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Pininfarina Sintesi. The Pininfarina Sintesi is a concept car designed by Pininfarina and unveiled in 2008 at the Geneva Motor Show. The name 'Sintesi' means 'synthesis' in the Italian language. Context The Pininfarina Sintesi was a 4-door 4-seat shooting-brake. The concept was born from the manufacturer's view of interpreting the car of the future. With the Sintesi, Pininfarina introduced concepts including "Liquid Packaging" and "Transparent Mobility": Liquid Packaging refers to the concept of putting fuel cells and motors in each wheel. The result is the increase of space for the passengers – in proportion to the total volume of the car – without detracting from the tapered and aerodynamic profile. According to Pininfarina, the conventional powertrains were bulky and that's why for the Sintesi, designers have developed a new fuel cell powertrain that can be spread out into different locations in the car. Transparent Mobility refers to the communication system where the vehicle through wireless technology can exchange information with other vehicles and traffic. Lowie Vermeersch, Pininfarina's head of design at that time said in his statement, “Our source of inspiration, was man’s freedom over technology, a car in which technology gives creative freedom back to the designer and allows us to explore new forms and future scenarios. But at the same time, we did not want everything to be limited to a flight of fancy, we wanted our approach to be very concrete. Which is why we combined and tested our ideas with the innovative technologies provided by our partners in this project.” Awards The Pininfarina Sintesi won the Red Dot Award for 2008, among more than 1900 competitors from 48 countries. This prestigious award ranks among the largest and most renowned design competitions in the world. Design The exterior design featured large windshield surface and a front spoiler. Scissor doors were used at the front and rear which allowed easy entry and exit of the occupants. The overall flowing and smooth look of the side view is combined with the sharp edges that characterize the wheels, the front end and the rear end, while the side air intakes and outlets give a sporty touch to an already dynamic design and create an interplay of convex and concave surfaces. Technical information The Fuel Cell technology was developed in partnership with Nuvera, which developed the Quadrivium Fuel Cell system, the various components of which were distributed around the car, with four fuel cells positioned near the wheels. The total output is around . The centre tunnel integrates a bio-fuel tank and a reformer capable of producing hydrogen. In terms of performance, the Sintesi has a projected top speed of and has a 0– acceleration time of 7.5 seconds. The car was equipped with a wireless system called Clancast, developed by Reicom, which manages all the communication through sensors and a control unit between the car and its passengers and also among different vehicles in the traffic. References External links Official Pininfarina Sintesi Website Pininfarina vehicles Concept cars Cars introduced in 2008 Rear-wheel-drive vehicles Sports cars Coupés
European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting. The European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting (EWF) is an organization dedicated to education, training, qualification and certification in the field of welding and related technologies. History In 1992, welding course providers of several EU countries wanted to harmonise their education, training, qualification and certification procedures. Thus, they set up the European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting (EWF). The objective was that the same qualifications could be awarded in any country by using a single syllabus for each level of the training course and a harmonized system for examinations. EWF developed a comprehensive and harmonized system for training, qualification and certification of welding personnel and managed its application ever since. It took a leading role in the innovation of learning methodologies. It is also responsible for the certification system of companies that use welding, focusing on quality, environment, health, and safety. The challenges addressed by EWF are two-fold: Respond to the industry's professional profile requirements and provide courses that leverage current technological trends and their impact on evolving lifestyles and information acquisition patterns. Currently (2018), EWF has members from 28 European countries and two observer members from outside Europe, represented by their national welding societies: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and the United Kingdom, as well as Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. EWF/IIW network The federation licensed its qualification system to IIW (International Institute of Welding) in 2000, and since then, a combined EWF/IIW System has been offered in 46 countries worldwide, totaling 44 ANBs (Authorized National Bodies) and 683 ATBs (Authorized Training Bodies). The network also includes 55,000 companies worldwide. A certification system has been developed to guarantee manufacturer compliance with EN ISO 3834 and environmental and health safety schemes and its implementation is harmonized within EWF members. Organization The EWF has a General Assembly, a Board of Directors, a Secretariat and a Technical Committee with five working groups. The EWF is governed by the General Assembly, which is representative of the member organizations. The General Assembly, composed of the members of the association, has full powers to accomplish the objectives of the association. The General Assembly is responsible for electing its president and a Board of Directors. The Secretariat is elected for a period of 5 years by the General Assembly from among the proposals made by the full members, in accordance with the criteria established by the General Assembly. [] The EWF Technical Committee is set up by the General Assembly to cover a technical area related to training, qualification and certification in the welding and joining fields, implying a continuous activity, without any time limit, and consists of the Chairman, the representatives of the members and Working Groups. Key activities Education, training and qualification of personnel The EWF qualification system has several types of professional training covering welding, bonding and related techniques. This harmonized system of education and training has been adopted by IIW as an international qualification system since 2000. Its relevance has been recognized both by ISO and CEN, which have EWF as a liaison member. These different technologies, like particular processes, require that the quality of the product be incorporated during the and maintenance, and cannot be ensured only by final testing. That entails personnel with particular high level of knowledge, skills and competencies, which can be obtained through the EWF qualification system. There are three pillars which support the EWF Harmonized International Qualification System: Technical Committee: Harmonized qualification guidelines, rules and procedures are developed and approved by all members The National Member: is responsible for the supervision and implementation of the system through the Authorized Nominated Body (ANB) The Approved Training Centers: Approved Training Bodies (ATBs) implement the qualification guidelines In 2012, in its annual report about international qualifications, the European Center for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP), has considered the EWF qualification system as the best-case example, recognising the ground-breaking work done by EWF on creating a qualification framework which has been globally adopted. EWF training guidelines The EWF training guidelines cover all professional levels in welding technology and related areas, such as thermal spraying, adhesive bonding, plastics welding and underwater welding, leading to recognised qualifications in 30 European countries and also at international level. They can be listed as follows: European/International Welding Engineer European/International Welding Technologist European/International Welding Specialist European/International Welding Practitioner European/International Welding Inspection Personnel European/International Welder European Arc Welder for Railway Tracks European Thermal Spraying Specialist European Thermal Sprayer European Thermal Spraying Practitioner European Adhesive Bonder European Adhesive Specialist European Adhesive Engineer European Welding Specialist for Resistance Welding European Welding Practitioner for Resistance Welding European MMA Diver Welder European Aluminothermic Welder European Laser Processing Personnel Special Course for Robot Welding at the Specialist Level Special Course for Welding Reinforcing Bars at the Specialist level Special Course on Weld Imperfections for Non-Destructive Testing Personnel Special Course on Personnel with responsibility for Macroscopic and Microscopic Metallographic Examination of Structural Materials and their Joints Prepared/Produced by Welding and Allied Techniques Special Course on Personnel with Responsibility for Heat Treatment of Welded Joints Special Course on Risk Management in Welding Fabrication Certification of welding personnel Three certification schemes for personnel have been developed: • Welding Coordination Certification has existed since 1998, was adopted by IIW in 2007 and is currently recognised worldwide, allowing Welding Coordinators to be certified according to the requirement of ISO 14731. • Plastic Welders Certification has existed since 2004, providing training and certification according to EN 13067. • Welders Operators and Brazers Certification exist since 2010. The goal of this scheme is to harmonise the welder's certification process, which is necessary for welder approval. Certification of companies EWF has created an integrated Manufacturers Certification Scheme, which complies with ISO 3834 on welding quality requirements, which is in place since 1998, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 on environment and also health and safety, which are in place since 2000. The scheme has been adopted by IIW, only for the quality field. Projects A good part of EWF's activities have been related to its participation in European cooperation projects, in particular under the European Commission's programmes such as Lifelong Learning 2007-2013, 7th Framework Programme, Erasmus+ and H2020. The project focuses on modernisation of teaching methods, harmonisation of qualifications, support for learning, implementation and benchmarking to other teaching areas. It covers a variety of areas like additive manufacturing, health and safety, microbonding, laser processing and adhesives that go beyond welding and joining but target manufacturing as a whole. References Weld Vocational education Welding organizations Welding
Diamond DA62. The Diamond DA62 is a five- to seven-seat, twin-engine light aircraft produced by Diamond Aircraft Industries and first announced in March 2012. The prototype, designated as the DA52, first flew on 3 April 2012 after six months of development. In June 2014 it was announced the production aircraft would be designated the DA62. Design and development The DA62 development team is headed by Diamond managing director Manfred Zipper. It is based upon the fuselage of the single-engine Diamond DA50, but with two Austro AE330 Diesel engines burning Jet A fuel. Company CEO Christian Dries indicated that the engines may be replaced with turboprops. In flying the prototype from Diamond's Wiener Neustadt plant to the 2012 AERO Friedrichshafen aviation trade show, the aircraft achieved 16.6 mpg (14.2 litres/100 km) fuel efficiency, the result of improvements in cooling drag and aerodynamic drag made during its development. The company originally intended to have the aircraft available for sale in July 2013 and expected to offer fly-by-wire controls as an option by 2014, but development was delayed and those dates were not met. The DA62 was European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)-certified on 16 April 2015. By September 2015, the company was preparing to deliver the first production DA62s to customers the following month and was manufacturing the first aircraft destined for the United States market — the tenth DA52/DA62 to be built and the third production aircraft — for an appearance at that year's National Business Aviation Association Convention in November. American Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification was received on 23 February 2016 The FAA certification came ten months after EASA certification. At the 2016 AERO Friedrichshafen show, Diamond's CEO Christian Dries reported that production would be increased to 60–62 aircraft per year to meet strong demand. The aircraft is available in two weight versions. The "European" version has five seats and a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of , the "US" version has seven seats and a MTOW of . The lower MTOW of the "European" version is to allow operators to avoid higher weight-based air traffic control user charges. The third row of seating and increased MTOW of the "US" version are available as factory options at extra cost. At the 2016 AERO Friedrichshafen, Christian Dries said a special version with an additional baggage belly pod was under consideration for the air charter market. By April 2019 more than 120 DA62s had been delivered. Aircraft are built in both Austria and Canada. In January 2023, it was announced that Aeromot will assemble DA62s in Brazil from kits supplied by Diamond Aircraft Canada, starting in 2025. The intention is to ramp-up production to 50 aircraft per year. The completed aircraft will be sold primarily in the south American market. Operational history Notable owners include German Leader of the Opposition Friedrich Merz, who, controversially flew to the wedding of Minister of Finance Christian Lindner in July 2022, claiming that the DA62 consumed less fuel than official limousines. Media fact checking disputed that claim however, conceding that the total consumption will probably be lower, if the travelling speed and detours - almost unavoidable for cars bound to roads - are factored into the comparison. On October 6, 2023, the Nigerian Air Force acquired four DA 62 MPPs, registered in Nigeria as NAF260/261/262/263. In July 2024, a contract was signed for the sale of three DA62 MPPs for €23.3 million. They were bought by Greece for the Ministry of Climate Crisis and Civil Protection(el), to serve as air operations centers for firefighting and SAR, as well for aerial surveillance. The delivery is set to be completed by the third quarter of 2025. Variants DA52 Prototype, two built. DA62 Five–seven seat production variant with an extra third window and larger horizontal stabilizer. DA62 MPP "Multi-Purpose Platform" variant intended for law enforcement, search and rescue, and surveillance operations. Specifications (DA62) References External links Official company first flight video AVWeb video about DA52 development shot at Aero 2012 AVWeb video about the DA52 from May 2013 AVWeb video about the DA62 from NBAA in November 2015 We Fly: Diamond DA62 (Pilot Report) 2010s Austrian civil utility aircraft DA52 Low-wing aircraft T-tail aircraft Aircraft first flown in 2012 Diesel-engined aircraft Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Third International Electric Tramway and Railway Exhibition. The Third International Electric Tramway and Railway Exhibition was held in the Royal Agricultural Hall, Islington, London, England, from 3 July 1905 to 14 July 1905 It was a successor event to the Second International Tramways and Light Railways Exhibition held in 1902. The Third International Electric Tramway and Railway Exhibition was opened on 3 July 1905 by Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby. It was organised by Tramway and Railway World. There were over 150 exhibitors, including the major suppliers of tramway and light railway equipment were present, including: Brush Electrical Engineering Company Bruce Peebles & Co. Ltd. Dick, Kerr & Co. References 1905 in the United Kingdom Tram transport in the United Kingdom Trade fairs in the United Kingdom
XT3. XT3 is a model of the XT video server. It was created in 2011 by Belgian company EVS Broadcast Equipment. Features This video server was built and designed to allow broadcasters to record, control and play media. It is capable of handling up to 12 channels of SD/HD, 6 channels of 3D/1080p (3G or dual link), as well as 3 channels in 4K resolution. The tapeless server allows loop recording and functions such as replays, slow-motion, non-linear editing or streaming while recording. The server is controlled by Multicam(LSM) or IPDirector software. With the Multicam(LSM), instant replay of any live camera angle at variable speed is possible. The server inspired the XS model, dedicated to specific studio environments and controllers. Applications XT servers have been used in global sporting events productions such as the FIFA World Cup, the IFAF World Cup, MotoGP, Formula 1, BBC Football Programmes, the Olympic Games and in studio environments such as NBC, Sky, France 2 and CCTV or others. This configuration is used in most OB vans around the world. and has received Emmy Award for this. References External links XT3 on EVS Official WebSite XT3 on EVS Configuration Manual (PDF) Broadcast engineering Video
International Colloquium on Structural Information and Communication Complexity. The International Colloquium on Structural Information and Communication Complexity (SIROCCO) is an annual academic conference with refereed presentations, in the field of Distributed Computing with a special focus on the interplay between structural knowledge and communication complexity in distributed/decentralized systems. The Colloquium was started in 1994 with the idea of promoting new and unconventional ideas in distributed computing; one of the aims of the organizers is to provide a venue for informal discussions in a relaxed environment. The Prize for Innovation in Distributed Computing is presented annually at SIROCCO "to recognize individuals whose research contributions expanded the collective investigative horizon" in the areas of interest to the conference. Since 2013, SIROCCO also awards a Best Student Paper Award and/or a Best Paper Award to recognize the best publication among (student-authored or all) accepted articles each year. History SIROCCO was held for the first time in 1994 at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and the proceedings were published by Carleton Scientific. The next year (1995) SIROCCO was held in Greece and since then the conference has always been held in European locations except in 2014 when it was held in Japan and in 2018 when it was held in Israel. The 2018 edition of the conference celebrated the 25 year jubilee of the SIROCCO conference. The 30th edition of the conference was held in Avila, Spain in 2023. Since 2004, pre-conference or post-conference proceedings of SIROCCO have been published by Springer as part of the Lecture Notes in Computer Science series. Reviews of the SIROCCO conference have appeared in the year-ending issues of the ACM SIGACT News Distributed Computing Column in 2001, 2005, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2016, and 2017. Locations 2024: Salerno, Italy 2023: Alcalá_de_Henares, Spain 2022: Paderborn, Germany 2021: Wrocław, Poland(Online) 2020: Paderborn, Germany(Online) 2019: L'Aquila, Italy 2018: Ma'ale HaHamisha, Israel 2017: Porquerolles, France 2016: Helsinki, Finland 2015: Montserrat, Spain 2014: Hida Takayama, Japan 2013: Ischia, Italy 2012: Reykjavík, Iceland 2011: Gdańsk, Poland 2010: Sirince, Turkey 2009: Piran, Slovenia 2008: Villars-sur-Ollon, Switzerland 2007: Castiglioncello, Italy 2006: Chester, UK 2005: Mont Saint-Michel, France 2004: Smolenice Castle, Slovakia 2003: Umeå, Sweden 2002: Andros, Greece 2001: Vall de Núria, Spain 2000: L'Aquila, Italy 1999: Lacanau, France 1998: Amalfi, Italy 1997: Ascona, Switzerland 1996: Siena, Italy 1995: Olympia, Greece 1994: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada See also The list of distributed computing conferences contains other academic conferences in distributed computing. The list of computer science conferences contains other academic conferences in computer science. References External links SIROCCO Website Distributed computing conferences
Railway electrification in France. There are 15,687 km of electrified railways in France, making up approximately 55% of the network in use. For historical reason there are two norms of electrification that coexist in France: 1,500 V DC and 25 kV 50 Hz AC. The electrification of the French railway network was made in four phases. First, at the start of the 20th century, there was a phase of testing and technological exploration. Third rails and overhead lines were on trial in some lines in France; different voltages were tried. Afterwards, in the 1920s, the main lines starting from Paris and lines in the Pyrenees were electrified with 1,500 V DC. After World War II and with the improvements in power electronics, tests were made with 20 kV AC and subsequently with 25 kV AC in the Alps, which was considered satisfactory. Then the North and the East of France were electrified with 25 kV AC, and some lines were electrified with 1,500 V DC in the South. From the 1970s to now, the electrification of the French network has continued mainly with 25 kV to bring electrically powered TGVs to some cities. The use of two norms of electrification was a huge problem for the SNCF up to the 1970s, because there was not much equipment able to run under both standards. Today, all electrical equipment ordered by the SNCF can use both 25 kV AC and 1,500 V DC. References France Ele
XS (server). XS is the studio production server of the Belgian company EVS Broadcast Equipment. It has been inspired from the XT3 server but can be controlled by dedicated controllers from EVS for the studio environment: Xsense, IPDirector, Xscreen, Insio or by non-EVS controllers such as automation systems, linear or hybrid editors, switchers and controllers through API or standard protocols. Designed to replace VTRs, the server allows incoming feeds to be recorded, quickly enriched by metadata and played out or instantly streamed or transferred to post-production. The server benefits from loop recording and allows to record, control and play media. It has from 2 to 6 channels SD/HD and 6-channel 3D/1080p (3G or dual link) and offers the same features in a 3D environment. It supports several formats and codec, with specific codecs for News environment. It is widely used in News environments and sometimes in Sports. References External links Broadcast engineering Video
Schwab Verkehrstechnik AG. Schwab Verkehrstechnik AG is a Swiss manufacturer of energy absorption systems for railway vehicles. The company develops, manufactures and markets basically two product lines: couplings and buffers. Basics The company is based in Schaffhausen, Switzerland and employed, by end of 2011, 39 people. It was acquired in 2012 by Faiveley Transport. References Engineering companies of Switzerland Companies based in the canton of Schaffhausen Schaffhausen
Compound Junior. Compound Junior is a public art work by artist Beverly Pepper located at the Lynden Sculpture Garden near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The stainless steel sculpture is an abstract bent line. The form's ends are pressed to the ground horizontally and its middle is jutting upward vertically; it is installed on the lawn. References Outdoor sculptures in Milwaukee 1970 sculptures Steel sculptures in Wisconsin 1970 establishments in Wisconsin Stainless steel sculptures in the United States
Hortonworks. Hortonworks, Inc. was a data software company based in Santa Clara, California that developed and supported open-source software (primarily around Apache Hadoop) designed to manage big data and associated processing. Hortonworks software was used to build enterprise data services and applications such as IoT (connected cars, for example), single view of X (such as customer, risk, patient), and advanced analytics and machine learning (such as next best action and realtime cybersecurity). Hortonworks had three interoperable product lines: Hortonworks Data Platform (HDP): based on Apache Hadoop, Apache Hive, Apache Spark Hortonworks DataFlow (HDF): based on Apache NiFi, Apache Storm, Apache Kafka Hortonworks DataPlane services (DPS): based on Apache Atlas and Cloudbreak and a pluggable architecture into which partners such as IBM can add their services. In January 2019, Hortonworks completed its merger with Cloudera. History Hortonworks was formed in June 2011 as an independent company, funded by $23 million venture capital from Yahoo! and Benchmark Capital. Its first office was in Sunnyvale, California. The company employed contributors to the open source software project Apache Hadoop. The Hortonworks Data Platform (HDP) product, first released in June 2012, included Apache Hadoop and was used for storing, processing, and analyzing large volumes of data. The platform was designed to deal with data from many sources and formats. The platform included Hadoop technology such as the Hadoop Distributed File System, MapReduce, Pig, Hive, HBase, ZooKeeper, and additional components. Eric Baldeschweiler (from Yahoo) was initial chief executive, and Rob Bearden chief operating officer, formerly from SpringSource. Benchmark partner Peter Fenton was a board member. The company name refers to the character Horton the Elephant, since the elephant is the symbol for Hadoop. In October 2018, Hortonworks and Cloudera announced they would be merging in an all-stock merger of equals. After the merger, the Apache products of Hortonworks became Cloudera Data Platform. References External links Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area Companies based in Sunnyvale, California Companies based in Santa Clara, California Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq Hadoop Apache Software Foundation Software companies established in 2011 2011 establishments in the United States 2011 establishments in California Big data companies 2014 initial public offerings 2019 mergers and acquisitions Defunct software companies of the United States
Kalahasti P. Prasad. Kalahasti Parvatheeswara Prasad (15 June 1944 – 5 April 2010) was a researcher and educator in Electrical Engineering in the Andhra Pradesh province of India. Biography He was born at Nellore of Nellore district at a time when this was still part of Madras Presidency to Kalahasti Ramanathan Sastrulu (1909–2003) and Kalahasti Gnanamba (1919–1989). He moved to Visakhapatnam to get B.E. and M.E. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Andhra University in 1968. He went on to get a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering with a specialization in digital signal processing from Indian Institute of Technology Madras in 1974. His work included creating and implementing new DSP algorithms in FORTRAN and Pascal (programming language) languages on the DEC PDP-11 as well as the IBM System/360 platforms. Career In 1975, Prasad was invited to work as a Post-doctoral Research Fellow by Concordia University. He spent five years there. His primary research output was in digital signal processing algorithms and Complex Analysis techniques. Subsequently, he was selected as an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow working at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in 1981 where he remained for the next five years returning to India in 1985. While he was at University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, he published two textbooks, one on digital signal processing algorithms implementation in FORTRAN and another textbook on Fast Fourier transform algorithms. He revisited University of Erlangen-Nuremberg as an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow between 1990 and 1992. Meanwhile, he spent a few years organizing the Electrical Engineering department at Sri Venkateswara University between 1986 and 1990. He was also a continuous recipient of German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) Scholarship grants for research in Digital and Statistical Signal Processing areas between 1981 and 1994. Prasad published about 150 technical research papers among which at least 75 papers were published in international journals like IEEE Communications Magazine and Institution of Engineering and Technology journal while the rest were published in Indian journals. He was also associated with Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers local Indian chapter at Sri Venkateswara University. He helped organize their annual technical meetings, conferences and symposia while remaining the Head of Electrical and Communications departments in the Engineering College from 1995 until he retired in 2004. He also served as an editor of IEEE Communications Magazine for a few journal editions in the 90s. He also served as a member of AICTE as well as an honorary member of UGC from 1994 till 2004. His accreditation approval and verification processes helped to launch and grow at least three local Engineering Colleges in the Tirupati and Warangal regions of Andhra province in the 90s and 2000s including Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College at Tirupati, Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science at Warangal and K.M.M. Institute of Technology and Sciences (KMMITS) at Tirupati. After retirement, he served as a Managing Director of KMM Institute of Technology and Sciences (KMMITS) at Tirupati from 2005 till 2010. He simultaneously worked as a consulting Professor in the ECE department affiliated with Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College at Tirupati. Kalahasti Parvatheeswara Prasad died on 5 April 2010 due to a stroke. Positions held (1) Head of Engineering College, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati (2) First Principal, K.M.M. Institute of Technology and Sciences, Tirupati (3) AICTE Accrediting Program Director, 1995–2004 (4) UGC Grants Program Director, 1995–2004 (5) Senior Editor and Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Communications (6) Director, Tirupati Chapter, Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers Achievements Alexander von Humboldt Fellow German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) Scholar References Kalahasti P. Prasad – Coauthor index and list of publications from the DBLP Bibliography Server. Kalahasti P. Prasad – List of publications from Microsoft Academic Search. K.M.M. Institute of Technology and Sciences Disclosure Document. 1944 births 2010 deaths People from Nellore Andhra University alumni IIT Madras alumni Concordia University alumni
Boat lift (disambiguation). A boat lift is a machine for transporting boats between water at two different elevations. Boat lift or Boatlift may also refer to: The Boatlift, an album by rapper Pitbull Mariel boatlift, a mass emigration of Cubans for the United States, 1980 The maritime response following the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center, 2001 Boatlift: An Untold Tale of 9/11 Resilience, a 2011 documentary of the maritime response narrated by Tom Hanks Shiplift, a device to lift small watercraft above the water level at a dock for storage
Quantum oscillations. In condensed matter physics, quantum oscillations describes a series of related experimental techniques used to map the Fermi surface of a metal in the presence of a strong magnetic field. These techniques are based on the principle of Landau quantization of Fermions moving in a magnetic field. For a gas of free fermions in a strong magnetic field, the energy levels are quantized into bands, called the Landau levels, whose separation is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field. In a quantum oscillation experiment, the external magnetic field is varied, which causes the Landau levels to pass over the Fermi surface, which in turn results in oscillations of the electronic density of states at the Fermi level; this produces oscillations in the many material properties which depend on this, including resistance (the Shubnikov–de Haas effect), Hall resistance, and magnetic susceptibility (the de Haas–van Alphen effect). Observation of quantum oscillations in a material is considered a signature of Fermi liquid behaviour. Quantum oscillations have been used to study high temperature superconducting materials such as cuprates and pnictides. Studies using these experiments have shown that the ground state of underdoped cuprates behave similar to a Fermi liquid, and display characteristics such as Landau quasiparticles. In 2021 this technique has been used to observe a predicted state called "electron–phonon fluid", a similar particle-quasiparticle state already known is the exciton–polariton fluid. Experiment When a magnetic field is applied to a system of free charged fermions, their energy states are quantized into the so-called Landau levels, given by for integer-valued , where is the external magnetic field and are the fermion charge and effective mass respectively. When the external magnetic field is increased in an isolated system, the Landau levels expand, and eventually "fall off" the Fermi surface. This leads to oscillations in the observed energy of the highest occupied level, and hence in many physical properties (including Hall conductivity, resistivity, and susceptibility). The periodicity of these oscillations can be measured, and in turn can be used to determine the cross-sectional area of the Fermi surface. If the axis of the magnetic field is varied at constant magnitude, similar oscillations are observed. The oscillations occur whenever the Landau orbits touch the Fermi surface. In this way, the complete geometry of the Fermi sphere can be mapped. Underdoped cuprates Studies of underdoped cuprate compounds such as YBa2Cu3O6+x through probes such as ARPES have indicated that these phases show characteristics of non-Fermi liquids, and in particular, the absence of well-defined Landau quasiparticles. However, quantum oscillations have been observed in these materials at low temperatures, if their superconductivity is suppressed by a sufficiently high magnetic field, which is evidence for the presence of well-defined quasiparticles with fermionic statistics. These experimental results thus disagree with those from ARPES and other probes. See also de Haas–van Alphen effect Shubnikov–de Haas effect Landau levels References Condensed matter physics Experimental physics Magnetism
Kambarka Engineering Works. Kambarka Engineering Works - Full name: Open Joint Stock Company «Kambarka Engineering Works» ( or ; ). A rolling stock manufacturer, located in the city of Kambarka (Udmurt), Russia. History of the factory Construction of an iron work started in 1761 and opened in 1767. The foundry produced up to 60,000 tons of iron per year. In 1950 the company shifted its focus towards railway technology. Products The companies product range consists of rolling stock, work trains for track maintenance and spare parts, primarily for narrow gauge railways with the track gauge between and - . Produced for: Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Argentina, Vietnam, Cambodia, Cuba, Mali, Nicaragua, Uzbekistan, Guinea-Bissau. Main products Diesel locomotives TU4 (1961–1972) TU5 (1967–1973) TU6 (1968–1971) TU6A (1973–1988) TU6SPA (1980 - 1993 - today) TU7 (1970 - 1986) TU7A (1986 - 2009 - today) TU8G (1988 - today) TU8P (1988 - today) TU8 (1988 - today) TU10 (2010 - today) TGM40 ( and , 1982 - today) Passenger cars Passenger car Sleeping car Hospital car Dining car (also executive) Railway post office Railroad freight cars Open wagon for peat Side-tipping wagon Hopper car Tank car Flatcar Other Mobile power stations - TU6SPA Railway crane Work train Snowplow LD24 Gallery of products See also Narrow gauge railways Narrow gauge railways in Russia References and sources External links Official website Kambarka Engineering Works Official Kambarka Engineering Works Facebook Series locomotive TU7 / modifications Modernization of the children's railway Locomotive manufacturers of Russia Rail vehicle manufacturers of Russia Companies established in 1767 Russian brands 1767 establishments in the Russian Empire Companies based in Udmurtia
SES-2. SES-2 is a communications satellite operated by SES. It was launched alongside the Arabsat-5C satellite. Spacecraft The platform is home to the first hosted payload, a mechanism by which governmental entities can fly modules on commercial satellites. It carries 24 C-band and 24 Ku-band transponders of 36 MHz capacity. Six of the channels in each band can be cross-strapped to the opposite band, enabling new service capability. The SES-2 satellite generates approximately 5.0 kW of payload power and has two 2.3 m deployable reflectors. It also carries the Commercially Hosted InfraRed Payload (CHIRP) for the U.S. Air Force. CHIRP demonstrates infrared detection technologies from geostationary orbit for missile warning applications. Launch SES-2, a communications satellite, was launched on 21 September 2011 from Centre Spatial Guyanais, Kourou at 21:38:00 UTC by an Ariane 5 ECA launch vehicle. The satellite weighed 3200 kg and join four other Orbital Sciences-built spacecraft in the SES fleet to provide service for North America, Latin America and the Caribbean. It is stationed at 87° West longitude. Mission It entered into commercial service on 27 October 2011 in the 87° West orbital location. This satellite is used to transmit the updating Othernet archive to the small lightweight Othernet receiver stations designed to eventually provide news, weather, educational and other media to communities with no access to the internet. References Spacecraft launched in 2011 SES satellites Communications satellites in geostationary orbit Ariane commercial payloads Satellites using the GEOStar bus Satellites of Luxembourg
Pasig River Expressway. The Pasig River Expressway (PAREX) is a proposed elevated expressway in Metro Manila, Philippines skirting the banks of the Pasig River and connecting the cities of Manila, Mandaluyong, Makati, Pasig, Taguig and the municipality of Taytay. The expressway is proposed to alleviate east-west traffic congestion in Metro Manila. It is envisioned as a joint venture between the Philippine National Construction Corporation and the San Miguel Corporation. The project broke ground on September 24, 2021, while construction of the expressway was yet to start, pending the approval of its Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC). The project was deemed cancelled in 2024 due to public uproar against the project. However, Ramon Ang announced renewed interest in the project, albeit citing the need to adjust it toward public sentiment. Route description The expressway is planned to start from Radial Road 10 in Manila and is proposed to end at the Southeast Metro Manila Expressway in the municipality of Taytay. Three segments are planned, in addition to utilizing the portion of the Skyway Stage 3 from Plaza Azul (Nagtahan) to San Juan River in Manila. From Manila in the west, the expressway is planned to travel through the southern bank of the Pasig River. It would turn to the land in Paco, where it is proposed to use the right-of-way of Paz Mendoza-Guazon Street and Quirino Avenue before meeting Skyway Stage 3's Nagtahan Exit at Plaza Azul. Its utilization of Skyway's segment starts at the Plaza Dilao Exit and ends at the future San Juan Intersection with Skyway Stage 3 above the San Juan River. From there, it would resume and cut through Punta, Santa Ana, Manila before retaking the Pasig River alignment at the southern bank up to the future Southeast Metro Manila Expressway/C-6 in Taytay, Rizal. History Plans to build an expressway over the Pasig River were revealed as early as 1993 when the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) conducted a study on the proposed urban expressway system in Metro Manila. The proposed expressway over the river was called Expressway Route R-4, referring to the proposed new alignment of Radial Road 4 that would run from the proposed Inner Circumferential Expressway (Circumferential Road 3) in Santa Ana, Manila to Circumferential Road 6 in Taguig. In the 1999 Metro Manila Urban Transport Integrated Study, the expressway was also proposed as the R-4 Expressway, with a 12.5-kilometer route from the Metro Manila Skyway, extending toward the southeast, and being connected to the C-6 to serve traffic demand between Manila CBD and northern Laguna de Bay. First proposed circa 2017 as the Manila–Taguig Expressway (MTEX), a project of Citra Group and PT Citra Persada Infrastruktur, the expressway is planned as a viaduct over the Pasig River and Laguna de Bay, and a network of bridges similar to the proposed Metro Manila Skybridge. The expressway would have had three segments and two- to six-lane viaducts and bridges. The overall length of the expressway would have been . The project has an estimated cost of and an estimated implementation period of 36 months. The expressway is also said to undertake river dredging and cleanup works on the Pasig River before, during, and after construction. In September 2021, the San Miguel Corporation named Filipino green architect Felino "Jun" Palafox as a prospective consultant to introduce "green architectural and urban features" in the Pasig River Expressway system. Initially denying his involvement, Palafox later confirmed his involvement in the project, emphasizing the need for a "missing link for the eastern and western parts of Metro Manila". The project's technical aspects and financial aspects were approved by the Toll Regulatory Board on July 14, and a public scoping was held by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) on the same day. The project scoping report indicated that 101 representatives were present at the scoping, most of which had raised concerns about the project's environmental impacts and a lack of information on the project's detailed engineering designs. The report stated that each concern was responded to with a promise for a follow-up public scoping in October 2021. On September 21, 2021, the Supplemental Toll Operations Agreement (STOA) was approved by the government, wherein a formal agreement was signed between the San Miguel Corporation, the Department of Transportation, and the Department of Public Works and Highways at a groundbreaking ceremony held on September 24, 2021. On March 14, 2022, the STOA was approved by the Office of the President. A follow-up project scoping was later held on March 25, 2022. Construction of the expressway was expected to begin in 2022 and be complete by 2023, pending President Bongbong Marcos's signature to start construction. However, as of 2023, construction has not yet begun, pending regulatory requirements. In December 2023, a column in The Philippine Star stated that Ramon Ang had decided to drop the proposed Pasig River Expressway project due to public criticism. This was confirmed when Ang stated in a press conference on March 18, 2024, that the project had been shelved, wishing to respect public opinion. Ang's cancellation is reported to have been rescinded following renewed interest in the project. According to the Toll Regulatory Board Executive Director Alvin A. Carullo, the P81.53-billion PAREX "is still on the table" for further evaluation in its final engineering design process. On May 27, 2024, in a PSE disclosure, Ang announced the company is still conducting a viability study of the project. "We cannot [withdraw], We are addressing the concerns, but it is currently on hold," he explained. Criticism and concerns Environmental and mobility concerns Transport and environmental advocates in April and July 2021 opposed the project, citing environmental concerns that the concrete megastructure would hamper the river's control of floods and contribute to the urban heat island effect, which would have worsened urban heat in Metro Manila. Concerns were raised that building the Pasig River Expressway would also introduce air and noise pollution in the area, as well as non-exhaust emissions, such as microplastics from car tires, road dust, and particulate matter that would have worsened the pollution in the Pasig River and the communities around it. Advocates also pointed out that constructing more new roads would only worsen traffic congestion by attracting more vehicle use, thus decreasing mobility in a phenomenon called induced demand. Among the figures who opposed the expressway's construction is Senator Manny Pacquiao, who envisioned developing the sides of the Pasig River into a tourist spot if elected President in the 2022 Philippine presidential elections. Labor lawyer Luke Espiritu and environmentalist David D'Angelo, both under the senatorial slate of Partido Lakas ng Masa, have also called for rejecting the project. Heritage concerns The Intramuros Administration and heritage advocates also opposed the project, noting that the alignment of the project, particularly Segment 1 from Radial Road 10 to Plaza Azul, would transverse multiple heritage sites and historical buildings such as the Intramuros fortifications, Fort Santiago, the Aduana Building, the Bureau of Immigrations building, the National Press Club building, and the Manila Central Post Office. Both parties raised concerns about the project's proximity to these heritage sites, as advocates noted that the project would not only disrupt the visual integrity of these heritage sites but also damage the structural integrity of these landmarks due to vibrations caused by construction. Issues during public scoping Mobility advocates have urged the DENR to postpone the second public scoping that was held on March 25, 2022, citing concerns that the first project scoping held last July 14, 2021, was not carried out correctly and should be invalidated, noting several inaccuracies and deficiencies in the project briefing materials. Advocates also noted the absence of key agencies such as the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, the Department of Tourism, the Department of Science and Technology, and the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology at the previous public scoping, declaring the need to hold a new public scoping meeting that would have included the inputs of the mentioned agencies. In April 2022, the Intramuros Administration also informed the Environmental Management Bureau under the DENR that it had not been consulted about the project before the public hearing. Discrepancies between the project alignment shown during the project scoping and in the environmental impact assessment (EIA) report were also raised, as 20 per cent of the total alignment shown during the first project scoping has been modified in the EIA report. Advocates raised that stakeholders in these areas were not properly notified and informed of these changes, noting that the informed consent of these stakeholders is missing from the EIA report. Environmental impact assessment plagiarism In April 2022, it was found out that the EIA report for the project contained entire sections that were plagiarized from the environmental impact assessments of the Makati Intra-city Subway in 2019 and a coal-fired power station expansion project in Misamis Oriental in 2017 and the project components section of the Cavite–Laguna Expressway. In response, advocates have petitioned the Environmental Management Bureau to investigate RHR Consulting Services, the company responsible for the preparation of the report, for any findings of misconduct and irregular practice present in the drafting of the EIA report. Response The issues with the expressway were responded to by San Miguel Corporation President Ramon Ang, who emphasized the fact that the project would be at no cost to the government, dispelled misinformation suggesting that the expressway would cover the whole Pasig River instead of being built along it, and mentioned parallel plans to rehabilitate the river by widening and dredging the river at certain points. In response to concerns about induced demand, Ang responded that the project would not be exclusive to private car owners as it would also have a bus rapid transit system, bike lanes, and pedestrian infrastructure Advocates indicated, however, that whether or not the project would be built along or above the river is irrelevant as the project itself would be inviting air pollution into a corridor that previously did not have any. Mobility advocates also questioned Ang's mention of including a bus rapid transit system, bike lanes, and pedestrian infrastructure in response to criticism, as these features were not detailed in the project's EIA report. Environmental architect Paulo Alcazaren also agreed that the elevated nature of the proposed bus rapid transit system, bike lanes, and pedestrian infrastructure would pose accessibility and connectivity issues. The project's "unusually fast" approval process was also criticized, given the approval of the STOA despite the lack of an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) from the DENR, which is needed before any construction can start. On June 27, 2023, DENR secretary Toni Yulo-Loyzaga stated that the DENR is currently evaluating the community impact of the Pasig River Expressway project and stated that there is still no timeframe for the issuance of an ECC for the project. Green architect Jun Palafox, who initially denied involvement with the project in September 2021, has since been onboarded, committing to develop it according to "his own vision of Pasig River development". Palafox has also responded to the criticism, denying that the expressway would only cause additional congestion if built, believing there is an "unmet demand" for an east-west transportation corridor. Palafox's involvement with the project has also been seen as a complete reversal of his long-standing principles for revitalizing decades of urban decay in Metro Manila with sustainable practices. Exits See also Pasig River Ferry Service Rehabilitation of the Pasig River References External links DPWH Public-Private Partnership Project Description of PAREX PAREX EIS Draft Report (as of September 2022) PAREX EIS Draft Annexes (as of September 2022) PAREX Public Hearing Documentation Proposed roads in the Philippines Roads in Metro Manila Roads in Rizal (province) Expressway Toll roads in the Philippines
Belarusian Steel Works. OJSC Belarusian Steel Works (Russian: ОАО Белорусский металлургический завод, , "БМЗ", BMZ) is a Belarusian company operating in the steel industry, centred in Zhlobin, Gomel Region. The main raw material of the enterprise is scrap. The company's products range from concast square steel billets, hot rolled round & square steel bars, rebars, hot rolled seamless pipe, high carbon wire rod, tyre steel cord, bead wire, hose wire, general purpose wire, to steel fiber. In 2020—2021, the company fired several employees trying to organize a strike during protests in Belarus, three of them were imprisoned. History Belarusian Steel Works (BMZ) was constructed in accordance with the USSR Ministers Council decree to provide Belarusian enterprises with the bars in order to utilize local scrap. The task for the plant working out was confirmed by the USSR Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy in November 19, 1982. In 1982 there was signed a contract with the Austrian firm Voestalpine for designing and " on key-basis " erecting of the metallurgical plant and all the necessary constructions for the annual output of 500 000 mt bars and 200 000 mt carbon and low alloyed concast billets. The main sub-contractor was an Italian film Danieli. More than 30 firms of West Germany, Sweden, Italy, Hungary, took part in working out the project, equipment supply and erecting the plsnt. At present the plant has a capacity of 1,100,000 mt of steel, 250,000 mt of structural rolled product and 500,000 mt of bars. The major items of production consist of rebar, billet, channel, wire rod and cold heading wire rod. More than 50 alloyed and low-alloyed structural and carbon steel grades are produced by the plant. Two steel cord shops produce 50,000 mt of steel cord, 10,000 mt of brass bead wire and 10,000 mt of hose wire annually. Basic funds cost of the plant is 1,700,000,000 rubles. The pace of investment growth in 2011 at the BMZ in 2010 decreased significantly. First Deputy Prime Minister of Belarus Vladimir Semashko criticized the Belarusian Steel Works, which had failed to implement any large-scale investment projects for the last three years. Mismanagement and financial problems In July 2011 the Committee for State Security (KGB) had arrested BMZ former Director General Mikalay Andryyanaw; Alyaksey Nikifaraw, the active deputy director general in charge of economy and finance; and an aide to the director general. According to some sources of information, the arrests were made after Alexander Lukashenko's meeting with BMZ Director General Mikhail Savyanok. “It is most likely that Savyanok shifted the blame for BMZ’s economic problems onto the preceding management,” the report said, noting that KGB chief Vadim Zaitsev had been present at Lukashenko’s meeting with the BMZ director general. In July 2011 Belarusian Steel Works (BMZ) released a statement to deny reports that the company has been struggling to meet government-set performance targets. In the statement, the steel giant says that in the first half of this year its output increased year-on-year by 5.5 percent to 1,281,952 tons. The company's fixed capital expenditures topped 90 billion rubles, while a target of 64 billion rubles had been set. The profitability of sales totalled 12 percent, and exports exceeded imports by $272 million. In January 2012 the Belarusian Steel Works was reorganized into a joint stock company. In early 2021, Nasha Niva newspaper claimed that BMZ is close to default. According to Nasha Niva, in 2021 BMZ transferred part of his debt to the Ministry of finance, which simultaneously issued foreign currency bonds worth 619 million USD. These measures were taken non-publicly by a decree of Alexander Lukashenko, being not published to public. Political repressions, labour rights issues During the 2020 Belarusian protests it was reported that the workers of the factory announced in a statement to the management that "in the eventuality of unfair elections, the workers will strike on August 10, 11 and 12", after which a part of the factory went on strike. Reportedly, riot police soon arrived at the plant. This was denied by the state-controlled Belta news agency. On 1 February 2021, Zhlobin local court sentenced three BMZ employees to 3 and 2.5 years of prison. These employees were convicted under article 342 of the Criminal Code of Belarus ("Organizing illegal group actions that grossly violate public order and disobey the legal requirements of the government officials"). They were also fined 1088 BYN (~400 USD) of material damage to BMZ for stopping the steel smelting by the induction furnaces. A fourth striker managed to left Belarus and was declared wanted by Belarusian authorities. Two of the imprisoned workers were later recognized as political prisoners by Belarusian human rights activists. At least two other employees were fired immediately after declaring participation in a strike. In January 2021, two employees of BMZ were fired after trying to create an independent trade union branch on the factory. In June 2021, Sweden's Scandia Steel was reported to cut cooperation with BMZ due to labour rights violations. Michelin, another international business partner of BMZ, ordered an independent audit of labour rights at BMZ. International sanctions In May 2023, the BMZ was blacklisted by Ukraine. In August 2023, the company was added to the sanctions list of the European Union. In the same month, Switzerland, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania, Ukraine, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway joined these sanctions. Also since August 2023, BMZ, the general director of the plant, Dmitry Korchik, and the company associated with the plant, BEL-KAP-STEEL, are on the US sanctions list. At the end of 2023, several journalistic investigations were published about the circumvention of the EU and US sanctions against the BMZ. Production Union "Belarusian steel works" Production Union "Belarusian Steel Works" was organized in 2006 by decree of the Ministry of Industry. It includes these companies: OJSC Mogilev Metallurgical works JSC Rechytsa Metizny Plant International offices Outside of Belarus, the interests of BMZ are represented by 8 joint ventures in Germany, Austria, United States, China, Lithuania, Czech Republic and Russia: Belastahl Außenhandel GmbH BELMET Handelsgesellschaft mbH Bel–Kap–Steel LLC Belmet (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd OOO Torgovyi dom BMZ, Russia, St. Petersburg OOO Torgovyi dom BMZ, Russia, Moscow ZAO Torgovyi dom BMZ - Baltiya BMZ Polska Sp. z o.o., Czech Branch References External links Belarusian steel works website - English and Russian language 1984 establishments in Belarus Manufacturing companies established in 1984 Manufacturing companies of Belarus Steel companies of the Soviet Union Belarusian entities subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions
Junín Airport. Junín Airport () was a domestic airport serving Junín, a city in the Buenos Aires Province of Argentina. It is located north of the city. Current aerial imagery shows the runway is marked closed. Google Earth Historical Imagery (8/31/2009), (9/9/2013) show the closure was sometime after August 2009. The Junin VOR and non-directional beacon (Idents: NIN) are located on the field. Historical facts World gliding championship in 1963: http://www.volaravela.com.ar/mundial.htm?i=1 Accidents and incidents 17 May 1948: A FAMA Viking 615, tail number LV-AFL, crashed on landing at the airport while performing a test flight, catching fire. There were no reported fatalities but the aircraft was written off. See also Transport in Argentina List of airports in Argentina References External links OpenStreetMap - Junín Airport closed Defunct airports in Argentina Airports in Buenos Aires Province
Molecular reference standards. Molecular/Genomic reference standards are a class of ‘controls’ or standards used to check the performance of molecular diagnostic assays. Molecular/Genomic Reference Materials (RMs) are selected or engineered to model a specific genetic biomarker as it occurs in a patient biopsy. Reference materials (RM) are used for a calibration of the measuring system, for assessment of a measurement procedure, for assigning values to materials, or for quality control. Molecular reference materials Molecular reference standards are available in a variety of formats, each of which has strengths and weaknesses. These materials range from synthetic DNA oligonucleotides or patient-derived genomic DNA, to actual patient tissue biopsies with known mutation status. Proficiency schemes Proficiency schemes involve the distribution of blinded reference materials to subscription laboratories, and the subsequent scoring and assessment of the proficiency of those labs in their molecular diagnostic testing. Proficiency schemes are usually organized by not-for-profit organizations, usually government affiliated, to which hundreds of laboratories may subscribe. These schemes are funded with the subscription fees paid by each member laboratory. Proficiency schemes have historically relied upon patient biopsies with known mutation status for distribution to member laboratories. However, due to the significant rise in the number of labs performing molecular testing (in turn caused by the increase in the number of available targeted drugs whose prescription is linked to the presence or absence of a particular biomarker), patient samples are becoming an unsustainable source of reference material. Increasingly, proficiency scheme organizers are turning to genetically modified cell lines as a sustainable and well defined source of reference material. Some of the largest proficiency scheme organizers in the world include: College of American Pathologists (CAP) – USA European Molecular Quality Network (EMQN) – UK, Europe, EMEA United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Scheme (NEQAS) – UK, Europe, EMEA Sources Sources of Certified Reference Materials (CRM) include: Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements NIBSC NIST Horizon Discovery Reference Standards Maine Molecular Quality Controls Molecular Controls/ Seracare Life Sciences World Health Organization - International Reference Materials More Information can be found on the CDC and Eurogentest webpages. Cell Line Repositories American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Coriell Cell Repositories German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures Health Protection Agency Culture Collections Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources Riken Bioresource Center Medical tests
Robert J. Harrison. Robert J. Harrison (born June 19, 1960) is a distinguished expert in high-performance computing. He is a professor in the Applied Mathematics and Statistics department and founding Director of the Institute for Advanced Computational Science at Stony Brook University with a $20M endowment. Through a joint appointment with Brookhaven National Laboratory, Professor Harrison has also been named Director of the Computational Science Center and New York Center for Computational Sciences at Brookhaven. Dr. Harrison comes to Stony Brook from the University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, where he was Director of the Joint Institute of Computational Science, Professor of Chemistry and Corporate Fellow. He has a prolific career in high-performance computing with over one hundred publications on the subject, as well as extensive service on national advisory committees. He has many publications in peer-reviewed journals in the areas of theoretical and computational chemistry, and high-performance computing. His undergraduate (1981) and post-graduate (1984) degrees were obtained at Cambridge University, England. Subsequently, he worked as a postdoctoral research fellow at the Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, and the Daresbury Laboratory, England, before joining the staff of the theoretical chemistry group at Argonne National Laboratory in 1988. In 1992, he moved to the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, conducting research in theoretical chemistry and leading the development of NWChem, a computational chemistry code for massively parallel computers. In August 2002, he started the joint faculty appointment with UT/ORNL, and became director of JICS in 2011. In addition to his DOE Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) research into efficient and accurate calculations on large systems, he has been pursuing applications in molecular electronics and chemistry at the nanoscale. In 1999, the NWChem team received an R&D Magazine R&D100 award, in 2002, he received the IEEE Computer Society Sidney Fernbach Award, and in 2011 another R&D Magazine R&D100 award for the development of MADNESS. In 2015-2016, Dr. Harrison co-chaired with Bill Gropp the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine committee on Future Directions for NSF Advanced Computing Infrastructure to Support U.S. Science in 2017-2020. His interests and expertise are in theoretical and computational chemistry, high-performance computing, electron correlation, electron transport, relativistic quantum chemistry, and response theory. Bibliography References External links Microsoft Research Paper Search 1960 births Living people University of Tennessee faculty 21st-century American chemists Alumni of the University of Cambridge People from Birmingham, West Midlands American computer scientists Computational chemists
PlanetPhysics. PlanetPhysics was a virtual community with several Internet sites supported by a non-profit organization registered in the USA in an open science, open data, peer-to-peer review mode that aimed to help make physics, and related mathematics, knowledge much more accessible, as well as to further develop physical, logical, computational and mathematical physics concepts. PlanetPhysics was also a free, collaborative, online physics, mathematical physics, computational physics and physical mathematics project, including original articles, lectures, books and encyclopedia entries. The emphasis was on openness, pedagogy, real-time content, rigour, interlinked content, and also based on a virtual community, or virtual group, of about 600 people with various physics, mathematical physics, physical mathematics, logic (such as quantum logic, relational logic and many-valued logics), axiomatics and mathematics interests. Content The main PlanetPhysics.org focus was on both original research and encyclopedic entries; with over 3,400 physics and mathematics concepts edited in LaTeX and rendered in HTML, the PlanetPhysics Encyclopedia is at present the largest Physics encyclopedia written in LaTeX, containing both introductory as well as advanced level presentations. Moreover, its sections on papers and expositions, are second only to CERN and arXiv physics preprint archives. In addition, the PlanetPhysics.org new websites also included extensive graphics illustrations of physics experiments, and also forum discussions. The emphasis was on modern physics contents, including advanced physics and mathematical physics concepts as well. The project hosted data containing physics, applied physics, engineering and mathematics books, lectures, preprints and research-level papers. A system for both private and semi-private messaging among users was also in place. , the Physics and Mathematical Physics projects hosted over 2,000 entries, containing more than 30,000 concepts in books, lectures, expositions, encyclopedia entries, and papers. Several Wikipedia entries also incorporate text from PlanetPhysics articles, and vice versa, several PlanetPhysics articles contain links or refer to Wikipedia entries. Content development models PlanetPhysics implemented several specific content creation systems based on the Noosphere versions 1.0/1.5, Planetary (powered by Drupal), and MediaWiki currently being updated to allow peer-to-peer review, as well as preprints and encyclopedic contributions. This was significantly different from the so-called authority model previously adopted by PlanetMath. Only registered users could create and edit their own entries, or contribute jointly, by agreement, to various topical entries. The MediaWiki version 1.17 approach was mostly utilized at PlanetPhysics for creating books, uploading PDF files of open access articles, and also for graphics-intensive physics animations and graphical applications to physical problems. An author who published a new article with Noosphere version 1.5 (created by Aaron Krowne) retains intellectual property ownership of that entry, and is the only person authorized to edit that article, unless the author allows other contributors to edit as part of an editor group selected by the author. Other users could, however, add corrections and discuss improvements that must be approved by the original author so that the resulting modifications of the article, if any, were always made by the owner. When there are long lasting (>30 days) unresolved necessary corrections, either the ownership or the entry could be removed by the web site administration. A major strength of the Noosphere versions 1.0 and 1.5 planetphysics.us website is its capability of linking in real time conceptually related entries, as well as automatically listing all the concepts either defined by the article or related to the article in the Physics and Mathematical Physics encyclopedia. Any PlanetPhysics contributor can explicitly create links to other articles, and the Noosphere 1.0 system also automatically turns certain words into links to the defining articles. The topic area of every article is classified by either the Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme (PACS) or the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC). See also PlanetMath Open science planetphysics.Co.uk References Physics websites Online encyclopedias Wiki communities American online encyclopedias
Sea-Bow International Sea-Bow. The Sea-Bow International Sea-Bow is a Canadian powered parachute, designed by Gerald Racicot and produced by Sea-Bow International, formerly called Valmecot Inc, of Valcourt, Quebec. The aircraft was introduced in 2000 and production ended when the company went out of business in 2015. Design and development The aircraft was designed to comply with the Canadian Basic Ultra-Light Aeroplane rules. It features a parachute-style high-wing, single-place accommodation, with a second seat optional, tricycle landing gear and a single Rotax 503 engine in pusher configuration. The Rotax 582 engine is a factory option. Before it went out of production the Rotax 618 engine was also an option. The Sea-Bow is built from a combination of bolted 6061-T6 aluminium and 4130 steel tubing. In flight steering is accomplished via dual control sticks that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw. The aircraft is turned right by pulling the right stick and left by pulling the left stick. On the ground the aircraft has lever-controlled nosewheel steering. The throttle control is located on the right stick. A number of canopies are available, including the El-Condor I, II and III eleven and thirteen cell models. The Sea-Bow's most obvious unique feature is the fitting of four highly angled, saucer-shaped polyurethane wheels outboard of, and in addition to, the main wheels. These "spyros" provide stability on the ground and in flight and the company claims "the shape and the precise location and positioning of these wheels enable the Sea-Bow to safely land and take-off on different types of terrain and conditions such as grass, sand, gravel, asphalt, snow or ice". The aircraft can even be safely water-landed as the spyros provide adequate flotation. They also provide enough ground stability that crosswinds will not blow the vehicle over, but instead allow it to turn into the wind. Specifications (Sea-Bow with El-Condor II wing) References External links Official website archives on Archive.org Photo of the Sea-Bow showing the Spyros fitted Photo of the Sea-Bow with designer Gerry Racicot 1990s Canadian ultralight aircraft Single-engined pusher aircraft Powered parachutes
Sea-Bow. Sea-Bow may refer to: Sea-Bow International, a Canadian aircraft manufacturer Sea-Bow International Sea-Bow, the aircraft they build
F.W. Webb Company. F.W. Webb Company, founded in 1866, is a wholesale distributor of engineering and construction products, such as plumbing, heating, and HVAC fixtures. It operates in the northeastern United States. History The company was founded in Boston in 1866 by John Stults as the city's second wholesale dealer in plumbing fixtures. Purchased in 1933 by Roger Pope, the company is now under the third generation of Pope family ownership. Products F.W. Webb Company offer products and services to commercial and residential contractors as well as industrial and institutional professionals. Core markets include plumbing, heating, HVAC, commercial refrigeration, and PVF (pipe valves fittings). The company also offers building and process controls, propane gas equipment and parts, ductwork, water systems, commercial and industrial pumps, fire protection and fabrication, thermoplastic piping, and high purity (sanitary) process components. In addition to the wholesale trade, the company serves retail customers, contractors, and interior designers at approximately 40 Frank Webb's Bath Centers throughout the northeastern United States. These showrooms feature a range of products from different manufacturers, and include customer interaction displays configured before purchases are made, to provide immediate feedback to customers regarding design questions. Plumbing Heating HVAC Refrigeration Pipe, Valves & Fittings Building Controls Propane Gas Equipment & Parts Water Systems Commercial & Industrial Pumps Industrial PVF Specialties Fire Protection & Fabrication Thermoplastic Piping High Purity Process Components Process Controls Water Works Sponsorships The company is an official sponsor of the Boston Red Sox and the New York Yankees. Facilities 1973 – Dover, New Hampshire 1975 – Portland, Maine 1976 – Bangor, Maine 1977 – Williston, Vermont 1978 – Merrimack, New Hampshire 1981 – Plattsburgh, New York; Claremont, New Hampshire; Northampton, Massachusetts 1982 – Stoughton, Massachusetts; Hyannis, Massachusetts 1983 – Windham, New York; Newport, Vermont; Glens Falls, New York 1985 – Caribou, Maine; Biddeford, Maine; Conway, New Hampshire; Keene, New Hampshire 1983 – Lewiston, Maine 1986 – Albany, New York; Rutland, Vermont 1985 – Merrimack, New Hampshire 1986 – Haverhill, Massachusetts 1987 – Waterville, Maine 1988 – Sanford, Maine 1989 – Auburn, Maine 1989 – Scotia, New York; Laconia, New Hampshire; Bennington, Vermont; Hartford, Connecticut; Brockton, Massachusetts; Newport, Vermont 1996 – Malden, Massachusetts; Manchester, New Hampshire; Dedham, Massachusetts; Nashua, New Hampshire; Portland, Maine; Syracuse, New York 2000 – Cranston, Rhode Island; Portland, Maine; Hartford, Connecticut 2003 – Waterbury, Connecticut; Concord, New Hampshire 2004 – Amherst, New Hampshire 2005 – Laconia, New Hampshire; Warwick, Rhode Island; Woburn, Massachusetts; Manchester, New Hampshire; Ellsworth, Maine; Franklin, Connecticut; Binghamton, New York; Torrington, Connecticut; Rockland, Maine; Woburn, Massachusetts; Gilford, New Hampshire; Augusta, Maine; Methuen, Massachusetts; Biddeford, Maine; Madison, New Hampshire 2007—Burns Cascade Co. of Syracuse, New York 2009—O'Connor & Senecal (OSI) of Sutton, Massachusetts 2010—Control Equipment Corp. (CEC) of Cazenovia, New York 2011—Sachs Plumbing Supplies of Stamford, Connecticut 2011 – Boston, Massachusetts 2013 – Bergen Industrial Supply of Elmwood Park, New Jersey 2013 – Systemation Inc. of Fairport, New York 2014 – Allentown, Pennsylvania 2014 – Watertown Supply 2020 – Norwich, Connecticut Executive officers Jeff Pope – President Bob Mucciarone – Chief Operating Officer Ruth Martin – Senior Vice President of Human Resources Michael Michaud – Senior Vice President of Information Technology Brendan Monaghan – Senior Vice President of Operations Jeff Thompson – Senior Vice President of Purchasing References Wholesalers of the United States
Poole and District Electric Tramways. The Poole and District Electric Tramways operated an electric tramway service in Poole between 1901 and 1905. History The Poole and District Electric Traction Company was a subsidiary of British Electric Traction. A single line was built from Poole railway station through Upper Parkstone to County Gates. The fare for the journey was 3d. The company operated a fleet of 17 tramcars from a depot at Ashley Road in Upper Parkstone. Closure The system was bought by Poole Corporation in 1905 and leased for thirty years to Bournemouth Corporation Tramways from June 1905, and this line was subsumed into their system. References External links Poole and District Electric Tramways uniformed staff Tram transport in England 3 ft 6 in gauge railways in England
Livestock Water Recycling. Livestock Water Recycling, Inc. (LWR) is a privately owned Canadian company based in Calgary, Alberta. The environmental company focuses on livestock manure management of dairy, poultry, hog and digester CAFO livestock operations. The company has built and manufactured industrial waste water treatment systems throughout North America since 1991. It conducts all design, production and manufacturing at its office in Calgary, Alberta. Initially, the company focused on wastewater remediation of oil and gas sites. In 2017 it began more focus on the agricultural industry. The LWR Manure Treatment System The LWR Manure Treatment System uses mechanical and chemical processes to separate nutrients from manure in dairy or hog CAFO operations. The system produces dry solids, a liquid nutrient concentrate and clean potable water. Manure is rich in phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, and ammonia. These nutrients can be used as fertilizer to improve crop production. LWR currently has systems operating in Indiana, New York, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Awards In 2011, LWR was recognized as a Top 10 Innovative Product in the 2011 Dairy Herd Innovation Awards at the World Dairy Expo in Madison, Wisconsin. Each entry was judged on its originality within the marketplace, usefulness and value to dairy farmers. In 2010, LWR was recognized as a Top 10 New Products at the World Ag Expo in Tulare, California. The Top-10 new products are a favorite ‘must-see’ among World Ag Expo visitors. In 2010, LWR was a recipient of the Emerald Award. The Emerald Awards celebrate the outstanding achievements by Albertans committed to protecting, preserving, enhancing and sustaining the environment. In 2009, LWR won the Dr. F.X. Aherne Prize for Innovative Pork Production at the Banff Pork Seminar in Banff, Alberta. The award honors Canadian pork industry members who have developed original solutions to pork production challenges. See also Hydraloop Systems Himark BioGas References External links LWR Company Website Companies based in Alberta Waste management companies of Canada Waste companies established in 1991 Canadian companies established in 1991
CNA PM.1. The CNA PM.1 was a single-engine light sport and training aircraft designed and built in Italy at the start of World War II. After tests of the prototype a small production run was laid down but destroyed by bombing. Design and development The PM.1 was designed by students at the Instituto di Construzioni Aeronautische del Regio Politecnico di Milano in a 1938 competition for a modern, two-seat light private training and sports aircraft. The name came from Polytechnic Milano. The prototype was built by CNA, first flying on 25 October 1939. The PM.1 was a cantilever high-wing monoplane. Its wing was straight-tapered, with rounded tips and long span ailerons, built of wood with a plywood skin. The tailplane had a similar plan, placed on top of the fuselage with the trailing edge of the elevators in line with the rudder hinge so the rudder, which extended to the base of the fuselage, could move unimpeded. The fin and rudder were rounded and pointed; the rudder carried a trim tab. The fuselage, also wooden and plywood-covered, was flat-sided, with car-type doors giving access to the side-by-side seats in the cabin which was placed under the leading edge of the wing. In front, a compactly cowled, 40 kW (60 hp) CNA D.4 flat four engine drove a 2-blade propeller. The PM.1 had a conventional undercarriage with mainwheels on centrally mounted, faired V-form half axles and with vertical legs to the bottom longerons, assisted by a tailskid. Operational history The outbreak of war and the need to concentrate on front-line aircraft delayed production of the PM.1, but an order for 10 was placed in August 1942. The partially completed aircraft were destroyed in an Allied bombing raid on Rome in July 1943; though the prototype avoided this event, it was destroyed later in the war. Its design influenced that of the post-war Macchi MB.308, though the latter has a tricycle undercarriage and a markedly revised tail. Specifications References 1930s Italian sport aircraft Compagnia Nazionale Aeronautica High-wing aircraft Single-engined tractor aircraft Aircraft first flown in 1939
Bill Tomlinson. William M. "Bill" Tomlinson is a professor of informatics at the University of California, Irvine, and a researcher in the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology. He studies the fields of environmental informatics, human-computer interaction, multi-agent systems and computer-supported learning. His book Greening through IT (MIT Press, 2010) examines the ways in which information technology can help people think and act on the broad scales of time, space, and complexity necessary for us to address the world's current environmental issues. In addition, he has authored dozens of papers across a range of journals and conferences in computing, the learning sciences, and the law. His work has been reviewed by The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, Wired.com, Scientific American Frontiers, CNN, and the BBC. In 2007, he received an NSF CAREER award, and in 2008 he was selected as a Sloan Research Fellow. He holds an AB in biology from Harvard College, an MFA in experimental animation from CalArts, and SM and PhD degrees from the MIT Media Lab. His animated film, Shaft of Light, screened at the 1997 Sundance Film Festival and dozens of other film festivals around the world. His 2009 paper with Andrew Torrance on patent systems has been cited in amicus briefs and in a writ filed with the United States Supreme Court. In 2012, he promoted and led a pioneering experimental work on collaborative writing, that provided the first extensive discussion of the experiential aspects of large-scale collaborative research by documenting the collaborative development process of an academic paper written by a collective of thirty authors. Currently his research is focused on the expanding field on disaster informatics, which deals with using information technology on limited resources in times of disaster or chaos to locate scarce resources. Books authored Greening through IT (MIT Press, 2010) References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American computer scientists Harvard College alumni Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni American educators California Institute of the Arts alumni
Sea-Bow International. Sea-Bow International was a Canadian aircraft manufacturer, based in Valcourt, Quebec. The company was founded by designer Gerald Racicot and specialized in the design and production of powered parachutes. The company was originally called Valmecot, Inc. The company was founded about 2000 and went out of business in 2015. The company produced just one aircraft design, the Sea-Bow powered parachute. Aircraft References External links Official website archives on Archive.org Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Canada Powered parachutes
Prospector (spacecraft). Prospector was a proposed lunar probe that was intended to be flown in support of the Apollo lunar missions. History Prospector arose as a result of President John F. Kennedy's desire to rehabilitate the tarnished image of US spaceflight. In 1961, NASA proposed a series of robotic probes, including Prospector, to be managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Prospector was based on a study that had been performed by the Marshall Space Flight Center in June 1960, to determine what lunar missions could be achieved using the Saturn I rocket. NASA envisioned Prospector as "a large versatile 'space truck'" that could be launched by a Saturn rocket and that could soft-land on the Moon with a wide variety of payloads. Among the applications envisioned were: A remote-controlled lunar rover that could explore large areas of the lunar surface, including the far side of the Moon A system to obtain lunar samples and return them to Earth A low-altitude survey of the lunar surface for reconnaissance, and to help select landing sites for subsequent Apollo missions, using large propellant tanks to allow the spacecraft to hover and laterally move over the lunar surface An uncrewed cargo spacecraft, providing supplies and materials to lunar astronauts Prospector was initially planned to have its first launch between 1963 and 1966. However, as plans progressed, the project ran into weight overruns, requiring a larger launcher such as the Saturn V. Its role also began to change from one of support for the Apollo missions to more of a substitute for them, which NASA's Space Task Group did not endorse. The project was canceled in 1962. See also Lunar resources Luna-Glob, a current Russian lander program Lunar Prospector Resource Prospector (rover) Robotic exploration of the Moon References External links Prospector at the Encyclopedia Astronautica NASA programs Cancelled NASA space probes Cancelled space probes Missions to the Moon
Maudslay, Sons and Field. Maudslay, Sons and Field was an engineering company based in Lambeth, London. History The company was founded by Henry Maudslay as Henry Maudslay and Company in 1798 and was later reorganised into Maudslay, Sons and Field in 1833 after his sons Thomas and Joseph, as well as Joshua Field joined the company. It specialised in building marine steam engines. The company produced a special steam-powered mill for the 1852 re-cutting of the Koh-i-Noor. See also Great Wheel References External links Chronology of the company Defunct shipbuilding companies of England Defunct companies based in London Engineering companies of England 1798 establishments in England Manufacturing companies established in 1798 Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1900 1900 disestablishments in England British companies established in 1798 British companies disestablished in 1900
Load–store architecture. In computer engineering, a load–store architecture (or a register–register architecture) is an instruction set architecture that divides instructions into two categories: memory access (load and store between memory and registers) and ALU operations (which only occur between registers). Some RISC architectures such as PowerPC, SPARC, RISC-V, ARM, and MIPS are load–store architectures. For instance, in a load–store approach both operands and destination for an ADD operation must be in registers. This differs from a register–memory architecture (for example, a CISC instruction set architecture such as x86) in which one of the operands for the ADD operation may be in memory, while the other is in a register. The earliest example of a load–store architecture was the CDC 6600. Almost all vector processors (including many GPUs) use the load–store approach. See also Load–store unit Register–memory architecture References Computer architecture
Register–memory architecture. In computer engineering, a register–memory architecture is an instruction set architecture that allows operations to be performed on (or from) memory, as well as registers. If the architecture allows all operands to be in memory or in registers, or in combinations, it is called a "register plus memory" architecture. In a register–memory approach one of the operands for operations such as the ADD operation may be in memory, while the other is in a register. This differs from a load–store architecture (used by RISC designs such as MIPS) in which both operands for an ADD operation must be in registers before the ADD. An example of register-memory architecture is Intel x86. Examples of register plus memory architecture are: IBM System/360 and its successors, which support memory-to-memory fixed-point decimal arithmetic operations, but not binary integer or floating-point arithmetic operations; PDP-11, which supports memory or register source and destination operands for most two-operand integer operations; VAX, which supports memory or register source and destination operands for binary integer and floating-point arithmetic; Motorola 68000 series, which supports integer arithmetic with a memory source or destination, but not with a memory source and destination. However, the 68000 can move data memory-to-memory with nearly all addressing modes. See also Load–store architecture Addressing mode References Computer architecture
Adria (motorcycle). The Adria company were better known for their motor vehicle and boat engines, but between 1912 and 1928 they built a range of 276cc, 282cc, 294cc and 346cc side-valve single-cylinder powered bikes. References Motorcycle manufacturers of Germany
ADS (motorcycle). ADS were a small assembler of 98cc autocycles using Sachs and Ilo engines. References Motorcycle manufacturers of Belgium
AEL (motorcycle). AEL was a motorcycle and accessories dealer in Coventry, England who assembled bikes between 1919 and 1924 using frames probably manufactured in Coventry. Engines ranged from 147cc to 348cc, and were provided by companies such as Villiers, JAP and Blackburne. References External links 1923 advertisement Motorcycle manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Aeolus (motorcycle 1903–1905). The Aeolus was manufactured in England by the Bown Manufacturing Company between 1903 and 1905, and featured a 492cc single-cylinder engine with shaft drive to the rear wheel. Production was on a limited scale. References Goods manufactured in England Vehicles introduced in 1903 1903 establishments in England Motorcycles introduced in the 1900s British companies established in 1903
Aeolus (motorcycle 1914–1916). The Aeolus was manufactured between 1914 and 1916 with a 147cc two-stroke engine by the Bown Manufacturing Company, between 1919 and 1924 the machine was branded as Bownian References Motorcycles introduced in the 1910s
Aero (motorcycle). The Aero was the creation of Narazo Shamazu, who had built motorcycles under the NS name prior to World War I. The Aero was manufactured between 1925 and 1927, and featured 250cc and 633cc single-cylinder engines. References Motorcycle manufacturers of Japan
Aeros (motorcycle). Designed by Franz Bezina, the Aeros motorcycle was manufactured between 1927 and 1929. It featured a BMW-inspired frame with a leaf spring fork and 347cc and 497cc three-valve overhead camshaft single-cylinder engines. References Motorcycle manufacturers of Czechoslovakia Defunct manufacturing companies of Czechoslovakia
AFW (motorcycle). The AFW was manufactured in Germany between 1923 and 1925, and used a 246cc overhead valve engine supplied by Hansa Prazisionwerke AG of Bielefeld. References Motorcycle manufacturers of Germany
Mojette transform. The Mojette transform is an application of discrete geometry. More specifically, it is a discrete and exact version of the Radon transform, thus a projection operator. The IRCCyN laboratory - UMR CNRS 6597 in Nantes, France has been developing it since 1994. The first characteristic of the Mojette transform is using only additions and subtractions. The second characteristic is that the Mojette Transform is redundant, spreading the initial geometrical information into several projections. This transform uses discrete geometry in order to dispatch information onto a discrete geometrical support. This support is then projected by the Mojette operator along discrete directions. When enough projections are available, the initial information can be reconstructed. The Mojette transform has been already used in numerous applications domains: Medical tomography Network packet transfer Distributed storage on disks or networks Image fingerprinting and image cryptography schemes History After one year of research, the first communication introducing the Mojette Transform was held in May 1995 in the first edition of CORESA National Congress CCITT Rennes. Many others will follow it for 18 years of existence. In 2011, the book The Mojette Transform: Theory and Applications at ISTE-Wiley was well received by the scientific community. All this support has encouraged the IRCCyN research team to continue the research on this topic. Jeanpierre Guédon, professor and inventor of the transform called it: "Mojette Transform". The word "Mojette" comes from the name of white beans in Vendee, originally written "Moghette" or "Mojhette". In many countries, bean is a basic educational tool representing an exact unit that teaches visually additions and subtractions. Therefore, the choice of the name "Mojette" serves to emphasize the fact that the transform uses only exact unit in additions and subtractions. The original purpose of the Mojette Transform was to create a discrete tool to divide the Fourier plane into angular and radial sectors. The first attempt of application was the psychovisual encoding of image, reproducing the human vision channel. However, it was never realized. Mathematics The "raw" transform Mojette definition is this: The following figure 1 helps to explain the “raw” transform Mojette. We start with the function f represented by 16 pixels from p1 to p16. The possible values of the function at the point (k, l) are different according to the applications. This can be a binary value of 0 or 1 that it often used to differentiate the object and the background. This can be a ternary value as in the Mojette game. This can be also a finite set of integers value from 0 to (n-1), or more often we take a set of cardinality equal to a power of 2 or a prime number. But it can be integers and real numbers with an infinite number of possibilities, even though this idea has never been used. With the index "k" as "kolumn" and “l” as a “line”, we define a Cartesian coordinate system. But here we will only need the integer coordinates. On Figure 2, we have arbitrarily chosen the left bottom point as the origin (0,0) and the direction of the two axes. The coordinates of each pixel are denoted in red on Figure 2. For the projections, the coordinate system is derived from that of the grid. Indeed, it meets two requirements: 1) The pixel (0,0) is always projected on the point 0 of the projection (this is a consequence of linearity of the Mojette operator) 2) The direction of the projection is fixed "counterclockwise" as in trigonometry when going from 0 ° to 180 °. Altogether, it necessarily gives the positions of the bins like the ones in blue color on the Figure 2. Let’s head back to the formula (1): the red dots correspond to the index (k, l) and the blue dots to the index b. The only elements remaining to clarify are the (p, q) values. These two values (p, q) are precisely those characterizing the Mojette Transform. They define the projection angle. Figure 3 shows colored arrows corresponding with the color code to the projection indexed by (p, q). For the 90° angle, the projection is shown below the grid for convenience but the direction is upward. Table 1 shows the correspondence between the angles in degrees and the values of p and q. The only valid Mojette angles are given by the following rules: An angle is given by the direction of projection in line and column A direction is composed of two integers (p, q) with gcd (p, q) = 1 An angle is always between 0 and 180 °, which means that q is never negative These rules ensure the uniqueness in the correspondence of an angle and (p, q) values. For example, the 45 ° angle, the Rule 2 forbid to define the angle pairs (2,2) or (3,3) and Rule 3 prohibits to use (-2, -2) and (-1, -1). Only the angle (p = 1, q = 1) satisfies the three rules. Applications and achievements The distributed storage disk or network The most important area of application using the "Mojette Transform" is distributed storage. Particularly, this method is used in RozoFS, an open-source distributed file system. In this application, the "Mojette Transform" is used as an erasure code in order to provide reliability, while significantly reducing the total amount of stored data when compared to classical techniques like replication (typically by a factor of 2). Thus, it significantly reduces the cost of the storage cluster in terms of hardware, maintenance or energy consumption for example. In 2010, Pierre Evenou, research engineer of the IVC team IRCCyN laboratory, decided to create the start-up Fizians (currently known as Rozo Systems) using this application. The start-up offers storage solutions in cloud computing, virtualization, storage servers, file servers, backup and archiving. Networks packets transfer Thanks to the redundancy of the transform, sent packets can be fragmented without loss. Additionally, the fact of using only additions and subtractions increases the speed of information transmission. Finally, the information cannot be reconstructed without having the initial angle of the projections, so it also provides data security. This application has been selected by Thales Cholet for its ad hoc network (using wireless network and terminals to transmit messages between them) in order to secure the information and has multiple paths between the source and destination. In 2002, the start-up PIBI has used this technology to provide secure Internet payment services. The Medical tomography In the field of medical imaging, the properties of the “Transform Mojette” create a direct mapping and solve the missing wedge problem. However, the image acquisition using the Mojette transform has not been yet developed. The problem of obtaining exact “Mojette” values while using approximated data acquisition has been studied but has to be continued. Besides, the post-processing of medical images is doing well since data acquisition is already done. These results are used by the company Keosys in 2001 with Jerome Fortineau and the company Qualiformed created in 2006 by Stephen Beaumont. Prof. Guédon and the IRCCyN laboratory were heavily involved in the creation of these two companies. The companies have already financed several PhD students and participated in research projects in order to continue the development of the application in medical tomography. The results have led to apply patents and implementation on their equipment of image processing. The watermarking and image encryption Cryptography and watermarking were also part of the research conducted in the IRCCyN laboratory. It provides solutions for security and authentication. In cryptography, the instability of the transformed Mojette secures data. The fact that the transform is exact encrypts information and allows no deviation even minimal. For watermarking, the transform is very effective in fingerprinting. By inserting "Mojette Transform" marks in images, one can authenticate documents using the same properties as in cryptography. Bibliography Jeanpierre Guédon, N. Normand, B. Parrein, and C. Pouliquen, “Distributed image transmission and storage on Internet system,” in ACIDCA, 2000, pp. 164–169. B. Parrein, N. Normand, and J. Guédon, “Multiple description coding using exact discrete Radon transform,” in IEEE Data Compression Conference, 2001, p. 508. J. Guédon, N. Normand, P. Verbert, B. Parrein, F. Autrusseau, “Load-balancing and scalable multimedia distribution using the Mojette transform,” in Internet Multimedia Management Systems II, ITCOM, 2001, pp. 226–234. J. Guédon, B. Parrein, N. Normand, “Internet Distributed Image Information System,” Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 205–214, Sep. 2008. B. Parrein, “Description multiple de l’information par transformation Mojette,” Université de Nantes, 2008. F. Autrusseau and J. 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Guédon, “Chiffrement Mojette d’images médicales,” Ingénierie des Systèmes d’Information (ISI), vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 113–134, Feb. 2008. O. Déforges, M. Babel, N. Normand, B. Parrein, J. Ronsin, J. Guédon, and L. Bédat, “Le LAR aux Mojettes,” in CORESA 04 - COmpression et REprésentation des Signaux Audiovisuels, 2004, pp. 165–168. P. Verbert, V. Ricordel, J. Guédon, and P. Verbert, “Analysis of mojette transform projections for an efficient coding,” in Workshop on Image Analysis for Multimedia Interactive Services (WIAMIS, 2004, p. -. M. Babel, B. Parrein, O. Déforges, N. Normand, J. Guédon, and J. Ronsin, “Secured and progressive transmission of compressed images on the Internet: application to telemedicine,” in SPIE 17th Annual Symposium / Electronic Imaging - Internet Imaging, 2005, pp. 126–136. J. Guédon and N. Normand, “The Mojette Transform: The First Ten Years,” in Discrete Geometry for Computer Imagery, 2005, vol. 3429, pp. 79–91. M. Servières, N. Normand, J. Guédon, and Y. 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Normand, “Discrete and continuous description of a three dimensional scene for quality control of radiotherapy treatment planning systems,” in Medical Imaging, 2006, vol. 6142, p. 187. M. Servières, N. Normand, and J. Guédon, “Interpolation method for the Mojette Transform,” in Medical Imaging 2006: Physics of Medical Imaging, 2006, vol. 6142, p. 61424I. N. Normand, A. Kingston, and P. Évenou, “A Geometry Driven Reconstruction Algorithm for the Mojette Transform,” in Discrete Geometry for Computer Imagery, 2006, vol. 4245, pp. 122–133. S. Hamma, E. Cizeron, H. Issaka, and J. Guédon, “Performance evaluation of reactive and proactive routing protocol in IEEE 802.11 ad hoc network,” in ITCom 06 - next generation and sensor networks, 2008, p. 638709. M. Kalantari and M. Kasser, “Implementation of a low-cost photogrammetric methodology for 3d modelling of ceramic fragments,” in XXI International CIPA Symposium, 01-6 October, Athens, Greece, 2007, p. FP079. A. Kingston, S. Colosimo, P. Campisi, and F. Autrusseau, “Lossless Image Compression and Selective Encryption Using a Discrete Radon Transform,” in International Conference on Image Processing, 2007, pp. 465–468. E. Denis, S. Beaumont, J. Guédon, N. Normand, and T. Torfeh, “Automatic quality control of digitally reconstructed radiograph computation and comparison with standard methods,” in Medical Imaging 2007: Physics of Medical Imaging, 2007, vol. 6510, p. 65104J. A. Daurat and N. Normand, “Transformation et reconstruction par projections,” in Géométrie discrète et images numériques, A. M. David Coeurjolly, Ed. Hermès, 2008, pp. 239–251. N. Normand and J. Guédon, “Applications de la transformation Mojette,” in Géométrie discrète et images numériques, A. M. David Coeurjolly, Ed. Hermès, 2008, pp. 337–347. B. Parrein, F. Boulos, P. Le Callet, and J. Guédon, “Priority image and video encoding transmission based on a discrete Radon transform,” in IEEE Packet Video 2007, 2007, p. 6 pages. S. Chandra, I. Svalbe, and J. Guédon, “An exact, non-iterative Mojette inversion technique utilising ghosts,” in 14th IAPR international conference on Discrete geometry for computer imagery, 2008, p. . H. Fayad, J. Guédon, I. Svalbe, N. Normand, and Y. Bizais, “Mojette and FRT tomographs,” in Medical Imaging 2008, 2008, vol. 6913, p. -. M. Kalantari, F. Jung, J. Guédon, and N. Paparoditis, “Détection automatique des points de fuite et calcul de leur incertitude à l’aide de la géométrie projective,” in RFIA 2008, 2008, pp. 703–712. M. Kalantari, F. Jung, N. Paparoditis, and J. Guédon, “Robust and automatic vanishing points detection with their uncertainties from a single uncalibrated image, by planes extraction on the unit SPHERE,” in ISPRS2008, 2008, pp. 203–208. H. Fayad, J. Guédon, I. Svalbe, Y. Bizais, and N. Normand, “Applying Mojette discrete Radon transforms to classical tomographic data,” in Medical Imaging, 2008, vol. 6913, p. 69132S. A. Kingston and F. Autrusseau, “Lossless Image Compression via Predictive Coding of Discrete Radon Projections,” Signal Processing Image Communication, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 313–324, Jun. 2008. E. Denis, S. Beaumont, J. Guédon, T. Torfeh, N. Normand, and A. Norbert, “New automatic quality control methods for geometrical treatment planning system tools in external conformal radiotherapy,” in Medical Imaging 2008: Physics of Medical Imaging, 2008, vol. 6913, p. 69133F. M. Babel, B. Parrein, O. Déforges, N. Normand, J. Guédon, and V. Coat, “Joint source-channel coding: secured and progressive transmission of compressed medical images on the Internet,” Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 258–269, Apr. 2008. E. Denis, S. Beaumont, J. Guédon, T. Torfeh, N. Normand, and N. Ailleres, “Nouvelle méthode automatique de contrôle de qualité des systèmes de planification géométrique des traitements en radiothérapie externe conformationnelle,” in Journées scientifiques de la Société Française de Physique Médicale, 2008, p. denis. A. Kingston, B. Parrein, and F. Autrusseau, “Redundant Image Representation via Multi-Scale Digital Radon Projection,” in International Conf. of Image Processing, 2008, p. 2069. P. Jia, J. Dong, L. Qi, and F. Autrusseau, “Directionality Measurement and Illumination Estimation of 3D Surface Textures by Using Mojette Transform,” in 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2010, p. 1144. Y. Ben Hdech, J. Guédon, and S. Beaumont, “Simulations Monte Carlo d’un faisceau de RX issus d’un accélérateur VARIAN : influence du paramétrage des électrons initiaux,” in Journées Scientifiques de la Société Française de Physique Médicale (SFPM) 2009 : Innovations et bénéfices thérapeutiques : quelles limites?, 2009, p. 1. Y. Ben Hdech, J. Guédon, and S. Beaumont, “Des Objets-Tests Numériques (OTN) anatomiques pour le Contrôle Qualité (CQ) de Systèmes de Planification de Traitement (TPS) en radiothérapie,” in Journées Scientifiques de la Société Française de Physique Médicale (SFPM) 2009 : Innovations et bénéfices thérapeutiques : quelles limites?, 2009, p. 1. M. Kalantari, F. Jung, J. Guédon, and N. Paparoditis, “The Five Points Pose Problem : A New and Accurate Solution Adapted to any Geometric Configuration,” in The Pacific-Rim Symposium on Image and Video Technology (PSIVT), 2009, vol. 5414, p. . D. Coeurjolly and N. Normand, “Discrete geometry and projections (chap 1),” in The Mojette Transform: Theory and Applications, jeanpierre Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 15 pages. J. Guédon and N. Normand, “Reconstructability with the inverse Mojette transform (chap 4),” in The Mojette Transform: Theory and Applications, jeanpierre Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 15 pages. J. Guédon and N. Normand, “Direct Mojette transform (chap 3),” in The Mojette Transform: Theory and Applications, jeanpierre Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 23 pages. A. Kingston and F. Autrusseau, “Lossless compression (chap 9),” in The Mojette transform: Theory and Applications, jeanpierre Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 19 pages. A. Kingston, F. Autrusseau, E. Grall, T. Hamon, and B. Parrein, “Mojette based security (chap 10),” in The Mojette transform: Theory and Applications, J. Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 25 pages. A. Kingston, F. Autrusseau, and B. Parrein, “Multiresolution Mojette transform (chap 6),” in The Mojette transform: Theory and Applications, jeanpierre Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 29 pages. N. Normand, I. Svalbe, P. Evenou, and A. Kingston, “Inverse Mojette transform algorithms (chap 5),” in The Mojette Transform: Theory and Applications, J. Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 25 pages. B. Parrein, F. Boulos, N. Normand, and P. Evenou, “Communication, networks and storage (chap 7),” in The Mojette Transform: Theory and Applications, J. Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 29 pages. M. Servières, J. Guédon, N. Normand, and Y. Bizais, “Mojette discrete tomography (chap 8),” in The Mojette Transform: Theory and Applications, jeanpierre Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 29 pages. I. Svalbe and J. Guédon, “Discrete versions of the Radon Transform (chap 2),” in The Mojette Transform: Theory and Applications, jeanpierre Guédon, Ed. iste & wiley, 2009, p. 17 pages. J. Guédon, The Mojette transform. Theory and applications. ISTE-WILEY, 2009. S. Beaumont, J. Guédon, and Y. Ben Hdech, “Contrôle qualité dosimétrique des systèmes de planification de traitement : nouvelle méthode basée sur l’utilisation de PENELOPE et des Objets Tests Numériques anatomiques,” in Journées Scientifiques de la Société Française de Physique Médicale (SFPM), 2010, p. 1. Y. Ben Hdech, S. Beaumont, and J. Guédon, “Développement d’une méthode de Contrôle qualité des Systèmes de Planification des Traitements, utilisés en radiothérapie, au moyen du code Monte-Carlo PENELOPE et des Objets Tests Numériques,” in Journée des doctorants de l’École Doctorale STIM JDOC, 2010, p. 1. Y. Ben Hdech, S. Beaumont, J. Guédon, and T. Torfeh, “New method to perform dosimetric quality control of treatment planning system using PENELOPE Monte-Carlo and anatomical digital test objects,” in SPIE Medical Imaging 2010, 2010, vol. 7622, p. . Y. Amouriq, P. Evenou, A. Arlicot, N. Normand, and P. Layrolle, “Evaluation of trabecular bone patterns on dental radiographic images: influence of cortical bone,” in SPIE Medical Imaging, 2010, vol. 7626, p. 76261M. Y. Amouriq, P. Evenou, A. Arlicot, N. Normand, P. Layrolle, P. Weiss, and J. Guédon, “Evaluation of trabecular bone patterns on dental radiographic images: influence of cortical bone,” in SPIE Medical Imaging, 2010, p. 10 pages. A. Arlicot, Y. Amouriq, P. Evenou, N. Normand, and J. Guédon, “A single scan skeletonization algorithm: application to medical imaging of trabecular bone,” in SPIE Medical Imaging, 2010, vol. 7623, p. 762317. C. Zhang, J. Dong, J. Li, and F. Autrusseau, “A New Information Hiding Method for Image Watermarking Based on Mojette Transform,” in Second International Symposium on Networking and Network Security, 2010, pp. 124–128. N. Normand, I. Svalbe, B. Parrein, and A. Kingston, “Erasure Coding with the Finite Radon Transform,” in Wireless Communications & Networking Conference, 2010, pp. 1–6. S. S. Chandra, N. Normand, A. Kingston, J. Guédon, and I. Svalbe, “Fast Mojette Transform for Discrete Tomography,” 13-Jul-2012. J. Guédon, C. Liu, and J. Guédon, “The 2 and 3 materials scene reconstructed from some line Mojette projections,” in IEEE IPTA Conference, 2010, p. 6. Y. Amouriq, J. Guédon, N. Normand, A. Arlicot, Y. Ben Hdech, and P. Weiss, “Bone texture analysis on dental radiographic images: results with several angulated radiographs on the same region of interest,” in SPIE Medical Imaging 2011: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging, 2012, vol. 7965, p. 796525. S. Beaumont, T. Torfeh, R. Latreille, Y. Ben Hdech, and J. Guédon, “New method to test the gantry, collimator and table rotation angles of a linear accelerator used in radiation therapy,” in SPIE Medical Imaging 2011, 2011, vol. 7961, p. 796153. Y. Ben Hdech, S. Beaumont, J. Guédon, and C. Sylvain, “Dosimetric quality control of Eclipse treatment planning system using pelvic digital test object,” in Medical Imaging 2011: Physics of Medical Imaging, 2011, vol. 7961, p. 79613F. A. Arlicot, P. Evenou, and N. Normand, “Single-scan skeletonization driven by a neighborhood-sequence distance,” in International workshop on Combinatorial Image Analysis, IWCIA, 2011, pp. 61–72. A. Arlicot, N. Normand, Y. Amouriq, and J. Guédon, “Extraction of bone structure with a single-scan skeletonization driven by distance,” in First Sino-French Workshop on Education and Research collaborations in Information and Communication Technologies, SIFWICT, 2011, p. 2 pages. Y. Ben Hdech, D. Autret, S. Beaumont, and J. Guédon, “TPS dosimetric evaluation using 1540-IAEA Package and Monte-Carlo simulations,” in ESTRO International Oncology Forum, 2011, p. 1. C. Liu, J. Guédon, I. Svalbe, and Y. Amouriq, “Line Mojette ternary reconstructions and ghosts,” in IWCIA, 2011, p. 11. C. Liu and J. Guédon, “The limited material scenes reconstructed by line Mojette algorithms,” in Franco-Chinese conference, 2011, p. 2. J. Dong, L. Su, Y. Zhang, F. Autrusseau, and Y. Zhanbin, “Estimating Illumination Direction of 3D Surface Texture Based on Active Basis and Mojette Transform,” Journal of Electronic Imaging, vol. 21, no. 013023, p. 28 pages, Apr. 2012. D. Pertin, G. D’Ippolito, N. Normand, and B. Parrein, “Spatial Implementation for Erasure Coding by Finite Radon Transform,” in International Symposium on signal, Image, Video and Communication 2012, 2012, pp. 1–4. P. Bléry, Y. Amouriq, J. Guédon, P. Pilet, N. Normand, N. Durand, F. Espitalier, A. Arlicot, O. Malard, and P. Weiss, “Microarchitecture of irradiated bone: comparison with healthy bone,” in SPIE Medical Imaging, 2012, vol. 8317, p. 831719. S. Chandra, I. Svalbe, J. Guedon, A. Kingston, and N. Normand, “Recovering Missing Slices of the Discrete Fourier Transform using Ghosts,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 4431–4441, Jul. 2012. H. Der Sarkissian, Jp. Guédon, P. Tervé, N. Normand and I. Svalbe. (2012)." Evaluation of Discrete Angles Rotation Degradation for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging", EANM Annual Congress 2012. C. Liu and J. Guédon, “Finding all solutions of the 3 materials problem,” in proceedings of SIFWICT, 2013, p. 6. B. Recur, H. Der Sarkissian, Jp. Guédon and I.Svalbe, "Tomosynthèse à l’aide de transformées discrètes", in Proceeding TAIMA 2013 H. Der Sarkissian, B. Recur, N. Normand and Jp. Guédon, "Mojette space Transformations", in proceedings of SWIFCT 2013. B. Recur, H. Der Sarkissian, M. Servières, N.Normand, Jp. Guédon, "Validation of Mojette Reconstruction from Radon Acquisitions" in Proceedings of 2013 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. H. Der Sarkissian, B. Recur, N. Normand, Jp. Guédon. (2013), "Rotations in the Mojette Space" in 2013 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. External links Website of the IVC team of the IRCCyN lab Game on line based on the Mojette transform Official website of ROZOFS company Official website of KEOSYS company Official website of QUALIFORMED company Signal processing
Group 3J Improved Production Cars. Group 3J Improved Production Cars is an Australian motor racing category for modified road cars. The category is defined by Motorsport Australia as being for race vehicles derived from registered production automobiles, with limited modifications to improve performance and reliability. Cars must be mass-produced touring cars, the model of which has been: homologated by the FIA in Group A or commercially available in Australia as a new car through a manufacturer’s dealer network, with at least 200 examples having been registered for road use in Australia or otherwise recognised by MA for Group 3J Modifications to engines, brakes and suspension are permitted and a different engine, from the same manufacturer as the body shell, may be utilised. Cars may be fitted with wheel arch flares, front air dams and rear deck spoilers. Improved Production Cars compete in one of four of engine capacity classes: 0 – 1600 cc 1600 – 2000 cc 2000 – 3000 cc 3000 – 6000 cc The Improved Production Racing Association of Australia (IPRA) is recognised by MA as the sole entity representing competitors in the category. State championships are conducted in every Australian State and the Northern Territory and the Australian Improved Production Nationals are held annually on a state rotational basis. The category was formerly known as 3J Club Cars. The name Group 3J Club Cars was used up to the year 2000, and Group 3J Improved Production Cars from 2001. Australian Improved Production Nationals Note: The title was contested as the Club Car Nationals prior to 2001. References External links [www.ipranationals.com www.ipranationals.com] Motorsport categories in Australia
Makar-class survey catamaran. The Makar-class survey catamarans are a series of six 500 ton steel hull/aluminium superstructure Hydrographic Survey Catamarans being built by Alcock Ashdown (Gujarat) Ltd at its Bhavnagar shipyard for the Indian Navy. The ships are designed by an Australian naval architecture firm Sea Transport Solutions, which is based on Queensland's Gold Coast. The deal was canceled due to the extensive delays as the Navy was not satisfied with the timeline and a fresh award for construction of another class of survey vessels to the GRSE has also been undertaken. Description The ships are intended to undertake coastal hydrographic survey, required for production of nautical charts and publications aimed at improving navigation through waters closer to coasts. The ships are also capable of limited coastal defence role in an emergency, limited search and rescue and limited ocean research. The ships are equipped with standard hydrographic survey equipment such as advanced electronic positioning system, multi-beam swath sounding systems and sub-bottom profiler. The ships also carry two survey motor boats along with Kongsberg Maritime's Hugin 1000 Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) for closer investigations. The catamarans are propelled by four Cummins engines as well as two bow thrusters. The entire propulsion, navigational and power management packages of the vessels are integrated in a L&T supplied single state-of-art integrated platform management system. The ship is also equipped with sophisticated Integrated Bridge System from L&T. The ships have ergonomic accommodation for the six officers and 44 sailors. Construction Alcock Ashdown (Gujarat) Ltd was awarded this contract, worth on 28 December 2006 through open competitive bidding, beating others like Larsen & Toubro, ABG Shipyard and Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers. As per original term of contract, the first vessel was to be delivered by 6 April 2009, while the remaining five vessels were to be delivered within a year from 6 July 2009. This was later rescheduled, the revised delivery period of vessels is from September 2011 to March 2013. The INS Meen is under construction. The remaining four are awaiting administrative clarification. Ships of the class Cancellation of the deal Indian Navy cancelled ₹8000 crore (US$1.1 billion) deal with Alcock Ashdown over 10 year delays in a contract to supply of the six vessels. According to Navy officials only one of the vessels has been delivered and there is no sign or any timeline for the other 5 ships. Further, the Ministry of Defence has awarded another contract for the construction of four Survey Vessels for Indian Navy to Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE) Limited, Kolkata after it became the L1 bidder in the competitive bidding. These ships have a displacement of 3,300 tonnes. Therefore, these ships are likely to be more advanced and outperform the Makar Class which has a displacement of only 500 tonnes. So, this further reduces the chances of the completion of the deal and hence the Makar class will consist of only 1 ship. See also L&T fast interceptor craft Solas Marine Fast Interceptor Boat ABG Interceptor Class fast attack crafts Couach fast interceptor boats GSL/GRSE series of Interceptor Boats Cochin Fast Patrol Vessels ABG Class Cadet Training Ship GSL class offshore patrol vessel References External links In pictures: Made in Gujarat,first hydrographic survey vessel ‘Makar’ supplied to Navy Official website Ships built in India Auxiliary research ship classes Military catamarans
Bolton Corporation Tramways. Bolton Corporation Tramways operated a tramway service in Bolton between 1899 and 1947. History The Corporation took over the Bolton Horse Tramways and the tramway assets of Edmund Holden and Company in June 1899, and undertook a programme of modernisation and electrification. The first electric services ran on routes to Great Lever, Toothill Bridge and Tonge Moor 9 December 1899. On 2 January 1900 electric services started on routes to Halliwell, Dunscar, Moses Gate, Daubhill, Deane, Lostock and Doffcocker. The depot was located on Shifnall Street at . Extensions took place as follows: 13 April 1900 - Moses Gate route was extended to Farnworth (Black Horse), the Lostock route to Horwich and the Deane route to Hulton Lane. 19 May 1900 - Lee Lane section in Horwich 21 December 1900 - Deane route extended to Chip Hill Road. 19 July 1904- Daubhill service extended to Four Lane Ends. 18 March 1905 - Toothill Bridge line extended to Breightmet 6 May 1910 - the Darcy Lever tramway 4 May 1911 - Brownlow Fold section 8 June 1923 - Chorley Old Road service extended from Doffcocker to Montserrat 26 October 1923 - Swan Lane extension. 11 April 1924 – Brownlow Fold route extension from Elgin Street to Church Road 19 December 1924 Deane service extended to Westhoughton. Fleet 1-40 Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works 1899 41-49 Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works 1900 50-59 Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works 1901 60-81 Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works 1902 82-86 Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works 1903 87-96 Brush Electrical Engineering Company 1906 97-103 Brush Electrical Engineering Company 1910 104-106 United Electric Car Company 1911 107-112 United Electric Car Company 1912 113-120 English Electric 1919 121-130 English Electric 1923 131-138 Brush Electrical Engineering Company 1906 (second hand from Sunderland Corporation Tramways) Closure The final tram service operated on 29 March 1947. Car 66 survives and is preserved on the Blackpool Tramway. References External links Bolton Corporation Tramways at the British Tramway Company Badges and Buttons website. Tram transport in England History of Bolton Transport in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton Historic transport in Lancashire
Benson's algorithm. Benson's algorithm, named after Harold Benson, is a method for solving multi-objective linear programming problems and vector linear programs. This works by finding the "efficient extreme points in the outcome set". The primary concept in Benson's algorithm is to evaluate the upper image of the vector optimization problem by cutting planes. Idea of algorithm Consider a vector linear program for , , and a polyhedral convex ordering cone having nonempty interior and containing no lines. The feasible set is . In particular, Benson's algorithm finds the extreme points of the set , which is called upper image. In case of , one obtains the special case of a multi-objective linear program (multiobjective optimization). Dual algorithm There is a dual variant of Benson's algorithm, which is based on geometric duality for multi-objective linear programs. Implementations Bensolve - a free VLP solver www.bensolve.org Inner Link to github References Linear programming Optimization algorithms and methods
Hartlepool Electric Tramways. The Hartlepool Electric Tramways operated a tramway service in Hartlepool, County Durham, England, between 1899 and 1927. History The Hartlepool Electric Tramways Company was a subsidiary of British Electric Traction. In January 1899 it purchased the assets of the Hartlepools Steam Tramways Company, which had been owned by the General Electric Tramways Company since 1895. The Hartlepool Electric Tramways Order of 1895 gave the General Electric Tramways Company power to acquire the assets of the Hartlepools Steam Tramways Company and modernise and electrify the system. Electric services began on 19 May 1896. Five electric tramcars were obtained from G.F. Milnes & Co. based in a new depot on Cleveland Road at Greenland. Meanwhile, the Hartlepool Electric Tramways Company, a subsidiary of British Electric Traction, constructed the remaining sections. In January 1899 it gained control of the whole system and on 10 March 1899, Clarence Road to Foggy Furze, and a branch from Stockton Street to Ward Jackson Park opened with five tramcars from Brush Electrical Engineering Company. An extension from Church Street to Seaton Carew, via Seaton Road, opened on 28 March 1902. On 31 August 1912, West Hartlepool Corporation purchased the tramway within its boundaries. In 1925 the section within Hartlepool was bought by Hartlepool Corporation and leased back to the company. Closure The system was closed on 25 March 1927. References Tram transport in England Transport in the Borough of Hartlepool History of Hartlepool 3 ft 6 in gauge railways in England
Farrier Marine. Farrier Marine is a catamaran and trimaran manufacturer based in Christchurch, New Zealand. The sailing boats produced by this shipyard are designed by Ian Farrier (1947-2017), and have a unique patented folding system without hinges in the beams or the critical beam to float join, allowing overall beam to be varied in seconds by just one person. History After gaining hands-on experience from building and sailing his own sailboats, Ian Farrier designed a trimaran folding system and applied in 1973 for a patent that was granted in 1975 as the Farrier Folding System. In 1974, the original prototype was built and launched by Farrier in Australia, followed in 1976 by the first Trailertri 18, and in 1980 by the first production fiberglass Farrier trimaran, the 'Tramp', that was named Australian Boat of the Year in 1981. In 1984, Ian Farrier funded by Corsair Marine in the US and started designing and building the F-27 trimaran Super Fox which set a race record in her first official event - the Two Man Around Catalina Race, a feat she repeated on 1986. In 1989, The F-27 CORSAIR won the multihull division of the Newport - Ensenada Race. For the first time in history the Nippon Ocean Racing Club recognised the F-27 as an official class in 1990, and during the same year the F-27 AQUA TEC won the Australian Multihull Offshore Championships (AMOC). F-27s were also the first multihulls invited to compete in the National Offshore One Design Regatta (N.O.O.D.). In 1991, Ian Farrier decided to leave the management of Corsair Marine to focus on new designs, but continued under a licencing agreement. Shortly thereafter the F-9A design was launched by Farrier Marine, together with the F-31 (production version of F-9A), that in 1992 was named Australian Sailboat of the Year. They were followed by the F-25C, the F-31, and the Corsair F-28, judged as Sailing World's 1998 Performance Multihull Sailboat of the Year. In 2001, Ian Farrier decided to part from Corsair Marine, stating that Farrier Marine had provided Corsair with all its production guides in the past, while regularly monitoring construction, quality and specification compliance, all of which took considerable time. After the separation, more time could be devoted to providing a larger range of both lower cost and more technically advanced designs, such as the F-22, F-32, F-33, F-39, F-41 and F-44SC. After abandoning Corsair Marine, Farrier announced a plan version of the F-33 production model named the F-32. In 2003, the F-33 was launched in Australia. In September 2007, the first F-39 was launched, followed in May 2008 by the first F-22, in July 2009 by the release of the F-32SR design and in November 2010 by the F-85SR design. December 2010 marked the first F-22 production float hull made and on 2011 the F-22 production version was released. However, after the 2011 Christchurch earthquake work on the new projects slowed a little, although the shipyard didn't suffer real casualties, apart from some damage at the moldmaker's factory, on the wall and floor. Product line Current Farrier Marine's current product line is composed of the following models: Trimarans F-22 and F-22R (2013) The following may continue to be built, but are not built by Farrier Marine itself. F-32 (2007) and F-32SR (2009) - "home builders version of the F-33 [replacing] the F-9 design series" F-33 (2003) - "production design intended to be a maxi trailerable sport cruiser, while still being manageable single-handed" F-36 (before 1996)- "A true ocean going cruiser, and demountable for transporting on a trailer (but not folding)". F-39 (2007) - "Another new design that folds for marina docking - based on the F-36 - available only to experienced builders" F-82A and F-82R - replaced the F-25A and F-25C, with many improvements and updated features. Can be built in all carbon epoxy, the same as the F-25C, but faster. F-85SR (2010) Catamarans F-45 - Redesigned version of the F-44SC, with improved body and curved foils, in late-stage development as of 2016. F-45R - Racing variant of the F-45, with larger sails and carbon-fiber body, in late-stage development as of 2016. Former Note that these former models were designed by Ian Farrier earlier in his career but may not have been produced by Farrier Marine. Trimarans Command 10 (1983) Trailertri 18 (1976) Trailertri 680 (1977) Tramp (TRAMP) (1980) - Australian Boat of the Year, 1981. "The first production Farrier design (19' 6" long), originally built by Haines Hunter in Australia in 1980. An open cockpit day sailer, it was also built in the US for a while where it was known as the 'Eagle'. Now discontinued but sometimes available on the used boat market." Trailertri 720 (1983) F-9 (F-9A, F-9R, F-9AX) (1991) which evolved to the F-31, whose plans were subsequently frequently updated then sold in 2000 to Corsair Marine, where design changes were applied to produce the Corsair 31. Farrier F-24 (1992) Farrier F-24 Mk II (1994) - Sailing World'''s 1996 Performance Multihull of the Year. F-25A (1993) - "An earlier design for amateur builders [...] replaced by the F-82A & F-82R". F-25C (1995) - discontinued high performance carbon/epoxy kit boat, partly replaced by F-82R. F-31R (1996) F-27 (1985) - American Sailboat Hall of Fame. "The second production Farrier design (450 built) and then superseded by the F-28." F-28 (1997) - Sailing World'''s 1998 'Performance Multihull Sailboat of the Year'. Upgrade of the F-27 "using the same float, beam, and main hull molds, but with a number of key improvements in rig and structure". Catamarans F-41 (2002) - Ian Farrier's first catamaran design, a "French style luxury cruiser catamaran". Marketed as "A new ocean going catamaran design for amateur builders", it is no longer current as the design has since evolved to the F-44 production boats. F-44R - "A very high performance version of the F-41", "the racing version of the Farrier F-41, with more waterline length, a taller rig, and a lower profile cabin for less windage and weight". F-44SC - The 'super cruiser' version of the F-44 with extra internal room. Built by Multihulls Direct, under license. See also List of multihulls References External links Farrier Marine
Field effect (semiconductor). In physics, the field effect refers to the modulation of the electrical conductivity of a material by the application of an external electric field. In a metal, the electron density that responds to applied fields is so large that an external electric field can penetrate only a very short distance into the material. However, in a semiconductor the lower density of electrons (and possibly holes) that can respond to an applied field is sufficiently small that the field can penetrate quite far into the material. This field penetration alters the conductivity of the semiconductor near its surface, and is called the field effect. The field effect underlies the operation of the Schottky diode and of field-effect transistors, notably the MOSFET, the JFET and the MESFET. Surface conductance and band bending The change in surface conductance occurs because the applied field alters the energy levels available to electrons to considerable depths from the surface, and that in turn changes the occupancy of the energy levels in the surface region. A typical treatment of such effects is based upon a band-bending diagram showing the positions in energy of the band edges as a function of depth into the material. An example band-bending diagram is shown in the figure. For convenience, energy is expressed in eV and voltage is expressed in volts, avoiding the need for a factor q for the elementary charge. In the figure, a two-layer structure is shown, consisting of an insulator as left-hand layer and a semiconductor as right-hand layer. An example of such a structure is the MOS capacitor, a two-terminal structure made up of a metal gate contact, a semiconductor body (such as silicon) with a body contact, and an intervening insulating layer (such as silicon dioxide, hence the designation O). The left panels show the lowest energy level of the conduction band and the highest energy level of the valence band. These levels are "bent" by the application of a positive voltage V. By convention, the energy of electrons is shown, so a positive voltage penetrating the surface lowers the conduction edge. A dashed line depicts the occupancy situation: below this Fermi level the states are more likely to be occupied, the conduction band moves closer to the Fermi level, indicating more electrons are in the conducting band near the insulator. Bulk region The example in the figure shows the Fermi level in the bulk material beyond the range of the applied field as lying close to the valence band edge. This position for the occupancy level is arranged by introducing impurities into the semiconductor. In this case the impurities are so-called acceptors which soak up electrons from the valence band becoming negatively charged, immobile ions embedded in the semiconductor material. The removed electrons are drawn from the valence band levels, leaving vacancies or holes in the valence band. Charge neutrality prevails in the field-free region because a negative acceptor ion creates a positive deficiency in the host material: a hole is the absence of an electron, it behaves like a positive charge. Where no field is present, neutrality is achieved because the negative acceptor ions exactly balance the positive holes. Surface region Next the band bending is described. A positive charge is placed on the left face of the insulator (for example using a metal "gate" electrode). In the insulator there are no charges so the electric field is constant, leading to a linear change of voltage in this material. As a result, the insulator conduction and valence bands are therefore straight lines in the figure, separated by the large insulator energy gap. In the semiconductor at the smaller voltage shown in the top panel, the positive charge placed on the left face of the insulator lowers the energy of the valence band edge. Consequently, these states are fully occupied out to a so-called depletion depth where the bulk occupancy reestablishes itself because the field cannot penetrate further. Because the valence band levels near the surface are fully occupied due to the lowering of these levels, only the immobile negative acceptor-ion charges are present near the surface, which becomes an electrically insulating region without holes (the depletion layer). Thus, field penetration is arrested when the exposed negative acceptor ion charge balances the positive charge placed on the insulator surface: the depletion layer adjusts its depth enough to make the net negative acceptor ion charge balance the positive charge on the gate. Inversion The conduction band edge also is lowered, increasing electron occupancy of these states, but at low voltages this increase is not significant. At larger applied voltages, however, as in the bottom panel, the conduction band edge is lowered sufficiently to cause significant population of these levels in a narrow surface layer, called an inversion layer because the electrons are opposite in polarity to the holes originally populating the semiconductor. This onset of electron charge in the inversion layer becomes very significant at an applied threshold voltage, and once the applied voltage exceeds this value charge neutrality is achieved almost entirely by addition of electrons to the inversion layer rather than by an increase in acceptor ion charge by expansion of the depletion layer. Further field penetration into the semiconductor is arrested at this point, as the electron density increases exponentially with band-bending beyond the threshold voltage, effectively pinning the depletion layer depth at its value at threshold voltages. References Semiconductors Semiconductor technology Semiconductor structures Electronic band structures Physical phenomena MOSFETs
John Penn and Sons. John Penn and Sons was an English engineering company based in London, and mainly known for its marine steam engines. History Establishment In 1799, engineer and millwright John Penn (born in Taunton, Somerset, 1770; died 6 June 1843) started an agricultural engineering business on the site at the junction of Blackheath and Lewisham Roads (close to modern-day Deptford Bridge) in south-east London. It grew in two decades to be one of the major engineering works in the London area. The focus of the firm remained in agriculture until the 1830s and 1840s, when Penn's son, also John Penn, took over the company and it began to specialise in building marine steam engines. Marine steam Penn Jr was an inventor of engines. One of the earliest engines he produced was the grasshopper beam engine, a six horsepower version being the first steam engine to power the machinery at the works. He shifted the focus of the works to marine engines. His 40-horsepower beam engines were fitted in the paddle steamers 'Ipswich' and 'Suffolk', and it is likely these were the first marine engines to be designed and built by Penn. He then focussed on improving the oscillating engine from the version patented by Aaron Manby in 1821. In 1844 he replaced the engines of the Admiralty yacht, HMS Black Eagle with oscillating engines of double the power, without increasing either the weight or space occupied, an achievement which broke the naval supply dominance of Boulton & Watt and Maudslay, Son & Field. His enhanced reputation due to this notable advancement was further augmented by Penn's introduction of trunk engines for driving screw propellers in vessels of war. HMS Encounter (1846) and HMS Arrogant (1848) were the first ships to be fitted with such engines and such was their efficacy that by the time of Penn's death in 1878, the engines had been fitted in 230 ships. Initially, ships were adapted to incorporate these engines, but in 1851, the Navy ordered its first ship specifically designed as a steam-screw auxiliary, HMS Agamemnon. These advancements were coupled with a reputation for quality and reliability and this led to Penn becoming the major engine supplier to the Royal Navy as it made the transition from sail to steam. Penn was also responsible for introducing wood bearings for screw-propeller shafts which became vital to the worldwide use of steam-powered ships. This development of the lignum vitae stern bearing which enabled screw propeller ships to make oceanic voyages without wearing out their stern glands came in collaboration with Francis Pettit Smith. Other notable associations include his work on the application of superheated steam in marine engines. Penn also produced the trunk engine for HMS Warrior and during construction was requested to develop an engine design for the RN gunboats being readied for the Crimean War. Penn chose his trunk engine design and subsequently produced 90 sets of what were the first mass-produced, high-pressure and high-revolution marine engines. At the Admiralty's insistence, they also used the Whitworth measurement standards throughout; Penn was a great friend of Joseph Whitworth, and employed the precision instruments and tools developed by him. The association with Whitworth was important in the development of mass-produced marine engines, as is clear from the obituary to Whitworth from The Times of 24 January 1887: The Crimean War began, and Sir Charles Napier demanded of the Admiralty 120 gunboats, each with engines of 60 horsepower, for the campaign of 1855 in the Baltic. There were just ninety days in which to meet this requisition, and, short as the time was, the building of the gunboats presented no difficulty. It was otherwise however with the engines, and the Admiralty were in despair. Suddenly, by a flash of the mechanical genius which was inherent in him, the late Mr John Penn solved the difficulty, and solved it quite easily. He had a pair of engines on hand of the exact size. He took them to pieces and he distributed the parts among the best machine shops in the country, telling each to make ninety sets exactly in all respects to the sample. The orders were executed with unfailing regularity, and he actually completed ninety sets of engines of 60 horsepower in ninety days – a feat which made the great Continental Powers stare with wonder, and which was possible only because the Whitworth standards of measurement and of accuracy and finish were by that time thoroughly recognised and established throughout the country. The engine recovered from the wreck of the SS Xantho is of the gunboat type. Built (or assembled) in 1861, it is the only known example, and in being recovered intact was found to have all its fittings and fixtures attached including Penn's nameplate. It is on display at the Western Australian Museum. John Penn's firm was a major employer in the Greenwich area with 1800 employed at its Greenwich and Deptford works at its peak. John Penn and Sons was considered the best-equipped marine engineering works and Penn a model employer. He recognised the value of skilled employees through pensions and awarded Christmas gifts. His works also provided the education for a whole generation of marine engineers. Amalgamation It was amalgamated with the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company in 1899 under the name of Thames Iron Works, Shipbuilding and Engineering Company. The combined company failed in 1912. References External links Chronology of the company. Defunct shipbuilding companies of the United Kingdom Defunct companies based in London 1799 establishments in England British companies established in 1799 1899 disestablishments Engineering companies of England
Humphrys, Tennant and Dykes. Humphrys, Tennant and Dykes (later named Humphrys, Tennant and Co.) was a British engineering company based in Deptford, London, England. History The company was founded in 1852 by Edward Humphrys, formerly chief engineer of Woolwich Dockyard, where Dykes was also employed in the steam factory. In 1882 the name was changed to Humphrys, Tennant and Co. of Deptford Pier, London. It specialised in building large marine steam engines and boilers, including those for the Navy's fast cruisers and iron-clad battleships. The 50 years of production started in the early days of screw-propellers (as opposed to paddle wheels) and spanned great changes in the available pressure from boilers and the resulting power of the engines, as well as in the construction and form of ships. Their main competitors were Maudslay, Sons and Field and John Penn and Sons. The works at Deptford Pier was closed in 1907. Early installations One of the early records of a Humphrys, Tennant and Dykes steam engine was the conversion of the Russian ship of the line Konstantin to steam power between 1852 and 1854. The engine was rated at 450 nominal horsepower, and drove a single screw propeller. This early engine must have performed well, for when the Konstantin was retired in 1864 the engine was refurbished and installed in the Russian ironclad Ne Tron Menia, and its from the sea trials of this vessel in 1865 that we know the engine produced 1200 indicated horsepower (ihp). Fitted with new boilers in 1877, the sea trials showed the power improved to 1700 ihp. The layout and type of the Konstantin engine was probably similar to the pair of direct-acting engines displayed at the 1862 International Exhibition, reputedly intended for HMS North Star. These were twin-cylinder non-compound horizontal engines with 64 inch cylinders and just 32 inches of stroke, allowing relatively short connecting rods. The crankshaft, of 13.5 inches diameter, was supported in 3 main bearings, each 25 inches long, on a single cast bedplate. Condenser air pumps were provided on the opposite side from the cylinders. Although rated as 400 nominal horsepower, with 24 psi steam (reflecting the very low marine boiler pressures typical at that time) the engine had shown 1834 ihp. Another early installation was in HMS Beagle (1854) (and possibly the other 5 Arrow-class gunvessels). The Beagle had a single screw propeller driven by a horizontal twin-cylinder expansion engine rated at 160 nhp. Woolf expansion engines exhibited in 1862 At the 1862 International Exhibition Humphrys, Tennant and Dykes showed details of the 4-cylinder expansion engines for the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company's ship Mooltan. The cylinders were steam jacketed and arranged in pairs using the Woolf compound system, with the smaller (43 inch diameter) cylinder being above the larger one (of 96 inch diameter). The 4 cylinders drove a single screw propeller 16 feet in diameter. The same type of engine was also fitted to the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation ship SS Carnatic, on which it had recorded 2442 indicated horsepower. Even though these engines were operated with only 20–25 psi steam pressure, the compound system was claimed to give significant benefits in economy. Horizontal twin-cylinder compound steam engines This form of engine was supplied to the Navy's Fantome-class sloops (with the exception of HMS Daring) during 1873–1874. A single engine drove an 11-foot screw propeller and provided about 1000 indicated horsepower with a steam pressure of 60 psi. Three-cylinder single-expansion engines In the late 1870s an extra cylinder was added for the Cornus-class corvettes HMS Curacoa (1878), HMS Cleopatra (1878) and HMS Conquest (1878), in which a high-pressure cylinder of 46 inches was flanked by two low-pressure cylinders of 64 inches. The engines produced about 2500 indicated horsepower. Triple-expansion vertical steam engines Triple-expansion engines operating at up to 60 psi were fitted to HMS Dreadnought (1875), the high-pressure cylinders were 60-inch diameter and the low-pressure 90-inch diameter. Triple-expansion engines were also fitted to the battleship HMS Victoria (1887), with cylinders of 43, 62 and 96 inches producing 12,000 ihp. Higher-pressure engines were fitted to the ironclads HMS Renown (1895), HMS Sans Pareil (1887), and HMS Trafalgar (1887). Each ship had two engines, with each driving a 16.5-foot-diameter propeller. Each engine was rated at 6000 indicated horsepower at 95 rpm. Humphrys, Tennant and Co. also designed the boilers, each ship having a total of 8 boilers of 15-foot diameter with optional forced draft providing steam at 135 psi. HMS Blenheim (1890) was fitted with four triple-expansion engines giving her 20,000 indicated horsepower and a top speed of 22 knots. The forward engines could be disconnected to increase her range. Power plants were also provided for vessels built for the overseas market, such as the Shikishima which was completed in 1899, with its sea trials indicating 15,000 horsepower from her twin triple-expansion engines. Other Fuji-class battleships also used engines and boilers supplied by Humphrys Tenant & Co. Triple-expansion engines of 11,200 i.h.p. were also provided to the Russian battleship Poltava (1894) and her sister ship the Petropavlovsk (1894). Horizontal triple-expansion steam engines for fast twin-screw cruisers These horizontal triple-expansion steam engines were in pairs, with each pair rated at 6000 indicated horsepower. The details of these engines reported by D. K. Clark do not reveal to which ships they were fitted. Four-cylinder triple-expansion engines A prestigious contract for Humphrys, Tennant and Co. was the power plant for the 1899 Royal Yacht Victoria and Albert (see image). The two engines were capable of 7500 indicated horsepower continuously, and 11,000 indicated horsepower for short periods at a maximum of 140 rpm. The engines had high- and intermediate-pressure cylinders located between double low-pressure cylinders. The cylinder diameters were 26.5 in, 44.5 in and 2x53 in, all with a 39 in stroke. There was both steam and hand reversing gear operating via Stephenson link motion. The high- and intermediate-pressure cylinders used piston valves, whereas the low-pressure cylinders used slide valves. Each engine had twin condensers arranged so that either could be taken out of service for repair without stopping the engines, and each engine had two air pumps driven off the low-pressure connecting rods. Eighteen Belleville boilers provided steam at up to 300 psi, though this was dropped to 250 psi at the engines by reducing valves. This engine layout with triple expansion via four cylinders was clearly successful and was fitted into a range of ships, including the four Drake-class cruisers of 1901, which with 43 Belleville boilers produced 30,000 ihp and 23 knots. Four-cylinder triple-expansion engines were also fitted in HMS Carnarvon, built on the Clyde. In her trials in early 1905, she achieved a full-power run of 8 hours duration at 23.3 knots, a full knot above her design speed. References External links Chronology of the company. Defunct shipbuilding companies of the United Kingdom Manufacturing companies based in London
UrFU, Institute of Physics and Technology. Institute of Physics and Technology (IPT) is one of leading institutions of Ural Federal University. IPT was transformed from Physical Engineering faculty of USTU-UPI during merging USTU-UPI and USU. The institute trains specialists in the following fields: physico-chemical, physical engineering, IT, social and humanitarian, quality management of innovative products and technologies. IPT also known as "UPI's Phystech"(). History The Physical Engineering faculty of USTU-UPI was established May 27, 1949 in order to prepare personnel for the nuclear industry. Originally known as Engineering Physics Faculty, it was renamed to the Physical Engineering faculty in autumn of 1949. The first graduates (students transferred from the Power Engineering Faculty in 1949) in December 1950. 1953 - a dormitory faculty was built (10th student housing) 1956 - its own faculty building (5th academic building). For 60 years Phystech produced more than 12,000 engineers, some of whom are directors of nuclear power plants and research institutions, university presidents, members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Russian Academy of Sciences, academicians. Deans of the faculty Krylov Evgenii Ivanovich (1949–1956) Vlasov Vasily Grigorievich (1956–1958) Derjaguin Pavel Ilyich (1958–1960) Raspopin Sergei Pavlovich (1960–1962) Skripov Vladimir Pavlovich (1962–1964) Dmitriev, Ivan Aleksandrovich (1964–1970) Suetin Parigory Evstafievich (1970–1976) Egorov Yuri Vyacheslavovich (1976–1986) Beketov Askold Rafailovich (1986–2004) Rychkov Vladimir Nikolayevich (dean since 2004, director 2011-2019) Ivanov Vladimir Yurievich (2020-) Departments Physical and Chemical Methods of Analysis Radio Chemistry and Applied Ecology Technical Physics Theoretical Physics and Applied Mathematics Experimental Physics Physical Methods and Devices for Quality Control Rare Metals and Nanomaterials Innovative Technologies Electrophysics Informatics & Computer Engineering Foreign Languages Public Safety Intellectual Property Management See also Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT) References Ural Federal University
Six Chuter SR1. The Six Chuter SR1 is an American powered parachute that was designed and produced by Six Chuter of Yakima, Washington. Design and development The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . It features a parachute-style high-wing, single-place accommodation, tricycle landing gear and a single Rotax 503 engine in pusher configuration. The Rotax 582 engine was a factory option. The aircraft is built from a combination of aluminium and 4130 steel tubing. In flight steering is accomplished via foot pedals that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw. On the ground the aircraft has lever-controlled nosewheel steering. The aircraft was factory supplied in the form of an assembly kit that requires 40 hours to complete. Specifications (SR1) References SR1 1990s United States ultralight aircraft Single-engined pusher aircraft Powered parachutes
Six Chuter SR7. The Six Chuter SR7 is an American powered parachute that was designed and produced by Six Chuter of Yakima, Washington, introduced in 1997. Design and development The SR7's design goals included that it be capable of carrying large-sized pilots and passengers. The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules as a two-seat ultralight trainer or as an amateur built. It features a parachute-style high-wing, two-seats-in-tandem, tricycle landing gear and a single Rotax 582 engine in pusher configuration. The SR7 is built from a combination of aluminium and 4130 steel tubing. In flight steering is accomplished via foot pedals that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw. On the ground the aircraft has lever-controlled nosewheel steering. The SR7 model was factory supplied in the form of an assembly kit that requires 40 hours to complete. Variants SR7 Base model with the Rotax 582 engine. SR7XL Upgraded model with SR7 options included as standard. Power Hawk Similar to the SR7, but came fully assembled. Discovery Based on the SR7, but with a fiberglass enclosure. Provided fully assembled. Specifications (XR7XL) References SR7 1990s United States ultralight aircraft Single-engined pusher aircraft Powered parachutes
Crinkle crankle wall. A crinkle crankle wall, also known as a crinkum crankum, sinusoidal, serpentine, ribbon or wavy wall, is an unusual type of structural or garden wall built in a serpentine shape with alternating curves, originally used in Ancient Egypt, but also typically found in Suffolk in England. The sinusoidal curves in the wall provide stability and help it to resist lateral forces, leading to greater strength than a straight wall of the same thickness of bricks without the need for buttresses. The phrase "crinkle crankle" is an ablaut reduplication, defined as something with bends and turns, first attested in 1598 (though "crinkle" and "crankle" have somewhat longer histories). History Sinusoidal walls featured extensively in the architecture of Egyptian city of Aten, thought to date from the period of Amenhotep III, some 3,400 years ago (1386–1353 BCE). Other examples exist at Tel el-Retaba and Thebes. As a minor part of a larger system of fortification, such a wall may have been used to force oncoming troops to break ranks from closed to open ranks, and further expose them to defensive assault. Many crinkle crankle walls are found in East Anglia, England, where the marshes of The Fens were drained by Dutch engineers starting in the mid-1600s. The construction of these walls has been attributed to these engineers, who called them slangenmuur (nl), meaning snake wall. The county of Suffolk claims at least 100 examples, twice as many as in the whole of the rest of the country. The crinkle crankle wall running from the former manor house to All Saints' Church in the estate village of Easton is believed to be the longest existing example in England. The term "crinkle crankle" began to be applied to wavy walls in the 18th century, and is said to derive from a Suffolk dialect. At that time these garden walls were usually aligned east-west, so that one side faced south to catch the warming sun. They were used for growing fruit. In Lymington, Hampshire, there are at least two examples of crinkle crankle walls. The older of the two is thought to have been constructed at the time of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) by exiled Hanoverian soldiers living in the adjacent house. Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) incorporated serpentine walls into the architecture of the University of Virginia, which he founded in 1819. Flanking both sides of its landmark rotunda and extending down the length of the lawn are ten pavilions, each with its own walled garden separated by crinkle crankle walls. Although some authorities claim that Jefferson invented this design, he was merely adapting a well-established English style of construction. A university document in his own hand shows how he calculated the savings and combined aesthetics with utility. Material saving A crinkle crankle wall offers material-saving advantages when compared to a straight wall. This is primarily due to its ability to maintain structural integrity while being thinner, especially against horizontal forces like wind. The mathematical basis for this material efficiency involves the calculation of the wall's arc length. Modeled after a sine wave, the length of a crinkle crankle wall is given by the integral , where is the amplitude of the sine wave. For , this integral results in approximately 7.6404, indicating that the crinkle crankle wall is about 22% longer than a straight wall covering the same linear distance but can be thinner. Locations Usually snake-shaped walls were built in orchards from east to west to retain heat from the sun, creating a suitable climate for fruit trees. A 120 m long snake wall can be found at Zuylen Castle in Maarsen, the Netherlands, which was built during the transformation of the formal garden by Jan David Zocher in 1841. The church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, Italy, designed by Francesco Borromini and built towards the end of his life in 1588–1593, has a sinuous façade. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Baker House dormitory (1949) has a snake-like shape. There are crinkle crangle walls in Virginia, including at the University of Virginia, the Cavalier Hotel in Virginia Beach and at Colonial Williamsburg. There is a crinkle candle wall, which runs between Harvey Lane and Eden Close, Norwich. References External links Types of wall Corrugation Brick buildings and structures Architecture in England Ancient Egyptian architecture
Six Chuter. Six Chuter is an American aircraft manufacturer, originally based in Yakima, Washington and founded in 1991. The company specializes in the design and production of powered parachutes. The company was founded as Six Chuter Inc by Dan Bailey. In 2010 the company was purchased, the name changed to Six Chuter International LLC and relocated to Pangborn Memorial Airport, East Wenatchee, Washington. In 2019 Six Chuter International was purchased from Tom Connley by Stacey and Anita Eaton. The company was relocated to Toquerville, Utah. Aircraft References External links Aircraft manufacturers of the United States Powered parachutes Manufacturing companies established in 1991 1991 establishments in Washington (state) Manufacturing companies based in Utah 2019 mergers and acquisitions
Robert Hails. Robert E. Hails (January 20, 1923 – March 16, 2012) was an American military officer who served as the vice commander of Tactical Air Command, Air Force deputy chief of staff for systems and logistics at the Pentagon, and commander of the Warner Robins Air Logistics Center. He flew a B-24 during the Pacific Theater of World War II and later was one of the few to fly the SR-71 Blackbird. As the Director of Maintenance Engineering, Air Force Logistics Command, he was responsible for engineering and developing pilotless reconnaissance aircraft used during the Vietnam War. Hails became a member of the Alabama Engineering Hall of Fame and the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame and later worked for McDonnell Douglas and Vought Corporation. He died in 2012. References 1923 births 2012 deaths United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II United States Air Force generals
Fire Shadow. Fire Shadow is a loitering munition designed by MBDA for the British Army. It is designed to loiter above the battlefield for up to 6 hours before attacking stationary or mobile targets. The cost of Phase 1 of the programme, including concept, assessment, demonstration and initial manufacture, was forecast at around £200 million in 2011. Design Fire Shadow weighs less than 200 kg and is relatively cheap. It is surface-launched and has a range of approximately 100 km; it can fly to a target area and then loiter for approximately six hours before precision attack on a specific target. Test launches have been performed from a trailer on land. A Royal Navy brochure released in January 2009 revealed that Fire Shadow was compatible with the space envelope of the SYLVER vertical launch system of the Type 45 destroyer but this option has not been mentioned since the Strategic Defence and Security Review of 2010. MBDA have pursued Maritime Fire Shadow as a private venture, with no customers as yet. Their marketing materials at DSEi in September 2011 showed what appeared to be a similar launcher to that used on land, lashed to the helicopter deck of a frigate or helicopter carrier. Progress and cancellation The first complete test firing (a test of flight, navigation and control systems) took place on 21 November 2010 at Vidsel, Sweden, followed by a second on 13 May 2011. Operator training started in 2011, with the first deliveries of production systems in March 2012. It was planned that 39th Regiment Royal Artillery would be the first unit to receive the system and would deploy it operationally in Afghanistan by 2012. This plan, however, never materialised. In 2013, the National Audit Office (NAO) reported in its 2013 Major Projects Report that after spending £207 million, the Ministry of Defence had yet to decide on a future for the project. However, Fire Shadow was listed in the National Audit Office's 2014 Major Projects Report as being among the eleven largest equipment projects where the Ministry of Defence has taken the main decision to invest. After a period in 'limbo' Fire Shadow was cancelled in the UK's 2017-2018 defence budget. References Guided missiles Post–Cold War missiles of the United Kingdom Loitering munition
Landauer formula. In mesoscopic physics, the Landauer formula—named after Rolf Landauer, who first suggested its prototype in 1957—is a formula relating the electrical resistance of a quantum conductor to the scattering properties of the conductor. It is the equivalent of Ohm's law for mesoscopic circuits with spatial dimensions in the order of or smaller than the phase coherence length of charge carriers (electrons and holes). In metals, the phase coherence length is of the order of the micrometre for temperatures less than . Description In the simplest case where the system only has two terminals, and the scattering matrix of the conductor does not depend on energy, the formula reads where is the electrical conductance, is the conductance quantum, are the transmission eigenvalues of the channels, and the sum runs over all transport channels in the conductor. This formula is very simple and physically sensible: The conductance of a nanoscale conductor is given by the sum of all the transmission possibilities that an electron has when propagating with an energy equal to the chemical potential, . Multiple terminals A generalization of the Landauer formula for multiple terminals is the Landauer–Büttiker formula, proposed by . If terminal has voltage (that is, its chemical potential is and differs from terminal chemical potential), and is the sum of transmission probabilities from terminal to terminal (note that may or may not equal depending on the presence of a magnetic field), the net current leaving terminal is In the case of a system with two terminals, the contact resistivity symmetry yields and the generalized formula can be rewritten as which leads us to which implies that the scattering matrix of a system with two terminals is always symmetrical, even with the presence of a magnetic field. The reversal of the magnetic field will only change the propagation direction of the edge states, without affecting the transmission probability. Example As an example, in a three contact system, the net current leaving the contact 1 can be written as Which is the carriers leaving contact 1 with a potential from which we subtract the carriers from contacts 2 and 3 with potentials and respectively, going into contact 1. In the absence of an applied magnetic field, the generalized equation would be the result of applying Kirchhoff's law to a system of conductance . However, in the presence of a magnetic field, the time reversal symmetry would be broken and therefore, . In the presence of more than two terminals in the system, the two terminals symmetry is broken. In the earlier given example, . This is due to the fact that the terminals "recycle" the incoming electrons, for which the phase coherence is lost when another electron is emitted towards terminal 1. However, since the carriers are moving through edge states, one can see that even with the presence of a third terminal. This is due to the fact that under magnetic field inversion, the edge states simply change their propagation orientation. This is especially true if terminal 3 is taken as a perfect potential probe. See also Ballistic conduction Meir–Wingreen formula Shot noise Near-field radiative heat transfer References Mesoscopic physics Quantum mechanics Nanoelectronics
Flight computer. A flight computer is a form of slide rule used in aviation and one of a very few analog computers in widespread use in the 21st century. Sometimes it is called by the make or model name like E6B, CR, CRP-5 or in German, as the Dreieckrechner. They are mostly used in flight training, but many professional pilots still carry and use flight computers. They are used during flight planning (on the ground before takeoff) to aid in calculating fuel burn, wind correction, time en route, and other items. In the air, the flight computer can be used to calculate ground speed, estimated fuel burn and updated estimated time of arrival. The back is designed for wind correction calculations, i.e., determining how much the wind is affecting one's speed and course. One of the most useful parts of the E6B, is the technique of finding distance over time. Take the number 60 on the inner circle which usually has an arrow, and sometimes says rate on it. 60 is used in reference to the number of minutes in an hour, by placing the 60 on the airspeed in knots, on the outer ring the pilot can find how far the aircraft will travel in any given number of minutes. Looking at the inner ring for minutes traveled and the distance traveled will be above it on the outer ring. This can also be done backwards to find the amount of time the aircraft will take to travel a given number of nautical miles. On the main body of the flight computer it will find the wind component grid, which it will use to find how much crosswind the aircraft will actually have to correct for. The crosswind component is the amount of crosswind in knots that is being applied to the airframe and can be less than the actual speed of the wind because of the angle. Below that the pilot will find a grid called crosswind correction, this grid shows the difference the pilot needs to correct for because of wind. On either side of the front it will have rulers, one for statute miles and one for nautical miles on their sectional map. Another very useful part is the conversion scale on the front outer circle, which helps convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius. The back of the E6B is used to find ground speed and determine how much wind correction it needs. Gallery See also Index of aviation articles Wind triangle Dead reckoning Flight Management Computer References External links Analog computers Military cartography
Scientific Computer Applications. Scientific Computer Applications Inc. (SCAI) is a privately held, American company based in Tulsa, Oklahoma. SCAI develops and markets scientific software focused on the Oil exploration and production segment of the petroleum industry. Scientific Computer Applications, Inc. (SCAI) was established in 1969 as an Oil & Gas Consulting firm by Professional engineering Petroleum Consultant Richard Banks, a graduate of the Colorado School of Mines and the University of Texas. SCAI markets contour map software that generates single surface, multiple surfaces, contour mapping, and Reservoir Integration applications for the Personal computer. History Dick Banks, a Colorado School of Mines graduate, and Joe Sukkar, Ph.D, began a partnership in 1969 with the development of a contour mapping software package based on Triangulation (topology). Triangulation is more rigorous than gridded contour map software because the original data points are always honored, and not estimated as in Grid map software. See also Fred Meissner Geographic information system List of geographic information systems software Comparison of geographic information systems software Scientific software List of information graphics software Oil reserves Reservoir engineering Extraction of petroleum References Software companies based in Oklahoma Companies based in Tulsa, Oklahoma Software companies established in 1969 Non-renewable resource companies established in 1969 1969 establishments in Oklahoma Privately held companies based in Oklahoma Defunct software companies of the United States
Snowy Scheme Museum. The Snowy Scheme Museum is a museum in the Snowy Mountains town of Adaminaby, New South Wales, Australia. It houses exhibitions relating to the Snowy Mountains Hydro Electric Scheme. Overview The Museum tells the story of the construction of the Snowy Mountains Hydro Electric Scheme and what life was like on the Scheme. The collection consists of significant examples of the machines and materials used to build the Scheme. Films, photographic murals and artistic panoramas are also exhibited. The museum concentrates on the stories of the Snowy workers and their impact on Australia, especially on modern Australia's migration program. The museum collection was gathered by enthusiasts over a ten-year period and the Museum was officially opened to the public by Governor General Quentin Bryce on 17 October 2011. Governor General Bryce told those in attendance: "It is bringing this powerful component of Australia's history into a museum, for people to come and learn the history of the Snowy, for it to be passed down to generations." Snowy Scheme The Snowy Mountains scheme began construction in 1949 and was completed in 1974. It was a world-class feat of engineering and became a symbol of post-war reconstruction. It involved 100,000 workers from around the world who reversed rivers and built 16 dams, 7 power stations and 145 kilometres of tunnels. Construction of the Scheme necessitated the flooding of the Eucumbene River Valley near Old Adaminaby and resulted in the relocation of the entire population of the township and construction of a new town on the Snowy Mountains Highway away from the rising waters of Lake Eucumbene. References External links Museum Homepage Museums in New South Wales Snowy Mountains Scheme Snowy Mountains Highway Technology museums in Australia Adaminaby 2011 establishments in Australia Museums established in 2011
Toshiba–Kongsberg scandal. The Toshiba–Kongsberg scandal, referred to in Japan as the Toshiba Machine Cocom violation case, was an international trade incident that unfolded during the final period of the Cold War. It centered on certain Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom) member nations who transgressed foreign exchange and foreign trade laws by exporting machine tools to the Soviet Union. These tools, when combined with Kongsberg numerical control (NC) devices manufactured in Norway, contravened the CoCom agreement. The equipment allowed the submarine technology of the Soviet Union to progress significantly as it was being used to machine quieter propellers for Soviet submarines. The incident strained relations between the United States and Japan and resulted in the arrest and prosecution of two senior executives, as well as the imposition of sanctions on Kongsberg by both countries. The Incident The Toshiba Machine division (at that time) was a 50.1% subsidiary of Toshiba, a major Japanese manufacturer of machine tools and a general electronics manufacturer. Toshiba Machine's sales to the entire Toshiba Group accounted for about 10%, and Toshiba Machine's exports to the communist bloc accounted for less than 20% of total sales. Between December 1982 to 1984, Toshiba Machine supplied eight "machine tools", NC devices, and associated software to control the machine tools to the Soviet Union's Technical Machinery Import Corporation through Wako Trading, a dummy company of Itochu Corporation. Exported via route was a high-performance model capable of simultaneous 9-axis control, for which exports were prohibited through the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom). Despite these controls, Toshiba Machine and Itochu Corporation exported the machines to the Soviet Union from 1982 to 1983 and modified associated software in 1984. Toshiba Machine, Itochu Corporation, and the Wako Trading Co. Ltd. employees recognized that exporting to the communist bloc of the "machine tools" ordered by the Soviet Union was not permitted. Wako created a false export permit application claiming it was exporting a large vertical lathe for control. For proof, they provided a signed contract to reassemble it overseas. The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry, in charge of export control, did not see through the falsification of the permit application. Exposed At the end of 1986, the U.S. federal government learned of this transaction from an informant at Wako Trading, an employee called Kumagai Doku. The Pentagon conducted an investigation and concluded that the contract had contributed to the recent rapid improvement in the quietness of the Soviet Union Navy's nuclear-powered attack submarines. It subsequently notified the Japanese government through Atsuyuki Sasa, Director of the Cabinet Security Office, in a report in March 1987, the first report on the incident. On the 19th, the Pentagon issued a statement that the U.S. government had learned that Japanese machine tooling, used to make screws for submarines, had been sent to the Soviet Union and that this was suspected of violating CoCom regulations. It announced that the Japanese government had been requested to conduct an investigation. According to sources familiar with the matter, the machine tool in question was believed to be a product of Toshiba Machine, a 50% subsidiary of Toshiba. The tooling was believed to be a type of milling machine used to make propeller blades for ships, a general-purpose technical product that can be diverted to military technology. The Soviet Union was said to be using it to develop and manufacture new blades to reduce the screw noise of submarines. It continued to state that it was not clear when and how the Soviet Union had acquired the equipment. However, the US government pointed out that Norwegian weapons maker Kongsberg had also provided similar machine tooling. Using these acquisitions, the Soviet Union reduced screw noise, which is a clue to detect, identify, and track submarines. The reduction could make it difficult for the U.S. Navy to track Soviet submarines, according to the Pentagon. For this reason, the US government requested the Japanese and Norwegian governments to investigate the circumstances under which these machines had been exported. It called for "appropriate action" to be taken based on the international understanding of CoCom and their respective domestic laws if violations of CoCom were revealed. After that, in June, former Minister of International Trade and Industry, Tamura, who was sent to the United States by Japan's Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, formally apologized to US Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger. Investigation and trial On April 30, 1987, the Japanese Police searched Toshiba Machine's premises. On May 27, two executives of Toshiba Machine were arrested for violating the Foreign Exchange Law, a Japanese domestic law, regarding the false application. A trial was held with Toshiba Machine being indicted. On March 22, 1988, the Tokyo District Court handed down a judgment. Toshiba Machine was fined 2 million yen, and two executives were sentenced to 10 months in prison (with 3 years of suspension) and 1 year in prison (with 3 years of suspension). Chairman Shoichi Sawa and president Ichiro Watarisugi resigned from their parent company Toshiba. The term of office of chairman Sami, who had been expected to become a major force at Toshiba, was cut short. He was succeeded by Joichi Aoi. Ryuzo Sejima, an adviser to Itochu Corporation, was demoted. Sejima was the brains of the Nakasone Cabinet. However, statements made by second secretary Yuri Rastovorov and Ivan Kovalenko raised suspicions that he was a Soviet spy, which caused a stir. Diplomatic and trade consequences In the United States, in addition to restrictions for Toshiba Machine, the import of all products of the Toshiba Group, including Toshiba itself, was strictly prohibited. In addition, in front of the White House, there were emotional reactions, such as a performance in which members of Congress smashed Toshiba radio cassette players and TVs with hammers. Congressman Hunter, the central figure in the investigation of Toshiba in Congress, severely criticized Toshiba for putting the lives of American soldiers in danger by exporting the tools because the range at which American nuclear submarines could detect Soviet nuclear submarines was reduced by 50%. He argued that it would be necessary to invest $30 billion to build 30 new nuclear submarines within 10 years. Impact In response to the affair, Toshiba carried out lobbying activities in Congress between 1987 and 1989 to ease the sanctions. The amount of money invested by Toshiba, the number of lobbyists, and the scale of its activities were said to be the largest ever. Houlihan, a lobbyist law firm, argued that Toshiba and Toshiba Machine were separate companies and had some success. Details The machine tool that combined with the Norwegian numerical control (NC) device and was exported to the Soviet Union (based on the Norwegian Police Service report). See also History of computing in the Soviet Union Soviet computing technology smuggling References Further reading 1987 in Japan 1987 in the United States Computing in the Soviet Union Espionage scandals and incidents Foreign trade of the Soviet Union Japan–Soviet Union relations Japan–United States relations Norway–Soviet Union relations Political scandals in the United States Smuggling Toshiba
ABG-class training ship. The ABG class of cadet training ships is a series of three vessels being built by the ABG Shipyard in Gujarat for the Indian Navy. Description The proposed cadet training ships will have displacement of 4,000 tonnes each and will feature high-efficiency controllable-pitch propellers (CPP) powered by two diesel engines through a twin shaft. They will also have capability to carry light helicopters. ABG Shipyard have engaged Axsys Technologies Limited for a complete design including both basic and detailed for the ship. The ships will be providing basic training to the naval cadets and trainees to carryout disaster relief, search and rescue operations. OSI Maritime Systems will supply the Integrated Navigation and Tactical Systems (INTS) for the ships. Orders The ABG shipyard received the first order for two ships from the Ministry of Defence in June 2011 valued at Rs 9.7 billion (US$213.58 million), which stipulates the delivery of the first ship in 42 months and the second, six months later. Thereafter the cutting of steel for the first of the two naval cadet training ships contracted took place in the first week of February 2012. The ships are meant to replace the ageing , the lead ship of the Southern Naval Command-based First Training Squadron, and the soon-to-be decommissioned . In December 2012, ABG shipyard got a repeat order for building an additional cadet training vessel for the Indian Navy worth about Rs. 485 crore ($89.4 million). See also L&T fast interceptor craft Solas Marine Fast Interceptor Boat ABG Interceptor Class fast attack crafts Couach fast interceptor boats GSL/GRSE series of Interceptor Boats Cochin Fast Patrol Vessels Alcock Ashdown Survey Catamaran References Sources Auxiliary training ship classes Training ships of the Indian Navy
Grob G 120TP. The Grob G 120TP is a two-seat turboprop training and aerobatic low-wing aircraft with a composite airframe, built by Grob Aircraft. It is based on the Grob G 120A training aircraft and has been developed for military and civil pilots training. It has a retractable tricycle landing gear and a low tailplane. The first customer was the Indonesian Air Force. EASA Part 23 type certification was completed in May 2013. Design and development Designed to be a further development of the G 120A, the G 120TP turned during the development process into a nearly new type of aircraft. Due to the new powertrain, the G 120TP offers new capabilities for basic and advanced pilot training, where it can be used as a lead-in for a jet trainer. The airframe is made of fiberglass reinforced plastic and is stressed to +6/-4g. The wings are made of carbon fibre composites with winglets. The cockpit provides room for students and teachers wearing military equipment and helmets. The HOTAS control system is similar to that found in other types of aircraft that students may fly later in their careers. Therefore, basic and advanced flight training for future transport aircraft, helicopter, or jet pilots will be possible. The cockpit is equipped with movable seats, or optionally, the new Martin-Baker Mk.17 lightweight ejection seats. The instrument panel can be equipped with a 4-screen Genesys Aerosystems IDU-680 EFIS. An autopilot and air conditioning system are available, as well as an oxygen system and second thrust lever. Operators Argentine Air Force Argentina is the second operator of the G 120TP. Deliveries of the first batch of four aircraft started in June 2013, with a total delivery of 10 aircraft(+5). Bangladesh Air Force Ordered 24 in June 2021. Under the deal, Grob Aircraft will also build a fiberglass reinforced plastic and carbon fibre composite repair workshop and a propeller repair workshop in Bangladesh. On 15 December 2021, the Bangladesh Air Force received the first 12 Grob G-120TPs, from Germany. Full delivery has been completed in 2022. Ecuadorian Air Force Ecuadorian Air Force is an operator of the G 120TP. Deliveries of the aircraft started in 2019, with a total of eight aircraft. Ethiopian Air Force The Ethiopian Air Force operates a total of six G 120TP that were all acquired in 2020. German Air Force The German Air Force have chosen four G 120TPs to train its air force pilots at the Phoenix-Goodyear airport, Arizona. Indonesian Air Force The launch customer for the G 120TP was the Indonesian Air Force, which operates a fleet of 30 aircraft, as well as a G 120TP – Flight Training Device. Royal Jordanian Air Force The Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF) awarded Grob Aircraft an order to supply 14 aircraft, among which one CBT System and one G 120TP FTD for elementary pilot training. The aircraft entered service in April 2017. Around that same time, Grob confirmed it had delivered 12 of the 14 ordered aircraft. In January 2018, the Bundeswehr announced it had donated two aircraft to Jordan. Kenya Air Force The Kenya Air Force operates a fleet of nine G 120TP training aircraft. Mexican Air Force The Mexican Air Force (FAM) has selected the Grob G 120TP as its new elementary trainer. The contract contains 25 aircraft (+15) equipped with the Genesys Aerosytems EFIS IDU-680. The delivery of the first batch was in February 2015 and the final batch in February 2016. The training will be completed by a Computer Based Training (CBT) System and four G 120TP Flight Training Devices. Myanmar Air Force The Myanmar Air Force operates a fleet of 20 G 120TP (+10) training aircraft equipped with Genesys Aerosystems EFIS IDU-680. The pilot training will be supported by a CBT System and one G 120TP FTD. Swedish Air Force In 2021, the Swedish Air Force selected the Grob G 120 TP as its new Basic Trainer Aircraft, designated SK 40 (Trainer Aircraft type 40). Ten aircraft and a simulator are on order, with delivery expected in 2022 and service starting in 2023. The first three aircraft were delivered on 3 April 2023. An additional order for three more aircraft was announced in October 2024. UK Military Flying Training System The MFTS provides tri-service Elementary Flying Training to British military pilots on a fleet of 23 G 120TPs named the Grob Prefect T1. The system replaces separate flying fixed-wing and rotary training programs for the Royal Air Force, Royal Navy and Army Air Corps. The service provider Ascent uses the G 120TP together with the Beechcraft T-6 and the Grob Tutor to provide initial, basic and advanced training. United States Army Specifications See also References External links G120TP 2010s German military trainer aircraft Single-engined tractor aircraft Low-wing aircraft Single-engined turboprop aircraft Aircraft first flown in 2010
Empresa Brasileira de Terminais Portuários. Embraport, syllabic abbreviation of Empresa Brasileira de Terminais Portuários, is the largest multiple use private sector port terminal of Brasil. The port started operation in July 2013. the first stage of the port can handle 1.2 million TEU, with the second stage in operation it can handle 2 million TEU. DP World and Brazil’s Odebrecht each own shares in the project through a joint venture called Coimex Investments Ports (CIP). Embraport, is being erected near existing port facilities in Santos, in São Paulo (State). Santos is Brazil's largest container port, handling nearly 75 percent of the local trade and 25 percent of Brazil's foreign trade. External links DP World Embraport Project References Container terminals Ports and harbours of Brazil 2013 establishments in Brazil

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