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JOBTHE NIV APPLICATION COMMENTARYFrom biblical text ... to contemporary life JOHN H. WALTONWITH KELLY LEMON VIZCAINO |
ZONDERVANThe NIV Application Commentary: Job Copyright © 2012 by John H. Walton Requests for information should be addressed to:Zondervan, 3900 Sparks Dr. SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Walton, John H. Job / John H. Walton with Kelly Lemon Vizcaino. p. cm. —(The NIV a... |
To my son Jon,who persuaded me to write this commentary,then became thoroughly involved to improve it at every turn. His contributions are immeasurable and my gratitude is unbounded. |
Contents How to Use This Commentary Series Introduction General Editor's Preface Author's Preface Abbreviations Introduction Outline of Job Basic Bibliography on the Book of Job Text and Commentary on Job Job 1Job 2Job 3Job 4-14Job 15-21Job 22-27Job 28Job 29-31Job 32-37Job 38-41Job 42Technical Appendix Scripture Index ... |
How to Use This Commentary Thank you for purchasing the Harper Collins Christian Publishing e Book version of The NIV Application Commentary. What is the difference between an e Book and a print book?e Book versions contain all of the content and supplementary materials found in the original print versions and are opti... |
NOTES: The Bible Translation quoted by the authors in the main Commentary, unless otherwise indicated, is taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved. |
NIV Application Commentary Series Introduction THE NIV APPLICATION COMMENTARY Series is unique. Most commentaries help us make the journey from our world back to the world of the Bible. They enable us to cross the barriers of time, culture, language, and geography that separate us from the biblical world. Yet they only... |
Scripture, but who fail to discern its timely element, may “wax eloquent” about the Melchizedekian priesthood to a sleeping congregation, or worse still, try to apply the holy wars of the Old Testament in a physical way to God's enemies today. The purpose of this section, therefore, is to help you discern what is timel... |
General Editor's Preface THEREISGOODREASON why Christian theologians consider theodicy the unsolvable theological issue. The reason is this: It is unsolvable. Yet this does not stop generation after generation of theological scholars from trying to solve it. And the biblical text they most often reference in this Sysip... |
Author's Preface I HAVEHADTHE great privilege of having three marvelous teaching assistants while I was writing this commentary, all of whom were expert editors. I am grateful for their contribution in ensuring that I actually communicated the ideas that I wanted to get across. Ashley Edewaard and Kathryn Cobb both spe... |
Abbreviations AB Anchor Bible ABY Anchor Bible: Yale University Press Af OArchiv für Orientforschung ANETAncient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Ed. J. B. Pritchard AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament As. Mos. Assumption of Moses BBRBulletin of Biblical Research BETSBulletin of the Evangelical Theol... |
OBO Orbis biblicus et orientalis OTL Old Testament Library PT Pyramid Texts PSCFPerspectives on Science and Christian Faith RIMA The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods RP Retribution Principle RSV Revised Standard Version SAA State Archives of Assyria SBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph Seri... |
Introduction1Purpose of the Book“ITWASADARK and stormy night....” So begins the novel perpetually being attempted by Snoopy in the Peanuts comic strip. The humor is in the cliché. The cliché has its roots, I imagine, in the fact that novels want to draw the reader in by posing an intriguing scenario filled with danger a... |
he is on trial, the prologue shows that this is a misunderstanding. Rather, it is God's policies that have been called into question, and he therefore takes the role of defendant. 5 Job becomes deeply enmeshed in this trial and is central to it, but he is not on trial. This concept will be explored in greater depth in ... |
going to discover that Job's motives are indeed pure (he values righteousness over benefits), but his concept of God and his understanding of God's policies are going to need modification. Author and Date THESHORTANSWERIS that while we do not know the author or the date, this lack of information does not affect our inter... |
it today. 12 This practice is illustrated in the Mesopotamian wisdom work known as Ludlul bel nemeqi, a first-person narration of someone who suffered greatly and did not know why. His name can be deduced from the work, and analysts do not hesitate to consider him a real person. 13 Weiss builds the case that the introdu... |
A similar claim of irreducible complexity could be made for the book of Job. The book includes dialogues, discourses, narratives, hymns, and laments (to name a few of the major sections), and each one has a significant role to play. If any of them were absent, the book would not accomplish its purpose. Many recent comme... |
Zophar20Job21Cycle Three: 22-27Eliphaz22Job23-24Bildad25Job26-27Interlude: Wisdom Hymn: 28Discourses Series One: 29-31Job: Reminiscences29Job: Affliction30Job: Oath of Innocence31Series Two: 32-37Elihu: Introduction and Theory32-33Elihu: Verdict on Job34Elihu: Offense of Job35Elihu: Summary36-37Series Three: 38-41Yahweh... |
Yahweh: Harnessing threats to cosmic order40:1-2; 40:6-41:34Narrative Frame: 42 Job's Closing Statements(40:3-5) 42:1-6Epilogue: Heaven and Earth42:7-17Note that there are three sets of speeches in the dialogue section (chs. 4-27), balanced by three sets of speeches in the discourse section (chs. 29-41). Leading into t... |
Job in the Ancient Near East SEVERALPIECESOFLITERATURE from the ancient Near East deal with the topic of individuals suffering for no apparent reason. 29 From a literary perspective none of these approach the topic with the subtlety and complexity of the book of Job. Though there is certainly no literary dependence in ... |
Job (Hebrew)Claims righteousness and conscientious piety Family taken; social outcast; illness; wealth taken Yahweh offers new perspective based on wisdom Restoration at all levels RP unreliable; divine wisdom is foundation God's justice is granted given his wisdom Similarities ASWECOMPARETHE principal pieces of Mesopo... |
he was entitled, his status was threatened and his wrath and/or abandonment was predictable. Appeasement was a vital part of this system, and if Job had pursued appeasement, he would have showed himself a part of this system. 3. In the ancient Near Eastern exemplars, the sufferers stood ready to acknowledge offense if ... |
divine injustice; it only means that one can never be fully comprehensive in one's ritual performance and therefore inadvertent offense is always possible. One can only increase one's piety and call out to the gods for mercy. Perhaps they will answer. Is there pious suffering? Yes. But it is no one's fault; it is just ... |
world. Because human experience often seemed to deny the tenets of the RP, the principle had to be qualified or nuanced in order to be employed realistically in the philosophical/theological discussion. How can God be just if he does not punish the wicked? In order to answer this question, the RP was frequently under di... |
considered powerful, good, and just. Thus one might say that the theodicy question bloomed in Israel, and in this hothouse of theological tension, the RP provided the traditional explanation, despite its obvious inconsistencies in accounting for human experience. In considering the biblical position we need to recogniz... |
triangle depicting the three elements to be defended by various proponents: God's justice, Job's righteousness, and the RP. 40 Given the situation that develops in the book, the proponents choose which element must be defended above all, and in the process must decide which of the three elements is expendable, for all ... |
DIDTHE ISRAELITESBELIEVE the RP and its converse? A sufficient number of texts imply that they knew it was not enforced moment by moment (e. g., Ps. 37:7, 25). That is, they realized that on certain occasions there might be a time lag before the books were balanced. With that caveat, they largely accepted the RP as true... |
mountains that tower around us, nor do we know about tomorrow. There is a time for everything under the sun. So how can we know what is wisest? Since God is beyond all and sees all, might his wisdom sometimes look obscure to us?J: How then shall we live?Q: Take each day as it comes. When hardships come, endure them. Wh... |
it were true that God is testing Job's righteousness. As suggested above, however, I believe that God's policies are being tested rather than Job's righteousness, which is affirmed throughout. If it is correct that God's policies are being tested, then it does not matter whether God knows the outcome or not. The scenari... |
Outline of Job I. Prologue (chs. 1-2)II. Dialogues (chs. 3-27)A. Job's Opening Lament (ch. 3)B. Cycle 1: Consolation (chs. 4-14)1. Eliphaz (chs. 4-5)2. Job (chs. 6-7)3. Bildad (ch. 8)4. Job (chs. 9-10)5. Zophar (ch. 11)6. Job (chs. 12-14)C. Cycle 2: The Fate of the Wicked (chs. 15-21)1. Eliphaz (ch. 15)2. Job (chs. 16-... |
Basic Bibliography on the Book of Job Commentaries Alter, Robert. The Wisdom Books. New York: Norton, 2010. Andersen, Francis I. Job: An Introduction and Commentary. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries. Downers Grove, Ill. : Inter Varsity Press, 1976. Clines, David J. A. Job 1-20. Word Biblical Commentary. Vol. 17. Waco... |
Weiss, Meir. The Story of Job's Beginning—Job 1-2: A Literary Analysis. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1983. Westermann, Claus. The Structure of the Book of Job: A Form-Critical Analysis. Translated by Charles A. Muenchow. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1981. Whitney, K. William. Two Strange Beasts: Leviathan and Behemoth in Second Templ... |
Text and Commentary on Job |
Job 1In the land of Uz there lived a man whose name was Job. This man was blameless and upright; he feared God and shunned evil. 2He had seven sons and three daughters, 3and he owned seven thousand sheep, three thousand camels, five hundred yoke of oxen and five hundred donkeys, and had a large number of servants. He was... |
references to Yahweh. 4 Intriguingly, however, the book frequently evidences an Israelite perspective,5 which suggests that the story of the non-Israelite Job has actually been given its literary shape by an Israelite author for an Israelite audience. This secondary context gives the book a voice in the context of Isra... |
Second, why does Job even imagine that his family might curse God in their private conversations at these feasts? Again, a first glance can be misleading. It would appear that this is an extreme offense that would be unlikely of this pious family, where we might expect an illustration that shows more subtlety. But that ... |
in a position to ask and address the most important third question: Why does the author choose this sort of example to illustrate Job's piety? It is true that it offers a literary connection both to the death of his family (at such a feast) and to the option held out to Job to curse God. Perhaps that is sufficient reaso... |
SONSOFGOD. THIS phrase (bene ʾelohim) does not occur often in Scripture (Gen. 6:2, 4; Job 1:6; 2:1; 38:7),20 but our understanding can be augmented by usage outside of the Old Testament (mostly the Ugaritic texts). 21 The designation relates to the idea of a divine council, where “the sons of God” are the functionaries... |
an individual with this function does not give us a specific identification of the individual. 33Job 1:6 would lead us to understand that a certain divine being whose precise identity is unimportant and who has the current and perhaps temporary status of Challenger is being introduced into the narrative. This interpretat... |
of accusations). Prospering the righteous, in the Challenger's view, is a questionable policy because it fosters corrupt motives. By pointing out all that Yahweh has done to bless and prosper Job, he raises the point that Job's motives are open to question: Is he truly righteous or just acting in ways that will gain hi... |
Finally, a “mighty wind” destroys the house where Job's children had gathered and causes their death (1:19). Such destructive wind is elsewhere referred to in 1 Kings 19:11. Though nothing in the ancient world was perceived as “natural” (notice Hos. 13:15; Jon. 4:8), this mighty wind would be a meteorological phenomeno... |
Third, and most important, the Bridging Contexts section serves to identify the message that comprises the authoritative teaching of the text. Here, we would normally seek to identify the teaching of the book that applies to all audiences throughout time. This is problematic in Job because the book does not carry such ... |
covenant) is not the issue under discussion; yet the divine epithets (as opposed to specific names of other gods) in the book allow no hint that Job worships another god. He uses all legitimate epithets for Israel's God. One of the issues particularly at stake in the book is whether Job's concept of God accords with the... |
Passage Agent of God's anger Object of God's anger Result of God's anger1 Kings 11Hadad the Edomite (a śaṭan)Solomon Rebellion Num. 22Angel of the Lord (a śaṭan)Balaam Near execution1 Kings 22Unnamed spirit working through false prophets Ahab Death in battle2 Sam. 24/1 Chron. 21a śaṭan working through David Israel Plag... |
physically, and he blocks and obstructs the teaching of the Kingdom of God wherever he can, assaulting us, possessing us spiritually, and tempting us to sin. In all this he is the enemy of the Kingdom of God. 68This sinister being has been viewed in many different ways throughout history. In some Jewish writings, he is... |
Lacking support in the author's intention, we would be equally hard pressed to sustain the suggestion that the passage refers to Satan, even though the author knew nothing of that association. Some have attempted this by invoking a sensus plenior related to a divine intention, much like the concept used to understand p... |
One popular suggestion has been that verse 14 should be read as noting that this individual was with the cherub, but was not a cherub himself. 78 Such a reading opens up the possibility that the king of Tyre is being compared to primeval man, Adam. 79 This suggestion is problematic because, in the Genesis account, Adam... |
Revelation 12:9 is often invoked on the matter of Satan's fall, but here the reference is to the events of John's vision, which were still to take place in the future (whether our future or only his). Therefore, they offer no insight into occurrences of the past, such as a fall, though it is not improbable that paralle... |
of śaṭan, the text gives no indication that the śaṭan is intrinsically evil. The Old Testament theology surrounding the Challenger must be developed using only those passages in the Old Testament that make reference to this role. If we do this, we will find a far different profile than the one the New Testament or the ch... |
Kelly: July 29, 2000, has left a permanent mark—that day changed my life forever. I was an active twelve-year-old kid from Colorado, who loved theater and snowboarding and couldn't wait to start seventh grade. That summer I traveled with my family quite a bit, mostly to Sawyer, Michigan, to a small Christian community ... |
Kelly: That car accident on the morning of July 29, 2000, should have taken my life. It should have taken my sister's life. Jamie was ejected from the car after the third roll and thrown into the cornfield. She broke her neck in numerous places, but by God's grace, she recovered without any permanent damage outside of o... |
vertebrae to place the electrodes along the spinal cord, and then threaded wires down my back to attach to the battery they placed in my lower back. This surgery failed as well. After I had undergone two failed surgeries and after months of wearing a neck brace, the doctors still insisted on a third surgery, where they... |
rather, burning and lasering the nerve endings made my nerve pain worse permanently, so we had to double my medication dose to try to manage this new level of pain. Angry and confused, I tried to move on. JHW: At this point you must have been feeling, like Job, that God had painted a target on your back. But it wasn't ... |
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