position:0%
said well this word and I look it
doesn't end in ooh I'm not going to do

 align:start position:0%
doesn't end in ooh I'm not going to do
 

 align:start position:0%
doesn't end in ooh I'm not going to do
anything and then it gets handed to the

 align:start position:0%
anything and then it gets handed to the
 

 align:start position:0%
anything and then it gets handed to the
second station the second station says

 align:start position:0%
second station the second station says
 

 align:start position:0%
second station the second station says
oh I need to get rid of the final K

 align:start position:0%
oh I need to get rid of the final K
 

 align:start position:0%
oh I need to get rid of the final K
it'll be Yeah by which point the people

 align:start position:0%
it'll be Yeah by which point the people
 

 align:start position:0%
it'll be Yeah by which point the people
in the first station might have been

 align:start position:0%
in the first station might have been
 

 align:start position:0%
in the first station might have been
saying wait wait let us have that back

 align:start position:0%
saying wait wait let us have that back
 

 align:start position:0%
saying wait wait let us have that back
but it's too late it was the idea yes

 align:start position:0%
but it's too late it was the idea yes
 

 align:start position:0%
but it's too late it was the idea yes
these are rules that apply in a

 align:start position:0%
these are rules that apply in a
 

 align:start position:0%
these are rules that apply in a
particular order that's the way we were

 align:start position:0%
particular order that's the way we were
 

 align:start position:0%
particular order that's the way we were
talking about lairdo

 align:start position:0%
talking about lairdo
 

 align:start position:0%
talking about lairdo
does that all sound Vaguely Familiar no

 align:start position:0%
does that all sound Vaguely Familiar no
 

 align:start position:0%
does that all sound Vaguely Familiar no
that there are these procedures and the

 align:start position:0%
that there are these procedures and the
 

 align:start position:0%
that there are these procedures and the
procedures happen in an order

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
but if we imagine thinking about things

 align:start position:0%
but if we imagine thinking about things
 

 align:start position:0%
but if we imagine thinking about things
in an optimality theoretic kind of way

 align:start position:0%
in an optimality theoretic kind of way
 

 align:start position:0%
in an optimality theoretic kind of way
well it's not hard to come up with

 align:start position:0%
well it's not hard to come up with
 

 align:start position:0%
well it's not hard to come up with
constraints right that say this you know

 align:start position:0%
constraints right that say this you know
 

 align:start position:0%
constraints right that say this you know
uh star final

 align:start position:0%
uh star final
 

 align:start position:0%
uh star final
I have to write it in capital letters

 align:start position:0%
I have to write it in capital letters
 

 align:start position:0%
I have to write it in capital letters
because that's what you do in optimality

 align:start position:0%
because that's what you do in optimality
 

 align:start position:0%
because that's what you do in optimality
theory uh no final k no final

 align:start position:0%
theory uh no final k no final
 

 align:start position:0%
theory uh no final k no final
oh yeah

 align:start position:0%
oh yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
oh yeah
um and those constraints would look at

 align:start position:0%
um and those constraints would look at
 

 align:start position:0%
um and those constraints would look at
and I look uh sorry it went out and they

 align:start position:0%
and I look uh sorry it went out and they
 

 align:start position:0%
and I look uh sorry it went out and they
would say no we can't have the final K

 align:start position:0%
would say no we can't have the final K
 

 align:start position:0%
would say no we can't have the final K
it'll be one now and they would look at

 align:start position:0%
it'll be one now and they would look at
 

 align:start position:0%
it'll be one now and they would look at
gandu and they would say no can't have

 align:start position:0%
gandu and they would say no can't have
 

 align:start position:0%
gandu and they would say no can't have
the final ooh it'll be uh it's got to be

 align:start position:0%
the final ooh it'll be uh it's got to be
 

 align:start position:0%
the final ooh it'll be uh it's got to be
Kanda uh it might have other constraints

 align:start position:0%
Kanda uh it might have other constraints
 

 align:start position:0%
Kanda uh it might have other constraints
that are responsible for helping you

 align:start position:0%
that are responsible for helping you
 

 align:start position:0%
that are responsible for helping you
decide you know the best thing to do

 align:start position:0%
decide you know the best thing to do
 

 align:start position:0%
decide you know the best thing to do
with kandu is to change it to Kanda

 align:start position:0%
with kandu is to change it to Kanda
 

 align:start position:0%
with kandu is to change it to Kanda
instead of you know Kandi or kand or any

 align:start position:0%
instead of you know Kandi or kand or any
 

 align:start position:0%
instead of you know Kandi or kand or any
of the variety of other things you could

 align:start position:0%
of the variety of other things you could
 

 align:start position:0%
of the variety of other things you could
have done so it's not all that hard to

 align:start position:0%
have done so it's not all that hard to
 

 align:start position:0%
have done so it's not all that hard to
have constraints that say there's

 align:start position:0%
have constraints that say there's
 

 align:start position:0%
have constraints that say there's
something wrong with one Oak there's

 align:start position:0%
something wrong with one Oak there's
 

 align:start position:0%
something wrong with one Oak there's
something wrong with kandu

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
but it's not easy to figure out what to

 align:start position:0%
but it's not easy to figure out what to
 

 align:start position:0%
but it's not easy to figure out what to
do next and so if you have those

 align:start position:0%
do next and so if you have those
 

 align:start position:0%
do next and so if you have those
conditions that say that adult cannot

 align:start position:0%
conditions that say that adult cannot
 

 align:start position:0%
conditions that say that adult cannot
stand words that end in K or words that

 align:start position:0%
stand words that end in K or words that
 

 align:start position:0%
stand words that end in K or words that
end in you

 align:start position:0%
end in you
 

 align:start position:0%
end in you
um that's the kind of thing we were

 align:start position:0%
um that's the kind of thing we were
 

 align:start position:0%
um that's the kind of thing we were
saying about you know Japanese accent

 align:start position:0%
saying about you know Japanese accent
 

 align:start position:0%
saying about you know Japanese accent
Japanese doesn't like Accent on the last

 align:start position:0%
Japanese doesn't like Accent on the last
 

 align:start position:0%
Japanese doesn't like Accent on the last
syllable so avoid it if you're making a

 align:start position:0%
syllable so avoid it if you're making a
 

 align:start position:0%
syllable so avoid it if you're making a
compound

 align:start position:0%
compound
 

 align:start position:0%
compound
those generalizations hold for

 align:start position:0%
those generalizations hold for
 

 align:start position:0%
those generalizations hold for
boomeranging for blood but they don't

 align:start position:0%
boomeranging for blood but they don't
 

 align:start position:0%
boomeranging for blood but they don't
hold for story the one about not having

 align:start position:0%
hold for story the one about not having
 

 align:start position:0%
hold for story the one about not having
a word ending in ooh doesn't hold yes

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
are optimality Theory yeah

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
it is

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
both like

 align:start position:0%
both like
 

 align:start position:0%
both like
like if it were to do not a lot

 align:start position:0%
like if it were to do not a lot
 

 align:start position:0%
like if it were to do not a lot
um

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
Theory like

 align:start position:0%
Theory like
 

 align:start position:0%
Theory like
certain words each

 align:start position:0%
certain words each
 

 align:start position:0%
certain words each
so that's just it it doesn't right so

 align:start position:0%
so that's just it it doesn't right so
 

 align:start position:0%
so that's just it it doesn't right so
the conditions

 align:start position:0%
the conditions
 

 align:start position:0%
the conditions
um the sense in which it has something

 align:start position:0%
um the sense in which it has something
 

 align:start position:0%
um the sense in which it has something
like an order is that the conditions are

 align:start position:0%
like an order is that the conditions are
 

 align:start position:0%
like an order is that the conditions are
ranked with respect to each other

 align:start position:0%
ranked with respect to each other
 

 align:start position:0%
ranked with respect to each other
there's the one that's most important

 align:start position:0%
there's the one that's most important
 

 align:start position:0%
there's the one that's most important
and the one that's next most important

 align:start position:0%
and the one that's next most important
 

 align:start position:0%
and the one that's next most important
and so on

 align:start position:0%
and so on
 

 align:start position:0%
and so on
um but if we were to build a tableau

 align:start position:0%
um but if we were to build a tableau
 

 align:start position:0%
um but if we were to build a tableau
right we would have these two conditions

 align:start position:0%
right we would have these two conditions
 

 align:start position:0%
right we would have these two conditions
don't have final k

 align:start position:0%
don't have final k
 

 align:start position:0%
don't have final k
don't have

 align:start position:0%
don't have
 

 align:start position:0%
don't have
final

 align:start position:0%
final
 

 align:start position:0%
final
oh

 align:start position:0%
oh
 

 align:start position:0%
oh
um and we would start off with the look

 align:start position:0%
um and we would start off with the look
 

 align:start position:0%
um and we would start off with the look
and we'd consider keeping a look

 align:start position:0%
and we'd consider keeping a look
 

 align:start position:0%
and we'd consider keeping a look
and we'd consider getting rid of

 align:start position:0%
and we'd consider getting rid of
 

 align:start position:0%
and we'd consider getting rid of
the K at the end and maybe we consider

 align:start position:0%
the K at the end and maybe we consider
 

 align:start position:0%
the K at the end and maybe we consider
right and this one would get knocked out

 align:start position:0%
right and this one would get knocked out
 

 align:start position:0%
right and this one would get knocked out
by star final K right because it would

 align:start position:0%
by star final K right because it would
 

 align:start position:0%
by star final K right because it would
end in K and this one would get knocked

 align:start position:0%
end in K and this one would get knocked
 

 align:start position:0%
end in K and this one would get knocked
out by star final ooh yeah and this one

 align:start position:0%
out by star final ooh yeah and this one
 

 align:start position:0%
out by star final ooh yeah and this one
would pass both of those conditions

 align:start position:0%
would pass both of those conditions
 

 align:start position:0%
would pass both of those conditions
so if we just did a tableau like this if

 align:start position:0%
so if we just did a tableau like this if
 

 align:start position:0%
so if we just did a tableau like this if
we said you know lardel seems to not

 align:start position:0%
we said you know lardel seems to not
 

 align:start position:0%
we said you know lardel seems to not
like this and not like that and we have

 align:start position:0%
like this and not like that and we have
 

 align:start position:0%
like this and not like that and we have
evidence for that in these other cases

 align:start position:0%
evidence for that in these other cases
 

 align:start position:0%
evidence for that in these other cases
it seems as though

 align:start position:0%
it seems as though
 

 align:start position:0%
it seems as though
but that's wrong yeah so the fact is

 align:start position:0%
but that's wrong yeah so the fact is
 

 align:start position:0%
but that's wrong yeah so the fact is
this is the one we want to win and it's

 align:start position:0%
this is the one we want to win and it's
 

 align:start position:0%
this is the one we want to win and it's
hard to see how once we've posited these

 align:start position:0%
hard to see how once we've posited these
 

 align:start position:0%
hard to see how once we've posited these
conditions how we can get this to win

 align:start position:0%
conditions how we can get this to win
 

 align:start position:0%
conditions how we can get this to win
this seems like it ought to be better

 align:start position:0%
this seems like it ought to be better
 

 align:start position:0%
this seems like it ought to be better
once we posited these conditions so the

 align:start position:0%
once we posited these conditions so the
 

 align:start position:0%
once we posited these conditions so the
puzzle and there's something people work

 align:start position:0%
puzzle and there's something people work
 

 align:start position:0%
puzzle and there's something people work
on just try to figure out why why is

 align:start position:0%
on just try to figure out why why is
 

 align:start position:0%
on just try to figure out why why is
that second one better than the third

 align:start position:0%
that second one better than the third
 

 align:start position:0%
that second one better than the third
one

 align:start position:0%
one
 

 align:start position:0%
one
yeah how about we rephrase yeah

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
okay so we could have a rule that says

 align:start position:0%
okay so we could have a rule that says
 

 align:start position:0%
okay so we could have a rule that says
that's nice we could say no final oh

 align:start position:0%
that's nice we could say no final oh
 

 align:start position:0%
that's nice we could say no final oh
this is another way of saying what you

 align:start position:0%
this is another way of saying what you
 

 align:start position:0%
this is another way of saying what you
just said uh no final ooh that was final

 align:start position:0%
just said uh no final ooh that was final
 

 align:start position:0%
just said uh no final ooh that was final
in original form

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
yep so we need more capital letters but

 align:start position:0%
yep so we need more capital letters but
 

 align:start position:0%
yep so we need more capital letters but
it's okay so yes if we if we state it

 align:start position:0%
it's okay so yes if we if we state it
 

 align:start position:0%
it's okay so yes if we if we state it
that way

 align:start position:0%
that way
 

 align:start position:0%
that way
um then uh

 align:start position:0%
um then uh
 

 align:start position:0%
um then uh
um this passes that version of it

 align:start position:0%
um this passes that version of it
 

 align:start position:0%
um this passes that version of it
and as long as we have some other

 align:start position:0%
and as long as we have some other
 

 align:start position:0%
and as long as we have some other
condition that says Don't Change vowels

 align:start position:0%
condition that says Don't Change vowels
 

 align:start position:0%
condition that says Don't Change vowels
just for the fun of it don't change ooh

 align:start position:0%
just for the fun of it don't change ooh
 

 align:start position:0%
just for the fun of it don't change ooh
because you you want to uh which we

 align:start position:0%
because you you want to uh which we
 

 align:start position:0%
because you you want to uh which we
surely need right if you give lerdal uh

 align:start position:0%
surely need right if you give lerdal uh
 

 align:start position:0%
surely need right if you give lerdal uh
a word that has an ooh in it that's not

 align:start position:0%
a word that has an ooh in it that's not
 

 align:start position:0%
a word that has an ooh in it that's not
at the end uh it's not going to change

 align:start position:0%
at the end uh it's not going to change
 

 align:start position:0%
at the end uh it's not going to change
um then yes uh then this would win

 align:start position:0%
um then yes uh then this would win
 

 align:start position:0%
um then yes uh then this would win
that's right that is indeed one of the

 align:start position:0%
that's right that is indeed one of the
 

 align:start position:0%
that's right that is indeed one of the
kinds of things people do in order to

 align:start position:0%
kinds of things people do in order to
 

 align:start position:0%
kinds of things people do in order to
handle this kind of problem they make

 align:start position:0%
handle this kind of problem they make
 

 align:start position:0%
handle this kind of problem they make
these conditions

 align:start position:0%
these conditions
 

 align:start position:0%
these conditions
more complicated yeah because now the

 align:start position:0%
more complicated yeah because now the
 

 align:start position:0%
more complicated yeah because now the
conditions the conditions we've had so

 align:start position:0%
conditions the conditions we've had so
 

 align:start position:0%
conditions the conditions we've had so
far are all about the form that gets

 align:start position:0%
far are all about the form that gets
 

 align:start position:0%
far are all about the form that gets
pronounced they say things like the form

 align:start position:0%
pronounced they say things like the form
 

 align:start position:0%
pronounced they say things like the form
that gets pronounced had better not end

 align:start position:0%
that gets pronounced had better not end
 

 align:start position:0%
that gets pronounced had better not end
in a k or the form that gets pronounced

 align:start position:0%
in a k or the form that gets pronounced
 

 align:start position:0%
in a k or the form that gets pronounced
it better not end in a voiced obstrand

 align:start position:0%
it better not end in a voiced obstrand
 

 align:start position:0%
it better not end in a voiced obstrand
if we're doing polish sure you know uh

 align:start position:0%
if we're doing polish sure you know uh
 

 align:start position:0%
if we're doing polish sure you know uh
better not have two stridents at the end

 align:start position:0%
better not have two stridents at the end
 

 align:start position:0%
better not have two stridents at the end
of the word in a language like English

 align:start position:0%
of the word in a language like English
 

 align:start position:0%
of the word in a language like English
this is a more complicated constraint it

 align:start position:0%
this is a more complicated constraint it
 

 align:start position:0%
this is a more complicated constraint it
says it had better not end in this kind

 align:start position:0%
says it had better not end in this kind
 

 align:start position:0%
says it had better not end in this kind
of sound if it ended in this kind of

 align:start position:0%
of sound if it ended in this kind of
 

 align:start position:0%
of sound if it ended in this kind of
sound if it originally you know before

 align:start position:0%
sound if it originally you know before
 

 align:start position:0%
sound if it originally you know before
before we started so being so there's a

 align:start position:0%
before we started so being so there's a
 

 align:start position:0%
before we started so being so there's a
a an actual debate going on an

 align:start position:0%
a an actual debate going on an
 

 align:start position:0%
a an actual debate going on an
optimality theory about whether we want

 align:start position:0%
optimality theory about whether we want
 

 align:start position:0%
optimality theory about whether we want
to allow ourselves that kind of power

 align:start position:0%
to allow ourselves that kind of power
 

 align:start position:0%
to allow ourselves that kind of power
allowing constraints to make reference

 align:start position:0%
allowing constraints to make reference
 

 align:start position:0%
allowing constraints to make reference
not just to the pronounced version but

 align:start position:0%
not just to the pronounced version but
 

 align:start position:0%
not just to the pronounced version but
to an earlier version but you're

 align:start position:0%
to an earlier version but you're
 

 align:start position:0%
to an earlier version but you're
absolutely right that's the kind of move

 align:start position:0%
absolutely right that's the kind of move
 

 align:start position:0%
absolutely right that's the kind of move
people people make people argue for

 align:start position:0%
people people make people argue for
 

 align:start position:0%
people people make people argue for
I'm bringing this up just to show you

 align:start position:0%
I'm bringing this up just to show you
 

 align:start position:0%
I'm bringing this up just to show you
there's this tension between these two

 align:start position:0%
there's this tension between these two
 

 align:start position:0%
there's this tension between these two
ways of thinking about uh phonology and

 align:start position:0%
ways of thinking about uh phonology and
 

 align:start position:0%
ways of thinking about uh phonology and
you've just raised one of the ways one

 align:start position:0%
you've just raised one of the ways one
 

 align:start position:0%
you've just raised one of the ways one
of the ways in that indeed is has been

 align:start position:0%
of the ways in that indeed is has been
 

 align:start position:0%
of the ways in that indeed is has been
taken in the literature to try to figure

 align:start position:0%
taken in the literature to try to figure
 

 align:start position:0%
taken in the literature to try to figure
out uh how to deal with this tension but

 align:start position:0%
out uh how to deal with this tension but
 

 align:start position:0%
out uh how to deal with this tension but
if you thought that Linguistics was like

 align:start position:0%
if you thought that Linguistics was like
 

 align:start position:0%
if you thought that Linguistics was like
finished like we understood everything

 align:start position:0%
finished like we understood everything
 

 align:start position:0%
finished like we understood everything
no yeah so this is one of the kinds of

 align:start position:0%
no yeah so this is one of the kinds of
 

 align:start position:0%
no yeah so this is one of the kinds of
things that linguists still fight about

 align:start position:0%
things that linguists still fight about
 

 align:start position:0%
things that linguists still fight about
like how to how to deal with these kinds

 align:start position:0%
like how to how to deal with these kinds
 

 align:start position:0%
like how to how to deal with these kinds
of tensions yes

 align:start position:0%
of tensions yes
 

 align:start position:0%
of tensions yes
I think we can still think

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
we can you know make it like Assembly

 align:start position:0%
we can you know make it like Assembly
 

 align:start position:0%
we can you know make it like Assembly
Language

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
yeah

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
yeah yeah

 align:start position:0%
yeah yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
yeah yeah
so that is another kind of move that

 align:start position:0%
so that is another kind of move that
 

 align:start position:0%
so that is another kind of move that
people make sorry this uh slide has gone

 align:start position:0%
people make sorry this uh slide has gone
 

 align:start position:0%
people make sorry this uh slide has gone
away

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
um that isn't another kind of move that

 align:start position:0%
um that isn't another kind of move that
 

 align:start position:0%
um that isn't another kind of move that
people make where they say

 align:start position:0%
people make where they say
 

 align:start position:0%
people make where they say
um well there are various ways of

 align:start position:0%
um well there are various ways of
 

 align:start position:0%
um well there are various ways of
interpreting what you just said uh one

 align:start position:0%
interpreting what you just said uh one
 

 align:start position:0%
interpreting what you just said uh one
thing that one move that people made

 align:start position:0%
thing that one move that people made
 

 align:start position:0%
thing that one move that people made
especially early on when people were

 align:start position:0%
especially early on when people were
 

 align:start position:0%
especially early on when people were
worried about this problem in optimality

 align:start position:0%
worried about this problem in optimality
 

 align:start position:0%
worried about this problem in optimality
theory was to say uh we're going to do

 align:start position:0%
theory was to say uh we're going to do
 

 align:start position:0%
theory was to say uh we're going to do
something an optimality theory that

 align:start position:0%
something an optimality theory that
 

 align:start position:0%
something an optimality theory that
allows us to simulate having rules in

 align:start position:0%
allows us to simulate having rules in
 

 align:start position:0%
allows us to simulate having rules in
order so what we'll do is we'll have a

 align:start position:0%
order so what we'll do is we'll have a
 

 align:start position:0%
order so what we'll do is we'll have a
word go through the tableaus more than

 align:start position:0%
word go through the tableaus more than
 

 align:start position:0%
word go through the tableaus more than
once

 align:start position:0%
once
 

 align:start position:0%
once
and the or the conditions can be in

 align:start position:0%
and the or the conditions can be in
 

 align:start position:0%
and the or the conditions can be in
different orders in the different

 align:start position:0%
different orders in the different
 

 align:start position:0%
different orders in the different
tableaus so we'll have a tableau first

 align:start position:0%
tableaus so we'll have a tableau first
 

 align:start position:0%
tableaus so we'll have a tableau first
that says uh you know final K is very

 align:start position:0%
that says uh you know final K is very
 

 align:start position:0%
that says uh you know final K is very
bad let's say and it doesn't have

 align:start position:0%
bad let's say and it doesn't have
 

 align:start position:0%
bad let's say and it doesn't have
final ooh is bad right and then we'll

 align:start position:0%
final ooh is bad right and then we'll
 

 align:start position:0%
final ooh is bad right and then we'll
have another Tableau that maybe doesn't

 align:start position:0%
have another Tableau that maybe doesn't
 

 align:start position:0%
have another Tableau that maybe doesn't
have final K is very bad but has final

 align:start position:0%
have final K is very bad but has final
 

 align:start position:0%
have final K is very bad but has final
ooh is bad right and that's a way to

 align:start position:0%
ooh is bad right and that's a way to
 

 align:start position:0%
ooh is bad right and that's a way to
simulate ordered rules basically is to

 align:start position:0%
simulate ordered rules basically is to
 

 align:start position:0%
simulate ordered rules basically is to
say we go through tableaus multiple

 align:start position:0%
say we go through tableaus multiple
 

 align:start position:0%
say we go through tableaus multiple
times and the the tableaus look

 align:start position:0%
times and the the tableaus look
 

 align:start position:0%
times and the the tableaus look
different from each other they have

 align:start position:0%
different from each other they have
 

 align:start position:0%
different from each other they have
different conditions in them or they

 align:start position:0%
different conditions in them or they
 

 align:start position:0%
different conditions in them or they
have the conditions in different orders

 align:start position:0%
have the conditions in different orders
 

 align:start position:0%
have the conditions in different orders
that's one way one way to talk about it

 align:start position:0%
that's one way one way to talk about it
 

 align:start position:0%
that's one way one way to talk about it
you might have had a more clever idea

 align:start position:0%
you might have had a more clever idea
 

 align:start position:0%
you might have had a more clever idea
though which was the tableaus I was

 align:start position:0%
though which was the tableaus I was
 

 align:start position:0%
though which was the tableaus I was
talking as though these rules are uh

 align:start position:0%
talking as though these rules are uh
 

 align:start position:0%
talking as though these rules are uh
ranked with respect to each other you

 align:start position:0%
ranked with respect to each other you
 

 align:start position:0%
ranked with respect to each other you
know which ones are more important than

 align:start position:0%
know which ones are more important than
 

 align:start position:0%
know which ones are more important than
which other ones but optimality Theory

 align:start position:0%
which other ones but optimality Theory
 

 align:start position:0%
which other ones but optimality Theory
people are generally talking novice

 align:start position:0%
people are generally talking novice
 

 align:start position:0%
people are generally talking novice
though those happen one at a time uh

 align:start position:0%
though those happen one at a time uh
 

 align:start position:0%
though those happen one at a time uh
it's just you're considering all these

 align:start position:0%
it's just you're considering all these
 

 align:start position:0%
it's just you're considering all these
possibilities and you decide which one

 align:start position:0%
possibilities and you decide which one
 

 align:start position:0%
possibilities and you decide which one
is best by all of these conditions you

 align:start position:0%
is best by all of these conditions you
 

 align:start position:0%
is best by all of these conditions you
sound like you're thinking about

 align:start position:0%
sound like you're thinking about
 

 align:start position:0%
sound like you're thinking about
something different where you would say

 align:start position:0%
something different where you would say
 

 align:start position:0%
something different where you would say
you'd go back to the simple one

 align:start position:0%
you'd go back to the simple one
 

 align:start position:0%
you'd go back to the simple one
and you'd say we start with LA look

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
um and uh what we want is something that

 align:start position:0%
um and uh what we want is something that
 

 align:start position:0%
um and uh what we want is something that
says something like well I should have

 align:start position:0%
says something like well I should have
 

 align:start position:0%
says something like well I should have
put star final ooh first

 align:start position:0%
put star final ooh first
 

 align:start position:0%
put star final ooh first
maybe I'll just reverse these

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
um

 align:start position:0%
um
 

 align:start position:0%
um
uh we have all of our all of our

 align:start position:0%
uh we have all of our all of our
 

 align:start position:0%
uh we have all of our all of our
candidates here and we first consider

 align:start position:0%
candidates here and we first consider
 

 align:start position:0%
candidates here and we first consider
star final ooh uh-oh but if we consider

 align:start position:0%
star final ooh uh-oh but if we consider
 

 align:start position:0%
star final ooh uh-oh but if we consider
a star final ooh star final ooh we'll

 align:start position:0%
a star final ooh star final ooh we'll
 

 align:start position:0%
a star final ooh star final ooh we'll
look at nalu and it will it will knock

 align:start position:0%
look at nalu and it will it will knock
 

 align:start position:0%
look at nalu and it will it will knock
it out right right so that that will be

 align:start position:0%
it out right right so that that will be
 

 align:start position:0%
it out right right so that that will be
bad right there and and we won't ever

 align:start position:0%
bad right there and and we won't ever
 

 align:start position:0%
bad right there and and we won't ever
get it back if we do that so what we

 align:start position:0%
get it back if we do that so what we
 

 align:start position:0%
get it back if we do that so what we
want is something more like using the

 align:start position:0%
want is something more like using the
 

 align:start position:0%
want is something more like using the
teplo to to do something like ordered

 align:start position:0%
teplo to to do something like ordered
 

 align:start position:0%
teplo to to do something like ordered
rules you know something that says

 align:start position:0%
rules you know something that says
 

 align:start position:0%
rules you know something that says
um we look at this first thing and we we

 align:start position:0%
um we look at this first thing and we we
 

 align:start position:0%
um we look at this first thing and we we
are now basically doing rules in an

 align:start position:0%
are now basically doing rules in an
 

 align:start position:0%
are now basically doing rules in an
order uh we look at this first thing and

 align:start position:0%
order uh we look at this first thing and
 

 align:start position:0%
order uh we look at this first thing and
we ask ourselves what's not look well uh

 align:start position:0%
we ask ourselves what's not look well uh
 

 align:start position:0%
we ask ourselves what's not look well uh
it doesn't it doesn't violate this first

 align:start position:0%
it doesn't it doesn't violate this first
 

 align:start position:0%
it doesn't it doesn't violate this first
rule and so we'll keep it

 align:start position:0%
rule and so we'll keep it
 

 align:start position:0%
rule and so we'll keep it
and then we'll consider the next rule it

 align:start position:0%
and then we'll consider the next rule it
 

 align:start position:0%
and then we'll consider the next rule it
does violate that rule and so we'll

 align:start position:0%
does violate that rule and so we'll
 

 align:start position:0%
does violate that rule and so we'll
change it we'll make a minimal change to

 align:start position:0%
change it we'll make a minimal change to
 

 align:start position:0%
change it we'll make a minimal change to
it this is a way of converting tableaus

 align:start position:0%
it this is a way of converting tableaus
 

 align:start position:0%
it this is a way of converting tableaus
into ordered rules I think that's what

 align:start position:0%
into ordered rules I think that's what
 

 align:start position:0%
into ordered rules I think that's what
we're now doing

 align:start position:0%
we're now doing
 

 align:start position:0%
we're now doing
um and uh it could be yeah after all

 align:start position:0%
um and uh it could be yeah after all
 

 align:start position:0%
um and uh it could be yeah after all
things things to think about open

 align:start position:0%
things things to think about open
 

 align:start position:0%
things things to think about open
research questions

 align:start position:0%
research questions
 

 align:start position:0%
research questions
cool

 align:start position:0%
cool
 

 align:start position:0%
cool
okay so the goal here was to get all of

 align:start position:0%
okay so the goal here was to get all of
 

 align:start position:0%
okay so the goal here was to get all of
you to try to do better than Linguistics

 align:start position:0%
you to try to do better than Linguistics
 

 align:start position:0%
you to try to do better than Linguistics
is so far done so right now we have

 align:start position:0%
is so far done so right now we have
 

 align:start position:0%
is so far done so right now we have
these two ways of thinking about

 align:start position:0%
these two ways of thinking about
 

 align:start position:0%
these two ways of thinking about
phonology and there are in some kind of

 align:start position:0%
phonology and there are in some kind of
 

 align:start position:0%
phonology and there are in some kind of
conflict with each other and there's

 align:start position:0%
conflict with each other and there's
 

 align:start position:0%
conflict with each other and there's
active work on trying to figure out how

 align:start position:0%
active work on trying to figure out how
 

 align:start position:0%
active work on trying to figure out how
to get them to mesh

 align:start position:0%
to get them to mesh
 

 align:start position:0%
to get them to mesh
okay

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
um okay

 align:start position:0%
um okay
 

 align:start position:0%
um okay
cool

 align:start position:0%
cool
 

 align:start position:0%
cool
where are we

 align:start position:0%
where are we
 

 align:start position:0%
where are we
here we are Center and some obstruents

 align:start position:0%
here we are Center and some obstruents
 

 align:start position:0%
here we are Center and some obstruents
we did that we did that

 align:start position:0%
we did that we did that
 

 align:start position:0%
we did that we did that
okay so um let me introduce you we're

 align:start position:0%
okay so um let me introduce you we're
 

 align:start position:0%
okay so um let me introduce you we're
running yeah yeah let me introduce you

 align:start position:0%
running yeah yeah let me introduce you
 

 align:start position:0%
running yeah yeah let me introduce you
to another

 align:start position:0%
to another
 

 align:start position:0%
to another
um

 align:start position:0%
um
 

 align:start position:0%
um
uh another class of sounds uh again the

 align:start position:0%
uh another class of sounds uh again the
 

 align:start position:0%
uh another class of sounds uh again the
the point is to show you uh ways in

 align:start position:0%
the point is to show you uh ways in
 

 align:start position:0%
the point is to show you uh ways in
which it's useful to categorize sounds

 align:start position:0%
which it's useful to categorize sounds
 

 align:start position:0%
which it's useful to categorize sounds
and the way to try to convince you of

 align:start position:0%
and the way to try to convince you of
 

 align:start position:0%
and the way to try to convince you of
that is to show you phenomena that care

 align:start position:0%
that is to show you phenomena that care
 

 align:start position:0%
that is to show you phenomena that care
about certain classes of sounds and not

 align:start position:0%
about certain classes of sounds and not
 

 align:start position:0%
about certain classes of sounds and not
others uh here are a bunch of Arabic

 align:start position:0%
others uh here are a bunch of Arabic
 

 align:start position:0%
others uh here are a bunch of Arabic
nouns together with their definite

 align:start position:0%
nouns together with their definite
 

 align:start position:0%
nouns together with their definite
article which you can see is of uh

 align:start position:0%
article which you can see is of uh
 

 align:start position:0%
article which you can see is of uh
English is borrowed a bunch of Arabic

 align:start position:0%
English is borrowed a bunch of Arabic
 

 align:start position:0%
English is borrowed a bunch of Arabic
words uh that have kept this all so we

 align:start position:0%
words uh that have kept this all so we
 

 align:start position:0%
words uh that have kept this all so we
have words like algebra for example or

 align:start position:0%
have words like algebra for example or
 

 align:start position:0%
have words like algebra for example or
algorithm where the owl at the end is

 align:start position:0%
algorithm where the owl at the end is
 

 align:start position:0%
algorithm where the owl at the end is
this word for the yeah

 align:start position:0%
this word for the yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
this word for the yeah
uh so here are some Arabic nouns with

 align:start position:0%
uh so here are some Arabic nouns with
 

 align:start position:0%
uh so here are some Arabic nouns with
the word for the in front of them

 align:start position:0%
the word for the in front of them
 

 align:start position:0%
the word for the in front of them
but there's this other class of nouns

 align:start position:0%
but there's this other class of nouns
 

 align:start position:0%
but there's this other class of nouns
where the word for the changes it's no

 align:start position:0%
where the word for the changes it's no
 

 align:start position:0%
where the word for the changes it's no
longer Al

 align:start position:0%
longer Al
 

 align:start position:0%
longer Al
um what it gets it still starts with ah

 align:start position:0%
um what it gets it still starts with ah
 

 align:start position:0%
um what it gets it still starts with ah
that the consonant in it becomes a copy

 align:start position:0%
that the consonant in it becomes a copy
 

 align:start position:0%
that the consonant in it becomes a copy
of the consonant that's after it

 align:start position:0%
of the consonant that's after it
 

 align:start position:0%
of the consonant that's after it
so the word for sun which is Shams uh

 align:start position:0%
so the word for sun which is Shams uh
 

 align:start position:0%
so the word for sun which is Shams uh
the sun is Ash it's not al-shams

 align:start position:0%
the sun is Ash it's not al-shams
 

 align:start position:0%
the sun is Ash it's not al-shams
here I am pretending to speak Arabic is

 align:start position:0%
here I am pretending to speak Arabic is
 

 align:start position:0%
here I am pretending to speak Arabic is
there anyone here who actually speaks

 align:start position:0%
there anyone here who actually speaks
 

 align:start position:0%
there anyone here who actually speaks
Arabic

 align:start position:0%
Arabic
 

 align:start position:0%
Arabic
okay cool I'll just keep pretending

 align:start position:0%
okay cool I'll just keep pretending
 

 align:start position:0%
okay cool I'll just keep pretending
um

 align:start position:0%
um
 

 align:start position:0%
um
okay uh this is a classic observation

 align:start position:0%
okay uh this is a classic observation
 

 align:start position:0%
okay uh this is a classic observation
Arabic linguists noticed this about

 align:start position:0%
Arabic linguists noticed this about
 

 align:start position:0%
Arabic linguists noticed this about
their language uh um they name uh and

 align:start position:0%
their language uh um they name uh and
 

 align:start position:0%
their language uh um they name uh and
and noticed the relevant condition is

 align:start position:0%
and noticed the relevant condition is
 

 align:start position:0%
and noticed the relevant condition is
that there are certain kinds of sounds

 align:start position:0%
that there are certain kinds of sounds
 

 align:start position:0%
that there are certain kinds of sounds
that get the phenomenon on the right

 align:start position:0%
that get the phenomenon on the right
 

 align:start position:0%
that get the phenomenon on the right
where the definite article ends in a

 align:start position:0%
where the definite article ends in a
 

 align:start position:0%
where the definite article ends in a
copy of the first consonant of the uh

 align:start position:0%
copy of the first consonant of the uh
 

 align:start position:0%
copy of the first consonant of the uh
the following noun and other consonants

 align:start position:0%
the following noun and other consonants
 

 align:start position:0%
the following noun and other consonants
that don't do that they're they're

 align:start position:0%
that don't do that they're they're
 

 align:start position:0%
that don't do that they're they're
called Moon letters and Sun letters

 align:start position:0%
called Moon letters and Sun letters
 

 align:start position:0%
called Moon letters and Sun letters
um in the in the Arabic tradition

 align:start position:0%
um in the in the Arabic tradition
 

 align:start position:0%
um in the in the Arabic tradition
because well moon is one of the words in

 align:start position:0%
because well moon is one of the words in
 

 align:start position:0%
because well moon is one of the words in
the column on the left and sun is one of

 align:start position:0%
the column on the left and sun is one of
 

 align:start position:0%
the column on the left and sun is one of
the words in the column on the right

 align:start position:0%
the words in the column on the right
 

 align:start position:0%
the words in the column on the right
mnemonic these classes of sounds so the

 align:start position:0%
mnemonic these classes of sounds so the
 

 align:start position:0%
mnemonic these classes of sounds so the
moon letters are letters like and K and

 align:start position:0%
moon letters are letters like and K and
 

 align:start position:0%
moon letters are letters like and K and
H and Global stop

 align:start position:0%
H and Global stop
 

 align:start position:0%
H and Global stop
and the sun letters are sounds like

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
the moon letters

 align:start position:0%
the moon letters
 

 align:start position:0%
the moon letters
no the sun letters yes the sun letters

 align:start position:0%
no the sun letters yes the sun letters
 

 align:start position:0%
no the sun letters yes the sun letters
uh are the ones that I've got in the box

 align:start position:0%
uh are the ones that I've got in the box
 

 align:start position:0%
uh are the ones that I've got in the box
there they are what are called coronals

 align:start position:0%
there they are what are called coronals
 

 align:start position:0%
there they are what are called coronals
so coronals are the interdentals and the

 align:start position:0%
so coronals are the interdentals and the
 

 align:start position:0%
so coronals are the interdentals and the
alveolars and the post alveolars if you

 align:start position:0%
alveolars and the post alveolars if you
 

 align:start position:0%
alveolars and the post alveolars if you
think about them so you know feel free

 align:start position:0%
think about them so you know feel free
 

 align:start position:0%
think about them so you know feel free
to sit there making those noises to

 align:start position:0%
to sit there making those noises to
 

 align:start position:0%
to sit there making those noises to
yourself if you want to

 align:start position:0%
yourself if you want to
 

 align:start position:0%
yourself if you want to
um what what all of them do is make a

 align:start position:0%
um what what all of them do is make a
 

 align:start position:0%
um what what all of them do is make a
consonant sound that's articulated with

 align:start position:0%
consonant sound that's articulated with
 

 align:start position:0%
consonant sound that's articulated with
the tip or the blade of your tongue sort

 align:start position:0%
the tip or the blade of your tongue sort
 

 align:start position:0%
the tip or the blade of your tongue sort
of the front of your tongue is touching

 align:start position:0%
of the front of your tongue is touching
 

 align:start position:0%
of the front of your tongue is touching
some part of the top of your mouth or or

 align:start position:0%
some part of the top of your mouth or or
 

 align:start position:0%
some part of the top of your mouth or or
other places so the interdentals your

 align:start position:0%
other places so the interdentals your
 

 align:start position:0%
other places so the interdentals your
tongue is sticking out between your

 align:start position:0%
tongue is sticking out between your
 

 align:start position:0%
tongue is sticking out between your
teeth are the alveolars or the post

 align:start position:0%
teeth are the alveolars or the post
 

 align:start position:0%
teeth are the alveolars or the post
alveolars the tip of your tongue or the

 align:start position:0%
alveolars the tip of your tongue or the
 

 align:start position:0%
alveolars the tip of your tongue or the
blade of your tongue is coming into

 align:start position:0%
blade of your tongue is coming into
 

 align:start position:0%
blade of your tongue is coming into
contact almost with the top of your

 align:start position:0%
contact almost with the top of your
 

 align:start position:0%
contact almost with the top of your
mouth yeah

 align:start position:0%
mouth yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
mouth yeah
as opposed to say bilabials where your

 align:start position:0%
as opposed to say bilabials where your
 

 align:start position:0%
as opposed to say bilabials where your
tongue can do whatever the heck it feels

 align:start position:0%
tongue can do whatever the heck it feels
 

 align:start position:0%
tongue can do whatever the heck it feels
like or veelers which involve your

 align:start position:0%
like or veelers which involve your
 

 align:start position:0%
like or veelers which involve your
tongue or uvulus which involve your

 align:start position:0%
tongue or uvulus which involve your
 

 align:start position:0%
tongue or uvulus which involve your
tongue but it's the back of your tongue

 align:start position:0%
tongue but it's the back of your tongue
 

 align:start position:0%
tongue but it's the back of your tongue
as opposed to the front of your tongue

 align:start position:0%
as opposed to the front of your tongue
 

 align:start position:0%
as opposed to the front of your tongue
which is what you're using for things

 align:start position:0%
which is what you're using for things
 

 align:start position:0%
which is what you're using for things
like and

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
is that clear the distinction clear and

 align:start position:0%
is that clear the distinction clear and
 

 align:start position:0%
is that clear the distinction clear and
uh Arabic gives us a nice

 align:start position:0%
uh Arabic gives us a nice
 

 align:start position:0%
uh Arabic gives us a nice
um uh sort of illustration of this the

 align:start position:0%
um uh sort of illustration of this the
 

 align:start position:0%
um uh sort of illustration of this the
coronal sounds are the ones that are the

 align:start position:0%
coronal sounds are the ones that are the
 

 align:start position:0%
coronal sounds are the ones that are the
the sun letters they're the ones where

 align:start position:0%
the sun letters they're the ones where
 

 align:start position:0%
the sun letters they're the ones where
you uh the the last consonant of the

 align:start position:0%
you uh the the last consonant of the
 

 align:start position:0%
you uh the the last consonant of the
definite article just becomes a copy of

 align:start position:0%
definite article just becomes a copy of
 

 align:start position:0%
definite article just becomes a copy of
the following consonant notice that the

 align:start position:0%
the following consonant notice that the
 

 align:start position:0%
the following consonant notice that the
last consonant of the indefinite article

 align:start position:0%
last consonant of the indefinite article
 

 align:start position:0%
last consonant of the indefinite article
underlyingly is L which is itself

 align:start position:0%
underlyingly is L which is itself
 

 align:start position:0%
underlyingly is L which is itself
coronal so uh it's like the end of the

 align:start position:0%
coronal so uh it's like the end of the
 

 align:start position:0%
coronal so uh it's like the end of the
definite article is going to be coronal

 align:start position:0%
definite article is going to be coronal
 

 align:start position:0%
definite article is going to be coronal
uh if nothing else happens it's going to

 align:start position:0%
uh if nothing else happens it's going to
 

 align:start position:0%
uh if nothing else happens it's going to
be L but if there's a cardinal right

 align:start position:0%
be L but if there's a cardinal right
 

 align:start position:0%
be L but if there's a cardinal right
after it it just becomes a copy of the

 align:start position:0%
after it it just becomes a copy of the
 

 align:start position:0%
after it it just becomes a copy of the
following chordal does that make sense

 align:start position:0%
following chordal does that make sense
 

 align:start position:0%
following chordal does that make sense
that's what's going on in all of these

 align:start position:0%
that's what's going on in all of these
 

 align:start position:0%
that's what's going on in all of these
examples so with moon and Mare and book

 align:start position:0%
examples so with moon and Mare and book
 

 align:start position:0%
examples so with moon and Mare and book
and more and father the L of the

 align:start position:0%
and more and father the L of the
 

 align:start position:0%
and more and father the L of the
definite article can't become a copy of

 align:start position:0%
definite article can't become a copy of
 

 align:start position:0%
definite article can't become a copy of
the following consonant and remain

 align:start position:0%
the following consonant and remain
 

 align:start position:0%
the following consonant and remain
coronal yeah whereas in the sun letters

 align:start position:0%
coronal yeah whereas in the sun letters
 

 align:start position:0%
coronal yeah whereas in the sun letters
the ones on the right by copying the

 align:start position:0%
the ones on the right by copying the
 

 align:start position:0%
the ones on the right by copying the
following consonant the the L of the

 align:start position:0%
following consonant the the L of the
 

 align:start position:0%
following consonant the the L of the
definite article is still a coronal

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
[Music]

 align:start position:0%
[Music]
 

 align:start position:0%
[Music]
somebody had a great idea about that

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
uh so that's what's going on in these uh

 align:start position:0%
uh so that's what's going on in these uh
 

 align:start position:0%
uh so that's what's going on in these uh
in these Arabic examples

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
um okay a rule that we could have for

 align:start position:0%
um okay a rule that we could have for
 

 align:start position:0%
um okay a rule that we could have for
the Arabic definite article yes I just

 align:start position:0%
the Arabic definite article yes I just
 

 align:start position:0%
the Arabic definite article yes I just
said this thank you L is also Cardinal

 align:start position:0%
said this thank you L is also Cardinal
 

 align:start position:0%
said this thank you L is also Cardinal
uh a rule we could have for the Arabic

 align:start position:0%
uh a rule we could have for the Arabic
 

 align:start position:0%
uh a rule we could have for the Arabic
definite article would say you know in

 align:start position:0%
definite article would say you know in
 

 align:start position:0%
definite article would say you know in
the definite article and L becomes a

 align:start position:0%
the definite article and L becomes a
 

 align:start position:0%
the definite article and L becomes a
copy of a following coronal consonant so

 align:start position:0%
copy of a following coronal consonant so
 

 align:start position:0%
copy of a following coronal consonant so
you know we have sort of a variable

 align:start position:0%
you know we have sort of a variable
 

 align:start position:0%
you know we have sort of a variable
consonants uh subscript I which says

 align:start position:0%
consonants uh subscript I which says
 

 align:start position:0%
consonants uh subscript I which says
whatever the con following consonant is

 align:start position:0%
whatever the con following consonant is
 

 align:start position:0%
whatever the con following consonant is
if it's coronal uh the L will also get

 align:start position:0%
if it's coronal uh the L will also get
 

 align:start position:0%
if it's coronal uh the L will also get
the value consonant sub I but it'll

 align:start position:0%
the value consonant sub I but it'll
 

 align:start position:0%
the value consonant sub I but it'll
it'll it'll have the same form as the

 align:start position:0%
it'll it'll have the same form as the
 

 align:start position:0%
it'll it'll have the same form as the
following consonant yeah

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
you know

 align:start position:0%
you know
 

 align:start position:0%
you know
or like uh which means home yeah

 align:start position:0%
or like uh which means home yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
or like uh which means home yeah
and uh Arabic actually has

 align:start position:0%
and uh Arabic actually has
 

 align:start position:0%
and uh Arabic actually has
like which like duplicates uh one letter

 align:start position:0%
like which like duplicates uh one letter
 

 align:start position:0%
like which like duplicates uh one letter
yeah so

 align:start position:0%
yeah so
 

 align:start position:0%
yeah so
so I think is that when you can

 align:start position:0%
so I think is that when you can
 

 align:start position:0%
so I think is that when you can
duplicate the letter you just duplicate

 align:start position:0%
duplicate the letter you just duplicate
 

 align:start position:0%
duplicate the letter you just duplicate
it

 align:start position:0%
it
 

 align:start position:0%
it
yeah yeah

 align:start position:0%
yeah yeah
 

 align:start position:0%
yeah yeah
there's like the the moon yeah you can

 align:start position:0%
there's like the the moon yeah you can
 

 align:start position:0%
there's like the the moon yeah you can
do that so yeah so but there are I see

 align:start position:0%
do that so yeah so but there are I see
 

 align:start position:0%
do that so yeah so but there are I see
what you mean but look there there are

 align:start position:0%
what you mean but look there there are
 

 align:start position:0%
what you mean but look there there are
uh consonants like uh p and t and K

 align:start position:0%
uh consonants like uh p and t and K
 

 align:start position:0%
uh consonants like uh p and t and K
which are all stops but T is coronal and

 align:start position:0%
which are all stops but T is coronal and
 

 align:start position:0%
which are all stops but T is coronal and
P and K are not right and so all of

 align:start position:0%
P and K are not right and so all of
 

 align:start position:0%
P and K are not right and so all of
those are equally hard to maintain for a

 align:start position:0%
those are equally hard to maintain for a
 

 align:start position:0%
those are equally hard to maintain for a
long time I think or similarly I think

 align:start position:0%
long time I think or similarly I think
 

 align:start position:0%
long time I think or similarly I think
what we're hoping you can stop me if

 align:start position:0%
what we're hoping you can stop me if
 

 align:start position:0%
what we're hoping you can stop me if
this is not true is that if there are

 align:start position:0%
this is not true is that if there are
 

 align:start position:0%
this is not true is that if there are
Arabic words that start with M uh those

 align:start position:0%
Arabic words that start with M uh those
 

 align:start position:0%
Arabic words that start with M uh those
you'll get Al before that before in M

 align:start position:0%
you'll get Al before that before in M
 

 align:start position:0%
you'll get Al before that before in M
yeah but for Arabic words that start

 align:start position:0%
yeah but for Arabic words that start
 

 align:start position:0%
yeah but for Arabic words that start
with n you get a copy of the N yeah and

 align:start position:0%
with n you get a copy of the N yeah and
 

 align:start position:0%
with n you get a copy of the N yeah and
again those are all sort of equally easy

 align:start position:0%
again those are all sort of equally easy
 

 align:start position:0%
again those are all sort of equally easy
to hold on for a long time so that's a

 align:start position:0%
to hold on for a long time so that's a
 

 align:start position:0%
to hold on for a long time so that's a
good this is a good example of science

 align:start position:0%
good this is a good example of science
 

 align:start position:0%
good this is a good example of science
you know you had a good hypothesis and

 align:start position:0%
you know you had a good hypothesis and
 

 align:start position:0%
you know you had a good hypothesis and
now we're finding data yeah and you

 align:start position:0%
now we're finding data yeah and you
 

 align:start position:0%
now we're finding data yeah and you
speak I should have called on you to do

 align:start position:0%
speak I should have called on you to do
 

 align:start position:0%
speak I should have called on you to do
to to say these Arabic words yeah Joseph

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
algebra

 align:start position:0%
algebra
 

 align:start position:0%
algebra
at least the English pronunciation

 align:start position:0%
at least the English pronunciation
 

 align:start position:0%
at least the English pronunciation
starts really oh yeah but in Arabic I

 align:start position:0%
starts really oh yeah but in Arabic I
 

 align:start position:0%
starts really oh yeah but in Arabic I
think it doesn't so uh so the baby maybe

 align:start position:0%
think it doesn't so uh so the baby maybe
 

 align:start position:0%
think it doesn't so uh so the baby maybe
you know do you know what algebra is in

 align:start position:0%
you know do you know what algebra is in
 

 align:start position:0%
you know do you know what algebra is in
in Arabic

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
oh okay

 align:start position:0%
oh okay
 

 align:start position:0%
oh okay
so I got it backwards yeah so we we uh

 align:start position:0%
so I got it backwards yeah so we we uh
 

 align:start position:0%
so I got it backwards yeah so we we uh
we kept the L we didn't do the change so

 align:start position:0%
we kept the L we didn't do the change so
 

 align:start position:0%
we kept the L we didn't do the change so
it starts it starts with a J uh starts

 align:start position:0%
it starts it starts with a J uh starts
 

 align:start position:0%
it starts it starts with a J uh starts
with a chord and I'll but it didn't do

 align:start position:0%
with a chord and I'll but it didn't do
 

 align:start position:0%
with a chord and I'll but it didn't do
the change I wonder whether we borrowed

 align:start position:0%
the change I wonder whether we borrowed
 

 align:start position:0%
the change I wonder whether we borrowed
it before Arabic did this sound change

 align:start position:0%
it before Arabic did this sound change
 

 align:start position:0%
it before Arabic did this sound change
uh I have no idea I don't know enough

 align:start position:0%
uh I have no idea I don't know enough
 

 align:start position:0%
uh I have no idea I don't know enough
about the history of Arabic

 align:start position:0%
about the history of Arabic
 

 align:start position:0%
about the history of Arabic
cool

 align:start position:0%
cool
 

 align:start position:0%
cool
yep

 align:start position:0%
 
 

 align:start position:0%
 
all right

 align:start position:0%
all right
 

 align:start position:0%
all right
um

 align:start position:0%
um
 

 align:start position:0%
um
so this is one kind of rule uh it's a

 align:start position:0%
so this is one kind of rule uh it's a
 

 align:start position:0%
so this is one kind of rule uh it's a
very common kind of rule where one sound

 align:start position:0%
very common kind of rule where one sound
 

 align:start position:0%
very common kind of rule where one sound
becomes more like another sound it's

 align:start position:0%
becomes more like another sound it's
 

 align:start position:0%
becomes more like another sound it's
called the simulation

 align:start position:0%
called the simulation
 

 align:start position:0%
called the simulation
um and uh this particular case it's

 align:start position:0%
um and uh this particular case it's
 

 align:start position:0%
um and uh this particular case it's
what's sometimes called total

 align:start position:0%
what's sometimes called total
 

 align:start position:0%
what's sometimes called total
assimilation where uh one sound just

 align:start position:0%
assimilation where uh one sound just
 

 align:start position:0%
assimilation where uh one sound just
becomes a complete copy of another sound

 align:start position:0%
becomes a complete copy of another sound
 

 align:start position:0%
becomes a complete copy of another sound
we'll see other cases where one sound

 align:start position:0%
we'll see other cases where one sound
 

 align:start position:0%
we'll see other cases where one sound
just kind of changes in ways that

 align:start position:0%
just kind of changes in ways that
 

 align:start position:0%
just kind of changes in ways that
resemble a nearby sound

 align:start position:0%
resemble a nearby sound
 

 align:start position:0%
resemble a nearby sound
um uh why do you do assimilation

 align:start position:0%
um uh why do you do assimilation
 

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um uh why do you do assimilation
languages do assimilation all the time

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languages do assimilation all the time
 

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languages do assimilation all the time
and you sort of not hard to have

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and you sort of not hard to have
 

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and you sort of not hard to have
pre-theoretical Notions about why right

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pre-theoretical Notions about why right
 

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pre-theoretical Notions about why right
that you're saving wear and tear on your

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that you're saving wear and tear on your
 

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that you're saving wear and tear on your
articulators uh so you know making it so

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articulators uh so you know making it so
 

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articulators uh so you know making it so
that your articulators your tongue your

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that your articulators your tongue your
 

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that your articulators your tongue your
lips you know uh uh velum don't have to

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lips you know uh uh velum don't have to
 

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lips you know uh uh velum don't have to
do as much moving around uh things uh

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do as much moving around uh things uh
 

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do as much moving around uh things uh
don't move as far or don't move at all

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don't move as far or don't move at all
 

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don't move as far or don't move at all
it probably also makes perception easier

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it probably also makes perception easier
 

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it probably also makes perception easier
in the sense that

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in the sense that
 

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in the sense that
um if you're speaking Arabic and you uh

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um if you're speaking Arabic and you uh
 

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um if you're speaking Arabic and you uh
instead of an L so for uh let's take the

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instead of an L so for uh let's take the
 

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instead of an L so for uh let's take the
Sun

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um uh you know if you know that the word

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um uh you know if you know that the word
 

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um uh you know if you know that the word
for sun is shem's uh and you've got this

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for sun is shem's uh and you've got this
 

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for sun is shem's uh and you've got this
thing before it

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thing before it
 

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thing before it
um basically it's as though you only

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um basically it's as though you only
 

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um basically it's as though you only
need to give your hearer enough

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need to give your hearer enough
 

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need to give your hearer enough
information to help them to know that

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information to help them to know that
 

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information to help them to know that
they're hearing a definite article

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they're hearing a definite article
 

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they're hearing a definite article
before the word for sun

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before the word for sun
 

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before the word for sun
um and Arabic has decided uh it's enough

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um and Arabic has decided uh it's enough
 

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um and Arabic has decided uh it's enough
if you hear the glottal stop and the

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if you hear the glottal stop and the
 

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if you hear the glottal stop and the
vowel and then a coronal yeah

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vowel and then a coronal yeah
 

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vowel and then a coronal yeah
underlyingly that Cardinal maybe is an L

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underlyingly that Cardinal maybe is an L
 

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underlyingly that Cardinal maybe is an L
but as long as we keep it coronal we've

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but as long as we keep it coronal we've
 

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but as long as we keep it coronal we've
given the hearer enough uh that they get

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given the hearer enough uh that they get
 

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given the hearer enough uh that they get
to hear it and in fact we give the

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to hear it and in fact we give the
 

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to hear it and in fact we give the
hearer in a sense two shots of hearing

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hearer in a sense two shots of hearing
 

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hearer in a sense two shots of hearing
the beginning of the word for sun you

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the beginning of the word for sun you
 

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the beginning of the word for sun you
know so we'll have we'll we'll and we'll

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know so we'll have we'll we'll and we'll
 

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know so we'll have we'll we'll and we'll
lengthen that sound right so we'll we'll

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lengthen that sound right so we'll we'll
 

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lengthen that sound right so we'll we'll
pronounce it twice

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pronounce it twice
 

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pronounce it twice
um so we're sort of redistributing the

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um so we're sort of redistributing the
 

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um so we're sort of redistributing the
signal in a way uh to the hearer to make

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signal in a way uh to the hearer to make
 

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signal in a way uh to the hearer to make
to make their life arguably easier

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to make their life arguably easier
 

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to make their life arguably easier
giving up some of what makes the

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giving up some of what makes the
 

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giving up some of what makes the
definite article distinctive in order to

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definite article distinctive in order to
 

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definite article distinctive in order to
emphasize some of some the beginning of

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emphasize some of some the beginning of
 

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emphasize some of some the beginning of
the word for sun no

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the word for sun no
 

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the word for sun no
questions about any of this yes

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so I I was I was trying to to sort of

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so I I was I was trying to to sort of
 

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so I I was I was trying to to sort of
float the idea that it's partly to make

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float the idea that it's partly to make
 

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float the idea that it's partly to make
the pronunciation easier it's so that uh

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the pronunciation easier it's so that uh
 

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the pronunciation easier it's so that uh
your articulators are not having to move

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your articulators are not having to move
 

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your articulators are not having to move
as fast or as far

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as fast or as far
 

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as fast or as far
um but it might also uh make perception

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um but it might also uh make perception
 

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um but it might also uh make perception
in some ways easier in a case like this

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in some ways easier in a case like this
 

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in some ways easier in a case like this
so uh the idea is we'll give up some of

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so uh the idea is we'll give up some of
 

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so uh the idea is we'll give up some of
the special properties of the definite

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the special properties of the definite
 

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the special properties of the definite
article in favor of emphasizing or

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article in favor of emphasizing or
 

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article in favor of emphasizing or
holding for longer the special

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holding for longer the special
 

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holding for longer the special
properties of the word for sun

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properties of the word for sun
 

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properties of the word for sun
or whatever you know the consonant

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or whatever you know the consonant
 

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or whatever you know the consonant
that's at the beginning of the of the

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that's at the beginning of the of the
 

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that's at the beginning of the of the
following now

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following now
 

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following now
um so we'll emphasize some parts of the

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um so we'll emphasize some parts of the
 

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um so we'll emphasize some parts of the
in some ways least predictable part of

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in some ways least predictable part of
 

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in some ways least predictable part of
this you presumably hear definite

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this you presumably hear definite
 

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this you presumably hear definite
articles all the time it's not so

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articles all the time it's not so
 

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articles all the time it's not so
important that you you know get lots of

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important that you you know get lots of
 

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important that you you know get lots of
Clues to the fact that this is an

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Clues to the fact that this is an
 

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Clues to the fact that this is an
infinite article the nouns are going to

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infinite article the nouns are going to
 

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infinite article the nouns are going to
vary you know here are more different

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vary you know here are more different
 

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vary you know here are more different
kinds of nouns

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yep okay cool uh this is probably a good

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yep okay cool uh this is probably a good
 

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yep okay cool uh this is probably a good
place to stop so let's stop here and uh

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place to stop so let's stop here and uh
 

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place to stop so let's stop here and uh
have a good weekend and I'll see you

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have a good weekend and I'll see you
 

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have a good weekend and I'll see you
guys uh see you guys next week