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.3 |
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.7 TN |
Central North South |
0 |
.02 |
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.08 |
.1 |
.12 |
.14 DIN |
Central North South |
0 |
.002 |
.004 |
.006 |
.008 |
.01 |
.012 |
.014 |
.016 TP |
Central North South |
0 |
.5 |
1 |
1.5 |
2 |
2.5 |
3 CHLA |
Central North South |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9TOC |
Central North South |
0 |
.1 |
.2 |
.3 |
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.5 |
.6SiO2 |
Central North South |
0 |
.5 |
1 |
1.5 |
2 |
2.5 |
3 TURB |
Central North South |
0 |
5 |
10 |
15 |
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25 |
30 |
35 |
40 SAL_S |
Central North South |
26 |
Paleoecological studies indicate that Biscayne Bay has become increasingly |
marine over the last 100 years (Ishman et al. 1998; Stone et al. 2000; Wingard et al. |
2003, 2004), with smaller inter-decadal and decadal salinity fluctuations after 1915. |
Among the significant changes in the bay during the last century are declines in |
submerged vegetation (SAV) in central BB, and reduced molluscan faunal abundance |
and diversity bay-wide (Berkeley and Campos 1984, Serafy et al. 1997, Ault et al. |
1999a, b) and changes in the benthic foraminifera communities as reported in core and |
sediment samples from South Florida (Ishman 1996, 1997, 1998). |
Besides impacting SAV, salinity conditions affect some animal species in |
Biscayne Bay whose life cycles are closely linked to salinity conditions ranging from 12 |
to 28 ppt such as: the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus), oyster (Crassostria |
virginica), spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), silver perch (Bairdiella chrysoura), |
mojarras (Eucinostomus) and red drum/‖redfish‖ (Sciaenops ocellatus) (Bellmund et al |
2004). |
BISCAYNE BAY COASTAL WETLANDS |
Over a century of water management has caused estuarine habitats in the bay to |
shrink, while at the same time expanded areas of low biological productivity within |
Biscayne Bay’s watershed. This is particularly evident in areas that have been cut off |
from freshwater sources by canals or roads. The dwarf mangrove forest, known as the |
―white zone‖ along the coast of south Biscayne Bay is a good example of this inland |
impact (Fig 2.9). This zone is expanding and its landward boundary has moved inland |
by an average of one and a half kilometers (0.9 miles) since 1940 (CERP 2010). The |
low productivity of the white zone is primarily a result of absence of freshwater input |
from upstream sources. Perhaps one of the most important projects in the |
Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) is to restore wetlands within |
Biscayne Bay (Fig 2.9). The project will divert runoff that currently discharges through |
regional canals and redistribute the freshwater through a spreader canal system into the |
coastal wetlands adjoining Biscayne Bay to provide a more natural and historic overland |
27 |
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