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25 | 25 | Autism | Three- to five-year-old children with autism are less likely to exhibit social understanding, approach others spontaneously, imitate and respond to emotions, communicate nonverbally, and take turns with others. However, they do form attachments to their primary caregivers. Most children with autism display moderately l... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Older children and adults with ASD perform worse on tests of face and emotion recognition although this may be partly due to a lower ability to define a person's own emotions. | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Children with high-functioning autism suffer from more intense and frequent loneliness compared to non-autistic peers, despite the common belief that children with autism prefer to be alone. Making and maintaining friendships often proves to be difficult for those with autism. For them, the quality of friendships, not ... | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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25 | 25 | Autism | There are many anecdotal reports, but few systematic studies, of aggression and violence in individuals with ASD. The limited data suggest that, in children with intellectual disability, autism is associated with aggression, destruction of property, and meltdowns. | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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25 | 25 | Autism | About a third to a half of individuals with autism do not develop enough natural speech to meet their daily communication needs. Differences in communication may be present from the first year of life, and may include delayed onset of babbling, unusual gestures, diminished responsiveness, and vocal patterns that are no... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Children with autism are less likely to make requests or share experiences, and are more likely to simply repeat others' words (echolalia) or reverse pronouns. Joint attention seems to be necessary for functional speech, and deficits in joint attention seem to distinguish infants with ASD. For example, they may look at... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Children with autism may have difficulty with imaginative play and with developing symbols into language. | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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25 | 25 | Autism | In a pair of studies, high-functioning children with autism aged 8–15 performed equally well as, and as adults better than, individually matched controls at basic language tasks involving vocabulary and spelling. Both autistic groups performed worse than controls at complex language tasks such as figurative language, c... | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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25 | 25 | Autism | Autistic individuals can display many forms of repetitive or restricted behavior, which the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R) categorizes as follows. BULLET::::- Stereotyped behaviors: Repetitive movements, such as hand flapping, head rolling, or body rocking. BULLET::::- Compulsive behaviors: Time-consuming be... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | BULLET::::- Sameness: Resistance to change; for example, insisting that the furniture not be moved or refusing to be interrupted. BULLET::::- Ritualistic behavior: Unvarying pattern of daily activities, such as an unchanging menu or a dressing ritual. This is closely associated with sameness and an independent validati... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | BULLET::::- Self-injury: Behaviors such as eye-poking, skin-picking, hand-biting and head-banging. No single repetitive or self-injurious behavior seems to be specific to autism, but autism appears to have an elevated pattern of occurrence and severity of these behaviors. | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Autistic individuals may have symptoms that are independent of the diagnosis, but that can affect the individual or the family. | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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25 | 25 | Autism | An estimated 0.5% to 10% of individuals with ASD show unusual abilities, ranging from splinter skills such as the memorization of trivia to the extraordinarily rare talents of prodigious autistic savants. Many individuals with ASD show superior skills in perception and attention, relative to the general population. Sen... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Differences are greater for under-responsivity (for example, walking into things) than for over-responsivity (for example, distress from loud noises) or for sensation seeking (for example, rhythmic movements). An estimated 60–80% of autistic people have motor signs that include poor muscle tone, poor motor planning, an... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Unusual eating behavior occurs in about three-quarters of children with ASD, to the extent that it was formerly a diagnostic indicator. Selectivity is the most common problem, although eating rituals and food refusal also occur. | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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25 | 25 | Autism | Parents of children with ASD have higher levels of stress. Siblings of children with ASD report greater admiration of and less conflict with the affected sibling than siblings of unaffected children and were similar to siblings of children with Down syndrome in these aspects of the sibling relationship. However, they r... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | There is tentative evidence that autism occurs more frequently in people with gender dysphoria. Gastrointestinal problems are one of the most commonly associated medical disorders in people with autism. These are linked to greater social impairment, irritability, behavior and sleep problems, language impairments and mo... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | It has long been presumed that there is a common cause at the genetic, cognitive, and neural levels for autism's characteristic triad of symptoms. However, there is increasing suspicion that autism is instead a complex disorder whose core aspects have distinct causes that often co-occur. | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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25 | 25 | Autism | Autism has a strong genetic basis, although the genetics of autism are complex and it is unclear whether ASD is explained more by rare mutations with major effects, or by rare multigene interactions of common genetic variants. Complexity arises due to interactions among multiple genes, the environment, and epigenetic f... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Studies of twins suggest that heritability is 0.7 for autism and as high as 0.9 for ASD, and siblings of those with autism are about 25 times more likely to be autistic than the general population. However, most of the mutations that increase autism risk have not been identified. Typically, autism cannot be traced to a... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Numerous candidate genes have been located, with only small effects attributable to any particular gene. Most loci individually explain less than 1% of cases of autism. The large number of autistic individuals with unaffected family members may result from spontaneous structural variation — such as deletions, duplicati... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Autism may be underdiagnosed in women and girls due to an assumption that it is primarily a male condition. Maternal nutrition and inflammation during preconception and pregnancy influences fetal neurodevelopment. Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with ASD, in both term and preterm infants. Maternal inflamm... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy, especially heavy metals and particulates, may increase the risk of autism. Environmental factors that have been claimed without evidence to contribute to or exacerbate autism include certain foods, infectious diseases, solvents, PCBs, phthalates and phenols used in plastic pr... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Parents may first become aware of autistic symptoms in their child around the time of a routine vaccination. This has led to unsupported theories blaming vaccine "overload", a vaccine preservative, or the MMR vaccine for causing autism. The latter theory was supported by a litigation-funded study that has since been sh... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Although these theories lack convincing scientific evidence and are biologically implausible, parental concern about a potential vaccine link with autism has led to lower rates of childhood immunizations, outbreaks of previously controlled childhood diseases in some countries, and the preventable deaths of several chil... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Autism's symptoms result from maturation-related changes in various systems of the brain. How autism occurs is not well understood. Its mechanism can be divided into two areas: the pathophysiology of brain structures and processes associated with autism, and the neuropsychological linkages between brain structures and ... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | There is evidence that gut–brain axis abnormalities may be involved. A 2015 review proposed that immune dysregulation, gastrointestinal inflammation, malfunction of the autonomic nervous system, gut flora alterations, and food metabolites may cause brain neuroinflammation and dysfunction. A 2016 review concludes that e... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Several lines of evidence point to synaptic dysfunction as a cause of autism. Some rare mutations may lead to autism by disrupting some synaptic pathways, such as those involved with cell adhesion. Gene replacement studies in mice suggest that autistic symptoms are closely related to later developmental steps that depe... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | All known teratogens (agents that cause birth defects) related to the risk of autism appear to act during the first eight weeks from conception, and though this does not exclude the possibility that autism can be initiated or affected later, there is strong evidence that autism arises very early in development. | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Diagnosis is based on behavior, not cause or mechanism. Under the DSM-5, autism is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. These deficits are present in early childhood, typic... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | The disturbance must not be better accounted for by Rett syndrome, intellectual disability or global developmental delay. ICD-10 uses essentially the same definition. | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Several diagnostic instruments are available. Two are commonly used in autism research: the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) is a semistructured parent interview, and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) uses observation and interaction with the child. The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) is... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | A pediatrician commonly performs a preliminary investigation by taking developmental history and physically examining the child. If warranted, diagnosis and evaluations are conducted with help from ASD specialists, observing and assessing cognitive, communication, family, and other factors using standardized tools, and... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | A differential diagnosis for ASD at this stage might also consider intellectual disability, hearing impairment, and a specific language impairment such as Landau–Kleffner syndrome. The presence of autism can make it harder to diagnose coexisting psychiatric disorders such as depression. | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Clinical genetics evaluations are often done once ASD is diagnosed, particularly when other symptoms already suggest a genetic cause. Although genetic technology allows clinical geneticists to link an estimated 40% of cases to genetic causes, consensus guidelines in the US and UK are limited to high-resolution chromoso... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Commercial availability of tests may precede adequate understanding of how to use test results, given the complexity of autism's genetics. Metabolic and neuroimaging tests are sometimes helpful, but are not routine. | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | ASD can sometimes be diagnosed by age 14 months, although diagnosis becomes increasingly stable over the first three years of life: for example, a one-year-old who meets diagnostic criteria for ASD is less likely than a three-year-old to continue to do so a few years later. In the UK the National Autism Plan for Childr... | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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25 | 25 | Autism | Although the symptoms of autism and ASD begin early in childhood, they are sometimes missed; years later, adults may seek diagnoses to help them or their friends and family understand themselves, to help their employers make adjustments, or in some locations to claim disability living allowances or other benefits. Girl... | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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25 | 25 | Autism | Underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis are problems in marginal cases, and much of the recent increase in the number of reported ASD cases is likely due to changes in diagnostic practices. The increasing popularity of drug treatment options and the expansion of benefits has given providers incentives to diagnose ASD, resulti... | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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25 | 25 | Autism | It is particularly hard to diagnose autism among the visually impaired, partly because some of its diagnostic criteria depend on vision, and partly because autistic symptoms overlap with those of common blindness syndromes or blindisms. | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Autism is one of the five pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), which are characterized by widespread abnormalities of social interactions and communication, and severely restricted interests and highly repetitive behavior. These symptoms do not imply sickness, fragility, or emotional disturbance. | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Of the five PDD forms, Asperger syndrome is closest to autism in signs and likely causes; Rett syndrome and childhood disintegrative disorder share several signs with autism, but may have unrelated causes; PDD not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS; also called "atypical autism") is diagnosed when the criteria are not met fo... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | The terminology of autism can be bewildering, with autism, Asperger syndrome and PDD-NOS often called the "autism spectrum disorders" (ASD) or sometimes the "autistic disorders", whereas autism itself is often called "autistic disorder", "childhood autism", or "infantile autism". In this article, "autism" refers to the... | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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25 | 25 | Autism | ASD, in turn, is a subset of the broader autism phenotype, which describes individuals who may not have ASD but do have autistic-like traits, such as avoiding eye contact. | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | The manifestations of autism cover a wide spectrum, ranging from individuals with severe impairments—who may be silent, developmentally disabled, and locked into hand flapping and rocking—to high functioning individuals who may have active but distinctly odd social approaches, narrowly focused interests, and verbose, p... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Sometimes the syndrome is divided into low-, medium- or high-functioning autism (LFA, MFA, and HFA), based on IQ thresholds, or on how much support the individual requires in daily life; these subdivisions are not standardized and are controversial. Autism can also be divided into syndromal and non-syndromal autism; th... | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Although individuals with Asperger syndrome tend to perform better cognitively than those with autism, the extent of the overlap between Asperger syndrome, HFA, and non-syndromal autism is unclear. | [
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25 | 25 | Autism | Some studies have reported diagnoses of autism in children due to a loss of language or social skills, as opposed to a failure to make progress, typically from 15 to 30 months of age. The validity of this distinction remains controversial; it is possible that regressive autism is a specific subtype, or that there is a ... | [
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] | Section::::Diagnosis.:Classification. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Research into causes has been hampered by the inability to identify biologically meaningful subgroups within the autistic population and by the traditional boundaries between the disciplines of psychiatry, psychology, neurology and pediatrics. Newer technologies such as fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging can help identi... | [
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] | Section::::Diagnosis.:Classification. |
25 | 25 | Autism | It has been proposed to classify autism using genetics as well as behavior. | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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] | Section::::Diagnosis.:Classification. |
25 | 25 | Autism | About half of parents of children with ASD notice their child's unusual behaviors by age 18 months, and about four-fifths notice by age 24 months. According to an article, failure to meet any of the following milestones "is an absolute indication to proceed with further evaluations. Delay in referral for such testing m... | [
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] | Section::::Screening. |
25 | 25 | Autism | BULLET::::- No single words by 16 months. BULLET::::- No two-word (spontaneous, not just echolalic) phrases by 24 months. BULLET::::- Loss of any language or social skills, at any age. | [
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] | Section::::Screening. |
25 | 25 | Autism | The United States Preventive Services Task Force in 2016 found it was unclear if screening was beneficial or harmful among children in whom there is no concerns. The Japanese practice is to screen all children for ASD at 18 and 24 months, using autism-specific formal screening tests. In contrast, in the UK, children wh... | [
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] | Section::::Screening. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Screening tools include the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT), the Early Screening of Autistic Traits Questionnaire, and the First Year Inventory; initial data on M-CHAT and its predecessor, the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT), on children aged 18–30 months suggests that it is best used in a cl... | [
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] | Section::::Screening. |
25 | 25 | Autism | It may be more accurate to precede these tests with a broadband screener that does not distinguish ASD from other developmental disorders. Screening tools designed for one culture's norms for behaviors like eye contact may be inappropriate for a different culture. Although genetic screening for autism is generally stil... | [
{
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"href": "dysmorphic%20feature",
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] | Section::::Screening. |
25 | 25 | Autism | While infection with rubella during pregnancy causes fewer than 1% of cases of autism, vaccination against rubella can prevent many of those cases. | [
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] | Section::::Prevention. |
25 | 25 | Autism | The main goals when treating children with autism are to lessen associated deficits and family distress, and to increase quality of life and functional independence. In general, higher IQs are correlated with greater responsiveness to treatment and improved treatment outcomes. No single treatment is best and treatment ... | [
{
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{
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] | Section::::Management. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Studies of interventions have methodological problems that prevent definitive conclusions about efficacy. However, the development of evidence-based interventions has advanced in recent years. Although many psychosocial interventions have some positive evidence, suggesting that some form of treatment is preferable to n... | [
{
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}
] | Section::::Management. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Intensive, sustained special education programs and behavior therapy early in life can help children acquire self-care, communication, and job skills, and often improve functioning and decrease symptom severity and maladaptive behaviors; claims that intervention by around age three years is crucial are not substantiate... | [
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"end": 1617
}
] | Section::::Management. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Educational interventions often used include applied behavior analysis (ABA), developmental models, structured teaching, speech and language therapy, social skills therapy, and occupational therapy. Among these approaches, interventions either treat autistic features comprehensively, or focalize treatment on a specific... | [
{
"text": "applied behavior analysis",
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{
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] | Section::::Management.:Education. |
25 | 25 | Autism | The quality of research for early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI)—a treatment procedure carried out with very young children that incorporates over thirty hours per week of the structured type of ABA—is currently low, and more vigorous research designs with larger sample sizes are needed. Two theoretical frame... | [
{
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}
] | Section::::Management.:Education. |
25 | 25 | Autism | One interventional strategy utilizes a parent training model, which teaches parents how to implement various ABA and DSP techniques, allowing for parents to disseminate interventions themselves. Various DSP programs have been developed to explicitly deliver intervention systems through at-home parent implementation. De... | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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] | Section::::Management.:Education. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Early, intensive ABA therapy has demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing communication, as well as adaptive and global functioning in preschool children; it is well-established for improving the intellectual performance of that age group. Similarly, a teacher-implemented intervention that utilizes a more naturalistic f... | [
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] | Section::::Management.:Education. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Neuropsychological reports are often poorly communicated to educators, resulting in a gap between what a report recommends and what education is provided. It is not known whether treatment programs for children lead to significant improvements after the children grow up, and the limited research on the effectiveness of... | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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] | Section::::Management.:Education. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Medications may be used to treat ASD symptoms that interfere with integrating a child into home or school when behavioral treatment fails. They may also be used for associated health problems, such as ADHD or anxiety. More than half of US children diagnosed with ASD are prescribed psychoactive drugs or anticonvulsants,... | [
{
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] | Section::::Management.:Medication. |
25 | 25 | Autism | However, their side effects must be weighed against their potential benefits, and people with autism may respond atypically. Side effects, for example, may include weight gain, tiredness, drooling, and aggression. SSRI antidepressants, such as fluoxetine and fluvoxamine, have been shown to be effective in reducing repe... | [
{
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] | Section::::Management.:Medication. |
25 | 25 | Autism | No known medication relieves autism's core symptoms of social and communication impairments. Experiments in mice have reversed or reduced some symptoms related to autism by replacing or modulating gene function, suggesting the possibility of targeting therapies to specific rare mutations known to cause autism. | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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] | Section::::Management.:Medication. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Although many alternative therapies and interventions are available, few are supported by scientific studies. Treatment approaches have little empirical support in quality-of-life contexts, and many programs focus on success measures that lack predictive validity and real-world relevance. Some alternative treatments ma... | [
{
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] | Section::::Management.:Alternative medicine. |
25 | 25 | Autism | The preference that children with autism have for unconventional foods can lead to reduction in bone cortical thickness with this being greater in those on casein-free diets, as a consequence of the low intake of calcium and vitamin D; however, suboptimal bone development in ASD has also been associated with lack of ex... | [
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] | Section::::Management.:Alternative medicine. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Another alternative medicine practice with no evidence is CEASE therapy, a mixture of homeopathy, supplements, and 'vaccine detoxing'. | [
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] | Section::::Management.:Alternative medicine. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Although popularly used as an alternative treatment for people with autism, as of 2018 there is no good evidence to recommend a gluten- and casein-free diet as a standard treatment. A 2018 review concluded that it may be a therapeutic option for specific groups of children with autism, such as those with known food int... | [
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] | Section::::Management.:Alternative medicine. |
25 | 25 | Autism | The authors analyzed the prospective trials conducted to date that studied the efficacy of the gluten- and casein-free diet in children with ASD (4 in total). All of them compared gluten- and casein-free diet versus normal diet with a control group (2 double blind randomized controlled trials, 1 double blind crossover ... | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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}
] | Section::::Management.:Alternative medicine. |
25 | 25 | Autism | In the other two studies, whose duration was 3 months, no significant effect was observed. The authors concluded that a longer duration of the diet may be necessary to achieve the improvement of the ASD symptoms. Other problems documented in the trials carried out include transgressions of the diet, small sample size, ... | [
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] | Section::::Management.:Alternative medicine. |
25 | 25 | Autism | There is tentative evidence that music therapy may improve social interactions, verbal communication, and non-verbal communication skills. There has been early research looking at hyperbaric treatments in children with autism. | [
{
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] | Section::::Management.:Alternative medicine. |
25 | 25 | Autism | There is no known cure. Children recover occasionally, so that they lose their diagnosis of ASD; this occurs sometimes after intensive treatment and sometimes not. It is not known how often recovery happens; reported rates in unselected samples have ranged from 3% to 25%. Most children with autism acquire language by a... | [
{
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] | Section::::Prognosis. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Although core difficulties tend to persist, symptoms often become less severe with age. Few high-quality studies address long-term prognosis. Some adults show modest improvement in communication skills, but a few decline; no study has focused on autism after midlife. Acquiring language before age six, having an IQ abov... | [
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] | Section::::Prognosis. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Many individuals with autism face significant obstacles in transitioning to adulthood. Compared to the general population individuals with autism are more likely to be unemployed and to have never had a job. People in their 20s with autism have an employment rate of 58%. | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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] | Section::::Prognosis. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Most recent reviews tend to estimate a prevalence of 1–2 per 1,000 for autism and close to 6 per 1,000 for ASD, and 11 per 1,000 children in the United States for ASD as of 2008; because of inadequate data, these numbers may underestimate ASD's true rate. Globally, autism affects an estimated 24.8 million people , whil... | [
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] | Section::::Epidemiology. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Rates of PDD-NOS's has been estimated at 3.7 per 1,000, Asperger syndrome at roughly 0.6 per 1,000, and childhood disintegrative disorder at 0.02 per 1,000. CDC estimates about 1 out of 59 (1.7%) for 2014, an increase from 1 out of every 68 children (1.5%) for 2010. | [
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] | Section::::Epidemiology. |
25 | 25 | Autism | The number of reported cases of autism increased dramatically in the 1990s and early 2000s. This increase is largely attributable to changes in diagnostic practices, referral patterns, availability of services, age at diagnosis, and public awareness, though unidentified environmental risk factors cannot be ruled out. T... | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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] | Section::::Epidemiology. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Boys are at higher risk for ASD than girls. The sex ratio averages 4.3:1 and is greatly modified by cognitive impairment: it may be close to 2:1 with intellectual disability and more than 5.5:1 without. Several theories about the higher prevalence in males have been investigated, but the cause of the difference is unco... | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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] | Section::::Epidemiology. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Although the evidence does not implicate any single pregnancy-related risk factor as a cause of autism, the risk of autism is associated with advanced age in either parent, and with diabetes, bleeding, and use of psychiatric drugs in the mother during pregnancy. The risk is greater with older fathers than with older mo... | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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] | Section::::Epidemiology. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Most professionals believe that race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic background do not affect the occurrence of autism. Several other conditions are common in children with autism. They include: BULLET::::- Genetic disorders. About 10–15% of autism cases have an identifiable Mendelian (single-gene) condition, chromosome ... | [
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{
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] | Section::::Epidemiology. |
25 | 25 | Autism | BULLET::::- Intellectual disability. The percentage of autistic individuals who also meet criteria for intellectual disability has been reported as anywhere from 25% to 70%, a wide variation illustrating the difficulty of assessing intelligence of individuals on the autism spectrum. In comparison, for PDD-NOS the assoc... | [
{
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] | Section::::Epidemiology. |
25 | 25 | Autism | BULLET::::- Anxiety disorders are common among children with ASD; there are no firm data, but studies have reported prevalences ranging from 11% to 84%. Many anxiety disorders have symptoms that are better explained by ASD itself, or are hard to distinguish from ASD's symptoms. BULLET::::- Epilepsy, with variations in ... | [
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{
"paragraph_id": 88,
"start": 0,
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}
] | Section::::Epidemiology. |
25 | 25 | Autism | BULLET::::- Minor physical anomalies are significantly increased in the autistic population. BULLET::::- Preempted diagnoses. Although the DSM-IV rules out concurrent diagnosis of many other conditions along with autism, the full criteria for Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Tourette syndrome, and other... | [
{
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"text": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)",
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{
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] | Section::::Epidemiology. |
25 | 25 | Autism | BULLET::::- Sleep problems affect about two-thirds of individuals with ASD at some point in childhood. These most commonly include symptoms of insomnia such as difficulty in falling asleep, frequent nocturnal awakenings, and early morning awakenings. Sleep problems are associated with difficult behaviors and family str... | [
{
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{
"text": "nocturnal awakenings",
"href": "middle-of-the-night%20insomnia",
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"paragraph_id": 91,
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"end": 410
}
] | Section::::Epidemiology. |
25 | 25 | Autism | A few examples of autistic symptoms and treatments were described long before autism was named. The "Table Talk" of Martin Luther, compiled by his notetaker, Mathesius, contains the story of a 12-year-old boy who may have been severely autistic. Luther reportedly thought the boy was a soulless mass of flesh possessed b... | [
{
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"paragraph_id": 93,
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"end": 440
}
] | Section::::History. |
25 | 25 | Autism | The earliest well-documented case of autism is that of Hugh Blair of Borgue, as detailed in a 1747 court case in which his brother successfully petitioned to annul Blair's marriage to gain Blair's inheritance. The Wild Boy of Aveyron, a feral child caught in 1798, showed several signs of autism; the medical student Jea... | [
{
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"text": "feral child",
"href": "feral%20child",
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{
"paragraph_id": 93,
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"end": 887
}
] | Section::::History. |
25 | 25 | Autism | The New Latin word "autismus" (English translation "autism") was coined by the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1910 as he was defining symptoms of schizophrenia. He derived it from the Greek word "autós" (αὐτός, meaning "self"), and used it to mean morbid self-admiration, referring to "autistic withdrawal of the pa... | [
{
"text": "New Latin",
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},
{
"text": "Swiss",
"href": "Swiss%20people",
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{
"paragraph_id": 94,
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"end": 421
}
] | Section::::History. |
25 | 25 | Autism | A Soviet child psychiatrist, Grunya Sukhareva, described a similar syndrome that was published in Russian in 1925, and in German in 1926. | [
{
"text": "Grunya Sukhareva",
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"end": 559
}
] | Section::::History. |
25 | 25 | Autism | The word "autism" first took its modern sense in 1938 when Hans Asperger of the Vienna University Hospital adopted Bleuler's terminology "autistic psychopaths" in a lecture in German about child psychology. Asperger was investigating an ASD now known as Asperger syndrome, though for various reasons it was not widely re... | [
{
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{
"text": "Vienna University Hospital",
"href": "Vienna%20General%20Hospital",
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] | Section::::History.:Clinical development and diagnoses. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Leo Kanner of the Johns Hopkins Hospital first used "autism" in its modern sense in English when he introduced the label "early infantile autism" in a 1943 report of 11 children with striking behavioral similarities. Almost all the characteristics described in Kanner's first paper on the subject, notably "autistic alon... | [
{
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] | Section::::History.:Clinical development and diagnoses. |
25 | 25 | Autism | Donald Triplett was the first person diagnosed with autism. He was diagnosed by Kanner after being first examined in 1938, and was labeled as "case 1". Triplett was noted for his savant abilities, particularly being able to name musical notes played on a piano and to mentally multiply numbers. His father, Oliver, descr... | [
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"paragraph_id": 97,
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] | Section::::History.:Clinical development and diagnoses. |
25 | 25 | Autism | By the age of 2, he had the ability to recite the 23rd Psalm and memorized 25 questions and answers from the Presbyterian catechism. He was also interested in creating musical chords. Kanner's reuse of "autism" led to decades of confused terminology like "infantile schizophrenia", and child psychiatry's focus on matern... | [
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},
{
"paragraph_id": 98,
"start": 0,
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}
] | Section::::History.:Clinical development and diagnoses. |
25 | 25 | Autism | As late as the mid-1970s there was little evidence of a genetic role in autism; while in 2007 it was believed to be one of the most heritable psychiatric conditions. Although the rise of parent organizations and the destigmatization of childhood ASD have affected how ASD is viewed, parents continue to feel social stigm... | [
{
"text": "social stigma",
"href": "social%20stigma",
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},
"start": 308,
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{
"text": "primary care physician",
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... | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autism&oldid=908372970"
} | [
{
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"start": 0,
"end": 518
}
] | Section::::History.:Terminology and distinction from schizophrenia. |
25 | 25 | Autism | It took until 1980 for the DSM-III to differentiate autism from childhood schizophrenia. In 1987, the DSM-III-R provided a checklist for diagnosing autism. In May 2013, the DSM-5 was released, updating the classification for pervasive developmental disorders. The grouping of disorders, including PDD-NOS, autism, Asperg... | [
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{
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] | Section::::History.:Terminology and distinction from schizophrenia. |
25 | 25 | Autism | The two categories that exist are impaired social communication and/or interaction, and restricted and/or repetitive behaviors. The Internet has helped autistic individuals bypass nonverbal cues and emotional sharing that they find difficult to deal with, and has given them a way to form online communities and work rem... | [
{
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"start": 327,
"end": 366
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{
"text": "autism is simply another way of being",
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{
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] | Section::::History.:Terminology and distinction from schizophrenia. |
25 | 25 | Autism | An autistic culture has emerged, accompanied by the autistic rights and neurodiversity movements. Events include World Autism Awareness Day, Autism Sunday, Autistic Pride Day, Autreat, and others. Organizations dedicated to promoting awareness of autism include Autism Speaks, Autism National Committee, and Autism Socie... | [
{
"text": "autistic rights",
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{
"text": "neurodiversity",
"href": "neurodiversity",
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... | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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} | [
{
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] | Section::::Society and culture. |
25 | 25 | Autism | While most autistic individuals do not have savant skills, many have been successful in their fields. | [] | Neurological disorders in children,Autism,Articles containing video clips,Neurological disorders,Communication disorders,Pervasive developmental disorders,Psychiatric diagnosis,Mental and behavioural disorders | {
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} | [
{
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"end": 599
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] | Section::::Society and culture. |
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