question stringlengths 13 215 | ground_truth stringlengths 2 3.15k | context stringlengths 0 157k |
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For what is Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus used in biochemistry? | Protein A from the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) is used as an affinity ligand for purification of immunoglobulin G (IgG). | Affinity chromatography using protein A from Staphylococcus aureus as the ligand
has been widely used for the isolation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from various
species. Since ligand leakage from the affinity support can occur, time
consuming analytical controls are required to detect the presence of
contamits associ... |
What is the suggested therapy for Mycobacterium avium infection? | The activity of TLC G-65 (a liposomal gentamicin preparation), alone and in combination with rifapentine, clarithromycin, clofazimine and ethambutol, was evaluated in the beige mouse (C57BL/6J--bgj/bgj) model of disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection. TLC G-65 in combination with rifapentine appears to be an attrac... | The activity of TLC G-65 (a liposomal gentamicin preparation), alone and in
combination with rifapentine, clarithromycin, clofazimine and ethambutol, was
evaluated in the beige mouse (C57BL/6J--bgj/bgj) model of disseminated
Mycobacterium avium infection. TLC G-65 was found to be more active than
amikacin. The comb... |
What is the treatment of acute pericarditis? | A multidisciplinary approach is frequently necessary to treat acute pericarditis; the most frequent treatments are: antiinflammatory steroid and non-steroid drugs, antibiotic therapy, pericardial drainage and, less frequently ,intrapericardial irrigation of fibrinolytics; antituberculous chemotherapy in presence of Tu... | Acute purulent pericarditis was treated successfully in five children between
the ages of 27 months and 11 1/2 years during the past 5 years. The responsible
organism was Hemophilus influenzae, type b, in two cases and Meningococcus,
Pneumococcus, and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus in one case each. No
pr... |
What is the genetic basis of tuberous sclerosis? | The genetic basis of tuberous sclerosis has been attributed to mutations in one of two unlinked genes, TSC1 and TSC2. The functions of the TSC1 and TSC2 gene products, hamartin and tuberin, respectively, have remained ill defined until recently. Genetic, biochemical, and biologic analyses have highlighted their role as... | We have recently identified on rat chromosome 10q a germline mutation in the
tuberous sclerosis gene (Tsc2), the gene predisposing to renal carcinoma (RC) in
the Eker rat. The homozygous mutant condition is lethal at around the 13th day
of fetal life. In heterozygotes, RCs invariably develop in the first year of
li... |
What is the molecular function of the Chd1 protein? | The ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling enzyme Chd1 is a 168-kDa protein consisting of a double chromodomain, Snf2-related ATPase domain, and a C-terminal DNA-binding domain. One of the two chromodomains of Chd1 specifically interacts with the methylated lysine 4 mark on histone H3 that is associated with transcription... | The specific post-translational modifications to histones influence many nuclear
processes including gene regulation, DNA repair and replication. Recent studies
have identified effector proteins that recognize patterns of histone
modification and transduce their function in downstream processes. For example,
histon... |
Which drugs are included in the FEC-75 regimen? | Fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide are included in the FEC-75 regimen. This chemotherapy regiment is used for breast cancer treatment. | The French Epirubicin Study Group carried out a randomized trial comparing
epirubicin alone 75 mg/m2 with fluorouracil (5FU) 500 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide
500 mg/m2, and epirubicin 50 mg/m2 (FEC 50) and 5FU 500 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide
500 mg/m2, and epirubicin 75 mg/m2 (FEC 75) as first treatment for advanced
breast ... |
Between which probes does the recurrent translocation breakpoint on chromosome 22 of neuroepithelioma lie? | The recurrent translocation breakpoint on chromosome 22 of neuroepithelioma has been localized between two probes, D22S1 and D22S15, by both in situ hybridization and somatic cell hybrids | The recurrent translocation breakpoint on chromosome 22 of neuroepithelioma has
been localized between two probes, D22S1 and D22S15, by both in situ
hybridization and somatic cell hybrids. These two probes have further been shown
to be genetically linked at theta = 0.0 and a lod score of 5.3. The two probes
were un... |
Does administration of triiodothyronine improve outcome following coronary artery bypass grafting? | Perioperative administration of synthetic thyroid hormone therapy have positive hemodynamic effects (consisting of increases cardiac output, lowered systemic vascular resistance) determining improved postoperative ventricular function, reduced the need for treatment with inotropic agents and mechanical devices, in the ... | BACKGROUND: Thyroid hormone has many effects on the cardiovascular system.
During and after cardiopulmonary bypass, serum triiodothyronine concentrations
decline transiently, which may contribute to postoperative hemodynamic
dysfunction. We investigated whether the perioperative administration of
triiodothyronine (... |
Which are the most widely used computational methods for the identification of CRMs (cis-regulatory modules)? | Computational methods attempting to identify instances of cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) in the genome face a challenging problem of searching for potentially interacting transcription factor binding sites while knowledge of the specific interactions involved remains limited. When discriminating CRMs from non-coding reg... | Transcription regulation is controlled by coordinated binding of one or more
transcription factors in the promoter regions of genes. In many species,
especially higher eukaryotes, transcription factor binding sites tend to occur
as homotypic or heterotypic clusters, also known as cis-regulatory modules. The
number ... |
Which enzyme does MLN4924 inhibit? | MLN4924 is an investigational small molecule inhibitor of NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE). | The NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE) initiates a protein homeostatic pathway
essential for cancer cell growth and survival. MLN4924 is a selective inhibitor
of NAE currently in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Here, we show
that MLN4924 is a mechanism-based inhibitor of NAE and creates a covalent
NEDD8-MLN... |
Which protein has been found to interact with phospholamban (PLN) and is also an anti-apoptotic protein? | Phospholamban interacts with HAX-1, a mitochondrial protein with anti-apoptotic function.The discovery of the PLN/HAX-1 interaction therefore unveils an important new link between Ca(2+) homeostasis and cell survival, with significant therapeutic potential. | Phospholamban (PLN) is a key regulator of Ca(2+) homeostasis and contractility
in the heart. Its regulatory effects are mediated through its interaction with
the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase, (SERCA2a), resulting in alterations of
its Ca(2+)-affinity. To identify additional proteins that may interact with PL... |
Is long QT syndrome a cause for sudden cardiac death in athletes? | One of several causes of sudden cardiac death in athletes is long QT syndrome | Sudden death is rare in the young athlete. The causes may vary. In the US,
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy plays the predomit role whereas in Europe right
ventricular arrhythmogenic dysplasia and atherosclerosis of the coronary
arteries are more frequent. Other causes such as congenital anomalies of the
coronary vessel... |
What is the clinical value of MammaPrint? | MammaPrint has a prognostic value for distant metastasis and death, as well as predictive value for response to adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. However, the EGAPP Working Group found no evidence regarding the clinical utility of the MammaPrint. | PURPOSE: The clinical and economic data for the two currently available
gene-expression assays are reviewed.
SUMMARY: Two gene-expression assays, used to determine the risk of breast cancer
recurrence in patients with stage I or II node-negative breast cancer, are
currently available. Oncotype DX is an assay perform... |
Is protein M3/6 a dual specificity phosphatase? | M3/6 (DUSP8) is a dual-specificity phosphatase implicated in the dephosphorylation and inactivation of JNK and, to a lesser extent, p38 MAPKs. | Treatment of leukemic cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induces a
short-lived phosphorylation and activation of stress-activated protein kinase
(SAPK) and cellular differentiation. To investigate whether the rapid
deactivation of SAPK results from dephosphorylation by dual-specificity
phosphatases (D... |
Are there focused databases from which you can retrieve gene expression data on renal disease? | Biological databases are used to store and edit large amount of data, created from genomics data. In the most of the cases the data are stored according to their type but there are cases of focused databases that store database on a specific disease. In the case of renal disease there are plenty of databases, for examp... | BACKGROUND: Although molecular pathway information and the International HapMap
Project data can help biomedical researchers to investigate the aetiology of
complex diseases more effectively, such information is missing or insufficient
in current genetic association databases. In addition, only a few of the
environ... |
What systems have been developed for the numbering of antibody residues? | The most prevalent antibody numbering systems are the Kabat system, the Chothia system as well as the IMGT numbering system. | On the basis of comparative studies of known antibody structures and sequences
it has been argued that there is a small repertoire of main-chain conformations
for at least five of the six hypervariable regions of antibodies, and that the
particular conformation adopted is determined by a few key conserved residues. ... |
Are there any DNMT3 proteins present in plants? | Yes. The plant DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE2 (DRM2) is a homolog of the mammalian de novo methyltransferase DNMT3. DRM2 contains a novel arrangement of the motifs required for DNA methyltransferase catalytic activity. | Chromodomains are thought to mediate protein-protein interactions between
chromatin components. We have detected a chromodomain embedded within the
catalytic region of a predicted Arabidopsis DNA methyltransferase that is
diverged from other eukaryotic enzymes. The 791 residue "chromomethylase" (CMT1)
is encoded by... |
What is the number of protein coding genes in the human genome? | The number of protein coding genes in the human genome is currently estimated between 20,000 and 25,000 | Although the Human Genome Project was completed 4 years ago, the catalog of
human protein-coding genes remains a matter of controversy. Current catalogs
list a total of approximately 24,500 putative protein-coding genes. It is
broadly suspected that a large fraction of these entries are functionally
meaningless ORF... |
Has vitamin D has been shown to reduce incidence of falls in older people in clinical trials? | The rate of falls and the number of fallers was significantly reduced in two studies evaluating the effect of medication on preventing falls; one study (85 participants) compared vitamin D versus placebo in institutionalised women after stroke with low vitamin D levels, and the other study (79 participants) evaluated a... | Increasing data suggest that many or most adults in the United States and Europe
would benefit from vitamin D supplements. This review summarizes the benefits of
vitamin D with the strongest evidence today from randomized controlled trials
for fall and fracture prevention. Beyond fall and fracture prevention, vitami... |
What is the indication for prophylactic use of antibiotics in COPD? | In a subset of patients with severe disease and prone to developing infections prophylactic use of antibiotics may reduce number of exacerbations and improve social and health care costs. | Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are an important
cause of morbidity and healthcare expenditure. In hospitalized patients,
antibiotics decrease treatment failure and reduce mortality. There is also
evidence for the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating COPD exacerbations in
the commu... |
Has depression been shown to be a predictor of frailty? | Yes | BACKGROUND: Confounding of depression with somatic illness and anxiety, a
problem in any age group, may be especially troublesome in frail older persons.
This paper examined this problem in a factor analytic study of the structure of
depressive symptomatology, identifying affective and somatic symptom clusters
and ... |
What is the generic name of Gliolan? | 5-aminolevulinic acid (or 5-ALA) is the generic name of Gliolan. It is approved for fluorescence-guided resections of adult malignant gliomas. | ALA-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is used for fluorescence diagnosis (ALA-FD)
and for fluorescence-guided resection of both (pre)maligt and non-maligt
diseases. ALA is also applied in photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) of superficial
(pre)maligt lesions in dermatology, urology, neurosurgery,
otorhinolaryngology, gyn... |
Is there any association between Jarid2 and miR-155 in Th17 cells? | Yes. Activation-induced miR-155 targets the chromatin protein Jarid2 to regulate proinflammatory cytokine production in T helper 17 cells. | Specification of the T helper 17 (Th17) cell lineage requires a well-defined set
of transcription factors, but how these integrate with posttranscriptional and
epigenetic programs to regulate gene expression is poorly understood. Here we
found defective Th17 cell cytokine expression in miR-155-deficient CD4+ T cells... |
What is enCHIP? | Engineered DNA-binding molecule-mediated chromatin immunoprecipitation (enChIP) is a novel method for purification of specific genomic regions retaining molecular interactions. EnChIP using the CRISPR system efficiently isolates specific genomic regions. In this form of enChIP, specific genomic regions are immunoprecip... | Isolation of specific genomic regions retaining molecular interactions is
necessary for their biochemical analysis. Here, we established a novel method,
engineered DNA-binding molecule-mediated chromatin immunoprecipitation (enChIP),
for purification of specific genomic regions retaining molecular interactions.
We ... |
How many genes does the human hoxD cluster contain? | The human HOXD complex contains nine genes: HOXD1, HOXD3, HOXD4, HOXD8, HOXD9, HOXD10, HOXD11, HOXD12 and HOXD13, which are clustered from 3′ to 5′ in an approximately 100-kb stretch on chromosome 2q31.1 with HOXD1 at the 3' end and HOXD13 the 5′ end. | Vertebrates have four clusters of Hox genes (HoxA, HoxB, HoxC, and HoxD). A
variety of expression and mutation studies indicate that posterior members of
the HoxA and HoxD clusters play an important role in vertebrate limb
development. In humans, mutations in HOXD13 have been associated with type II
syndactyly or s... |
Is it safe to take isotretinoin during pregnancy? | No. The isotretinoin has severe teratogenic effects and it is not safe to use during pregnancy. | Isotretinoin is a potent retinoic acid used in the treatment of skin disorders.
Though very effective, it is teratogenic if administered during pregcy, and
its teratogenic effect may be related to the normal activity of retinoids as
signalling molecules in the embryo. Although its exact mechanism of action is
unkno... |
Which protein is the E3-ubiquitin ligase that targets the tumor suppressor p53 for proteasomal degradation? | The p53 tumour suppressor protein is tightly controlled by the E3 ubiquitin ligase, mouse double minute 2 (MDM2). The RING domain E3 ubiquitin ligase Mdm2 is the master regulator of the tumor suppressor p53. It targets p53 for proteasomal degradation, restraining the potent activity of p53 and enabling cell survival an... | The Mdm2 proto-oncogene is amplified and over-expressed in a variety of tumors.
One of the major functions of Mdm2 described to date is its ability to modulate
the levels and activity of the tumor suppressor protein p53. Mdm2 binds to the
N-terminus of p53 and, through its action as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, targets p... |
Can DNA intercalators function as topoisomerase inhibitors? | The DNA unwinding suggests DNA intercalation, which could explain the inhibition of topoisomerase II. Among its many properties, amiloride is a DNA intercalator and topoisomerase II inhibitor. Amsacrine, a DNA intercalator and topoisomerase II inhibitor, is efficacious as an antileukemogenic agent. AQ4N (1,4-bis[[2-(di... | Accumulation of gadd153 mRNA is strongly stimulated in mammalian cells by
treatments which arrest growth or damage DNA (A. J. Fornace, Jr. et al., Mol.
Cell. Biol., 9: 4196-4203, 1989). In previous studies, we demonstrated that the
increased expression of gadd153 following treatment with several DNA-damaging
agents... |
Which diseases is microRNA 132 (miR-132) implicated in? | Several targets for for miR-132 have been described and it is implicated in many diseases such as:
neurodegenerative disease,
epilepsy,
schizophrenia,
Huntington's disease (HD),
Alzheimer's disease (AD),
neuroinflammation,
osteosarcoma,
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL),
angiogenesis,
eye disease,
alcoholic liver dis... | Micro-RNAs constitute a family of small noncoding ribonucleic acids that are
posttranscriptional regulators of messenger RNA activity. Although micro-RNAs
are known to be dynamically regulated during neural development, the role of
micro-RNAs in brain aging and neurodegeneration is not known. This study
examined mi... |
Which are the human glutamate transporters? | Glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) are the most abundant subtypes and are essential for the functioning of the mammalian CNS, but the contribution of the EAAC1 subtype in the clearance of synaptic glutamate has remained controversial, because the density of this transporter in d... | Glutamate transporters serve the important function of mediating removal of
glutamate released at excitatory synapses and maintaining extracellular
concentrations below excitotoxic levels. Excitatory amino acid transporter
subtypes EAAT1 and EAAT2 have a high degree of sequence homology and similar
predicted topolo... |
What are the functions of sorting nexin 27? | Sorting nexin 27 (SNX27) regulates endocytic sorting/recycling and intracellular trafficking of ion channels and receptors. | The 5-hydroxytryptamine type 4 receptor (5-HT4R) is involved in learning,
feeding, respiratory control and gastrointestinal transit. This receptor is one
of the G-protein-coupled receptors for which alternative mRNA splicing generates
the most variants that differ in their C-terminal extremities. Some 5-HT4R
varian... |
Do orphan and gene related CpG islands follow power-law-like distributions? | Yes. Orphan and gene related CpG Islands follow power-law-like distributions in several genomes. The observed distributional pattern is independent of the analogous pattern that protein coding segments were reported to follow. | CpG Islands (CGIs) are compositionally defined short genomic stretches, which
have been studied in the human, mouse, chicken and later in several other
genomes. Initially, they were assigned the role of transcriptional regulation of
protein-coding genes, especially the house-keeping ones, while more recently
there ... |
What is the proportion of non canonical splice sites in the human genome? | Between 1% and 2% of human splice sites do not contain the canonical GT-AG dinucleotides | A set of 43 337 splice junction pairs was extracted from mammalian GenBank
annotated genes. Expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences support 22 489 of them.
Of these, 98.71% contain canonical dinucleotides GT and AG for donor and
acceptor sites, respectively; 0.56% hold non-canonical GC-AG splice site pairs;
and the ... |
List protein gel staining methods visualizing the entire protein set. | Several staining protocols for the visualization of proteins separated by SDS-PAGE have been described in literature:
fluorescence
Sypro Ruby
Colloidal Coomassie Blue
Coomassie Blue
Silver staining
Coomassie Brilliant Blue | Silver staining is widely used to detect protein in polyacrylamide gels when
high sensitivity is required. A simple and rapid protocol for silver staining of
proteins following PAGE was developed in the present study. The number of steps
was reduced compared to conventional protocol by combining fixing, rinsing, and... |
What clinical use aptamers may have? | In the clinic, aptamers may be used to enhance the antigenicity of disseminated tumors, leading to their immune recognition and rejection; to target HPV16 E7 oncoprotein, inhibiting cell proliferation and activating apoptosis of infected cells; to act as inhibitors for targets such as VEGF, in age-related macular degen... | In vitro selection is a technique for the isolation of nucleic acid ligands that
can bind to proteins with high affinity and specificity, and has potential
applications in the development of new pharmaceuticals. This review summarizes
the protein targets that have successfully elicited nucleic acid binding species
... |
What is the causative agent of the "Panama disease" affecting bananas? | Panama disease of banana is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. | Panama disease of baa, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
cubense, is a serious constraint both to the commercial production of baa and
cultivation for subsistence agriculture. Previous work has indicated that F.
oxysporum f. sp. cubense consists of several clonal lineages that may be
genetically distan... |
What is the mechanism of action of Nalmefene? | Nalmefene shows opioid receptor antagonism, binds the μ-opioid receptor (MOR1) and modulates opioidergic transmission in the CNS. | Hepatic fibrosis is characterized by excess type I collagen deposition and
exacerbated inflammatory response. Naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist
used for treating alcohol abuse, attenuates hepatocellular injury in fibrotic
animal models, which can be accompanied by deleterious side effects.
Additionally, opi... |
Synostosis of which cranial structures are characteristic to the Mercedes Benz syndrome? | Synostosis of sagittal and lambdoid structures are characteristic to the Mercedes Benz syndrome. | A consistent pattern of craniosynostosis in the sagittal and bilateral lambdoid
sutures is described in three patients. The external cranial ridging associated
with fusion of these sutures produces a characteristic triradiate, or "Mercedes
Benz," appearance to the posterior skull. Locally marked growth restriction i... |
Can valproic acid act as an activator of AMPK? | Yes, valproic acid canact as an activator of AMPK. | BACKGROUND: The close relationship between epileptic seizure and Alzheimer's
disease (AD) has been demonstrated in the past decade. Valproic acid, a
traditional first-line antiepileptic drug, exerted protective effects in
transgenic models of AD. It remains uncertain whether new antiepileptic drugs
could reverse ne... |
Which signaling pathways have been associated with medulloblastoma formation and growth? | Medulloblastoma comprises approximately 20% of all primary pediatric brain tumors. Multiple signaling pathways have been associated with disease formation and growth. These include the developmental pathways Hedgehog, Notch, and Wnt, as well as pathways in which the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) c-Met, erbB2, IGF-R a... | Elevated expression of the neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) receptor TrkC by childhood
medulloblastomas is associated with favorable clinical outcome. Here, we provide
evidence that TrkC is more than simply a passive marker of prognosis. We
demonstrate that: (a) medulloblastomas undergo apoptosis in vitro when grown in
the pr... |
What is the role of invadopodia in EMT? | In a process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), besides changing their adhesive repertoire, cancer cells employ developmental processes to gain migratory and invasive properties that involve a dramatic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and the concomitant formation of membrane protrusions required for i... | The metastatic process, i.e. the dissemination of cancer cells throughout the
body to seed secondary tumors at distant sites, requires cancer cells to leave
the primary tumor and to acquire migratory and invasive capabilities. In a
process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), besides changing their
adhesive ... |
What are cancer driver genes? | Recent sequencing and resequencing (i.e., polymorphism identification) efforts have catalyzed the quest for 'driver' mutations (i.e., those genetic alterations which contribute to the transformation of a normal cell to a proliferating cancerous cell) in distinction to 'passenger' mutations which reflect mutations that ... | Recent studies investigating the genetic determits of cancer suggest that
some of the genetic alterations contributing to tumorigenesis may be inherited,
but the vast majority is somatically acquired during the transition of a normal
cell to a cancer cell. A systematic understanding of the genetic and molecular
det... |
What is a mitochondrial nucleoid? | A naked mtDNA molecule is longer than a typical mitochondrion and is therefore compacted in vivo to form a nucleoprotein complex, denoted the mitochondrial nucleoid. | Nuclear DNA is tightly packed into nucleosomal structure. In contrast, human
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) had long been believed to be rather naked because
mitochondria lack histone. Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), a member
of a high mobility group (HMG) protein family and a first-identified
mitochondrial... |
What is the treatment of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis? | Treatment of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis is complex and may include drugs such as antithyroid drugs, beta-blockers, corticosteroids lithium as well as iopanoic acid in preparation of thyroidectomy. Total thyroidectomy and radioiodine represent alternative treatment options | OBJECTIVE: To investigate how North American thyroidologists assess and treat
amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) and to compare the results with those of
the same questionnaire-based survey previously carried out among European
thyroidologists.
DESIGN: Members of the American Thyroid Association (ATA) with clin... |
How does exercise affect thyroid hormone receptors expression in the heart? | Exercise has been shown to increase TRβ1 receptor expression in young rats. Exercise has been shown to increase both TRα1 and TRβ1 receptor expression in aged rats. | Physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy have directionally opposite
changes in transcription of thyroid hormone (TH)-responsive genes, including
alpha- and beta-myosin heavy chain (MyHC) and sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA), and TH treatment can reverse molecular and functional
abnormalities ... |
Is the Drosophila Translational Control Element (TCE) involved in spermatogenesis? | Yes. The Drosophila Translational Control Element (TCE), a 12 nucleotide long sequence element, was demonstrated to be necessary for translational control of expression in the male germ line of Drosophila melanogaster. | To investigate the importance of core promoter elements for tissue-specific
transcription of RNA polymerase II genes, we examined testis-specific
transcription in Drosophila melanogaster. Bioinformatic analyses of core
promoter sequences from 190 genes that are specifically expressed in testes
identified a 10 bp A/... |
What are the symptoms of abacavir hypersensitivity? | Patients receiving abacavir develop an idiosyncratic hypersensitivity reaction that can include a wide range of symptoms. The most common are: fever, enathema, skin rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, cough, gastrointestinal disorders, anaphylactic shock, respiratory symptoms. | Abacavir is a nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in
combination with other antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of HIV
1-infection. Approximately 3% of patients who receive abacavir develop an
idiosyncratic hypersensitivity reaction. The most common symptoms are fever,
skin rash and gastroin... |
What is the effect of ivabradine in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction? | I(f)-channel inhibition potentially exhibits beneficial effects in diastolic heart failure. In patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), short-term treatment with ivabradine increased exercise capacity, with a contribution from improved left ventricular filling pressure response to exercise... | Selective heart rate (HR) reduction by I(f)-channel inhibition is a recently
developed pharmacological principle in cardiovascular therapy. Among these newly
identified HR-lowering drugs, only ivabradine has now become approved for
clinical use. I(f)-channel inhibition mainly reduces HR, thereby improving
myocardia... |
Is low T3 syndrome a prognostic marker in patients with renal insufficiency? | Low fT3 is an independent predictor of death in chronic kidney disease, in particular in dialised patients at end-stage renal diseases. | In 22 patients with hepatic or renal insufficiency the serum concentrations of
trijodothyronin, thyroxine and thyrotropin and also the T4-binding capacity of
TBG were determined. The mean serum T3 concentration was found to be
significantly lower in patients with hepatic coma when compared with euthyroid
subjects. ... |
Does burning mouth syndrome preferentially affect post-mepopausal women? | BMS is observed principally in middle-aged patients and postmenopausal women
BMS mostly affects elderly citizens, especially postmenopausal women with prevalence up to 12-18%. | The analysis of etiopathogenetic and clinical aspects of burning mouth syndrome,
allow to suppose the participation of more factors in the determinism of
disease. Consequently, also the therapy, might to require the presence of many
specialist. Twenty-five patients with a diagnosis of nonorganic burning mouth syndro... |
Which biomarker is widely used in the diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma? | CD99 is a hallmark marker for Ewing sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumors. | Precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphomas (B-LBLs) are rare and most often
involve the skin in the head and neck region. Histologically, cutaneous B-LBLs
may be confused with other small round-cell neoplasms. Moreover, half of B-LBL
patients are negative for CD45 (leucocyte common antigen, LCA), a widely used
marker... |
Proteomic analyses have revealed proteins associated with the triple-negative breast cancers. List some proposed proteins. | Selected proteins of interest proposed from triple-negative cancer proteomic studies are CD44, PARP1, Mage-A4, LSR, RAB25, S100A14, MUC1, Hsp90, Actin, 14-3-3, vimentin, HSP70, CK18, moesin, IDH2, CRABP2, SEC14L2, beta-catenin, MUC18, Stat1 and CD74. | Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are defined by a lack of expression of
estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. Because of the absence of identified
targets and targeted therapies, and due to a heterogeneous molecular
presentation, treatment guidelines for patients with TNBC include only
conventional chem... |
Which signalling pathway is involved in Tuberous Sclerosis? | Tuberous Sclerosis is a multisystem genetic disorder caused by mutation in TSC1 or TSC2 gene, that leads to hyperactivation of the mTOR signalling pathway, and subsequent dysregulation of cell growth control. | Understanding the mechanisms through which multicellular organisms regulate
cell, organ and body growth is of relevance to developmental biology and to
research on growth-related diseases such as cancer. Here we describe a new
effector in growth control, the small GTPase Rheb (Ras homologue enriched in
brain). Muta... |
Can life style changes reduce oxidative stress | Our results suggested that life style changes which related to migration might reduce DNA damage in Hasake nationalities. | OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship of migration and oxidative DNA damage by
comparative study of oxidative DNA damage effects on people with different years
of migration among Xinjiang Hasake ethnicity in Shenzhen.
METHODS: Sixty Hasake residents in Shenzhen were selected, and were divided into
three groups (n=2... |
Which is the relation between sweating and anaerobic threshold? | There is no clear evidence of the relationship between sweating and anaerobic threshold | The influence of 10 min warming-up at 40% VO2 max on thermal, circulatory, and
metabolic responses to an incremental exercise to exhaustion as well as on the
anaerobic threshold at the blood lactate level of 4 mmol.l-1 (AT) and the
individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) was investigated in eight cross-country
skiers.... |
Name monoclonal antibody against SLAMF7. | Elotuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody specific for signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-F7 (SLAMF7, also known as CS1, CD319, or CRACC) that enhances natural killer cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of SLAMF7-expressing myeloma cells. | New agents are awaited for the treatment of multiple myeloma and research is
ongoing for the development of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) targeting the tumor
cells. One of the most promising MoAb is elotuzumab, the only humanized IgG1
MoAb specifically targeting CS1 (SLAMF7), a cell surface glycoprotein that is
hig... |
What is the mode of action of bedaquiline? | Bedaquiline works by inhibiting bacterial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase and represents the first novel class of antituberculosis agents that is used for treatment of multi drug resistant tuberculosis. | PURPOSE: The history and prevalence of tuberculosis and the role of bedaquiline
in multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis are reviewed.
SUMMARY: Tuberculosis continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality
worldwide. Increasing rates of drug-resistant tuberculosis are a significant
concern and pose serious im... |
Does helicobacter pylori infection increase risk for ischemic stroke? | Findings regarding association between helicobacter pylori infection and ischemic stroke risk are conflicting. There is evidence to suggest that helicobacter pylori infection is associated with increased risk for ischemic stroke and should be considered stroke risk factors. However, some studies reported no association... | Cardiac and cerebrovascular diseases are an important cause of mortality in
industrialized countries. "Classical" risk factors cannot fully explain
epidemiological variations of these diseases. From several years infections have
been linked to ischemic vascular events and recent publications pointed to the
role of ... |
Which are the major types of the motor speech disorder dysarthria? | Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder which can be classified according to the underlying neuropathology and is associated with disturbances of respiration, laryngeal function, airflow direction, and articulation resulting in difficulties of speech quality and intelligibility. There are six major types of dysarthria: "... | Cerebellar disease affects a number of skilled movements, including those in
speech. Ataxic dysarthria, the speech disorder that typically accompanies
cerebellar disease, was studied by acoustic methods. Control subjects and
subjects with ataxic dysarthria were recorded while performing a number of
speaking tasks, ... |
Is oxidative stress affected by FOXO expression? | Yes. In different cell types, induction of forkhead transcription factor FOXO1 was found to increase expression of the mitochondrial antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase, and lead to suppression of oxidative stress. | The integrity of the feto-maternal interface is critical for survival of the
conceptus. This interface, consisting of the maternal decidua and the invading
placental trophoblast, is exposed to profound changes in oxygen tension during
pregcy. We demonstrate that human endometrial stromal cells become
extraordinaril... |
Describe the mechanism of action of the LINX system for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. | LINX Reflux Management System is a sphincter augmentation device designed to prevent gastroesophageal reflux due to abnormal opening of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) by augmenting the sphincter barrier. It is implanted via laparoscopic procedure that does not alter gastric anatomy and is easily reversible. | This article covers some new areas of development in esophageal surgery.
Specific topics include reviews of long-term outcomes after laparoscopic
antireflux surgery, the use of surgically placed implantable device for LES
augmentation (Linx), the use of mesh for hiatal hernioplasty, and prone and
nonthoracic approa... |
Which enzyme deficiency can cause GM1 gangliosidoses? | GM1 gangliosidoses are associated with deficiency of β-galactosidase. | A sister and brother, now aged 7 and 9 years, presented with developmental
arrest, gait disturbance, dementia, and a progressive myoclonic epilepsy
syndrome with hyperacusis in the second year of life. Then, spastic
quadriparesis led to a decerebrate state. In the absence of macular or retinal
degeneration, organom... |
What is the characteristic feature of the Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome. | Cerebral hemiatrophy (atrophy of one cerebral hemisphere) is the characteristic feature of the Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome. It develops due to an insult to the brain in fetal or early childhood period. Calvarial thickening, skull and facial asymmetry, contralateral hemiparesis, cognitive impairment and seizures are a... | A patient with Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome had a lifelong history of spatial
disorientation and visual-spatial cognitive defects demonstrated by
psychological tests. We suggest that the abnormalities of behavior and test
performance may be related atrophic lesions demonstrated by
pneumoencephalography and compute... |
Which gene is involved in the development of Barth syndrome? | Tafazzin is a mitochondrial phospholipid transacylase, and its mutations cause Barth syndrome (BTHS) | Many advances have occurred in the field of Barth Syndrome biology in the 26
years since it was first described as an X-linked cardiomyopathy. Barth Syndrome
is the first human disease recognized in which the primary causative factor is
an alteration in cardiolipin remodeling. Cardiolipin is required for the optimal... |
What is the treatment of subacute thyroiditis? | Common treatment of subacute thyroiditis is with anti-inflammatory drug agents, namely corticosteroids | BACKGROUND: Propylthiouracil (PTU) therapy is associated with a variety of
adverse reactions, among the most rare being interstitial pneumonia. To date,
this has been reported in four Asian patients with autoimmune hyperthyroidism.
Here we describe a Caucasian woman who developed a bronchiolitis obliterans
organizi... |
What are the effects of BMAL1 deficiency? | BMAL1 deficiency is associated with premature aging and reduced lifespan and BMAL1 deficiency leads to development of stress induced senescence in vivo. Down-regulation of Bmal1 also accelerates the development of tumours, adipogenesis. | Deficiency of the transcription factor BMAL1, a core component of the circadian
clock, results in an accelerated aging phenotype in mice. The circadian clock
regulates many physiological processes and was recently implicated in control of
brain-based activities, such as memory formation and the regulation of emotion... |
Which histone modifications are associated with Polycomb group (PcG) proteins? | A member of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) directly mediates the addition of K27me3 to histone H3, a modification associated with heterochromatin, and it is believed that this activity mediates transcriptional repression. At the same time PRC2 activity results in a global increase in H3K27 acetylation. Some m... | The chromodomain (CD) of the Drosophila Polycomb protein exhibits preferential
binding affinity for histone H3 when trimethylated at lysine 27. Here we have
investigated the five mouse Polycomb homologs known as Cbx2, Cbx4, Cbx6, Cbx7,
and Cbx8. Despite a high degree of conservation, the Cbx chromodomains display
s... |
Where is the protein CLIC1 localized? | CLIC1 is an intracellular chloride ion channel that is localized both to the nucleus and to the cytolasm. | ERK7, a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, has a
carboxyl-terminal tail that is required for ERK7 activation, cellular
localization, and its ability to inhibit DNA synthesis. To identify proteins
that interact with ERK7, we utilized a yeast two-hybrid screen with the
COOH-terminal tail of ERK7 a... |
List phosphorylation consensus motifs for Casein Kinase 1 (CK1)? | The most common consensus motifs for CK1 are: pSer-Xaa-Xaa-Ser, K/R-X-K/R-X-X-S/T, SLS and acidic cluster motifs and SerP/ThrP-Xaa-Xaa-Ser/Thr. | The major phosphorylation site for both casein kinase-2 (CK2) and casein
kinase-1 (CK1) in protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1) inhibitor-2 (I-2) is Ser86. Minor
phosphorylation sites affected by either CK2 or CK1 are Ser120/Ser121 and
Ser174, respectively. A synthetic peptide of 25 amino acids encompassing
residues 67-93 ... |
What medication were compared in the ROCKET AF Trial? | ROCKET-AF trial compared rivaroxaban and warfarin for for prevention of stroke and embolism. | BACKGROUND: The overall analysis of the rivaroxaban versus warfarin in Japanese
patients with atrial fibrillation (J-ROCKET AF) trial revealed that rivaroxaban
was not inferior to warfarin with respect to the primary safety outcome. In
addition, there was a strong trend for a reduction in the rate of
stroke/systemi... |
Describe the usefulness of the SPIKE database in human signaling pathways | The rapid accumulation of knowledge on biological signaling pathways and their regulatory mechanisms has highlighted the need for specific repositories that can store, organize and allow retrieval of pathway information in a way that will be useful for the research community. SPIKE (Signaling Pathways Integrated Knowle... | BACKGROUND: Biological signaling pathways that govern cellular physiology form
an intricate web of tightly regulated interlocking processes. Data on these
regulatory networks are accumulating at an unprecedented pace. The assimilation,
visualization and interpretation of these data have become a major challenge in
... |
Is the Dictyostelium discoideum proteome known? | Yes, The Dictyostelium discoideum genome has been sequenced, assembled and annotated to a high degree of reliability. The parts-list of proteins and RNA encoded by the six chromosomes can now be accessed and analyzed. Consequently, this genomic sequence information can now be exploited to realize D. discoideum proteomi... | Secretion of spore coat proteins from the prespore secretory vesicles (PSVs) in
Dictyostelium discoideum is a signal mediated event that underlies terminal cell
differentiation, and represents an important case of developmentally regulated
secretion. In order to study the biochemical mechanisms that govern the
regu... |
List proteins of lipids droplets | perilipins
adipose differentiation-related protein
lipid storage droplet protein 5
tail-interacting protein of 47 kilodaltons
S3-12 | Animals have evolved mechanisms to maintain circulating nutrient levels when
energy demands exceed feeding opportunities. Mammals store most of their energy
as triacylglycerol in the perilipin-coated lipid droplets of adipocytes. How
newly synthesized triacylglycerol is delivered to perilipin-coated lipid
droplets ... |
What is the Barr body? | The Barr body is the inactive X chromosome in a female somatic cell. It is readily identified as plano-convex structure of 2-3 micron in diameter on the periphery of the nuclear membrane. One of the X-chromosomes by a random inactivation process condenses to form X-chromatin (Barr body) in early embryonic life. Once ... | This study provides a three-dimensional (3D) analysis of differences between the
3D morphology of active and inactive human X interphase chromosomes (Xa and Xi
territories). Chromosome territories were painted in formaldehyde-fixed,
three-dimensionally intact human diploid female amniotic fluid cell nuclei (46,
XX)... |
Is single-cell analysis (SCA) possible in proteomics? | No, it is not yet feasible, although smaller pilot studies has been performed where a limited number of proteins has been analysed. | Protein phosphorylation is crucial in the regulation of signaling pathways that
control various biological responses. Recent progress in diverse methodologies
to investigate protein phosphorylation in complex biological samples has
resulted in more rapid, detailed and quantitative analyses of signaling
networks. In... |
Is shotgun lipidomics the direct infusion of a lipid sample into a mass spectrometer? | Yes, shotgun lipidomics relies on direct infusion of total lipid extracts into a high-resolution tandem mass spectrometer. | This article presents the strategies underlying the automated identification and
quantification of individual lipid molecular species through array analysis of
multidimensional mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics (MDMS-SL) data,
which are acquired directly from lipid extracts after direct infusion and
intras... |
How many genes are in the gene signature screened by MammaPrint? | Mammaprint has a 70 gene signature. | PURPOSE: Most node-negative breast cancer patients are older and postmenopausal
and are increasingly being offered adjuvant chemotherapy despite their low
overall risk of distant relapse. A molecular diagnostic test with high negative
predictive value (NPV) for distant metastasis in this subgroup would spare many
o... |
Is apixaban effective for treatment of acute venous thromboembolism? | Apixaban is a direct inhibitor of factor Xa, and is a potential alternative for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. These results suggest a lack of clear superiority of apixaban relative to enoxaparin. Apixaban is an oral alternative with similar efficacy and safety to existing anticoagulant therapies. | Indirect systemic and direct oral factor Xa and direct oral factor IIa
inhibitors with improved pharmacologic profiles compared with heparins and
vitamin K antagonists are currently in clinical development. This overview
focuses on the indirect antithrombin dependent pentasaccharide derivatives of
idraparinux and o... |
Is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle affected in inflammation? | Metabolic reprogramming is implicated in macrophage activation. In many cases, intermediates of the TCA cycle are involved in the response to hypoxic conditions brought about by inflammation. | Astrocytes play an important role in nervous system homeostasis. In particular,
they contribute to the regulation of local energy metabolism and to oxidative
stress defence. In previous experiments, we showed that long-term treatment with
interleukin 1alpha (IL-1alpha) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) alone... |
What are the indications for treatment with anti-hepcidin? | improving anemia control
anemia management in hemodialysis
iron-restricted anemias | In this issue of Blood, Cooke et al demonstrate the potential of a fully human
anti-hepcidin antibody as a novel therapeutic for iron-restricted anemias such
as anemia of inflammation, cancer, or chronic kidney disease (formerly known as
“anemia of chronic diseases”). The anemia of chronic kidney disease and hemodia... |
How many genera comprise the Flaviviridae family? | The family Flaviviridae is comprised of three genera: Flavivirus, Pestivirus and Hepacivirus. | Sequence motifs within the nonstructural protein NS3 of members of the
Flaviviridae family suggest that this protein possesses nucleoside
triphosphatase (NTPase) and RNA helicase activity. The RNA-stimulated NTPase
activity of this protein from prototypic members of the Pestivirus and
Flavivirus genera has recently... |
Are reduced-nicotine cigarettes effective for smoking cessation? | Yes, reduced-nicotine cigarettes are effective for smoking cessation. | Preliminary studies suggest an extinction-based smoking cessation treatment
using reduced nicotine content (RNC) cigarettes decreases self-report craving
for cigarettes prior to quitting and may be an effective smoking cessation
treatment. The aims of this study was to evaluate the effect of an
extinction-based smo... |
Is the Wnt protein modified by notum? | Yes, Notum deacylates Wnt proteins to suppress signalling activity. | Wnt and Decapentaplegic cell signaling pathways act synergistically in their
contribution to macrochaete (sense organ) patterning on the notum of Drosophila
melanogaster. The Wingless-signaling pathway was ectopically activated by
removing Shaggy activity (the homologue of vertebrate glycogen synthase kinase
3) in ... |
List functions that are evaluated with the Full Outline of Unresponsiveness score? | The FOUR (Full Outline of UnResponsiveness) score, a new coma scale, evaluates 4 components: eye and motor responses, brainstem reflexes and respiration. | BACKGROUND: The Glasgow coma scale (GCS) was introduced as a scoring system for
patients with impaired consciousness after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Since,
it has become the worldwide standard in TBI assessment. The GCS has repeatedly
been criticized for its several failures to reflect verbal reaction in intubat... |
For the constructions of which organs has 3D printing been tested? | Nose, ear and meniscus prototypes/constructs have been produced with 3D (3-dimesional) printing. | We recently developed a cell printer (Wilson and Boland, 2003) that enables us
to place cells in positions that mimic their respective positions in organs.
However, this technology was limited to the printing of two-dimensional (2D)
tissue constructs. Here we describe the use of thermosensitive gels to generate
seq... |
Is ospemifene effective for treatment of dyspareunia? | Yes, ospamifene is effective for treatment of dyspareunia. Ospemifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator, or estrogen receptor agonist/antagonist, that was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of dyspareunia associated with vulvar and vaginal atrophy, a chronic condition th... | OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to study the role of ospemifene, a novel
selective estrogen receptor modulator, in the treatment of vulvar and vaginal
atrophy in postmenopausal women with moderate to severe dyspareunia and
physiological vaginal changes.
METHODS: This multicenter phase 3 study used a randomized, ... |
Is pregabalin effective for treatment of patients with restless leg syndrome? | Yes, numerous evidence from clinical trials indicate that pregabalic is effective for treatment of patients diagnosed with restless leg syndrome. | BACKGROUND: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common neurological disorder
complicated in many patients by augmentation to dopaminergic therapy or
comorbidities such as neuropathic pain.
AIMS: To explore the effectiveness of pregabalin in RLS in a pragmatic clinical
setting.
METHODS: After observing improvement of r... |
What is the biological role of expansins in fungi? | Expansins are extracellular proteins that increase plant cell-wall extensibility. These wall-loosening proteins are involved in cell wall extension and polysaccharide degradation. In fungi expansins and expansin-like proteins have been found to localize in the conidial cell wall and are probably involved in cell wall r... | alpha-Expansins are extracellular proteins that increase plant cell-wall
extensibility. We analysed their pattern of expression in cucumber roots in the
presence and in the absence of the mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus versiforme. The
distribution of alpha-expansins was investigated by use of two polyclonal
antibodies ... |
Can zinc finger nucleases be used to combat disease? | Yes, zinc finger nucleases are a useful tool for treating disease. | Permanent modification of the human genome in vivo is impractical owing to the
low frequency of homologous recombination in human cells, a fact that hampers
biomedical research and progress towards safe and effective gene therapy. Here
we report a general solution using two fundamental biological processes: DNA
rec... |
What is known about depression in acoustic neuroma patients? | From 10.2% to 38% acoustic neuroma patients report depression. Depression is predicted by the number of symptoms, prolonged postoperative headache, deterioration of hearing and female gender. | Individuals who undergo removal of an acoustic neuroma are usually apprehensive
in spite of the intrinsically benign nature of the disease. Fears surrounding
the experience are related to the real risks involved in surgery near the brain
and the complications which can ensue. The intensity of the patients' feelings ... |
Mutation of which gene is associated with Achondroplasia? | Achondroplasia is due to mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene. | Achondroplasia (ACH) is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. Recently,
the gene mutation responsible for ACH has been identified in the transmembrane
domain of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene. The cause of ACH is a
point mutation at nucleotide 1138 of the cDNA, resulting in the substitution of... |
What is the mode of action of Hsp90 inhibitors? | Pharmacologic inhibition of Hsp90 involves interaction with the ATP-binding site of the chaperone. This exerts antiproliferative effects resulting in a marked suppression of tumor growth. Following treatment with a Hsp90 inhibitor, expression of a number of proteins is affected, and most notably the Hsp90 clients, lead... | A number of molecular therapeutic agents, derived from exploiting our knowledge
of the oncogenic pathways that are frequently deregulated in cancer, are now
entering clinical trials. One of these is the novel agent
17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin that acts to inhibit the hsp90 molecular
chaperone. Treatment ... |
Is RET the major gene involved in Hirschsprung disease? | The RET proto-oncogene is the major gene associated to Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) with differential contributions of its rare and common, coding and noncoding mutations to the multifactorial nature of this pathology. | Distinct point mutations in the RET proto-oncogene are the cause of the
inherited multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes (MEN 2), and the
congenital gut disorder Hirschsprung disease. The site and type of these
mutations suggests that they have differing effects on the activity of the
receptor tyrosine kinas... |
Which type of lung cancer is the most strongly associated with Lambert-Eaton syndrome? | Small-cell lung cancer is most commonly associated with Lambert-Eaton syndrome. Case reports suggest that other non-small-cell lung cancer types, such as large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, can be also very rarely associated this syndrome. | Utilizing the whole-cell patch-clamp method we assessed the Ca2+ current (ICa)
in well-established cell lines from human small-cell carcinoma (SCC) of the
lung, NCI-H209 and NCI-H187. The Ca2+ current was readily observed in H209
tumour cells (90% of the cells tested), whereas H187 tumour cells only
occasionally ex... |
What distinguishes lantibiotics from antibiotics? | Lantibiotic compounds are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides against which bacteria are not able to produce resistance, hence making them a good alternative to antibiotics. It is interesting that low levels of resistance have been reported for lantibiotics compared with commercial antibiotics. Given that th... | Nisin produced by Lactococcus lactis 6F3 is used as a food preservative and is
the most important member of a group of peptide-antibiotics containing
lanthionine bridges (lantibiotics) (N. Schnell, K.-D. Entian, U. Schneider, F.
Götz, H. Zähner, R. Kellner, and G. Jung, Nature [London] 333:276-278, 1988).
Nisin is ... |
List three major features of the CCFDN syndrome. | Congenital cataracts, facial dysmorphism and peripheral neuropathy are three major features of the CCFDN syndrome. Other described signs and symptoms of the CCFDN syndrome include microcornea, microphthalmos, micropupil, floppy eyelid syndrome, pseudoptosis, nystagmus, congenital esotropia, impairment of distant visual... | During a study of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy-Lom in Bulgaria, a
previously unrecognized neurological disorder was encountered, mainly in
Wallachian Gypsies, who represent a relatively recent genetic isolate. The
disorder has been termed the congenital cataracts facial dysmorphism neuropathy
(CCFDN) syn... |
is intense physical activity associated with longevity ? | Several survival studies showed that professional athletes has higher longevity than general population. These epidemiological data matches the evidences that long-term endurance training induces in elderly subjects an increased HRV and a higher exercise working capacity, which are well-established predictors of cardio... | OBJECTIVE: To compare the long term survival of a group of athletes taking
prolonged vigorous physical exercise to that of the general population.
DESIGN: Follow up of a cohort of participants in the Dutch eleven cities ice
skating tour (a race and recreational tour) over a distance of 200 kilometers.
SETTING: Data o... |
Are cyclophilins proteins that bind to prolines? | Cyclophilins are ubiquitously expressed proteins that bind to prolines. | The immunosuppressor cyclosporin A inhibits the
peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans-isomerase activity of cyclophilins and the resulting
complex inhibits the phosphatase activity of calcineurin. Both enzymes were
detected in peripheral nerve endings isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo
and shown to be affected by 10 m... |
Can a given genotype exhibit opposite fitness effects (beneficial and detrimental) within the same environment? | A given genotype can be either beneficial or detrimental, even deleterious, depending on the environment in which an organism lives. This is known as antagonistic pleiotropy. Antagonistic pleiotropy can operate even within the same environment. For example, in Escherichia coli, certain mutations can exhibit beneficial,... | Two genetic models exist to explain the evolution of ageing - mutation
accumulation (MA) and antagonistic pleiotropy (AP). Under MA, a reduced
intensity of selection with age results in accumulation of late-acting
deleterious mutations. Under AP, late-acting deleterious mutations accumulate
because they confer bene... |
Has the protein SETMAR (Metnase) a transposase domain? | Yes, the protein SETMAR (Metnase) has a transposase domain. | The molecular mechanism by which foreign DNA integrates into the human genome is
poorly understood yet critical to many disease processes, including retroviral
infection and carcinogenesis, and to gene therapy. We hypothesized that the
mechanism of genomic integration may be similar to transposition in lower
organi... |
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