id string | title string | context string | question string | answers dict | prompt string | ppl_gpt2-medium float64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
572f96ce947a6a140053ca91 | Modern_history | After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United ... | What did the defeat of Japan mean for Asia? | {
"text": [
"led to its democratization."
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} | Context: After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, th... | 12.12929 |
570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbbe | Digestion | In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of... | What is the first step in the human digestive system? | {
"text": [
"the action of mastication (chewing)"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} | Context: In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the dig... | 13.500812 |
570c5132b3d812140066d0df | FC_Barcelona | Around this time, tensions began to arise between what was perceived as president Núñez's dictatorial rule and the nationalistic support group, Boixos Nois. The group, identified with a left-wing separatism, repeatedly demanded the resignation of Núñez and openly defied him through chants and banners at matches. At the... | What right-wing separatists tried to spread fascism to the Boixos Nois? | {
"text": [
"skinheads"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} | Context: Around this time, tensions began to arise between what was perceived as president Núñez's dictatorial rule and the nationalistic support group, Boixos Nois. The group, identified with a left-wing separatism, repeatedly demanded the resignation of Núñez and openly defied him through chants and banners at matche... | 26.353685 |
5725cd01ec44d21400f3d5c9 | Arsenal_F.C. | Arsenal Football Club was formed as Dial Square in 1886 by workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, south-east London, and were renamed Royal Arsenal shortly afterwards. The club was renamed again to Woolwich Arsenal after becoming a limited company in 1893. The club became the first southern member of the Football Le... | By 1920 where was Arsenal ranked in division? | {
"text": [
"First Division"
],
"answer_start": [
1076
]
} | Context: Arsenal Football Club was formed as Dial Square in 1886 by workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, south-east London, and were renamed Royal Arsenal shortly afterwards. The club was renamed again to Woolwich Arsenal after becoming a limited company in 1893. The club became the first southern member of the Fo... | 19.23856 |
56f92d4b9e9bad19000a07fd | Zhejiang | The province's name derives from the Zhe River (浙江, Zhè Jiāng), the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay. It is usually glossed as meaning "Crooked" or "Bent River", from the meaning of Chinese 折, but is more likely a phono-semantic compound formed from adding 氵... | What does the Qiantang River flow past? | {
"text": [
"Hangzhou"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} | Context: The province's name derives from the Zhe River (浙江, Zhè Jiāng), the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay. It is usually glossed as meaning "Crooked" or "Bent River", from the meaning of Chinese 折, but is more likely a phono-semantic compound formed from... | 45.609177 |
5728d1d7ff5b5019007da74a | Estonia | Another major group, inhabitants who follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity, practised chiefly by the Russian minority, and the Russian Orthodox Church is the second largest denomination with 150,000 members. The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church, under the Greek-Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarchate, claims another 20,000 m... | What is the major group that believes in Eastern Orthodox Christianity? | {
"text": [
"Russian minority"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} | Context: Another major group, inhabitants who follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity, practised chiefly by the Russian minority, and the Russian Orthodox Church is the second largest denomination with 150,000 members. The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church, under the Greek-Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarchate, claims another... | 27.270159 |
5727a7603acd2414000de8eb | Switzerland | Switzerland voted against membership in the European Economic Area in a referendum in December 1992 and has since maintained and developed its relationships with the European Union (EU) and European countries through bilateral agreements. In March 2001, the Swiss people refused in a popular vote to start accession nego... | What have the Swiss tried to enhance by conforming to EU economic practices? | {
"text": [
"international competitiveness"
],
"answer_start": [
496
]
} | Context: Switzerland voted against membership in the European Economic Area in a referendum in December 1992 and has since maintained and developed its relationships with the European Union (EU) and European countries through bilateral agreements. In March 2001, the Swiss people refused in a popular vote to start acces... | 17.766033 |
570bddefec8fbc190045bba8 | ASCII | Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings, machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings, and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the ch... | Who else adopted this practice from Telnet? | {
"text": [
"The File Transfer Protocol"
],
"answer_start": [
765
]
} | Context: Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings, machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings, and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed ... | 25.495914 |
5727b7823acd2414000dea73 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | Artspace on Orange Street is one of several contemporary art galleries around the city, showcasing the work of local, national, and international artists. Others include City Gallery and A. Leaf Gallery in the downtown area. Westville galleries include Kehler Liddell, Jennifer Jane Gallery, and The Hungry Eye. The Erec... | What is the name of a prominent contemporary art gallery on Orange Street in New Haven? | {
"text": [
"Artspace"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | Context: Artspace on Orange Street is one of several contemporary art galleries around the city, showcasing the work of local, national, and international artists. Others include City Gallery and A. Leaf Gallery in the downtown area. Westville galleries include Kehler Liddell, Jennifer Jane Gallery, and The Hungry Eye.... | 37.463478 |
56e6d6556fe0821900b8ebb3 | Matter | All the objects from everyday life that we can bump into, touch or squeeze are composed of atoms. This atomic matter is in turn made up of interacting subatomic particles—usually a nucleus of protons and neutrons, and a cloud of orbiting electrons. Typically, science considers these composite particles matter because t... | The smaller particles that make up atoms, like protons and neutrons, are what kind of particles? | {
"text": [
"subatomic"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} | Context: All the objects from everyday life that we can bump into, touch or squeeze are composed of atoms. This atomic matter is in turn made up of interacting subatomic particles—usually a nucleus of protons and neutrons, and a cloud of orbiting electrons. Typically, science considers these composite particles matter ... | 17.454191 |
572604d7ec44d21400f3d802 | Buckingham_Palace | Originally known as Buckingham House, the building at the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and became known as "... | For whom was Buckingham house originally built? | {
"text": [
"Duke of Buckingham"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} | Context: Originally known as Buckingham House, the building at the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and became k... | 16.989017 |
572f7c53947a6a140053c9ab | Han_dynasty | In addition to his many other roles, the emperor acted as the highest priest in the land who made sacrifices to Heaven, the main deities known as the Five Powers, and the spirits (shen 神) of mountains and rivers. It was believed that the three realms of Heaven, Earth, and Mankind were linked by natural cycles of yin an... | What type of geological event was feared could be caused by the morals of the emperor? | {
"text": [
"earthquakes"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
} | Context: In addition to his many other roles, the emperor acted as the highest priest in the land who made sacrifices to Heaven, the main deities known as the Five Powers, and the spirits (shen 神) of mountains and rivers. It was believed that the three realms of Heaven, Earth, and Mankind were linked by natural cycles ... | 21.979429 |
5727cedf2ca10214002d96fc | New_Haven,_Connecticut | Lighthouse Point Park, a public beach run by the city, was a popular tourist destination during the Roaring Twenties, attracting luminaries of the period such as Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb. The park remains popular among New Haveners, and is home to the Five Mile Point Lighthouse, constructed in 1847, and the Lighthouse Poi... | What notable New Haven attraction constructed in 1847 was located at Lighthouse Point Park? | {
"text": [
"Five Mile Point Lighthouse"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} | Context: Lighthouse Point Park, a public beach run by the city, was a popular tourist destination during the Roaring Twenties, attracting luminaries of the period such as Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb. The park remains popular among New Haveners, and is home to the Five Mile Point Lighthouse, constructed in 1847, and the Light... | 15.904814 |
56bec4de3aeaaa14008c93bf | Beyoncé | Beyoncé has been described as a having a wide-ranging sex appeal, with music journalist Touré writing that since the release of Dangerously in Love, she has "become a crossover sex symbol". Offstage Beyoncé says that while she likes to dress sexily, her onstage dress "is absolutely for the stage." Due to her curves and... | Oxford Dictionary added which word from the 2000s dedicated to Beyonce? | {
"text": [
"Bootylicious"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} | Context: Beyoncé has been described as a having a wide-ranging sex appeal, with music journalist Touré writing that since the release of Dangerously in Love, she has "become a crossover sex symbol". Offstage Beyoncé says that while she likes to dress sexily, her onstage dress "is absolutely for the stage." Due to her c... | 19.78018 |
5726971b708984140094cb19 | Alloy | An alloy is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element. Alloys are defined by metallic bonding character. An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions). Intermetallic compounds are alloys with a defined stoichiometry and ... | When are Zintl considered alloys? | {
"text": [
"depending on bond types"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} | Context: An alloy is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element. Alloys are defined by metallic bonding character. An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions). Intermetallic compounds are alloys with a defined stoichiom... | 37.247353 |
5727f98a2ca10214002d9a92 | Eton_College | In January 2016, the Eton College beagling club was accused by the League Against Cruel Sports of undertaking an illegal hare hunt. The allegations were accompanied by a video of the Eton Beagles chasing a hare, as 'the hunt staff urge the beagles on and make no efforts to call the dogs off.' A spokesman representing E... | Did Eton's official statement say that they took the matter seriously or frivilously? | {
"text": [
"extremely seriously"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
} | Context: In January 2016, the Eton College beagling club was accused by the League Against Cruel Sports of undertaking an illegal hare hunt. The allegations were accompanied by a video of the Eton Beagles chasing a hare, as 'the hunt staff urge the beagles on and make no efforts to call the dogs off.' A spokesman repre... | 22.381033 |
5727a90d3acd2414000de90e | Dominican_Order | As an adolescent, he had a particular love of theology and the Scriptures became the foundation of his spirituality. During his studies in Palencia, Spain, he experienced a dreadful famine, prompting Dominic to sell all of his beloved books and other equipment to help his neighbors. After he completed his studies, Bish... | Why did Dominic sell his books? | {
"text": [
"to help his neighbors"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} | Context: As an adolescent, he had a particular love of theology and the Scriptures became the foundation of his spirituality. During his studies in Palencia, Spain, he experienced a dreadful famine, prompting Dominic to sell all of his beloved books and other equipment to help his neighbors. After he completed his stud... | 33.796345 |
572790c15951b619008f8d9f | Textual_criticism | The stemmatic method's final step is emendatio, also sometimes referred to as "conjectural emendation." But in fact, the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process. Some of the method's rules that are designed to reduce the exercise of editorial judgment do not necessarily produce the correct result. For ex... | Why may the dominant reading may be the weaker reading? | {
"text": [
", it may be no more than fortuitous that more witnesses have survived that present a particular reading"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} | Context: The stemmatic method's final step is emendatio, also sometimes referred to as "conjectural emendation." But in fact, the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process. Some of the method's rules that are designed to reduce the exercise of editorial judgment do not necessarily produce the correct resul... | 26.079233 |
572e84dcdfa6aa1500f8d07b | Richard_Feynman | After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical phy... | Which colleague did Feynman follow to Cornell? | {
"text": [
"Hans Bethe"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} | Context: After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theore... | 23.368246 |
57260946ec44d21400f3d81d | Royal_Dutch_Shell | In February 1907, the Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the amalgamation of two rival companies: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom. It was a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with Standard Oil. The Roy... | When was Royal Shell Group Created? | {
"text": [
"February 1907"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} | Context: In February 1907, the Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the amalgamation of two rival companies: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom. It was a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with Standard Oil... | 23.697752 |
57266767f1498d1400e8de7c | Botany | Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is De Materia Medica, a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides. De Materia Medica was widely read for more than 1,500 years. Important contri... | What is the name of an ancient Greek work impacting botany? | {
"text": [
"De Materia Medica"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} | Context: Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is De Materia Medica, a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides. De Materia Medica was widely read for more than 1,500 years. Importa... | 19.799677 |
570b71adec8fbc190045ba2a | Hard_rock | By the end of the decade a distinct genre of hard rock was emerging with bands like Led Zeppelin, who mixed the music of early rock bands with a more hard-edged form of blues rock and acid rock on their first two albums Led Zeppelin (1969) and Led Zeppelin II (1969), and Deep Purple, who began as a progressive rock gro... | Black Sabbath's lyrics contained references to what cultural touchstones? | {
"text": [
"occult and elements of Gothic horror"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
} | Context: By the end of the decade a distinct genre of hard rock was emerging with bands like Led Zeppelin, who mixed the music of early rock bands with a more hard-edged form of blues rock and acid rock on their first two albums Led Zeppelin (1969) and Led Zeppelin II (1969), and Deep Purple, who began as a progressive... | 21.279968 |
570a7c686d058f1900182e98 | Beer | A study published in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013 revealed the finding that the flavour of beer alone could provoke dopamine activity in the brain of the male participants, who wanted to drink more as a result. The 49 men in the study were subject to positron emission tomography scans, while a computer-c... | What hormone can be triggered by the flavor of beer alone in males? | {
"text": [
"dopamine"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} | Context: A study published in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013 revealed the finding that the flavour of beer alone could provoke dopamine activity in the brain of the male participants, who wanted to drink more as a result. The 49 men in the study were subject to positron emission tomography scans, while a c... | 19.869905 |
56df60978bc80c19004e4b58 | Plymouth | Geologically, Plymouth has a mixture of limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian limestone. Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, because of its geology. The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth ... | Along with shales, what is most of the city built on? | {
"text": [
"Upper Devonian slates"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} | Context: Geologically, Plymouth has a mixture of limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian limestone. Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, because of its geology. The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to ... | 25.022327 |
570ac3de6d058f19001830d2 | Aircraft_carrier | India started the construction of a 40,000-tonne, 260-metre-long (850 ft) Vikrant-class aircraft carrier in 2009. The new carrier will operate MiG-29K and naval HAL Tejas aircraft along with the Indian-made helicopter HAL Dhruv. The ship will be powered by four gas-turbine engines and will have a range of 8,000 nautica... | Who started construction of a 40,000-tonne Vikrant-class carrier in 2009? | {
"text": [
"India"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | Context: India started the construction of a 40,000-tonne, 260-metre-long (850 ft) Vikrant-class aircraft carrier in 2009. The new carrier will operate MiG-29K and naval HAL Tejas aircraft along with the Indian-made helicopter HAL Dhruv. The ship will be powered by four gas-turbine engines and will have a range of 8,00... | 12.704778 |
572aa47534ae481900deabf4 | John_Kerry | During the night of December 2 and early morning of December 3, 1968, Kerry was in charge of a small boat operating near a peninsula north of Cam Ranh Bay together with a Swift boat (PCF-60). According to Kerry and the two crewmen who accompanied him that night, Patrick Runyon and William Zaladonis, they surprised a gr... | What did Kerry's crew destroy? | {
"text": [
"sampans"
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
} | Context: During the night of December 2 and early morning of December 3, 1968, Kerry was in charge of a small boat operating near a peninsula north of Cam Ranh Bay together with a Swift boat (PCF-60). According to Kerry and the two crewmen who accompanied him that night, Patrick Runyon and William Zaladonis, they surpr... | 23.50038 |
5725df1689a1e219009abffe | Arsenal_F.C. | Arsenal reached the final of the 2007 and 2011 League Cups, losing 2–1 to Chelsea and Birmingham City respectively. The club had not gained a major trophy since the 2005 FA Cup until 17 May 2014, when Arsenal beat Hull City in the 2014 FA Cup Final, coming back from a 2–0 deficit to win the match 3–2. This qualified th... | What famous team defeated Arsenal for the League Cup in 2007? | {
"text": [
"Chelsea"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} | Context: Arsenal reached the final of the 2007 and 2011 League Cups, losing 2–1 to Chelsea and Birmingham City respectively. The club had not gained a major trophy since the 2005 FA Cup until 17 May 2014, when Arsenal beat Hull City in the 2014 FA Cup Final, coming back from a 2–0 deficit to win the match 3–2. This qua... | 12.066586 |
5727b2d43acd2414000dea0b | North_Carolina | North Carolina has rich traditions in art, music, and cuisine. The nonprofit arts and culture industry generates $1.2 billion in direct economic activity in North Carolina, supporting more than 43,600 full-time equivalent jobs and generating $119 million in revenue for local governments and the state of North Carolina.... | What industry generates 1.2 billion in economic activity each year for North carolina? | {
"text": [
"nonprofit arts and culture"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} | Context: North Carolina has rich traditions in art, music, and cuisine. The nonprofit arts and culture industry generates $1.2 billion in direct economic activity in North Carolina, supporting more than 43,600 full-time equivalent jobs and generating $119 million in revenue for local governments and the state of North ... | 15.411646 |
5727b2b2ff5b5019007d92d4 | Switzerland | Switzerland has four official languages: principally German (63.5% total population share, with foreign residents, in 2013); French (22.5%) in the west; and Italian (8.1%) in the south. The fourth official language, Romansh (0.5%), is a Romance language spoken locally in the southeastern trilingual canton of Graubünden... | What is the principal official language in the western part of Switzerland? | {
"text": [
"French"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} | Context: Switzerland has four official languages: principally German (63.5% total population share, with foreign residents, in 2013); French (22.5%) in the west; and Italian (8.1%) in the south. The fourth official language, Romansh (0.5%), is a Romance language spoken locally in the southeastern trilingual canton of G... | 18.833048 |
5727d089ff5b5019007d95ce | Detroit | Lafayette Park is a revitalized neighborhood on the city's east side, part of the Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district. The 78-acre (32 ha) development was originally called the Gratiot Park. Planned by Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell it includes a landscaped, 19-acre (7.7 ha) park w... | What district is Lafayette Park a part of? | {
"text": [
"Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} | Context: Lafayette Park is a revitalized neighborhood on the city's east side, part of the Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district. The 78-acre (32 ha) development was originally called the Gratiot Park. Planned by Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell it includes a landscaped, 19-acre (7.7 h... | 24.861816 |
572b8f5d111d821400f38f10 | Czech_language | Czech, the official language of the Czech Republic (a member of the European Union since 2004), is one of the EU's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia. Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for t... | What is the official language of the Czech republic? | {
"text": [
"Czech"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | Context: Czech, the official language of the Czech Republic (a member of the European Union since 2004), is one of the EU's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia. Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Eur... | 13.672701 |
56d632371c85041400946fe2 | Dog | A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck. Sharp claws with powerful m... | Out of 10,000 boys between five and nine years old, how many are bitten annually by dogs? | {
"text": [
"60.7"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} | Context: A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck. Sharp claws with p... | 19.568956 |
573324c9d058e614000b572c | Alfred_North_Whitehead | At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary alg... | What was G.B. Matthew's opinion of "A Treatise on Algebra"? | {
"text": [
"\"It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes.\""
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} | Context: At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ord... | 21.781368 |
572ee844c246551400ce479e | Post-punk | At the turn of the 21st century, a post-punk revival developed in British and American alternative and indie rock, which soon started appearing in other countries, as well. The earliest sign of a revival was the emergence of various underground bands in the mid-'90s. However, the first commercially successful bands – t... | When did some of the darker post-punk bands start to appear in the indie scene? | {
"text": [
"the 2010s"
],
"answer_start": [
603
]
} | Context: At the turn of the 21st century, a post-punk revival developed in British and American alternative and indie rock, which soon started appearing in other countries, as well. The earliest sign of a revival was the emergence of various underground bands in the mid-'90s. However, the first commercially successful ... | 19.136801 |
573248e50fdd8d15006c68f6 | Jehovah%27s_Witnesses | Witnesses believe that a "little flock" go to heaven, but that the hope for life after death for the majority of "other sheep" involves being resurrected by God to a cleansed earth after Armageddon. They interpret Revelation 14:1–5 to mean that the number of Christians going to heaven is limited to exactly 144,000, who... | Where will God resurrected the "other sheep" after Armageddon? | {
"text": [
"a cleansed earth"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} | Context: Witnesses believe that a "little flock" go to heaven, but that the hope for life after death for the majority of "other sheep" involves being resurrected by God to a cleansed earth after Armageddon. They interpret Revelation 14:1–5 to mean that the number of Christians going to heaven is limited to exactly 144... | 29.50975 |
56de679e4396321400ee2893 | BBC_Television | After a series of test transmissions and special broadcasts that began in August, regular BBC television broadcasts officially resumed on 1 October 1936, from a converted wing of Alexandra Palace in London, which housed two studios, various scenery stores, make-up areas, dressing rooms, offices, and the transmitter its... | Where did the BBC continue broadcasting from in October of 1936? | {
"text": [
"Alexandra Palace"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} | Context: After a series of test transmissions and special broadcasts that began in August, regular BBC television broadcasts officially resumed on 1 October 1936, from a converted wing of Alexandra Palace in London, which housed two studios, various scenery stores, make-up areas, dressing rooms, offices, and the transm... | 37.491722 |
57080ed1efce8f15003a7d93 | Imamah_(Shia_doctrine) | By the verse Quran, 2:124, Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position always Imamah is accompanied by the word guidance, of course a guidance by God's Command.A kind of guidance which brings humanity to the goal. Regarding 17:71, no age can be without an Imam. So, according to the upper verse 1.Imamah is a position... | What is an Imam protected by? | {
"text": [
"divine protection"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} | Context: By the verse Quran, 2:124, Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position always Imamah is accompanied by the word guidance, of course a guidance by God's Command.A kind of guidance which brings humanity to the goal. Regarding 17:71, no age can be without an Imam. So, according to the upper verse 1.Imamah is a... | 47.832638 |
5725bb0989a1e219009abd97 | Hellenistic_period | Ancient Greece had traditionally been a fractious collection of fiercely independent city-states. After the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), Greece had fallen under a Spartan hegemony, in which Sparta was pre-eminent but not all-powerful. Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban one after the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC... | What hegemoney replaced Sparta after the Battle of Leuctra? | {
"text": [
"Theban"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} | Context: Ancient Greece had traditionally been a fractious collection of fiercely independent city-states. After the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), Greece had fallen under a Spartan hegemony, in which Sparta was pre-eminent but not all-powerful. Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban one after the Battle of Leuctr... | 18.075846 |
570ffc01a58dae1900cd67af | Sexual_orientation | A third concern with the Kinsey scale is that it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale, making one a tradeoff of the other. Research in the 1970s on masculinity and femininity found that concepts of masculinity and femininity are more appropriately measured as independent concepts... | What did the research performed in the 1970s show about masculinity and feminity? | {
"text": [
"more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} | Context: A third concern with the Kinsey scale is that it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale, making one a tradeoff of the other. Research in the 1970s on masculinity and femininity found that concepts of masculinity and femininity are more appropriately measured as independent... | 18.627838 |
56cda8a662d2951400fa67d7 | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | Twilight Princess received the awards for Best Artistic Design, Best Original Score, and Best Use of Sound from IGN for its GameCube version. Both IGN and Nintendo Power gave Twilight Princess the awards for Best Graphics and Best Story. Twilight Princess received Game of the Year awards from GameTrailers, 1UP.com, Ele... | Where did Twilight Princess rank on Nintendo Power's list of Nintendo games in the 2000s? | {
"text": [
"third"
],
"answer_start": [
834
]
} | Context: Twilight Princess received the awards for Best Artistic Design, Best Original Score, and Best Use of Sound from IGN for its GameCube version. Both IGN and Nintendo Power gave Twilight Princess the awards for Best Graphics and Best Story. Twilight Princess received Game of the Year awards from GameTrailers, 1UP... | 10.858737 |
570e347a0b85d914000d7d4b | Uranium | It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has... | What was the price of uranium per pound as of May 2003? | {
"text": [
"$10"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} | Context: It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007.... | 20.371605 |
5706bb542eaba6190074acad | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | As of the 2000 United States Census there were 40,517 people, 15,848 households, and 8,700 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,569.8 people per square mile (1,378.3/km2). There were 20,219 housing units at an average density of 1,781.4 per square mile (687.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city w... | According to the 2000 United States Census, what percentage of the population of Atlantic City were Hispanic or Latino? | {
"text": [
"24.95%"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} | Context: As of the 2000 United States Census there were 40,517 people, 15,848 households, and 8,700 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,569.8 people per square mile (1,378.3/km2). There were 20,219 housing units at an average density of 1,781.4 per square mile (687.8/km2). The racial makeup of t... | 8.966903 |
572a26821d046914007797db | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other wo... | The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes what? | {
"text": [
"all differentiable transformations"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} | Context: In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in... | 19.417978 |
5733558fd058e614000b586f | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Despite the dominance of the above formula, there are documented attempts of the financial industry, occurring before the crisis, to address the formula limitations, specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events. The volume "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas", published... | When did relevant warnings and research on CDOs appear in an article by Donnelly and Embrechts? | {
"text": [
"2006"
],
"answer_start": [
672
]
} | Context: Despite the dominance of the above formula, there are documented attempts of the financial industry, occurring before the crisis, to address the formula limitations, specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events. The volume "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas", ... | 57.111248 |
571d0d42dd7acb1400e4c1f6 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered an... | Beyer, Sprague, Baer, and Novello received what award in 1975? | {
"text": [
"Public Health Lasker Award"
],
"answer_start": [
560
]
} | Context: In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. disc... | 17.127361 |
56d0fdf617492d1400aab6ff | Kanye_West | After graduating from high school, West received a scholarship to attend Chicago's American Academy of Art in 1997 and began taking painting classes, but shortly after transferred to Chicago State University to study English. He soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work, and at 20 h... | At what age did Kanye West leave school to follow his musical passion? | {
"text": [
"20"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} | Context: After graduating from high school, West received a scholarship to attend Chicago's American Academy of Art in 1997 and began taking painting classes, but shortly after transferred to Chicago State University to study English. He soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work, an... | 20.01989 |
57282a4b2ca10214002d9fc4 | Group_(mathematics) | Symmetry groups are groups consisting of symmetries of given mathematical objects—be they of geometric nature, such as the introductory symmetry group of the square, or of algebraic nature, such as polynomial equations and their solutions. Conceptually, group theory can be thought of as the study of symmetry.t[›] Symme... | The group pattern is connected to the structure of the target by what behavior? | {
"text": [
"group action"
],
"answer_start": [
724
]
} | Context: Symmetry groups are groups consisting of symmetries of given mathematical objects—be they of geometric nature, such as the introductory symmetry group of the square, or of algebraic nature, such as polynomial equations and their solutions. Conceptually, group theory can be thought of as the study of symmetry.t... | 29.667086 |
5727f5f53acd2414000df0d9 | History_of_science | The renewal of learning in Europe, that began with 12th century Scholasticism, came to an end about the time of the Black Death, and the initial period of the subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity. The Northern Renaissance, on the other hand, showed a decisive shift in focus ... | Which era came after Scholasticism? | {
"text": [
"Italian Renaissance"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} | Context: The renewal of learning in Europe, that began with 12th century Scholasticism, came to an end about the time of the Black Death, and the initial period of the subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity. The Northern Renaissance, on the other hand, showed a decisive shift ... | 22.625086 |
5727ad89ff5b5019007d9263 | Gramophone_record | One early attempt at lengthening the playing time should be mentioned. At least one manufacturer in the early 1920s, World Records, produced records that played at a constant linear velocity, controlled by Noel Pemberton Billing's patented add-on governor device. As these were played from the outside to the inside, the... | What currently utilized item was World Records CLV similar to? | {
"text": [
"Philips Laser Disc"
],
"answer_start": [
515
]
} | Context: One early attempt at lengthening the playing time should be mentioned. At least one manufacturer in the early 1920s, World Records, produced records that played at a constant linear velocity, controlled by Noel Pemberton Billing's patented add-on governor device. As these were played from the outside to the in... | 59.969456 |
570a803f4103511400d5979a | Emotion | Attempts are frequently made to regulate emotion according to the conventions of the society and the situation based on many (sometimes conflicting) demands and expectations which originate from various entities. The emotion of anger is in many cultures discouraged in girls and women, while fear is discouraged in boys ... | What emotion do political campaigns appeal to in regard to terrorism? | {
"text": [
"fear"
],
"answer_start": [
1013
]
} | Context: Attempts are frequently made to regulate emotion according to the conventions of the society and the situation based on many (sometimes conflicting) demands and expectations which originate from various entities. The emotion of anger is in many cultures discouraged in girls and women, while fear is discouraged... | 33.070873 |
57097c1c200fba1400368063 | Communication | Communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the root zone. Plant roots communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil. These interacti... | How are the plant roots able to communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil? | {
"text": [
"the decentralized \"nervous system\" of plants"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
} | Context: Communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the root zone. Plant roots communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil. These ... | 20.741034 |
57287f88ff5b5019007da27b | London | There are 366 railway stations in the London Travelcard Zones on an extensive above-ground suburban railway network. South London, particularly, has a high concentration of railways as it has fewer Underground lines. Most rail lines terminate around the centre of London, running into eighteen terminal stations, with th... | How many railway stations are utilized by London's railway network? | {
"text": [
"366"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} | Context: There are 366 railway stations in the London Travelcard Zones on an extensive above-ground suburban railway network. South London, particularly, has a high concentration of railways as it has fewer Underground lines. Most rail lines terminate around the centre of London, running into eighteen terminal stations... | 32.757568 |
56cf469eaab44d1400b88efc | Spectre_(2015_film) | In March 2013 Mendes said he would not return to direct the next film in the series, then known as Bond 24; he later recanted and announced that he would return, as he found the script and the plans for the long-term future of the franchise appealing. In directing Skyfall and Spectre, Mendes became the first director t... | Which two consecutive Bond films did Mendes direct? | {
"text": [
"Skyfall and Spectre"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} | Context: In March 2013 Mendes said he would not return to direct the next film in the series, then known as Bond 24; he later recanted and announced that he would return, as he found the script and the plans for the long-term future of the franchise appealing. In directing Skyfall and Spectre, Mendes became the first d... | 19.084822 |
5728cf173acd2414000dff0a | Race_(human_categorization) | In some countries, law enforcement uses race to profile suspects. This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes. Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of social stratificati... | Why is using racial categorization for profiling often criticized? | {
"text": [
"perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} | Context: In some countries, law enforcement uses race to profile suspects. This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes. Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of social str... | 28.40593 |
573027b6947a6a140053d1b7 | Windows_8 | Windows Explorer, which has been renamed File Explorer, now includes a ribbon in place of the command bar. File operation dialog boxes have been updated to provide more detailed statistics, the ability to pause file transfers, and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files. A new "File History" ... | What is the new name of Windows Explorer? | {
"text": [
"File Explorer"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} | Context: Windows Explorer, which has been renamed File Explorer, now includes a ribbon in place of the command bar. File operation dialog boxes have been updated to provide more detailed statistics, the ability to pause file transfers, and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files. A new "File ... | 26.713133 |
5707083f90286e26004fc822 | Chihuahua_(state) | During the Napoleonic Occupation of Spain, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest of progressive ideas, declared Mexican independence in the small town of Dolores, Guanajuato on September 16, 1810 with a proclamation known as the "Grito de Dolores". Hidalgo built a large support among intellectuals, liberal pries... | What was the name of the Proclamation? | {
"text": [
"Grito de Dolores"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} | Context: During the Napoleonic Occupation of Spain, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest of progressive ideas, declared Mexican independence in the small town of Dolores, Guanajuato on September 16, 1810 with a proclamation known as the "Grito de Dolores". Hidalgo built a large support among intellectuals, libe... | 19.455326 |
5728bf3a2ca10214002da6d4 | Paris | By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France. The Île de la Cité was the site of the royal palace. In 1163, during the reign of Louis VII, Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral at its eastern extre... | Where was the University of Paris located? | {
"text": [
"The Left Bank"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} | Context: By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France. The Île de la Cité was the site of the royal palace. In 1163, during the reign of Louis VII, Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral at its east... | 12.497488 |
56e1b8adcd28a01900c67aca | Communications_in_Somalia | On March 22, 2012, the Somali Cabinet unanimously approved the National Communications Act, which paves the way for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors. The bill was passed following consultations between government representatives and communicatio... | Continued infrastructure development results in more efficient what? | {
"text": [
"service delivery"
],
"answer_start": [
615
]
} | Context: On March 22, 2012, the Somali Cabinet unanimously approved the National Communications Act, which paves the way for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors. The bill was passed following consultations between government representatives and com... | 27.141781 |
56df9ad738dc4217001520c6 | Alexander_Graham_Bell | On January 13, 1887, the U,S. Government moved to annul the patent issued to Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. After a series of decisions and reversals, the Bell company won a decision in the Supreme Court, though a couple of the original claims from the lower court cases were left undecided. By the ... | In 1887 the US Government wanted to undo Bell's patent due to fraud and what? | {
"text": [
"misrepresentation"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} | Context: On January 13, 1887, the U,S. Government moved to annul the patent issued to Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. After a series of decisions and reversals, the Bell company won a decision in the Supreme Court, though a couple of the original claims from the lower court cases were left undecided... | 23.827311 |
5727a3d0ff5b5019007d919e | Child_labour | Concerns have often been raised over the buying public's moral complicity in purchasing products assembled or otherwise manufactured in developing countries with child labour. However, others have raised concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labour may force these children to turn to more dangero... | What do some feel may happen if child labour products were completely rejected by society as a whole? | {
"text": [
"may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
} | Context: Concerns have often been raised over the buying public's moral complicity in purchasing products assembled or otherwise manufactured in developing countries with child labour. However, others have raised concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labour may force these children to turn to mor... | 21.684401 |
570a70116d058f1900182e69 | Emotion | In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion." To account for different types of emotional experiences, Jam... | Who developed a theory similar to that of James? | {
"text": [
"Carl Lange"
],
"answer_start": [
480
]
} | Context: In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion." To account for different types of emotional experie... | 17.711508 |
57290d37af94a219006a9fe3 | Myanmar | Mohinga is the traditional breakfast dish and is Myanmar's national dish. Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities such as Sittwe, Kyaukpyu, Mawlamyaing (formerly Moulmein), Mergui (Myeik) and Dawei, while meat and poultry are more commonly used in landlocked cities like Mandalay. Freshwater fish and shrimp hav... | Where is the most chicken enjoyed in Burma ? | {
"text": [
"landlocked cities"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} | Context: Mohinga is the traditional breakfast dish and is Myanmar's national dish. Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities such as Sittwe, Kyaukpyu, Mawlamyaing (formerly Moulmein), Mergui (Myeik) and Dawei, while meat and poultry are more commonly used in landlocked cities like Mandalay. Freshwater fish and s... | 29.335752 |
5726687f708984140094c511 | Professional_wrestling | An individual wrestler may sometimes use their real name, or a minor variation of it, for much of their career, such as Angelo Poffo, Ernie Ladd, Verne Gagne, Bret Hart, and Randy Orton. Others can keep one ring name for their entire career (cases in point include Chris Jericho, Shawn Michaels, CM Punk and Ricky Steamb... | How can a wrestler get around changing their ring name entirely? | {
"text": [
"typeset change"
],
"answer_start": [
550
]
} | Context: An individual wrestler may sometimes use their real name, or a minor variation of it, for much of their career, such as Angelo Poffo, Ernie Ladd, Verne Gagne, Bret Hart, and Randy Orton. Others can keep one ring name for their entire career (cases in point include Chris Jericho, Shawn Michaels, CM Punk and Ric... | 22.445457 |
572e951fdfa6aa1500f8d186 | Richard_Feynman | The Feynman Lectures on Physics is perhaps his most accessible work for anyone with an interest in physics, compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64. As news of the lectures' lucidity grew, professional physicists and graduate students began to drop in to listen. Co-authors Robert B. Leighton and Mat... | Which addendum was added to the Lectures book in 2005? | {
"text": [
"\"Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} | Context: The Feynman Lectures on Physics is perhaps his most accessible work for anyone with an interest in physics, compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64. As news of the lectures' lucidity grew, professional physicists and graduate students began to drop in to listen. Co-authors Robert B. Leighto... | 18.123093 |
57267786dd62a815002e85f3 | Mexico_City | To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and nitrogen oxides. When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels, contingency actions were implemented which included closing... | What is the bike-sharing program called in Mexico City? | {
"text": [
"Ecobici"
],
"answer_start": [
646
]
} | Context: To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and nitrogen oxides. When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels, contingency actions were implemented which include... | 37.154209 |
5727fd58ff5b5019007d9a45 | Pope_John_XXIII | In February 1925, the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri summoned him to the Vatican and informed him of Pope Pius XI's decision to appoint him as the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria (1925–35). On 3 March, Pius XI also named him for consecration as titular archbishop of Areopolis, Jordan. Roncalli was initially ... | Who was the Cardinal Secretary of State in 1925? | {
"text": [
"Pietro Gasparri"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} | Context: In February 1925, the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri summoned him to the Vatican and informed him of Pope Pius XI's decision to appoint him as the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria (1925–35). On 3 March, Pius XI also named him for consecration as titular archbishop of Areopolis, Jordan. Roncalli was i... | 21.521572 |
56cf4ed5aab44d1400b88fa6 | New_York_City | New York City's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S.financial industry, metonymously known as Wall Street. The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and an important economic e... | What percentage of the city's wages does the securities industry provide? | {
"text": [
"22"
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
} | Context: New York City's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S.financial industry, metonymously known as Wall Street. The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and an important e... | 16.195505 |
56f788eeaef2371900625b9f | Marshall_Islands | Micronesian colonists gradually settled the Marshall Islands during the 2nd millennium BC, with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts. Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s, with Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar sighting an atoll in August 1526. Other ... | Who were the original settlers of the area that became the Marshall Islands? | {
"text": [
"Micronesian colonists"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | Context: Micronesian colonists gradually settled the Marshall Islands during the 2nd millennium BC, with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts. Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s, with Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar sighting an atoll in August 152... | 28.66861 |
56dfbc8c231d4119001abd50 | Lighting | Flares can also be used by the military to mark positions, usually for targeting, but laser-guided and GPS weapons have eliminated this need for the most part. | What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield? | {
"text": [
"laser-guided and GPS weapons"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} | Context: Flares can also be used by the military to mark positions, usually for targeting, but laser-guided and GPS weapons have eliminated this need for the most part.
Question: What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield?
Answer: laser-guided and GPS weapons<|endoftext|> | 31.094547 |
570e21540dc6ce1900204dd7 | Eritrea | Even during the war, Eritrea developed its transportation infrastructure by asphalting new roads, improving its ports, and repairing war-damaged roads and bridges as a part of the Warsay Yika'alo Program. The most significant of these projects was the construction of a coastal highway of more than 500 km connecting Mas... | Which railway was rehabilitated under the Warsay Yika'alo Program? | {
"text": [
"Eritrean"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} | Context: Even during the war, Eritrea developed its transportation infrastructure by asphalting new roads, improving its ports, and repairing war-damaged roads and bridges as a part of the Warsay Yika'alo Program. The most significant of these projects was the construction of a coastal highway of more than 500 km conne... | 29.49823 |
572739b6dd62a815002e99bd | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the beginning, racial classifications that identified race were inherently suspect and subject to strict scrutiny. These classifications would only be upheld if necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest. Later the U.S. Supreme Court decided that racial classifications that benefited underrepresented mi... | What is an example case that can help display where upholding a racial classification is beneficial? | {
"text": [
"Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co."
],
"answer_start": [
418
]
} | Context: In the beginning, racial classifications that identified race were inherently suspect and subject to strict scrutiny. These classifications would only be upheld if necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest. Later the U.S. Supreme Court decided that racial classifications that benefited underrepre... | 23.165392 |
56f95b969b226e1400dd1399 | Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) | Winston Churchill, on forming his government in 1940, created the office of Minister of Defence to exercise ministerial control over the Chiefs of Staff Committee and to co-ordinate defence matters. The post was held by the Prime Minister of the day until Clement Attlee's government introduced the Ministry of Defence A... | When was the Ministry of Defence Act introduced? | {
"text": [
"1946"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} | Context: Winston Churchill, on forming his government in 1940, created the office of Minister of Defence to exercise ministerial control over the Chiefs of Staff Committee and to co-ordinate defence matters. The post was held by the Prime Minister of the day until Clement Attlee's government introduced the Ministry of ... | 14.140693 |
5727c0a83acd2414000deba3 | A_cappella | Increased interest in modern a cappella (particularly collegiate a cappella) can be seen in the growth of awards such as the Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards (overseen by the Contemporary A Cappella Society) and competitions such as the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella for college groups and ... | What is the name of the group that won The Sing-Off? | {
"text": [
"Nota"
],
"answer_start": [
746
]
} | Context: Increased interest in modern a cappella (particularly collegiate a cappella) can be seen in the growth of awards such as the Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards (overseen by the Contemporary A Cappella Society) and competitions such as the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella for college gr... | 15.276391 |
5723df4df6b826140030fcd0 | Freemasonry | Relations between Grand Lodges are determined by the concept of Recognition. Each Grand Lodge maintains a list of other Grand Lodges that it recognises. When two Grand Lodges recognise and are in Masonic communication with each other, they are said to be in amity, and the brethren of each may visit each other's Lodges ... | What, besides Recognition, must happen between two Grand Lodges in order for them to be considered in amity? | {
"text": [
"Masonic communication"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} | Context: Relations between Grand Lodges are determined by the concept of Recognition. Each Grand Lodge maintains a list of other Grand Lodges that it recognises. When two Grand Lodges recognise and are in Masonic communication with each other, they are said to be in amity, and the brethren of each may visit each other'... | 14.919461 |
570c22d96b8089140040fb4a | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers. In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as lo... | Which president was the first to use wiretaps to find bootleggers? | {
"text": [
"Hoover"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | Context: Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers. In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizu... | 12.344953 |
572838114b864d190016477a | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | During Mubarak's presidency, Nasserist political parties began to emerge in Egypt, the first being the Arab Democratic Nasserist Party (ADNP). The party carried minor political influence, and splits between its members beginning in 1995 resulted in the gradual establishment of splinter parties, including Hamdeen Sabahi... | What type of political parties came about when Mubarek was president? | {
"text": [
"Nasserist"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} | Context: During Mubarak's presidency, Nasserist political parties began to emerge in Egypt, the first being the Arab Democratic Nasserist Party (ADNP). The party carried minor political influence, and splits between its members beginning in 1995 resulted in the gradual establishment of splinter parties, including Hamde... | 19.463438 |
5726bda85951b619008f7cb2 | Gothic_architecture | Expansive interior light has been a feature of Gothic cathedrals since the first structure was opened. The metaphysics of light in the Middle Ages led to clerical belief in its divinity and the importance of its display in holy settings. Much of this belief was based on the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius, a sixth-century... | Whose writings led to the clerical belief in the divinity of light? | {
"text": [
"Pseudo-Dionysius"
],
"answer_start": [
287
]
} | Context: Expansive interior light has been a feature of Gothic cathedrals since the first structure was opened. The metaphysics of light in the Middle Ages led to clerical belief in its divinity and the importance of its display in holy settings. Much of this belief was based on the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius, a sixt... | 16.088535 |
570e719b0b85d914000d7f06 | Melbourne | Port Phillip is often warmer than the surrounding oceans and/or the land mass, particularly in spring and autumn; this can set up a "bay effect" similar to the "lake effect" seen in colder climates where showers are intensified leeward of the bay. Relatively narrow streams of heavy showers can often affect the same pla... | What is the range of Melbourne's dewpoint temperatures in the summer? | {
"text": [
"9.5 °C (49.1 °F) to 11.7 °C (53.1 °F)"
],
"answer_start": [
826
]
} | Context: Port Phillip is often warmer than the surrounding oceans and/or the land mass, particularly in spring and autumn; this can set up a "bay effect" similar to the "lake effect" seen in colder climates where showers are intensified leeward of the bay. Relatively narrow streams of heavy showers can often affect the... | 19.091084 |
5726bf8b708984140094d051 | Crimean_War | Russia, as a member of the Holy Alliance, had operated as the "police of Europe", maintaining the balance of power that had been established in the Treaty of Vienna in 1815. Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and expected gratitude; it wanted a free hand in settling i... | In exchange for helping Austria, Russia wanted to be freely able to handle any issues they had with who? | {
"text": [
"Ottoman Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
} | Context: Russia, as a member of the Holy Alliance, had operated as the "police of Europe", maintaining the balance of power that had been established in the Treaty of Vienna in 1815. Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and expected gratitude; it wanted a free hand in s... | 25.712103 |
572ab33ff75d5e190021fc58 | Royal_assent | After the House of Representatives has debated the law, it either approves it and sends it to the Senate with the text "The Second Chamber of the States General sends the following approved proposal of law to the First Chamber", or it rejects it and returns it to the government with the text "The Second Chamber of the ... | If the Senate approves the law after receiving it from the House, what is written and sent to the government? | {
"text": [
"\"To the King, The States General have accepted the proposal of law as it is offered here.\""
],
"answer_start": [
474
]
} | Context: After the House of Representatives has debated the law, it either approves it and sends it to the Senate with the text "The Second Chamber of the States General sends the following approved proposal of law to the First Chamber", or it rejects it and returns it to the government with the text "The Second Chambe... | 12.18614 |
5726dc5add62a815002e9312 | Copyright_infringement | The U.S. GAO's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies. The GAO report explained that the sources –... | What 2010 body found how difficult it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement? | {
"text": [
"U.S. GAO"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} | Context: The U.S. GAO's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies. The GAO report explained that the ... | 18.44272 |
57311d32a5e9cc1400cdbc26 | Qing_dynasty | The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Jurchen clans into "Banners", military-social units. Nurhaci formed these clans into a unified entity, the subjects of which became known collectively as the Manchu pe... | Where did this dynasty form? | {
"text": [
"Manchuria"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} | Context: The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Jurchen clans into "Banners", military-social units. Nurhaci formed these clans into a unified entity, the subjects of which became known collectively as the ... | 36.721523 |
5728b8862ca10214002da65a | History_of_India | The Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah, the de facto ruler of the Bengal province, opposed British attempts to use these permits. This led to the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757, in which the Bengal Army of the East India Company, led by Robert Clive, defeated the French-supported Nawab's forces. This was the first real... | Who did the East India Company appoint as Governor of Bengal? | {
"text": [
"Robert Clive"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} | Context: The Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah, the de facto ruler of the Bengal province, opposed British attempts to use these permits. This led to the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757, in which the Bengal Army of the East India Company, led by Robert Clive, defeated the French-supported Nawab's forces. This was the f... | 23.75474 |
572657145951b619008f7016 | Greece | The coalition government led the country to the parliamentary elections of May 2012. The power of the traditional Greek political parties, PASOK and New Democracy, declined from 43% to 13% and from 33% to 18%, respectively, due to their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures. The leftist party o... | What led to the loss of power of traditional Greek parties? | {
"text": [
"their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} | Context: The coalition government led the country to the parliamentary elections of May 2012. The power of the traditional Greek political parties, PASOK and New Democracy, declined from 43% to 13% and from 33% to 18%, respectively, due to their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures. The leftis... | 13.977043 |
572695b6f1498d1400e8e473 | The_Sun_(United_Kingdom) | Eventually resulting in 17 libel writs in total, The Sun ran a series of false stories about the pop musician Elton John from 25 February 1987. They began with an invented account of the singer having sexual relationships with rent boys. The singer-songwriter was abroad on the day indicated in the story, as former Sun ... | What breed of dog did The Sun mistakenly report that Elton John owned? | {
"text": [
"Rottweiler"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} | Context: Eventually resulting in 17 libel writs in total, The Sun ran a series of false stories about the pop musician Elton John from 25 February 1987. They began with an invented account of the singer having sexual relationships with rent boys. The singer-songwriter was abroad on the day indicated in the story, as fo... | 36.664459 |
56e6b94d6fe0821900b8eb56 | Adult_contemporary_music | AC radio stations may play mainstream music, but they will exclude hip hop, dance tracks, hard rock, and some forms of teen pop, as they are less popular amongst the target demographic of these radio stations, which is intended for an adult audience. AC radio often targets the 25–44 age group, the demographic that has ... | What age group does adult contemporary radio typically focus on? | {
"text": [
"25–44"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} | Context: AC radio stations may play mainstream music, but they will exclude hip hop, dance tracks, hard rock, and some forms of teen pop, as they are less popular amongst the target demographic of these radio stations, which is intended for an adult audience. AC radio often targets the 25–44 age group, the demographic ... | 29.974699 |
56e79f1700c9c71400d773f1 | University_of_Kansas | The university houses the following public broadcasting stations: KJHK, a student-run campus radio station, KUJH-LP, an independent station that primarily broadcasts public affairs programs, and KANU, the NPR-affiliated radio station. Kansas Public Radio station KANU was one of the first public radio stations in the na... | What kinds of programming appear on KUJH-LP? | {
"text": [
"public affairs"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} | Context: The university houses the following public broadcasting stations: KJHK, a student-run campus radio station, KUJH-LP, an independent station that primarily broadcasts public affairs programs, and KANU, the NPR-affiliated radio station. Kansas Public Radio station KANU was one of the first public radio stations ... | 19.80884 |
5732547be17f3d1400422879 | The_Bronx | Several boutique and chain hotels have opened in recent years in the South Bronx; in addition, a La Quinta Inn that has been proposed for the Mott Haven waterfront. The Kingsbridge Armory, often cited as the largest armory in the world, is scheduled for redevelopment as the Kingsbridge National Ice Center. Under consid... | What was the largest armory in the world? | {
"text": [
"Kingsbridge Armory"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} | Context: Several boutique and chain hotels have opened in recent years in the South Bronx; in addition, a La Quinta Inn that has been proposed for the Mott Haven waterfront. The Kingsbridge Armory, often cited as the largest armory in the world, is scheduled for redevelopment as the Kingsbridge National Ice Center. Und... | 23.143101 |
56cffb63234ae51400d9c1e6 | New_York_City | More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city, and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people. Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times, which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journal... | How many magazines can call NYC home? | {
"text": [
"350"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} | Context: More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city, and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people. Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times, which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes fo... | 18.16153 |
570c75c9fed7b91900d459d4 | FC_Barcelona | FC Barcelona's all-time highest goalscorer in all competitions (including friendlies) is Lionel Messi with 474 goals. Messi is also the all-time highest goalscorer for Barcelona in all official competitions, excluding friendlies, with 445 goals. He is the record goalscorer for Barcelona in European (82 goals) and inter... | How many goals has Messi scored in La Liga competitions? | {
"text": [
"305"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} | Context: FC Barcelona's all-time highest goalscorer in all competitions (including friendlies) is Lionel Messi with 474 goals. Messi is also the all-time highest goalscorer for Barcelona in all official competitions, excluding friendlies, with 445 goals. He is the record goalscorer for Barcelona in European (82 goals) ... | 11.016021 |
57098f5ced30961900e8431a | Orthodox_Judaism | In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of "homogeneous enclaves" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and the numbe... | Haredi and Chassidic communities are threatened by assimilation and intermarriage so they do not do what with non-orthodox populaions? | {
"text": [
"interact"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} | Context: In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of "homogeneous enclaves" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and ... | 25.466413 |
572ffa8cb2c2fd14005686ad | Muslim_world | Muslim scientists contributed to advances in the sciences. They placed far greater emphasis on experiment than had the Greeks. This led to an early scientific method being developed in the Muslim world, where progress in methodology was made, beginning with the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) on optics from cir... | Ibn al-Haytham experimented with what around the year 1000? | {
"text": [
"optics"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} | Context: Muslim scientists contributed to advances in the sciences. They placed far greater emphasis on experiment than had the Greeks. This led to an early scientific method being developed in the Muslim world, where progress in methodology was made, beginning with the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) on optics... | 30.152287 |
570a54a84103511400d5960d | Imperial_College_London | In 2003 Imperial was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right by the Privy Council. The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in the same year as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London. In 2004 the Tanaka Business School (now named the Imperial College Business School) and a new Main ... | In which year was the London Centre for Nanotechnology established? | {
"text": [
"2003"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} | Context: In 2003 Imperial was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right by the Privy Council. The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in the same year as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London. In 2004 the Tanaka Business School (now named the Imperial College Business School) and a ... | 20.661634 |
573151a9e6313a140071ce1a | Qing_dynasty | The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries[c]), each headed by two presidents[d] and assisted by four vice presidents.[e] In contrast to the Ming system, however, Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Man... | Who was the main leader of the Qing? | {
"text": [
"Emperor"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} | Context: The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries[c]), each headed by two presidents[d] and assisted by four vice presidents.[e] In contrast to the Ming system, however, Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split be... | 25.551096 |
56f75961aef2371900625b3a | Slavs | Pomors are distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N among them. Postulated to originate from southeast Asia, it is found at high rates in Uralic peoples. Its presence in Pomors (called "Northern Russians" in the report) attests to the non-Slavic tribes (mixing with Finnic tribes of northern Eurasia). Autosomally... | Pomors are distinguished by the presence of what? | {
"text": [
"Y Haplogroup N"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} | Context: Pomors are distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N among them. Postulated to originate from southeast Asia, it is found at high rates in Uralic peoples. Its presence in Pomors (called "Northern Russians" in the report) attests to the non-Slavic tribes (mixing with Finnic tribes of northern Eurasia). Au... | 28.427849 |
5728d63f2ca10214002da905 | Estonia | Estonia won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001 with the song "Everybody" performed by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton. In 2002, Estonia hosted the event. Maarja-Liis Ilus has competed for Estonia on two occasions (1996 and 1997), while Eda-Ines Etti, Koit Toome and Evelin Samuel owe their popularity partly to the Eurovisi... | Who performed the song "Everybody"? | {
"text": [
"Tanel Padar and Dave Benton"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} | Context: Estonia won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001 with the song "Everybody" performed by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton. In 2002, Estonia hosted the event. Maarja-Liis Ilus has competed for Estonia on two occasions (1996 and 1997), while Eda-Ines Etti, Koit Toome and Evelin Samuel owe their popularity partly to the... | 40.235218 |
570d03b1fed7b91900d45bbd | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | Although the Catholics and the Orthodox may honor and venerate Mary, they do not view her as divine, nor do they worship her. Roman Catholics view Mary as subordinate to Christ, but uniquely so, in that she is seen as above all other creatures. Similarly Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote that the Orthodox view Mary as "... | What is the term used for veneration of Mary in Roman Catholic theology? | {
"text": [
"hyperdulia"
],
"answer_start": [
681
]
} | Context: Although the Catholics and the Orthodox may honor and venerate Mary, they do not view her as divine, nor do they worship her. Roman Catholics view Mary as subordinate to Christ, but uniquely so, in that she is seen as above all other creatures. Similarly Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote that the Orthodox view ... | 16.043222 |
570c46c0b3d812140066d067 | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. "When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary, one may initially observe iconographic similarities. These parallels have led many scholars to suggest that there ... | Which Egyptian goddess do some scholars ascribe similarities to? | {
"text": [
"Isis"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} | Context: The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. "When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary, one may initially observe iconographic similarities. These parallels have led many scholars to suggest th... | 17.538189 |
57261d7789a1e219009ac28c | Clothing | The use of animal fur in clothing dates to prehistoric times. It is currently associated in developed countries with expensive, designer clothing, although fur is still used by indigenous people in arctic zones and higher elevations for its warmth and protection. Once uncontroversial, it has recently been the focus of ... | What have humans used for clothing since prehistoric times? | {
"text": [
"animal fur"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} | Context: The use of animal fur in clothing dates to prehistoric times. It is currently associated in developed countries with expensive, designer clothing, although fur is still used by indigenous people in arctic zones and higher elevations for its warmth and protection. Once uncontroversial, it has recently been the ... | 27.270674 |
570a3d1f6d058f1900182d0c | Beer | The first step, where the wort is prepared by mixing the starch source (normally malted barley) with hot water, is known as "mashing". Hot water (known as "liquor" in brewing terms) is mixed with crushed malt or malts (known as "grist") in a mash tun. The mashing process takes around 1 to 2 hours, during which the star... | What is the first step of brewing when malted barley is mixed with hot water? | {
"text": [
"mashing"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} | Context: The first step, where the wort is prepared by mixing the starch source (normally malted barley) with hot water, is known as "mashing". Hot water (known as "liquor" in brewing terms) is mixed with crushed malt or malts (known as "grist") in a mash tun. The mashing process takes around 1 to 2 hours, during which... | 14.298329 |
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