the French government, he was one of the negotiators of the Treaty of Blois (1504) with the emperor Maximilian I, and of the League of Cambrai against Venice. His death occurred on his return from another venture into Italy with Louis XII.
• papal election candidate 6:1083e
Amboise, Jacques (Joseph) d': see d'Amboise, Jacques (Joseph).
Amboise, Peace of (1563), French compromise whereby liberty of conscience was granted to the Huguenots, but the celebration of religious services was confined to the households of the nobility and a limited number of towns.
• provisions for limited Huguenot freedom 7:630a
Ambon, formerly AMBOINA, or AMBOYNA, island in Maluku Tengah (Central Moluccas) district of Maluku province, Indonesia, 7 mi (11 km) off the southwestern coast of the island of Ceram (Seram). Ambon's 294 sq mi (761 sq km) are generally hilly, with Mt. Salhatu rising to 3,405 ft (1,038 m). Subject to earthquakes, it has no active volcanoes but some hot springs and hot-gas vents, or solfataras. It has a tropical climate with an abundant rainfall. The hard and knotty Ambon wood, of great value for ornamental woodwork, is obtained from Ceram. There are few mammals indigenous to Ambon, but birds include a racquet-tailed kingfisher, a crimson lory, and a vivid crimson brush-tongued parrot. Many varieties of fish live in Teluk (bay) Ambon, whose eastern end contains some marine gardens.
Ambon's clove trade first attracted the Portuguese, who named the island and founded a settlement in 1521. The Dutch captured the Portuguese fort in 1605, took over the spice trade, and in 1623 destroyed a British settlement in the Amboina Massacre (q.v.). The British took it in 1796, and after it had exchanged hands twice between the British and Dutch it was restored finally to the latter in 1814. An important naval base, Ambon was occupied by Japan during World War II. In 1950, after Indonesian independence, the Ambonese—many of whom had been educated in Christian schools and served in the Dutch administration and army—found their new social and economic position precarious, seceded from Indonesia, and proclaimed an independent South Moluccan Republic. The movement was suppressed by military action, though guerrilla warfare continued in Ceram, and many Ambonese fled to The Netherlands. The port town of Ambon, on Laitimor Peninsula on the eastern side of the bay, is about 8 mi from the harbour's outer entrance. The town has many houses and structures of stone and wide, often tree-lined, streets; Ft. Victoria, built in the early 17th century and later restored; a church dating from the earliest settlement; and a hospital. Barracks and a number of government buildings existed until many were destroyed in World War II.
The Ambonese are mainly Melanesian, commonly with dark skin, curly to frizzy hair, flat noses, and thick lips; they also live in the Uliasers and on the nearby Ceram coast. Generally the Muslims live in the north and the Christians, in the majority, the south. The language is a lingua franca: Malay with many Portuguese and Dutch words.
Agricultural production, generally insignificant, includes rice, maize (corn), coffee, root crops, sago, and cloves. Copra, sugar, and fish are exported. Palm wine is made. Ambon's port is the chief centre for shipment of produce and for distribution of imports. The island has adequate local roads, a government radio station, a telephone system, and Pattimura airport (on the west side of the harbour). Pop. (1971 prelim.) island, 114,400; town, 76,033.
3°43' S, 128°12' E • map, Indonesia 9:461
Amborellaceae, family of flowering plants in the order Laurales.
• vascular system, floral structure, and classification 10:709e passim to 711f
Amboseli, Lake, small lake on the border between Kenya and Tanzania. The Masai Amboseli Game Reserve and Kilimanjaro are to the east and southeast.
2°37' S, 37°08' E • map, Kenya 10:424 • map, Tanzania 17:1026
Amboyna (Indonesia): see Ambon.
Ambra, love poem by Lorenzo de' Medici.
• Santayana's translation 16:231d
Ambracia (Greece): see Arta.
Ambridge, borough, Beaver County, western Pennsylvania, U.S., on the Ohio River. Within its boundaries is the former village of Economy (1825-1906) established by the communal Harmony Society, led by George Rapp. The Harmonists (Rappites) were religious immigrants from Württemberg, Germany, who had previously settled at Harmony, Pa., and New Harmony, Ind. The community prospered for about 50 years but declined because of the practice of celibacy and the lack of converts. In 1901 the American Bridge Company purchased 2,500 ac (1,012 ha) and established a town. It was incorporated as a borough in 1905 and renamed Ambridge in 1906. The state of Pennsylvania purchased (1919) many of the original Rappite buildings, which have been restored as a historical village.
In addition to the bridge works, one of the world's largest, manufactures include wrought iron, pipe, electrical equipment, and building materials. Pop. (1970) 11,324.
Ambrim, also spelled AMBRYM, island in the New Hebrides, southwest Pacific Ocean. It has an area of 257 sq mi (665 sq km) and is known for its two active volcanoes: Mt. Marum, 4,380 ft (1,335 m), which last erupted in 1913; and Mt. Benbow, 3,720 ft, which had major eruptions in 1929, 1946, and 1950. The last was serious enough to warrant the evacuation of several hundred persons for resettlement on Efate. The island produces copra. Pop. (1972 est.) 4,800.
16°15' S, 168°10' E
Ambrogio, Sant', basilica in Milan that is an outstanding example of Lombard Romanesque architecture. Portions date from the 9th and 10th centuries, the rebuilt vaulted nave and aisles date from 1128, the atrium from c. 1050, and the narthex from 1095-96. Donato Bramante designed parts of the basilica and its chapel between 1492 and 1497.
Ambroise d'Évreux (poet): see Ambrose.
Ambros, August Wilhelm (b. Nov. 17, 1816, Vysoké Myto, near Prague—d. June 28, 1876, Vienna), musicologist, author of a comprehensive history of music. He studied law, entered the civil service in 1840, and became public prosecutor in Prague in 1850. A keen, well-trained musician and composer of a Czech opera, Bretislaw a Jitka, he also established himself as a brilliant writer on music. His pamphlet Über die Grenzen der Poesie und Musik (1856) contributed to a heated aesthetic controversy. In 1869 he became professor of music at Prague and, in 1872, of music history at Vienna. His Geschichte der Musik, incomplete at his death, covered antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance. Scholars completed the work from his notes.
Ambrose, Saint 1:657 (b. c. AD 339, Augusta Treverorum, modern Trier, W.Ger.—d. 397, Milan), bishop of Milan, biblical critic, and initiator of ideas that provided a model for medieval conceptions of church-state relations.
Abstract of text biography. After serving as governor of Aemilia-Liguria (c. 370-374), Ambrose became bishop of Milan (374) by popular acclamation. He secured the rejection
of an appeal for tolerance by pagan Roman senators (384), refused to surrender a church to Arian heretics (385-386), rebuked the emperor Theodosius (388), and imposed a public penance (390) on the Emperor for a massacre of Thessalonian citizens. His literary works have been acclaimed as masterpieces of Latin eloquence, and his musical accomplishments are remembered in his hymns. Ambrose is also remembered as the teacher who converted and baptized St. Augustine of Hippo, the great Christian theologian, and as a model bishop who viewed the church as rising above the ruins of the Roman Empire.
REFERENCES in other text articles:
• Augustine's conversion to Christianity 2:365d • church and state under Theodosius 4:540e • codification of Milanese chant 12:704h • Stoic influence on Christianity 17:700a • Theodosius and church-state controversy 18:273b • theological stance and hymnody 13:1085f
Ambrose, or AMBROISE D'ÉVREUX (fl. c. 1190), Norman poet and chronicler, who accompanied Richard I of England as a minstrel on the Third Crusade. Nothing more is known of him than that he was probably a native of Évreux and was a noncombatant making the pilgrimage to Jerusalem. His account of the crusade is preserved in the Estoire de la guerre sainte ("History of the Holy War"), a poem of over 12,000 lines extant in an Anglo-Norman manuscript; but the Estoire is only an adaptation of Ambrose's work. The original poem was used by Richard, a canon of Holy Trinity, London, as the source for his Itinerarium Regis Ricardi ("Concerning the Expedition of King Richard"). The Estoire has not much literary merit, but it is a valuable historical source.
Ambrose, original name ANDREY STEPANOVICH ZERTIS-KAMENSKY (1708-71), archbishop of Moscow (1768-71) who supported the Enlightenment in the Russian hierarchy, rousing the church to fight poverty and doing valuable work for church restoration in Moscow. During a plague in 1771 people crowded around a miraculous icon, and Ambrose removed it to prevent spread of infection; he was thereupon murdered by an enraged mob.
Ambrose (1812-91), Russian religious leader.
• startsy influence on Russian society 6:159d
Ambrose of Camaldoli, Italian AMBROGIO TRAVERSARI (b. Sept. 16, 1386, Portico, Italy—d. Oct. 20, 1439, Florence), Humanist, ecclesiastic, and patristic translator who helped effect the brief reunion of the Eastern and Western churches in the 15th century. He entered the Camaldolese Order in 1400 at Florence, where, over a period of 30 years, he mastered Latin and particularly Greek, which enabled him to translate Greek patristic works into Latin, including those of SS. Athanasius the Great of Alexandria, Basil the Great of Caesarea, and John Chrysostom of Constantinople. His reputation in Humanist circles won him the patronage of Cosimo de' Medici.
Pope Eugenius IV appointed him minister general of the Camaldolese Order in 1431 and papal emissary to the Council of Basel in 1435. He served a prime role at the Council of Ferrara-Florence when, in 1438, as papal representative, he received at the council the Byzantine emperor John VIII and Patriarch Joseph of Constantinople. His expertise in Greek and Eastern theology made him a chief negotiator for the decree of union between the Latin and Greek churches promulgated shortly before his death. Although never formally beatified, he is commemorated at Florence and by the Camaldolese on November 20.
ambrosia and nectar, in Greek mythology, sometimes the food, sometimes the drink, of