Error code:   JWTInvalidSignature
Exception:    InvalidSignatureError
Message:      Signature verification failed
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/libs/libapi/src/libapi/jwt_token.py", line 286, in validate_jwt
                  decoded = jwt.decode(
                      jwt=token,
                  ...<2 lines>...
                      options=options,
                  )
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/jwt/api_jwt.py", line 368, in decode
                  decoded = self.decode_complete(
                      jwt,
                  ...<8 lines>...
                      leeway=leeway,
                  )
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/jwt/api_jwt.py", line 265, in decode_complete
                  decoded = self._jws.decode_complete(
                      jwt,
                  ...<3 lines>...
                      detached_payload=detached_payload,
                  )
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/jwt/api_jws.py", line 270, in decode_complete
                  self._verify_signature(
                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
                      signing_input,
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                  ...<4 lines>...
                      options=merged_options,
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                  )
                  ^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/jwt/api_jws.py", line 417, in _verify_signature
                  raise InvalidSignatureError("Signature verification failed")
              jwt.exceptions.InvalidSignatureError: Signature verification failed

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DefectRadar: Definitional Defects in Ukrainian Legislation

Corpus of 5,799 legal definitions extracted from 879 Ukrainian laws (out of 44,021 active legislative acts), annotated for two types of definitional defects:

Circulus in definiendo (tautology): the definition uses the term being defined (or its morphological derivative) in the differentia specifica
Ignotum per ignotum (unknown through unknown): the definition relies on terms that are not defined in the same law

Key Statistics

Metric	Value
Legislative acts scanned	44,021
Laws with definitions	879 (2.0%)
Unique definitions	5,799
Circulus in definiendo	1,880 (32.4%)
Cross-reference ignotum	1,885 (32.5%)
Both defects	749 (12.9%)
Any defect	3,016 (52.0%)

Error Analysis (LLM-as-Judge Validation)

Pipeline-flagged circulus cases were independently classified by a RAG-augmented GPT-4o judge:

Classification	%
Domain terminology reuse (morphologically circular but substantively meaningful)	84.8%
True defect (normatively empty)	9.1%
False positive	6.1%

Ignotum severity stratification:

Severity	%
Cross-reference gap (defined in another law)	70.8%
Critical (undefined anywhere in corpus)	20.8%
Common (well-known, no definition needed)	8.3%

Data Fields

Field	Type	Description
`rada_id`	string	Verkhovna Rada law identifier
`law_title`	string	Official title of the law
`definiendum`	string	The term being defined
`genus_proximum`	string	Superordinate category (genus)
`differentia_specifica`	string	Distinguishing characteristics
`full_definiens`	string	Complete right-hand side of the definition
`is_circulus`	bool	Pipeline circulus detection result
`circulus_tier`	string	Detection tier (morphological / semantic)
`overlapping_lemmas`	list[str]	Lemmas shared between definiendum and differentia
`circulus_explanation`	string	Pipeline explanation
`has_ignotum`	bool	Whether undefined terms were found
`undefined_terms`	list[str]	Terms used but not defined in this law
`ignotum_severity`	string	Severity classification
`ignotum_explanation`	string	Pipeline explanation

Source

Definitions extracted from the Verkhovna Rada Open Data portal (data.rada.gov.ua) using the LEX AI platform's RadaLegislationAdapter. Corpus snapshot: April 2026.

Pipeline

The DefectRadar pipeline operates in three stages:

Definition extraction: rule-based (em-dash copula patterns) + fine-tuned XLM-RoBERTa for inline definitions
Circulus detection: Ukrainian lemmatization (pymorphy2-uk) + genus exclusion + discriminating-adjective overlap
Ignotum detection: cross-legislative definition graph across 879 laws

Pipeline code: github.com/overthelex/secondlayer/tree/main/scripts/defectradar

Citation

@article{ovcharov2026defectradar,
  title={DefectRadar: Automated Detection of Definitional Defects in Legislation via Morpho-Semantic NLP Pipeline over 24,000 Ukrainian Laws},
  author={Ovcharov, Volodymyr and Kyrychenko, Ihor},
  journal={arXiv preprint},
  year={2026}
}

License

CC BY 4.0

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