id stringlengths 36 36 | input stringlengths 26 406 | expected_output stringlengths 27 284 | metadata.query_id stringlengths 1 4 | metadata.split stringclasses 1 value |
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8d6ca7c8-8e9a-42f7-8f15-6453a7fa6ed5 | There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’. | [{"id": "MIT_Technology_Review", "score": 1}, {"id": "Survivalism", "score": 1}, {"id": "Scientific_journal", "score": 1}, {"id": "Academic_journal", "score": 1}] | 1108 | test |
9355f7d3-bf74-4877-a664-fd559f090b2d | Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact. | [{"id": "Carbon_dioxide", "score": 1}, {"id": "Atmosphere_of_Earth", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}] | 2584 | test |
e41ed241-5a50-449f-a8f0-22294e0a3b2a | "Each unit of CO2 you put into the atmosphere has less and less of a warming impact. | [{"id": "Kyoto_Protocol", "score": 1}, {"id": "Emissions_trading", "score": 1}, {"id": "Incineration", "score": 1}, {"id": "Human_impact_on_the_environment", "score": 1}, {"id": "Physical_impacts_of_climate_change", "score": 1}] | 2583 | test |
232dd958-07ed-466f-b902-ee9989db163f | [ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003 | [{"id": "Ocean_acidification", "score": 1}] | 1103 | test |
6e340922-cd53-43aa-8024-d609974b7672 | Volcanoes emit around 0.3 billion tonnes of CO2 per year. | [{"id": "Hekla", "score": 1}, {"id": "Greenhouse_gas", "score": 1}, {"id": "Volcano", "score": 1}, {"id": "NW_Rota-1", "score": 1}] | 2580 | test |
6b91c9a4-5520-4de3-a60a-3b2d39494d58 | Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.” | [{"id": "Ocean_acidification", "score": 1}, {"id": "Seawater", "score": 1}, {"id": "Marine_life", "score": 1}, {"id": "Sea", "score": 1}] | 1098 | test |
959f33a8-b9b9-4325-93f2-88591974f9fb | Over the past 250 years, humans have added just one part of CO2 in 10,000 to the atmosphere. | [{"id": "Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change", "score": 1}, {"id": "Greenhouse_gas", "score": 1}, {"id": "Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere", "score": 1}] | 2579 | test |
26b4d761-13f4-47b1-8e8f-56454315132f | “[…]The impact on calcification, metabolism, growth, fertility and survival of calcifying marine species when pH is lowered up to 0.3 units […] is beneficial, not damaging. | [{"id": "Ocean_acidification", "score": 1}, {"id": "Carbon_dioxide", "score": 1}] | 1097 | test |
e93b6b58-ae39-4363-9bbd-f8a4bf78e3d4 | "Three recent articles give us reason to question the alarmists’ claims that coral reefs are in deep trouble due to the buildup of greenhouse gases." (World Climate Report) | [{"id": "Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change", "score": 1}, {"id": "Coral_reef", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}] | 2577 | test |
04eeefa3-7dda-412e-a395-cfac2f8d4df5 | But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH | [{"id": "Doctor_of_Philosophy", "score": 1}] | 1092 | test |
248a342a-2b8e-423a-96fa-77706d430fd7 | The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from. | [{"id": "Retractions_in_academic_publishing", "score": 1}, {"id": "Hockey_stick_controversy", "score": 1}, {"id": "Scientific_journal", "score": 1}, {"id": "Google_Scholar", "score": 1}, {"id": "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change", "score": 1}] | 2571 | test |
71f04053-cfc6-462e-b083-58de01445f4f | Over the last 30-40 years 80% of coral in the Caribbean have been destroyed and 50% in Indonesia and the Pacific. | [{"id": "2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami", "score": 1}, {"id": "Coral_bleaching", "score": 1}, {"id": "Coral", "score": 1}] | 2575 | test |
752eac23-65b7-4ad1-a38f-4819e65b8a1c | Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath. | [{"id": "Ocean_acidification", "score": 1}, {"id": "Greenhouse_gas", "score": 1}] | 1093 | test |
1779240d-c208-4dde-a7b0-5dfc2aa45c07 | On a world scale coral reefs are in decline. | [{"id": "Coral_reef", "score": 1}, {"id": "Conservation_biology", "score": 1}, {"id": "Coral", "score": 1}, {"id": "Marine_protected_area", "score": 1}] | 2574 | test |
3e052da6-a123-4d0d-ad87-2fd8ccde975e | Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22. | [{"id": "Phalodi", "score": 1}, {"id": "2019_heat_wave_in_India_and_Pakistan", "score": 1}, {"id": "Abadan,_Iran", "score": 1}, {"id": "2010_Northern_Hemisphere_heat_waves", "score": 1}] | 1090 | test |
01b53234-83f9-4f53-b8a2-157d8e5bd525 | The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct. | [{"id": "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change", "score": 1}] | 2570 | test |
256f147b-cbeb-4d83-95d1-1131254c7bd0 | Last year’s warmth was manifested across the planet, from the warm tropical ocean waters off the coast of northeastern Australia, where the Great Barrier Reef experienced its worst coral bleaching event on record and large scale coral death, to the Arctic, where sea ice hit regular monthly record lows and overall temperatures were also the warmest on record, at least from January through September 2016. | [{"id": "Arctic_Ocean", "score": 1}, {"id": "Coral_bleaching", "score": 1}, {"id": "Great_Barrier_Reef", "score": 1}] | 1089 | test |
dbbfcb53-3e43-4b10-9d9e-b2bb4bddad64 | ‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’” | [{"id": "Global_warming_controversy", "score": 1}, {"id": "Climate_change_(general_concept)", "score": 1}, {"id": "Phenology", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}, {"id": "Instrumental_temperature_record", "score": 1}] | 1088 | test |
c058b2f7-5c7b-4db7-9e3a-bffe0e74bfab | "The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF. | [{"id": "Criticism_of_the_IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report", "score": 1}, {"id": "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change", "score": 1}] | 2568 | test |
680e0c3b-03b7-4511-83b2-dc8147489cd1 | Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes. | [{"id": "Climate_change_denial", "score": 1}, {"id": "The_Great_Global_Warming_Swindle", "score": 1}, {"id": "Ecology", "score": 1}, {"id": "An_Inconvenient_Truth", "score": 1}] | 2565 | test |
de784de2-e1e1-402a-9a56-99ad4f353093 | The particular signature of warming in 2016 was also revealing in another way, Overpeck said, noting that the stratosphere… saw record cold temperatures last year | [{"id": "Nuclear_winter", "score": 1}, {"id": "Satellite_temperature_measurements", "score": 1}, {"id": "Ozone_depletion", "score": 1}, {"id": "Eocene", "score": 1}] | 1087 | test |
21e87379-3257-4d86-864b-338d7f034c62 | This small warming is likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents which are driven by ocean salinity variations. | [{"id": "Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation", "score": 1}, {"id": "Sea_level_rise", "score": 1}, {"id": "Sea", "score": 1}, {"id": "Thermohaline_circulation", "score": 1}] | 2564 | test |
21fcf045-6e96-4743-934d-2990c89955ea | [Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said. | [{"id": "Human_impact_on_the_environment", "score": 1}, {"id": "Greenhouse_gas", "score": 1}, {"id": "Non-renewable_resource", "score": 1}] | 1084 | test |
bb9b991e-94dd-49cf-a330-39375d5ca40e | When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres. | [{"id": "Sea_level_rise", "score": 1}] | 2562 | test |
cf38c994-50b6-464f-9914-ce3056763b80 | ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.” | [{"id": "Rock_music", "score": 1}, {"id": "Wayback_Machine", "score": 1}, {"id": "Wikipedia", "score": 1}, {"id": "Twitter", "score": 1}] | 1083 | test |
e6d52440-1d51-4f0a-a016-39b3c133a7c5 | “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture. | [{"id": "Communications_satellite", "score": 1}, {"id": "Instrumental_temperature_record", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming_controversy", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}] | 1082 | test |
3d1a373a-d3dd-4129-b1d4-19e0d3a0f410 | Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections. | [{"id": "James_Hansen", "score": 1}, {"id": "Sea_level_rise", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}] | 2561 | test |
f0b41c04-30ff-4738-9e9f-7aeff7baba69 | “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion. | [{"id": "NASA", "score": 1}, {"id": "Instrumental_temperature_record", "score": 1}] | 1079 | test |
1707b7b3-56e9-4309-8d8a-6aa6b7285819 | In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone." | [{"id": "Sea_level", "score": 1}, {"id": "Ice_age", "score": 1}, {"id": "Last_Glacial_Period", "score": 1}] | 2560 | test |
848b1dfa-8bff-461b-a653-415fd752a1e5 | “[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean. | [{"id": "Earth", "score": 1}, {"id": "Climate_change_(general_concept)", "score": 1}, {"id": "Ocean", "score": 1}, {"id": "Sea_ice", "score": 1}] | 1078 | test |
f866ee73-88b4-4bf3-9b7c-b02b15e339b0 | Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood. | [{"id": "Climate_change_(general_concept)", "score": 1}, {"id": "Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change", "score": 1}, {"id": "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change", "score": 1}] | 2557 | test |
aaa71330-494a-4fe7-be52-4c2cee1bf37d | Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said. | [{"id": "Earth", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming_in_Antarctica", "score": 1}, {"id": "Ozone_depletion", "score": 1}, {"id": "Antarctica", "score": 1}] | 1077 | test |
8550d961-6fc3-45dc-a212-909c09855bee | For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide. | [{"id": "James_Hansen", "score": 1}, {"id": "Carbon_dioxide", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_cooling", "score": 1}] | 2556 | test |
ac65466f-7f31-4a95-9ade-dcb2fb7e6c62 | “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said. | [{"id": "Physical_impacts_of_climate_change", "score": 1}, {"id": "Sea_ice", "score": 1}, {"id": "Colonization_of_Mars", "score": 1}, {"id": "Antarctica", "score": 1}] | 1075 | test |
355a4f63-360a-47d6-8323-bea6cec32e5f | The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance." | [{"id": "Percentage", "score": 1}, {"id": "Watts_Up_With_That?", "score": 1}, {"id": "Emissions_trading", "score": 1}, {"id": "London", "score": 1}] | 2553 | test |
bb17ebf9-f706-4794-9323-8408c71406f2 | The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. | [{"id": "Climate_change_in_the_Arctic", "score": 1}, {"id": "Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change", "score": 1}, {"id": "Arctic", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}] | 1073 | test |
c0d8b5d7-37ca-4142-959f-1465d940d22c | Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty. | [{"id": "Science", "score": 1}] | 2555 | test |
62209c90-2c13-4ca1-971c-3db1a91e3349 | “There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record. | [{"id": "Earth", "score": 1}, {"id": "Atlantic_Ocean", "score": 1}, {"id": "Holocene", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}] | 1069 | test |
55edea83-d0b8-4c01-84ae-83d7e3fc4e55 | The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles. | [{"id": "Triassic", "score": 1}, {"id": "Mesozoic", "score": 1}, {"id": "Paleocene", "score": 1}] | 2552 | test |
968d289d-a4c3-41b5-9d06-7d8c113be98f | “In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable … | [{"id": "Montreal", "score": 1}, {"id": "Durban", "score": 1}, {"id": "Podlaskie_Voivodeship", "score": 1}, {"id": "Taiga", "score": 1}] | 1067 | test |
b26ec49e-1990-4198-bb17-4e57dc2756f2 | The statement that so-called greenhouse gases, especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.' | [{"id": "Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change", "score": 1}, {"id": "James_Hansen", "score": 1}] | 2542 | test |
7fc7193c-2d20-42b5-b5c4-6abf6f95ceb0 | […] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent. | [{"id": "List_of_ecoregions_in_North_America_(CEC)", "score": 1}, {"id": "Alentejo", "score": 1}, {"id": "Temperate_climate", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}, {"id": "Physical_impacts_of_climate_change", "score": 1}] | 1066 | test |
ddce97cd-c2cb-43bd-9195-6f34a85c59ae | "Many people think the science of climate change is settled. | [{"id": "Global_warming_controversy", "score": 1}, {"id": "Climate_change_(general_concept)", "score": 1}, {"id": "Climate_change_denial", "score": 1}, {"id": "Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change", "score": 1}, {"id": "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change", "score": 1}] | 2549 | test |
3e8b3fa8-80e2-4b84-b3ac-312998140b58 | However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods. | [{"id": "Mediterranean_climate", "score": 1}, {"id": "Rain", "score": 1}, {"id": "Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom", "score": 1}, {"id": "Effects_of_global_warming", "score": 1}, {"id": "Physical_impacts_of_climate_change", "score": 1}] | 1065 | test |
9f062e9e-0c1d-43c9-8ae5-3ae0b484046a | warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica | [{"id": "Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850", "score": 1}, {"id": "Sea_level_rise", "score": 1}] | 1061 | test |
b7444418-7b9f-43b1-8e48-05cdcd27adaf | In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged global warming. | [{"id": "Climate_change_denial", "score": 1}, {"id": "James_Hansen", "score": 1}, {"id": "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change", "score": 1}] | 2540 | test |
d7a8018f-da89-488a-b971-c55429164098 | The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction." | [{"id": "Correlation_does_not_imply_causation", "score": 1}, {"id": "Hawthorne_effect", "score": 1}, {"id": "Positive_feedback", "score": 1}, {"id": "Network_effect", "score": 1}] | 2547 | test |
d781e7d2-2e73-4a4a-8700-05816cf28f2e | “Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths. | [{"id": "Lake", "score": 1}, {"id": "Dead_zone_(ecology)", "score": 1}, {"id": "Deep_sea_fish", "score": 1}, {"id": "Mesopelagic_zone", "score": 1}] | 1057 | test |
67defe82-f818-4e93-a311-26921aa1335e | "[T]he influence of so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet absolutely proven. | [{"id": "Greenhouse_effect", "score": 1}, {"id": "Greenhouse_gas", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}] | 2539 | test |
8426f539-de2d-4165-89d6-88c7564331be | Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others. | [{"id": "Effects_of_global_warming", "score": 1}, {"id": "Ozone_depletion", "score": 1}, {"id": "Environmental_issues_in_Thailand", "score": 1}] | 1056 | test |
048e6483-09f1-49c4-9b24-dc13fba41782 | They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’” | [{"id": "Climatic_Research_Unit_email_controversy", "score": 1}, {"id": "Climate_change_and_ecosystems", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}] | 1055 | test |
86aa75e8-ac4c-4fe6-bea5-766075089052 | Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate. | [{"id": "Himalayas", "score": 1}, {"id": "Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850", "score": 1}, {"id": "Sea_level_rise", "score": 1}] | 2538 | test |
4047fa8d-d5c9-417c-ba82-bd4e39a91156 | Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report. | [{"id": "Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850", "score": 1}, {"id": "Physical_impacts_of_climate_change", "score": 1}, {"id": "West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}] | 2530 | test |
50c38f5a-d0d7-412f-b6f8-30663b3d9264 | But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily. | [{"id": "Sea", "score": 1}, {"id": "Marine_habitats", "score": 1}, {"id": "Anoxic_event", "score": 1}, {"id": "Lake_ecosystem", "score": 1}] | 1052 | test |
70da149d-2f25-4ccd-adf4-0eb6a07650d2 | So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows. | [{"id": "Seattle", "score": 1}, {"id": "New_Orleans", "score": 1}, {"id": "2010s", "score": 1}, {"id": "Milwaukee", "score": 1}] | 1049 | test |
e9a5037a-e374-45a4-8590-eef008aae646 | "In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035. | [{"id": "Criticism_of_the_IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report", "score": 1}, {"id": "Ganges", "score": 1}] | 2531 | test |
b74ef3e8-7700-4202-bb04-cb6ca234d256 | But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature. | [{"id": "IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming_controversy", "score": 1}, {"id": "Hockey_stick_controversy", "score": 1}, {"id": "Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change", "score": 1}, {"id": "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change", "score": 1}] | 2536 | test |
873f7f2f-c5f7-4a6e-9cab-ac3711f9d29b | In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February. | [{"id": "Season", "score": 1}, {"id": "December", "score": 1}, {"id": "Albany,_New_York", "score": 1}, {"id": "Chicago", "score": 1}, {"id": "Humid_subtropical_climate", "score": 1}] | 1050 | test |
6219939d-b6ab-48f6-b13d-adcebce48569 | This is called the "atmospheric greenhouse effect", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder. | [{"id": "Earth", "score": 1}, {"id": "Greenhouse_effect", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}] | 2523 | test |
38de15ef-b104-4f51-8785-e30ea236000b | While transient weather variability is playing a key role here, the widespread record warmth across the U.S. so far this year is part of a long-term trend toward more warm temperature records versus cold ones. | [{"id": "Little_Ice_Age", "score": 1}, {"id": "Instrumental_temperature_record", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}] | 1048 | test |
07bbf49f-313a-42a8-a29b-3249451be8a8 | While evidence that the earth’s orbital variations impact radiation levels and thus global temperatures does not of course mean that man is not in some way impacting the climate, studies like these highlight that the role man plays on the planet is dwarfed by natural phenomena utterly out of our control. | [{"id": "Milankovitch_cycles", "score": 1}, {"id": "Ice_age", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming_controversy", "score": 1}] | 1040 | test |
2f8878d4-7509-42f0-9ce9-b50c73b43e68 | The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature. | [{"id": "Earth", "score": 1}, {"id": "Atmosphere_of_Earth", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}] | 2522 | test |
b758de3f-c1c3-459a-a0e0-133c77073ea1 | The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface. | [{"id": "Earth", "score": 1}, {"id": "Sun", "score": 1}, {"id": "Atmosphere_of_Earth", "score": 1}] | 2521 | test |
2ad7735f-44cb-4eed-8661-77415bf5f7a2 | (Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)” | [{"id": "Dimensional_analysis", "score": 1}, {"id": "Rate_of_return", "score": 1}] | 1038 | test |
fc308378-8ce4-4a2f-96e4-2fac2e9421f0 | According to the second law of thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist." | [{"id": "Thermodynamic_equilibrium", "score": 1}, {"id": "Black_hole", "score": 1}, {"id": "Second_law_of_thermodynamics", "score": 1}, {"id": "Thermodynamics", "score": 1}] | 2520 | test |
26ec5f97-a132-40ae-97e2-094afee012fa | Your odds of correctly guessing the outcome of a flipped coin are 1 in 2, but your odds of guessing correctly twice in a row are only 1 in 4 — | [{"id": "Probability", "score": 1}, {"id": "Gambler's_fallacy", "score": 1}, {"id": "Random_variable", "score": 1}] | 1034 | test |
ea334bfa-f524-47a6-8ed1-f8fa15fb5ebf | The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance. | [{"id": "Earth's_energy_budget", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}] | 2516 | test |
81d62d0b-a1d0-41cf-aa34-a14396c0ccec | A second coat of paint has much less of an effect, while adding a third or fourth coat has almost no impact at all.” | [{"id": "Anti-submarine_warfare", "score": 1}, {"id": "Tincture_(heraldry)", "score": 1}, {"id": "Alf_Ramsey", "score": 1}, {"id": "The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)", "score": 1}] | 1028 | test |
504d17a7-eaef-4498-a357-3038cec10a91 | When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently. | [{"id": "Pacific_decadal_oscillation", "score": 1}, {"id": "Climate_variability", "score": 1}] | 2515 | test |
5e570918-8261-418a-81d0-c48e8cbedd21 | “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases. | [{"id": "Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change", "score": 1}, {"id": "Carbon_dioxide", "score": 1}, {"id": "Greenhouse_gas", "score": 1}, {"id": "Water_vapor", "score": 1}] | 1024 | test |
e71b4abc-4976-4b98-8409-4fe6f2ef93bd | In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase. | [{"id": "Pacific_decadal_oscillation", "score": 1}] | 2511 | test |
fe493c4a-35c4-457c-bf1d-32c731f5132b | Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators. | [{"id": "Coastal_fish", "score": 1}, {"id": "Diversity_of_fish", "score": 1}, {"id": "Coral_reef", "score": 1}, {"id": "Glossary_of_fishery_terms", "score": 1}] | 1023 | test |
67190c41-c680-4c90-82f4-83e0f8142019 | In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase. | [{"id": "Pacific_decadal_oscillation", "score": 1}] | 2510 | test |
57c5e97c-6727-4ab5-baaf-0abc5e06ddcf | If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years | [{"id": "Great_Barrier_Reef", "score": 1}, {"id": "Environmental_threats_to_the_Great_Barrier_Reef", "score": 1}, {"id": "Coral_bleaching", "score": 1}, {"id": "Coral_reef", "score": 1}] | 1022 | test |
034a86d8-dc53-4288-b858-23e35ae9c5e6 | In 1905, PDO switched to a warm phase. | [{"id": "Pacific_decadal_oscillation", "score": 1}] | 2509 | test |
3a4885f8-bec1-4976-a009-ed4f9543fd3e | The corals may save themselves, as many other creatures are attempting to do, by moving toward the poles as the Earth warms, establishing new reefs in cooler water.” | [{"id": "Great_Barrier_Reef", "score": 1}, {"id": "Coral_in_non-tropical_regions", "score": 1}, {"id": "Paleocene", "score": 1}] | 1021 | test |
c719678f-60cd-45b2-ae52-86198db13625 | The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface. | [{"id": "IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report", "score": 1}, {"id": "General_circulation_model", "score": 1}, {"id": "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}] | 2506 | test |
ccf7b50a-5a0e-4fa4-99fe-c9e12d689a26 | "The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase. | [{"id": "Pacific_decadal_oscillation", "score": 1}, {"id": "Climate_variability", "score": 1}] | 2508 | test |
37d60e57-10d6-4846-9685-fb98ddeac826 | “The global reef crisis does not necessarily mean extinction for coral species. | [{"id": "Water_scarcity", "score": 1}, {"id": "Conservation_biology", "score": 1}, {"id": "Extinction_risk_from_global_warming", "score": 1}, {"id": "Cretaceous–Paleogene_extinction_event", "score": 1}] | 1020 | test |
f84d0fa7-bd02-4410-8cba-78907ebe76f5 | An additional kick was supplied by an El Niño weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880. | [{"id": "El_Niño", "score": 1}, {"id": "La_Niña", "score": 1}] | 1019 | test |
948fbd54-14e9-4110-9b77-fdb96c9c5096 | Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming. | [{"id": "Theory", "score": 1}, {"id": "Science", "score": 1}, {"id": "Scientific_theory", "score": 1}] | 2502 | test |
ccef5b98-ea33-44a4-9818-3eb7a3cf8725 | Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said. | [{"id": "Low-carbon_economy", "score": 1}, {"id": "Climate_change_mitigation", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming_controversy", "score": 1}] | 1017 | test |
faaaa6e7-4971-46cc-845e-eff1fdcda76b | The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics. | [{"id": "Sea_surface_temperature", "score": 1}, {"id": "Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}] | 2501 | test |
6476f6b0-6736-4f01-8a3d-dc6433912b1b | Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published. | [{"id": "Effects_of_global_warming", "score": 1}, {"id": "Sea_level_rise", "score": 1}] | 1014 | test |
82b9fc4b-0bb0-4e7e-96f9-d8bc4edd7cdf | Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.' | [{"id": "Climate_change_denial", "score": 1}, {"id": "An_Inconvenient_Truth", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}] | 2500 | test |
4b0e178a-1827-4c1e-be29-3f157fe4da3f | Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm. | [{"id": "Sea_level_rise", "score": 1}, {"id": "2014–16_El_Niño_event", "score": 1}] | 1013 | test |
2fe65a0c-b46a-46d0-9700-cc96c5ec81df | First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850. | [{"id": "Earth", "score": 1}, {"id": "Ice_age", "score": 1}, {"id": "Little_Ice_Age", "score": 1}] | 2499 | test |
5da3a29f-5091-4bb9-a8bb-48422e2551f1 | “‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us. | [{"id": "Climate_change_in_the_Arctic", "score": 1}, {"id": "El_Niño", "score": 1}, {"id": "Arctic", "score": 1}, {"id": "Climate_change_in_the_United_States", "score": 1}] | 1010 | test |
aa1231e6-87b5-4bf3-a7fb-0507ad22c55a | ‘Arctic ice conditions have been tracking at record low conditions since October, persisting for six consecutive months’ | [{"id": "Methane", "score": 1}, {"id": "Arctic_sea_ice_decline", "score": 1}] | 1009 | test |
68e2a8b7-4920-4612-a6f8-939611d17897 | Without the forests' humidity, previously moisture-laden winds blew dry. | [{"id": "Sierra_Madre_Occidental", "score": 1}, {"id": "Dwarf_forest", "score": 1}, {"id": "Aralam_Wildlife_Sanctuary", "score": 1}, {"id": "Neotropical_realm", "score": 1}, {"id": "Cloud_forest", "score": 1}] | 2497 | test |
94934f75-795b-4c70-ac6a-e081c9da2130 | 'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame. | [{"id": "Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850", "score": 1}, {"id": "Mount_Kenya", "score": 1}, {"id": "Mount_Kilimanjaro", "score": 1}] | 2495 | test |
8f6e8680-70a7-4ffa-939d-c7440c1df062 | The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’” | [{"id": "Greenland", "score": 1}, {"id": "Sea_level_rise", "score": 1}, {"id": "Greenland_ice_sheet", "score": 1}] | 1011 | test |
601b9779-8eab-4b0c-80ce-a1ac4bbada2a | There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence. | [{"id": "Ice_age", "score": 1}, {"id": "Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}] | 2494 | test |
c5b5b284-8d89-4f93-940b-49b1a0b0c2a9 | ‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas. | [{"id": "Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change", "score": 1}, {"id": "Greenhouse_gas", "score": 1}, {"id": "Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}] | 1007 | test |
c8a77173-da9e-4e4d-8486-e75a3a239fa7 | Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming. | [{"id": "Mount_Kenya", "score": 1}, {"id": "Mount_Kilimanjaro", "score": 1}] | 2493 | test |
504a0d8d-57a8-4341-826c-1d5611ca6593 | A recent study in Nature Geoscience, for instance, called into question whether the Arctic’s melting, and in particular its sea ice loss, has been causing winter cooling over Eurasia, another idea that has been swept up in the debate over the jet stream and weather extremes.” | [{"id": "Rossby_wave", "score": 1}, {"id": "Polar_amplification", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}, {"id": "Arctic_sea_ice_decline", "score": 1}] | 1003 | test |
b1df09be-de94-4bf0-b04f-8c76c81a544f | "Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research. | [{"id": "Attribution_of_recent_climate_change", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}, {"id": "Antarctica", "score": 1}] | 2489 | test |
9b9b3eca-b378-436a-ac42-2b27f417b33f | The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term. | [{"id": "El_Niño–Southern_Oscillation", "score": 1}] | 2487 | test |
1441b2e5-4421-4ab4-bf93-9ec9de480c64 | Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes | [{"id": "Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_cooling", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming_controversy", "score": 1}] | 997 | test |
ae5b97da-924a-40c8-a034-809c7933d751 | A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases. | [{"id": "Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change", "score": 1}, {"id": "Global_warming", "score": 1}] | 2485 | test |
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