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About the Author Hans H. Rhyner (Switzerland) received a doctorate in alternative medicine and philosophy in India and led his own clinic in Bangalore for more than twenty years. He is revered as a pioneer in India and in Europe for his work adapting and integrating classical Ayurveda with the spiritual and holistic ... |
Llewellyn Publications Woodbury, Minnesota |
Copyright Information Llewellyn's Complete Book of Ayurveda: A Comprehensive Resource for the Understanding & Practice of Traditional Indian Medicine © 2017 by Hans H. Rhyner. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any matter whatsoever, including Internet usage, without written permis... |
Identifiers: LCCN 2016056363 | ISBN 9780738748689 Subjects: LCSH: Medicine, Ayurvedic. | Alternative medicine. Classification: LCC R605 . R48413 2017 | DDC 615. 5/38--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn. loc. gov/2016056363 Llewellyn Publications does not participate in, endorse, or have any authority or responsi... |
Contents Disclaimer introduction chapter 1 : Ayurveda—Mother of Medicine chapter 2 : Applied Philosophy and Working Hypothesis chapter 3 : Anatomical Aspects (Rachana Sharira) chapter 4 : Evolutionary Physiology (Kriya Sharira) chapter 5 : Constitution (Prakruti) chapter 6 : Pathology (Samprapti) chapter 7 : Diagno... |
Disclaimer Please note that the information in this book is not meant to diagnose, treat, prescribe, or replace a consultation with a licensed health-care professional. The publisher and the author assume no liability for any injuries caused to the reader that may result from the reader's use of content contained in t... |
W INTRODUCTION It is better to die than to be treated by a physician ignorant of the science of medicine. Because, like a blind person groping in darkness without direction or a sail-less boat being driven by the wind, a quack treats his patients without any clue of the consequences of the treatment. By sheer accid... |
fortuitous meeting with Dr. Vishwanath Rai, the brother of Professor P. S. Rai, who had made a career in Europe as a neurophysician and went on to head the major Swiss epilepsy hospital. He helped me in establishing the first Ayurvedic hospital in Switzerland. In him I saw a kind and a thorough professional as well... |
In the West, Ayurveda serves as a niche therapy and is chiefly used in chronic and psychosomatic complaints, whereas in India it still serves as primary health care. The two objectives differ vastly, and so do the therapies and medications used. The therapies and medications described in this book are predominantly m... |
To invoke the blessings of the preceptor and patron of Ayurveda, Shri Dhanvantari, as you start this journey, a beautiful Sanskrit prayer is given along with its English translation: Shankam cakram jalaukam dadhatam ruta ghatam caru dhorabhihi ca caturbhihi Sukshma svaca ati hridayamsuka parivilasam maulimam bhojanetra... |
A CHAPTER 1 Ayurveda—Mother of Medicine Mind, soul, and body—these three are like a tripod. The world is sustained by their combination. They constitute the substratum for all that be. This trinity is termed as the sentient living being and it is this subject matter for which Ayurveda has been brought to light. 3 W... |
the truth even from one's enemy. Further, he emphasized that the whole world consists of teachers for the wise and enemies for the fools and anything conducive to maintaining health, longevity, fame, and excellence should be appreciated and earnestly utilized. 4 All these facts provide ample evidence for the nonsect... |
A significant aspect of Ayurveda is that it presents measures to control emotional urges such as anger, hatred, jealousy, and passion, but not somatic urges such as sneezing, urination, or defecation. Further, useful guidelines for a disciplined daily routine that includes eating, sleeping, and sexual activity with sp... |
whose only purpose in life was to maintain the well-being of every living thing on earth, possessed extraordinary powers of contemplation, which gave them the ability to understand reality in terms of its most minute, interrelated processes. Over time, as a result of these meetings, six philosophical systems (the so-ca... |
Muchukunda, the king of Earth, spent long periods of time in higher planetary systems and participated in intergalactic wars, and when he returned to Earth he found none of his family members alive because in his absence many thousands of Earth years had passed. Atreya addressed the king of Devas, “O monarch of Devas, ... |
organs located above the collarbone. 5. Surgery ( Shalya Tantra ) —is the science of treating organs with pathological disturbances and changes in organisms. 6. Toxicology ( Agada Tantra ) —studies poisons including environmental pollutants and poisoned organisms. 7. Geriatrics ( Rasayana ) —is the science of ... |
K. A. R. Kennedy established that the so-called Aryan invasion is rather a myth than a fact. There have been many such invasions and battles for social reform, especially in times when the old values degenerated. Vedic culture prospered at the time when the river Saraswati flowed from north to south into the Ba... |
In the later Vedic periods, Ayurveda was mainly described in the Atharvaveda, the last of the four Vedas. Therapy was divided into two aspects: (1) curative or palliative treatment ( shanta ) and (2) healing rituals ( ghora ). Ayurvedic experts were not unhappy about this classification, although a certain st... |
The famous Bower manuscript was purchased by Major General H. Bower in 1890 from peddlers who found it in a Buddhist stupa in Central Asia. A major contribution of this period was the compilations of Vagbhata, who was said to be a Buddhist monk or a disciple of a Buddhist master. According to the author himself, h... |
best seller, and is considered even today as the first medical treatise on tropical medicine. 7 In the middle of the nineteenth century, a few scholars, genuinely impressed by the treasure-house of wisdom they stumbled upon in the form of ancient medical manuscripts of India, went about collecting and translating them.... |
Ayurveda Education Modern Ayurveda training pays a lot of attention to the original teachings and their development over time, but it lays emphasis on college education. In the past, students could choose to study in any of the following ways: 1. They could live with, work with, and learn directly from the master (... |
Map of ancient India with the Ayurveda education areas and the now-defunct Saraswati River Several faculties in South India were famous for their teaching of the production of medication from minerals and metals ( Rasa Shastra ). Invasions beginning in the Middle Ages and lasting for centuries destroyed practically e... |
which affirmed its support to Ayurvedic medicine. As late as 1917, an application for the establishment of an Ayurvedic university was rejected by the British government, which recognized only modern Western medicine as legitimate. It was not until February 13, 1921, that Mahatma Gandhi was able to open the Tibbi... |
Vital Points ( Marma ) Humoral Constitution ( Prakruti ) Evolutionary Physiology ( Kriya Sharira ) Concept of Biological Fire ( Agni ) Aspects of Ayurvedic Physiotherapy Practical Training I Head Massage Oil Massage ( Abhyanga ) Pressure Massage ( Mardana ) Powder Massage ( Udavartana ) Pouring Oil on Body and Head (... |
Practical Training II Pizzichil and Other Poultice Treatments Eye Treatment ( Akshi Tarpana ) Treatment of Lumbar Vertebrae ( Kati Basti ) Non-Invasive Treatment of the Heart ( Uro Basti ) Therapeutic Emesis ( Vamana ) Therapeutic Purgation ( Virechana ) Treatment of Nasal Mucous Membranes ( Nasya ) Enema ( Basti ) Tim... |
forty-three commentaries on this work. Out of these, the following are available partly or fully: 1. Charaka Nyasa by Bhattara Harichandra from the fourth century 2. Charaka Panjika by Swami Kumara after the fourth century 3. Nirantara Pada Vyakhya by Jejjata from the sixth century 4. Ayurveda Dipika by Chakrapani... |
Vimana Sthana (Fundamental Principles) : This section deals with chemistry; physiology; anatomy; epidemiology; infectious diseases; the three ways of arriving at a diagnosis (observation, inference, and questioning); diseases of the circulatory, digestive, and elimination systems; parasitic illness; and different ways ... |
The Charak Samhita is written in the form of both prose and verse. Some chapters are exclusively in verse except for the beginning and the colophon. In the last chapter of the manuscript, a statement reveals that it contains 12,000 verses and paragraphs. 9 At present, we have only 8,419 verses and 1,111 paragraphs... |
Sutra Sthana (46 chapters)—is the most exhaustive section, providing an overview of the subject matter. Nidana Sthana (16 chapters)—is the section on pathology. Sharira Sthana (10 chapters)—deals with anatomy. Chikitsa Sthana (40 chapters)—describes the therapeutics. Kalpa Sthana (8 chapters)—is the section on tox... |
Patients were usually anesthetized, but methods used then are not being used today, in spite of them having been described in sufficient detail for duplication (such as inhalation of particular drugs to induce sleep or to regain consciousness). There are, however, several healing plants unknown to us with antibiotic p... |
3) Vagbhata's Ashtanga Samgraha This is the last and most recent volume of the three main books. A Chinese pilgrim, I-Tsing, wrote around AD 500 that the earlier works of Indian medicine had been combined by Vagbhata into one new volume. Vagbhata was born in Sindh, a province in Pakistan, and was taught Ayurvedic me... |
Sharira Sthana (Anatomy and Physiology) : This has twelve chapters, and it describes human anatomy, pregnancy and possible complications during birth, individual constitutions, and various aids for establishing a prognosis. It also mentioned auspicious and inauspicious dreams and omens. Nidana Sthana (Diagnosis of Dis... |
Among the many later texts about Ayurveda, three works hold a prominent place. They have been combined to become The Light Trilogy ( Laghu Trayi ). It consists of the Madhava Nidana, the Sharangadhara Samhita, and Bhava Mishra's Bhava Prakasha. 1) Madhava Nidana Madhava, an important author, wrote the Roga Vin... |
3. Atisara Nidana Diarrhea 4. Grahani Nidana Disease of the duodenum 5. Arsha Nidana Hemorrhoids 6. Agnimandya, Ajirna, Visucika, Alasaka, Vilambika Nidana Dyspepsia, indigestion, and allied disease 7. Krimi Roga Nidana Parasitic disease 8. Pandu Roga, Kamala, Kumbha Kamala, Halimaka Nidana Anemia, jaundice, hep... |
16. Trishna Nidana 17. Murcha-Bhrama Nidra, Tandra, Sannyasa Nidana Fainting, giddiness, stupor, loss of consciousness 18. Panatyaya, Paramada, Panajirna, Pana vibhrama Nidana Alcoholism 19. Daha Nidana Burning sensation of the body 20. Unmada Nidana Insanity 21. Apasmara Nidana Epilepsy 22. Vata Vyadi Nidana... |
30. Mutrakrichra Nidana Dysuria, stranguria 31. Mutraghata Nidana Suppression of urine 32. Ashmari Nidana Vesicle calculus 33. Prameha, Prameha Pidaka Nidana Diabetes, carbuncles 34. Medo Roga Nidana Obesity 35. Udara Roga Nidana Enlargement of the abdomen 36. Shotha Roga Nidana Edema, anasarca 37. Vriddhi ... |
46. Bhagandara Nidana 47. Upadamsha Nidana Venereal disease 48. Suka Dosha Nidana Disease of the penis 49. Kushta Nidana Leprosy, skin disease 50. Sheetapitta, Udarda, Kotha Nidana Skin rashes, allergy Number and Name of Chapter (cont. ) Modern Equivalents (cont. ) 51. Amlapitta Nidana Hyperchlorhydria, gastr... |
69. Visha Roga Nidana Poisoning 70. Vishayanukramanika Contents of the treatise Translations: Less than fifty years after the Madhava Nidana was written, the Caliph Harun al-Rashid ordered it to be translated into Arabic. Mario Vallauri translated five chapters into Italian under the title Saggio di Versione de... |
5. Intravenous application of medication has been described for the first time in medical history. 6. Guinea worm infection has been described for the first time. 7. Recipes found in this work are simple, easy to prepare, and effective. 8. This is the best example of the practice of Ayurveda in medieval India. 9.... |
Uttara Khanda (Last Section) 1. Oleation Therapy 2. Sudation Therapy 3. Emesis 4. Purgation 5. Oil Enema 6. Decoction Enema 7. Urethral and Vaginal Douche 8. Nasal Therapy 9. Inhalation and Fumigation 10. Gargles 11. Topical Application, Oleation of Head and Ears 12. Bloodletting 13. Therapies for the Eyes... |
advanced form. A large number of formulations contain these minerals. Tantric practices are also prescribed for certain disorders, such as difficult labor, seminal retention, epilepsy, and others. It describes many techniques to tackle medical and surgical cases. For example, kshara sutra and its application in s... |
Indian Medicinal Plants: This is a five-volume set by Arya Vaidya Sala Trust. Literature of the Tamil Siddhars: Besides classical Sanskrit medical literature there always existed another enormous treasure of knowledge, the literature of the Tamil Siddhars. They were written in an ancient Tamil dialect on specially p... |
Ayurveda has made valuable contributions to our understanding of the knowledge of medical science that came to us through Greek, Roman, and Greco-Arabic cultures. Ayurvedic terms for illnesses and diagnoses have been translated into the languages of modern medicine. The use of Ayurvedic treatment methods, theref... |
L CHAPTER 2 Applied Philosophy and Working Hypotheses Substances that are heavy, tough, hard, dull, stable, non-slimy, dense, gross, and abounding in the qualities of smell are dominated by prithvi (earth). They promote plumpness, compactness, heaviness, and stability. Substances that are liquid, unctuous, cold, dul... |
subtle to the grossest element. Whenever such combinations or reductions take place, energy is produced or used. Such details are very important not only in understanding pharmacodynamic principles, but also in diagnosis and treatment. The information in the Vedic texts is accurate. Vaisheshika, for example, furnish... |
such thing as annihilation. Though the effect is contained in the cause, it is essential to liberate it before it can come into existence. This is brought about by exerting an external influence. For example, oil is found in seeds, and it is necessary to apply pressure on the seeds to extract it. Since cause and ef... |
from it. Such emancipated souls are no longer affected by the influences of the material world. The soul is released when it realizes its true nature. This is not accomplished by mere theoretical knowledge but by a life based on spiritual principles. In this doctrine, for the first time in history, the complete ind... |
bang—the fusion that creates modern elements—but also an equally dramatic anti-bang that retrieves all that has been created long before. Self-awareness (Ahankara): No matter how coarse or physically large a process (reaction) seems to be, in the final analysis, everything starts at the micro level. For example, hund... |
death, old age, and disease. This is only possible by directing buddhi toward purusha. Mind (Manas): The mind cannot be detected by the sense organs, but only by itself. The seat of the mind is the thalamus ( ajna chakra ). Every human body has one mind, and this mind is inseparable from the body. The mind receiv... |
Tamas is the negative quality of sattva and rajas. Since the tamasic mind withdraws from sattva and rajas, it is not able to react to normal stimuli. Mind and body are closely connected to each other. Mental activities are manifest through the body. On the other hand, the body provides the mind with necessa... |
are devoid of distinctions, and they cannot be directly perceived but by inference. It is said the sattvic element proceeds from the modification of ahankara. Tanmatra comprises tamas and indriya (senses), which are the five sense organs ( jnanendriya ) and five action organs ( karmendriya ) of rajas. 12 This... |
To each of the elements a specific fine element ( tanmatra ) can be attributed. Akasha has just one tanmatra, sound. Each element that follows has the tanmatra of the one that preceded it, which means that wind ( vayu ) has sound and density; fire ( tejas ) consists of sound, density, shape, and color; water ( ap )... |
Ap Liquid, oily, cold, soft, slimy, mobile Provides lubrication, humidity, solving, sticking Prithvi Heavy, hard, gross solid, compact Provides stability, strength, growth, compactness We can sum up the thesis of samkhya philosophy as follows: 1. Purusha and the twenty-four tattva of prakruti result in all tha... |
This chart illustrates the concept of the composition of an earth atom by the Ayurvedic approach. Ayurveda makes use of a combination of the two philosophical systems of nyaya and vaisheshika which is called nyaya-vaisheshika. It has simplified these two great theories that have occurred early in history. Nyaya... |
First, I would like to show the instruments of logic that are applied in nyaya. They are: 1. Direct perception by sense organs— Pratyaksha 2. Implication— Anumana 3. Analogy— Upamana 4. Authoritative— Aptavyaka or shabda 5. A comination of all factors— Yukti From vaisheshika hail the seven objects of cognitio... |
1. Time— Kalas 2. Space— Dik 3. Ether— Akasha 4. Soul— Atma Quality ( guna ) is subdivided into particles ( paramanu ) and atoms ( anu ). While the particles will never change or cease to exist, the atoms are subject to change under the influence of time ( anitya ). Both of these are subjected to physical react... |
addition to its own property of odor. These gunas have no independent existence but are always with their essential cause, the panchamahabuta or dravya. Combination of this sort is called anyanyanupravesa of bhuta. In this, the bhuta formed will have its own quality more predominating than the rest. Ved... |
There are some disciplines to be followed for the purification of the mind and social behavior in the first two stages of yama and niyama. Asanas are certain physical postures to keep the body fit. Asanas are also used to cure certain diseases. Pranayama directs the breath at will ( samkalpa ) and maintains a s... |
According to vedanta, brahman is the One Absolute who is beyond qualities and attributes, subject and object. It is the source of being, consciousness, bliss, and the efficient cause of the universe. It is the doer and the deed, cause and effect, creator and creation. Brahman is conceived of as being spaceless,... |
illusion is corrected. But mimansa believes that if, due to lack of sufficient light, we mistake a rope for a snake, the cognition is still valid. When the light is corrected the mistake is righted, but this does not mean that the previous knowledge was not valid. Under the erstwhile circumstances, the conclusion ... |
T CHAPTER 3 Anatomical Aspects (Rachana Sharira) When this body composed of various parts is perceived as one unit, this leads to attachment; when the various composing factors are viewed as separate from each other, this leads to salvation. 13 his is a most unique approach of Ayurveda to anatomy—as a tool to self-... |
specific functions. 14 Charaka, however, dismissed the notion that the human body is only the sum of these channels. He argued that srota only provide circulation and are to be defined by the substances they carry and their destinations. The body consists of several circulatory channels. Some transport the basic s... |
one srota vitiating the other. The dosha, when vitiated, involves the entire body as susceptibility to vitiation is implicit in them. ” 15 “There is as much diversity in the srotamsi, as there is in the elements that compose the structure of the body. ” 16 “For all practical purposes, a physician only needs to r... |
8. Channels through which nutrition is transported to bone tissue— Asthi vaha srota 9. Channels through which nutrition is transported to marrow tissue— Majja vaha srota 10. Channels through which nutrition is transported to reproductive tissue — Shukra vaha srota 11. Channels through which urine is transported— Mu... |
Excessive Circulation: This takes place when too many substances are transported through the channels or when these substances are moving too fast. Excessive circulation creates hyperactivity, which can lead to overdevelopment of certain tissues and organs. Inefficient Circulation: This occurs when very few substance... |
These channels are responsible for transporting serum (fluids containing mostly protein—the portion of blood plasma that does not coagulate) and lymph (protein-containing fluids that have their own channel system and are very important for the fluid exchanges between tissues). They are located in the gums ( talu ), th... |
excessive perspiration, oily skin, white gums, swelling of different parts of the body, and abnormal thirst. Treatment is a reduced diet. Asthi Vaha Srota These take care of transporting precursors of bone tissue and are usually located in the pelvic area that has the largest bones. Sushruta does not mention these ch... |
Purisha Vaha Srota These eliminate stool from the body. The channels are located in the colon and the rectum. Overindulgence in food and eating before the last meal has been properly digested cause malfunctions. Symptoms are constipation, flatulence, watery stools, foul-smelling stools, and discomfort during elimina... |
The traditional martial art system is called kalaripayatt or kalari. The concept of marma had a deep influence on the kalari system in formulating a separate branch of offense and defense training called verumkai prayogam, the use of hand without weapon in combat. It is evident that all combat techniques ... |
speaks of atangai marma, which are points that can be used in first aid to bring the patient back to consciousness. 18 The combination of medicinal oils, acupressure, synchronized massage, and many other specific measures have led to the great art of Ayurvedic massage. These techniques can be employed very effectiv... |
The following table shows a summary of all of the information about marma that I have found in the last fifteen years. The various authors and commentators do not always agree when it comes to the structure and localization of marma. Marma Points and Their Descriptions Marma Size in Anguli # Location Tissue Effects... |
liquid, pericardium) Marma Size in Anguli # Location Tissue Effects of Injury Effects of Light Massage or Pouring of Oils 3. Kurca 4 4 Two anguli above Kshipra on base of thumb and large toe Tendon, ligaments Disability. Pain, shivering, bending of the foot Stimulates alocaka pitta 4. Kurca-shirah 1 4 Below wrist ... |
9. Janu 3 2 At union of thigh and knee Joint Disability Strength to liver and spleen 10. Ani 1/2 4 Three anguli above Kurpara and Janu Tendon, ligament Disability Controls muscle tension 11. Urvi 1 4 Middle of upper arm and thigh Blood vessel Atrophy to the leg/arm due to hemorrhage Stimulates udaka vaha srota Marma... |
15. Guda 4 1 Around anus, attached to large intestines Muscle Fatal 16. Vasti 4 1 Inside cavity of pelvis and bladder Tendon, ligament Fatal Strength to muladhara cakra (urogenital system) 17. Nabhi 4 1 Around navel, the root of all shiras Tendon, ligament Fatal Stimulates small intestines and pacaka pitta 18. Hr... |
22. Apalapa 1/2 2 Center of armpit, laterally from stanarohita Blood vessel Fatal Influence on sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves 23. Katikataruna 1/2 2 Buttocks, center of hips Bone Fatal Stimulates fat tissue 24. Kukundara 1/2 2 Both sides of coccyx Joint Disability Stimulates second chakra 25. Nithamba 1/2 2 F... |
amsaphalaka 30. Manya 4 2 Vena jugularis externa Blood vessel Disability Control of blood circulation 31. Nila 4 2 Vena jugularis anterior Blood vessel Disability Influence on sense of time 32. Sira-matrika 1 1/2 8 At cross of neck artery (arteria carotis communis, externa and interna) and vena jugularis interna Blo... |
Outer corner of eyes, below tips of eyebrows Blood vessel Disability, blindness 37. Avartha 1/2 2 Above and at the end of eyebrows Bone Disability Controls body posture and movement of the eyes 38. Shanka 2 2 Between ears and eyebrows Bone Fatal Stimulates colon 39. Utkshepa 1/2 2 Above shanka, meeting of arteria te... |
41. Shringathaka Palate, four branches of the facial artery, inferior labial, superior labial, antero-inferior and lateral nasal Blood vessel Stimulates nerves 42. Simantha Linear 5 Suture of the skull; five joints of the head Joint Fatal Stimulates nerves 43. Adhipati 1/2 1 Center of the back of the head Joint Fatal... |
Bones (Asthi) Sushruta counted 300 bones, while Charaka counted 360. Modern anatomy counts 203. The differences lie in the fact that the former two authors counted teeth and cartilage. Fatty tissue ( meda ) forms bones from the elements earth, fire, and air. Classical texts distinguish five different types of bones:... |
vata energy moves from the bones to the joints, different rheumatic illnesses result, such as rheumatoid arthritis ( amavata ), gout ( vatarakta ), and arthritis ( sandhikavata ). In total we count 210 joints. Of these, 68 are located in the extremities, 59 are in the trunk of the body, and 83 are above the collarbo... |
Sushruta also refers to tendons as kandara. Capillaries (Siras) The numerous finely branched capillaries of the arteries, veins, and other vessels are called siras. There are 700 listed as important. These are further divided into those that carry blood, vata, pitta, and kapha. Any cut for a phlebotomy is made ... |
The definition of the term kalas and the functions ascribed by Sushruta to the seven of them resemble, for the most part, the protective or epithelial tissue. In addition, descriptions and functions, especially of the pittadhara and purishadhara kalas are reminiscent of those of the covering membrane of the small... |
4. Shleshma dhara kala is present in all joints ( sandhi ), and it lubricates them to make them function smoothly. 5. Purisha dhara kala extends from the liver to the small and large intestines and other abdominal viscera. It differentiates the nutrient fraction of the food ( sara ) from the indigestible waste p... |
( sevanis ); the fourteen facets which is a collection of a number of bones ( sanghatas ); fourteen simantas said to be situated about the places of the sanghatas ; the three hundred bones; two hundred and ten joints; nine hundred ligaments; five hundred muscles; one hundred and seven marmas ; seven hundred capillar... |
H CHAPTER 4 Evolutionary Physiology (Kriya Sharira) Vata which is rough, cold, light, subtle, mobile, non-slimy, and coarse is reconciled by medicines or therapies having opposite qualities. Pitta which is unctuous, hot, sharp, liquid, sour, fluid, and pungent is soon overcome by medicines and therapies having oppos... |
assimilating, and diffusing strength in the same way as the moon, the sun, and the winds maintain the integrity of the terrestrial world. He observes that in their normal states vata, pitta, and kapha produce good (physiological) results like well-developed physique, strength, beautiful complexion, and cheerfulnes... |
The three dosha cannot be seen as totally separate entities, since living matter also creates an inseparable unity. However, they stand in clear and definite relation to each other. When functioning normally (=), they have physiological characteristics; when their function is disturbed (i. e., hyper- or hypofunctio... |
Prithvi Cold, damp, heavy, mobile, soft, sweet, mucilaginous The relatively narrow range of balance of the three dosha ensures that all physiological activities in the body function perfectly. This represents a state of perfect health in Ayurveda. Even a small deviation from the norm of one or more dosha is a sign... |
that primal constitute of the living body whose structure is characteristic of the elements ether ( akasha ) and earth ( vayu ), and whose function is rajasic, since it is concerned with the production of those somatic and psychic processes which are predominantly dynamic in nature. Hence, the presence of vata c... |
disturbances in specific parts of the body as hypersensitivity or even mental confusion. In general, pranavata is responsible for our ability to experience the presence of air, water, food, and sensory stimuli. This process moves from the outside to the inside and can be compared to the sensory nervous system that ... |
Apanavata: The word apana means “the lower end” and describes the lower portion of the spinal cord. Apanavata separates fluids from solid material in the colon. It guides the process of urination, the erection of the penis, the ejaculation of semen, the flow of menstruation, and the contractions of the uterus du... |
impulse. These processes have been shown to consume oxygen and metabolic energy. However, electrical phenomena do occur, unquestionably, as an impulse passes through the nerve fibers. Nerve fibers, in this regard, are no different from any other cell or cell group in the body. Whenever or wherever living processes o... |
vata ( vata kshaya ) will be treated with tissue-reducing therapies ( apatarpana or karshana ). Hypoactivity of Vata: This is similar to hyperactive kapha, resulting in a sensation of heaviness in the body, sluggishness, and insufficient blood circulation. Hyperactivity of Vata: This leads to dehydration; rough, d... |
become evident from the allusion made by both Charaka and Sushruta to its fire-like action. Pitta in its fivefold aspect imparts color (to rasa in the formation of rakta ), promotes digestion and metabolism, forms the ojas (essence of dhatu ), promotes vision, contributes to the intellect, and is responsible for... |
The physical characteristics and qualities of pitta described in the classical texts bear a striking resemblance to hepatic bile, better still the combined bile and pancreatic juice. The pigments of bile—bilirubin and biliverdin—are essential constituents of the hemoglobin complex. From this point of view it may be... |
condition of pacakapitta. A diminished function not only leads to problems in the digestive system, but also plays a role in other illnesses too. Ranjaka pitta: The production of blood ( rakta ) and plasma ( rasa ) is controlled by ranjaka pitta, which also plays a secondary role in the digestive process. It is lo... |
Biological or Physiological Pathological ( Shariraka pitta ) Psychological or Normal Abnormal ( Manasika pitta ) Hunger, appetite, digestion, thirst, visual perception, hemopoiesis or coloration of rasa in the process of formation of rakta ; production of body temperature, color of body, luster, complexion, skin hea... |
During exposure to strong sunlight During hot weather When feeling angry and hateful During intensive intellectual activities Kapha Kapha, also known as shleshma, resembles a concrete and stable substance. Its stability is stated to be due to the predominant role of ap (water) and prithvi (earth). These eleme... |
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