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Fiber Installation and Activation | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber Installation and Activation Credits and Copyright We would like to thank: © 2023 Jones/NCTI, Inc. Jeff Hecht, Rob Meives, Kathleen Maiman, Dwight Miller, Steve Rounds, and Chris Walden 3M Communication Markets Division, Adtran, Inc., AFL, Alpha Technologies, American Polywater Corp., ARRIS, Aurora Networks, BP e... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Contents at a G lance LESSON 1: FIBER-OPTIC TECHNOLOGY (68 0-10-7) LESSON 2: FIBER-OPTIC CABLE PROPERTI ES (680-20-6) LESSON 3: INTRODUCTION TO FIBER-OPTIC NETWORKS (680-15-6) LESSON 4: FIBER-OPTIC NETWORK DESIGN (680-50-6) LESSON 5: FIBER-OPTIC NETWORK ARCHIT ECTURES AND TOPOLOGI ES (680-42-4) LESSON 6: PASSIVE OPTIC... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf | |
Fiber Installation and Activation Page 1 LESSON 1: FIBER-OPTIC TECHNOLOGY (68 0-10-7) FIBER-OPTIC TECHNOLOGY BAS ICS Introduction to Fiber-Optic Technology Basics ............................................................................. 2 Advantages of Fiber Optics .................................................... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber Installation and Activation Page 2 LESSON 3: INTRODUCTION TO FIBE R-OPTIC NETWORKS (680-15-6) BASIC HFC ARCHITECTU RE Introduction to Basic HFC Architecture ...................................................................................... 70 The Headend ......................................................... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber Installation and Activation Page 3 Acceptance Testing ..................................................................................................................... 132 Optical Network Documentation ............................................................................................... 134 As-Buil... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber Installation and Activation Page 4 Analog Modulation ..................................................................................................................... 207 OPTICAL DETECTION AN D DEMODULATION Introdu ction to Optical Detection and Demodulation ..................................................... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber Installation and Activation Page 5 LESSON 10: FIBER-OPTIC NODE POWERING (680-55-5) OPTICAL NETWORK POWE RING Introduction to Optical Network Powering ................................................................................ 278 Primary Power Sources ........................................................... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber Installation and Activation Page 6 Patch Panels ............................................................................................................................... 345 FTTx Equipment ......................................................................................................................... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber-Optic Technology (680-10-7) Page 1 LESSON 1: Fiber-Optic Technology (680-10-7) Modules in this Lesson Fiber-Optic Technology Basics Light Sources Optical Receivers | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber-Optic Technology Basics Fiber Installation and Activation Page 2 MODULE 1 FIBER-OPTIC TECHNOLOGY BAS ICS Introduction to Fiber-Optic Technology Basics Since the first commercial installation of a fiber-optic network in 1975, fiber-optic technology has migrated and evolved from exclusive use in backbone applicatio... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber-Optic Technology Basics Fiber-Optic Technology (680-10-7) Page 3 Since optical fibers are typically made of glass, a dielectric material, they are virtually immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI), including radio frequency interference (RFI). Although not wholly immune from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) radia... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber-Optic Te chnology Basics Fiber Installation and Activation Page 4 Fiber-optic cable can meet changing network topologies and configurations, allowing for lower-cost operations growth and service expansions. Technologies like bi-directional transport, optical switching, and optical multiplexing are widely availabl... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber-Optic Technology Basics Fiber-Optic Technology (680-10-7) Page 5 Characteris tics Series Description G. 671 Transport characteristics of optical components and subsystems. Fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) Fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) Systems G. 983 BPON ( broadband passive optical network) ; general installation diagram. G. 984 GP... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber-Optic Technology Basics Fiber Installation and Activation Page 6 The electromagnetic spectrum, shown in Figure 3, encompasses energy from radio waves to Gamma rays. Optical wavelengths are measured in nanometers (nm) or billionths of a meter (10-9). Accordingly, in the visible light spectrum, violet light has a w... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber-Optic Technology Basics Fiber-Optic Technology (680-10-7) Page 7 Figure 4 : Fiber-optic transport windows with d B/km vs. wavelength curves. (Courtesy of Light Brigade) Early fiber networks operated between 850 nm and 1300 nm using MMF. SMF became available in 1983 and had lo wer signal attenuation and greater in... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber-Optic Technology Basics Fiber Installation and Activation Page 8 Basic Fiber-Optic Communications Networks List the three basic elements of a fiber-optic communications network. Figure 5 illustrates the three basic components of all fiber-optic communications networks: (1) Optical transmitter with a light so urce... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber-Optic Technology Basics Fiber-Optic Technology (680-10-7) Page 9 The optical transmitter in Figure 6 has an electrical interface providing one or a combination of electrical protocols to the data encoder/modulator. The encoder portion of the data encoder/modulator codes analog signals for conversion into digital ... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber-Optic Technology Basics Fiber Installation and Activation Page 10 Figure 7 shows the differences in the diameter and physical structure of MMF and SMF. Figure 7 : MMF and SMF dimensions. (Courtesy of Light Brigade) MMF has a large core diameter with many optical layers, allowing light to take several pathways, or... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber-Optic Technology Basics Fiber-Optic Technology (680-10-7) Page 11 ITU-T Specification Wavelength Mode Field Diameter G. 652 1310 nm 8. 6-9. 5 ± 0. 6 mm G. 653. A 1550 nm 7. 8 to 8. 5 mm ± 0. 8 mm G. 654 1550 nm 9. 5 to 10. 5 mm ± 0. 7 mm G. 655. C 1550 nm 8 to 11 mm ± 0. 7 mm G. 656 1550 nm 7 to 11 mm ± 0. 7 mm G... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber-Optic Technology Basics Fiber Installation and Activation Page 12 Fiber-optic cable has been developed for optimal performance at specific wavelengths. Today, two types of SMF are used extensively in fiber-optic networks: the ITU-T G. 652 fiber, commonly known as standard SMF, and the ITU-T G. 655 NZDSF. Standard... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber-Optic Technology (680-10-7) Page 13 MODULE 2 LIGHT SOURCES Introduction to Light Sources In any fiber-optic communications network, a laser diode, or light-emitting diode (LED), is the light source that generates the optical signal that is transported through the optical fiber. Light source selection can vary ba... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Light Sources Fiber Installation and Activation Page 14 Figure 10 : LED and laser light common spectral profiles. (Courtesy of Light Brigade) The emission pattern of the light source is directly related to the amount of light coupled to the core of an optical fiber ( Figure 11 ). Lasers have very narrow emission patter... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Light Sources Fiber-Optic Technology (680-10-7) Page 15 Laser Diodes Identify the types of lasers used for analog and digital communications networks. The laser, an acronym for "light amplification by stimula ted emission of radiation," was invented in 1960 by Ted Maiman of Hughes Research Laboratories ( Figure 12 ). H... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Light Sources Fiber Installation and Activation Page 16 Figure 13 : Optical spectrum analyzer display of laser output. Fabry-Perot Lasers In the F-P laser illustrated in Figure 14, light-generating material is placed in an optical cavity between a set of highly reflective surfaces aligned perfectl y parallel to create ... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Light Sources Fiber-Optic Technology (680-10-7) Page 17 Figure 14 : Semiconductor F-P laser cutaway view. (Courtesy of Jeff Hecht) In a laser, a drive current is applied to a light-generating lasing medium that causes photons to be spontaneo usly emitted. As the current increases, so do the emission of photons, resulti... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Light Sources Fiber Installation and Activation Page 18 drawbacks of the F-P las er is the emission of several discrete wavelengths or side modes ( Figure 16 ). Since each wavelength travels through an optical f iber at slightly different velocities, signals using those wavelengths arrive at the receiving point at diff... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Light Sources Fiber-Optic Technol ogy (680-10-7) Page 19 Figure 17 : DFB laser optical spectrum characteristics. Most lasers are sensitive to temperature changes and power supply quality, both of which can cause the laser's output to change significantly —in intensity and wavelength —due to a minuscule change in temper... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Light Sources Fiber Installation and Activation Page 20 Figure 18 : Laser transmitter examples. (Courtesy of Light Brigade) Back reflections between the optical transmitter output and the fiber-optic connectors are of particular concern since any reflected optical energy can disrupt the laser's stimulated emission proc... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Light Sources Fiber-Optic Technology (680-10-7) Page 21 Light-Emitting Diodes Identify the characteristics of light-emitting diodes used in fiber-optic networks. The LEDs used in fiber-optic networks are inexpensive optoelectronic devices that convert electrons to photons. Two common types of LED are edge-emitting and ... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Light Sources Fiber Installation and Activation Page 22 Figure 20 : Surface-emitting LED emission pattern. Optical Modulation Describe how modulation is applied to an optical carrier. The light from an optical source contains no information until modulation is applied using either direct or indirect methods. Direct mod... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Light Sources Fiber-Optic Technology (680-10-7) Page 23 Figure 21 : Optical modulation schemes. Direct Modulation Direct modulation works well with semiconductor light sources and is relatively simple and inexpensive since semiconductor light sources have a linear operating curve. When an analog electrical signal is ap... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
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Fiber-Optic Technology (680-10-7) Page 25 MODULE 3 OPTICAL RECEIVERS Introduction to Optical Receivers In the fiber-optic network, the optical receiver detects and converts the optical signal into an electrical signal, then demodulates the modulated information from the electrical signal. Internal to the receiver is a... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Receivers Fiber Installation and Activation Page 26 Several factors contribute to the optical recei ver's sensitivity, including noise, responsivity, response time, linear response, back reflection, and optical detector material. Noise degrade s the transported optical signal in a fiber-optic network and is the... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Receivers Fiber-Optic Technology (680-10-7) Page 27 Optical detectors operate as linear devices over a broad range of optical power. The graph in Figur e 23 shows the electrical output of an optical detector versus the input optical power. When the optical signal is below the optical detector's minimum input, t... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Receivers Fiber Installation and Activation Page 28 Figure 24 : Typical spectral responses of various optical detector materials. (Courtesy of Jeff Hecht) PIN Diode Optical Detectors Identify the characteristics of the PIN diode optical detector. The positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diode is the most common ph... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Receivers Fiber-Optic Technology (680-10-7) Page 29 Figure 25 : Basic PIN diode structure. Avalanche Photodiode Optica l Detectors Explain the structure and attributes of an avalanche photodiode. The avalanche photodiode (APD) is a photomultiplier device with significantly increased sensitivity, approximately 1... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Receivers Fiber Installation and Activation Page 30 The APD functions like a simple PIN diode detector at lower voltages without amplification. Like PIN diodes, APDs create primary electr ical carriers from charged semiconductor materials sandwiched together to produce electronic flow when light photons strike ... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Receivers Fiber-Optic Technology (680-10-7) Page 31 Detection and Demodulation Explain how optical detection and demodulation are used on an optical receiver. Most fiber-optic communications networks use a direct modulation scheme in which an electrical signal modifies the intensity of an optical carrier from w... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Receivers Fiber Installation and Activation Page 32 As speeds of data tr ansmission increase, so does the occurrence of errors during transport. Forward error correction (FEC) data is added during the optical modulation process. The added FEC data allows the receiver to detect and correct errors within certain ... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber-Optic Cable Properties (680-20-6) Page 33 LESSON 2: Fiber-Optic Cable Properties (680-20-6) Modules in this Lesson Optical Fiber Types Fiber Performance Optical Fiber Dimension Tolerances | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Types Fiber Installation and Activation Page 34 MODULE 1 OPTICAL FIBER TYPES Introduction to Optical Fiber Types The fiber optics industry has developed national and international standards for transmitting communications signals and protocols. In addition, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU),... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Types Fiber-Optic Cable Properties (680-20-6) Page 35 Figure 28 : Optical fiber with 9 µm core. (Courtesy of Light Brigade) There are two broad categories of optical fibers: single-mode fiber (SMF) and multimode fiber (MMF). The differences lie in their core diameters, physical structures, and optical pro... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Types Fiber Installation and Activation Page 36 SMF is available with two cladding types, matched-clad and depressed-clad. In the matched-clad optical fiber, the cladding has a constant refractive index up to the core boundary, resulting i n a step-index profile. In depressed-clad optical fiber, the inner... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Types Fiber-Optic Cable Properties (680-20-6) Page 37 Dispersion Shifting in Single-Mode Fiber Compare dispersion-shifted and non-zero-dispersion-shifted single-mode fiber. All SMF and MMF have optical attenuation and dispersion, which are related to specific wavelengths. Optical attenuation with zero dis... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Types Fiber Installation and Activation Page 38 upon the wavelengths of the interacting multiplexed light waves. As space between multiplexed light waves decreases, the FWM increases and is greatest near the zero-dispers ion point of the fiber. However, the presence of chromatic dispersion tends to neutra... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Types Fiber-Optic Cable Properties (680-20-6) Page 39 retaining most of the benefit of DSF relative to SMF. When shifted below 1550 nm, the dispersion point is positive with respect to the zero-dispersion point. When shifted above 1550 nm, the dispersion point is negative with respect to the zero-dispersi... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Types Fiber Installation and Activation Page 40 Figure 31 : Manufacturer NZDSF specifications. (Courtesy of Light Brigade) | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Types Fiber-Optic Cable Properties (680-20-6) Page 41 Variations of Standard Single-Mode Fiber Describe some variations of the ITU-T G. 652 optical fiber specification. Additional applications for fiber-optic cable have dictated the need to modify the ITU-T G. 652 optical fiber specification. Coarse wavel... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Types Fiber Installation and Activation Page 42 Bend-Insensitive Single-Mode Fiber With dense distribution and drop cable distribution populations installed into FTTH networks, space limitations to maintain proper bend radius became a challenge for optical fiber ins tallations. BIF is ideal for FTTH insta... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Types Fiber-Optic Cable Properties (680-20-6) Page 43 Multimode Fiber Explain how light is transported through multimode fiber. Modal dispersion, caused by signals traveling in different paths or modes through fiber and arriving at different times, occurs only in MMF. As a result, the input signal becomes... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Types Fiber Installation and Activation Page 44 Designation Term Fiber (µm) Light Source OM1 Legacy 62. 5/125 LED OM2 Legacy 50/125 LED OM3 Laser-optimized 50/125 VCSEL OM4 Laser-optimized 50/125 VCSEL Table 5 : IEC MMF designations. (Courtesy of Light Brigade) | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber-Optic Cable Properties (680-20-6) Page 45 MODULE 2 FIBER PERFORMANCE Introduction to Fiber Performance Because signal attenuation through optical fiber is considerably less than in other media such as twisted-pair, coaxial, and microwave transport, it is often the first choice for signal transportation over long... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber Performance Fiber Installation and Activation Page 46 are introduced during the fiber's manufacturing process. Signal attenuation results when the light energy transported within the optical fiber is absorbed and converted to very small heat levels. The amount of material absorption varies with wavelength and dep... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber Performance Fiber-Optic Cable Properties (680-20-6) Page 47 Figure 36 : Macrobendi ng examples. (Courtesy of Light Brigade) Microbending can be intrinsic, beyond the technician's control, or extrinsic, within the technician's control ( Figure 37 A). Intrinsic microbending occurs as part of the fiber manufacturing... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber Performance Fiber Installation and Activation Page 48 splicing optical fiber that can be categorized as both intrinsic and extrinsic loss. Table 7 lists causes of optical fiber attenuation categorized as intrinsic, extrinsic, or combinations of both. Intrinsic Loss Extrinsic Loss Intrinsic and Extrinsic Loss Abso... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber Performance Fiber-Optic Cable Properties (680-20-6) Page 49 Manufacturer 1310 nm 1550 nm Dispersion-Shifted and Non-Zero Dispersion-Shifted Corning: LEAF (NZDSF) N/A 1. 468 1. 469 Corning: LS (NZSDS) 1. 471 1. 470 1. 470 Corning: Metrocor (NZDSF) N/A 1. 469 N/A Draka 1. 464 1. 465 N/A Terawave (NZDSF) 1. 469 1. 4... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber Performance Fiber Installation and Activation Page 50 When a light wave enters an optical fiber, the light wave refracts at an angle and travels slower. The direction of the refracted light depends on the angle of light entering the fiber, and as the angle changes, so does the refracted light's direction. At a ce... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber Performance Fiber-Optic Cable Properties (680-20-6) Page 51 Figure 39 : Optical connector Fresnel reflection. In digital networks transporting data at rates higher than one gigabit per second (Gbps), Fresnel reflections may create high bit error rates (BER). They might inte rfere with or compromise the stability ... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber Performance Fiber Installation and Activation Page 52 the other end of the fiber at a different time. Figure 40 illustrates an example of material dispersion as a narrow spectral transmission of three closely spaced wavelengths, which are spread apart when transported through an optical fiber. Material dispersion... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber Performance Fiber-Optic Cable Properties (680-20-6) Page 53 Figure 41 : SMF waveguide dispersion. In material dispersion, the longer wavelengths travel faster than the shorter wavelengths, which is the opposite of what happens in waveguide dispersion. As a result, the two dispersions tend to counteract one anothe... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber Performance Fiber Installation and Activation Page 54 Figure 42 : Lightwave electric and magnetic field polarities. (Courtesy of Jeff Hecht) The degree of PMD in a fiber depends on factors such a s ambient temperature, bending, and stretching of the fiber. When a fiber is squeezed, bent, or stressed, the glass te... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber Performance Fiber-Optic Cable Properties (680-20-6) Page 55 Figure 43 : Modal dispersion pulse spread ing. (Courtesy of Light Brigade) | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
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Fiber-Optic Cable Properties (680-20-6) Page 57 MODULE 3 OPTICAL FIBER DIMENS ION TOLERANCES Introduction to Optical Fiber Dimension Tolerances Evolving manufacturing techniques have been instrumental in developing advanced optical networks using components such as optical filters, optical switches, ribbon fibers, and... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Dimension Toleranc es Fiber Installation and Activation Page 58 Figure 44 : SMF core and MFD tolerances. (Courtesy of Light Brigade) For most SMF, the power or light intensity follows a Gaussian or bell-shaped curve, with most light occupying the core ( Figure 45 A). The size of the mode field varies with... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Dimension Tolerances Fiber-Optic Cable Properties (680-20-6) Page 59 Figure 45 : MFD elements and specifications. Core concentricity refers to how well the fiber core is centered within the cladding. Tolerances too loose yield poor quality splices and connections, especially when using fixed V-groove a li... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Dimension Tolerances Fiber Installation and Activation Page 60 Figure 46 : V-groove alignment. Cladding Dimensions Describe the cladding in single-mode fiber. Surrounding the core of the optical fiber is the cladding, usually made from pure silica glass. A lower refractive index than the core enables the ... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Dimension Tolerances Fiber-Optic Cable Propertie s (680-20-6) Page 61 Figure 47 : SMF cladding. (Courtesy of Light Brigade) Dimension Tolerances When Splicing Describe splicing errors caused by variations in the optical fiber core and cladding dimensions. Over the years, improvements in manufacturing proc... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Dimension Tolerances Fiber Installation and Activation Page 62 As a result, there are basically five splicing errors that can be attributed to differences between optical fibers: Core OD to core OD error MFD to MFD error Core OD to cladding offset error Cladding to cladding error Core concentricity error ... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Dimension Tolerances Fiber-Optic Cable Properties (680-20-6) Page 63 Figure 48 : OTDR traces show gainer and excessive splice loss. (Courtesy of Light Brigade) Core OD to cladding offse t errors, cladding to cladding errors, and core concentricity errors result from dimension differences between optical f... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Dimension Tolerances Fiber Installation and Activation Page 64 Figure 49 : Core misalignment. (Courtesy of Light Brigade) Optical Fiber Coatings Describe the coating layer that is applied to optical fibers. Outside the cladding is the ultraviolet-cured acrylate coating applied over t he cladding during th... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Dimension Tolerances Fiber-Optic Cable Properties (680-20-6) Page 65 Figure 50 : TIA/EIA-598 optical fiber color coding. Ribbon Fibers Explain some of the benefits of ribbon optical fiber. The optical fibers can be grouped into ribbons of four to 36 fibers to save space in the fiber-optic cable, resulting... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Dimension Tolerances Fiber Installation and Activation Page 66 Figure 51 : Ribbon cable cutaway. (Courtesy of Light Brigade) The specifications and concerns for the fibers used in ribbons are the same as loose-tube cables, except for fiber curl. Fiber curl describes the curvature that exists along a given... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Fiber Dimension Tolerances Fiber-Optic Cable Properties (680-20-6) Page 67 Figure 52 : Sumitomo 3,456 fiber count, 250-µm thickness, color-coded optical fibers. (Courtesy of Sumitomo Electric Lightwave) Rollable-and SWR-type cables are only tacked at intermittent intervals to hold all the fibers together. Howev... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
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Introduction to Fiber-Optic Networks (680-15-6) Page 69 LESSON 3: Introduction to Fiber-Optic Networks (680-15-6) Modules in this Lesson Basic HFC Architecture Optical Nodes Fiber-Optic Network Services Fiber Transmission Standards Fiber Safety | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Basic HFC Architecture Fiber Installation and Activation Page 70 MODULE 1 BASIC HFC ARCHITECTU RE Introduction to Basic HFC Architecture Early cable televis ion (TV) networks were developed primarily to deliver local programming to communities where the reception of over-the-air (OTA) TV broadcast signals was poor. By ... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Basic HFC Architecture Introduction to Fiber-Optic Networks (680-15-6) Page 71 Figure 54 : HFC architecture. (Courtesy of Sorrento Networks) MPEG-2 (Moving Picture Experts Group) is the d ata transport method commercial TV broadcasters and satellite and cable TV operators use to deliver digital television (DTV). Multip... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Basic HFC Architecture Fiber Installation and Activation Page 72 MPEG Standard Year Adopted Targeted Purpose MPEG-7 2001 Multimedia content description interface. MPEG-21 2003 Multimedia framework for metadata information for video and audio files and intellectual property management and protection. Table 10 : MPEG sta... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Basic HFC Architecture Introduction to Fiber-Optic Networks (680-15-6) Page 73 During the 1980s, fiber-optic technology was deployed throughout the cable TV indus try. Early fiber-optic applications included installing optical nodes to reduce the number of RF trunk amplifiers in cascade. Immediate benefits were realize... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Basic HFC Architecture Fiber Installation and Activation Page 74 Primary Hubs Primary hubs or headend/primary hubs are facilities that scale to serve large or small groups of customers depending on the customers and their requirements. Primary hubs perform many of the same functions as a master headend, but they differ... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Basic HFC Architecture Introduction to Fiber-Optic Networks (680-15-6) Page 75 Eight wavelengths can be multiplexed onto a single fiber using dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) for a total of 128 digitally encoded video channels transmitted over a single fiber, with a throughput of nearly 20 Gbps ( Figure 57... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Basic HFC Architecture Fiber Installation and Activation Page 76 Figure 58 : DWDM transmission. While these synchronous optical network (SONET)-like digital video transport networks are still in use today, many cable operators are migrating to an MPEG-2 over Internet protocol (IP) /gigabit Ethernet (Gig E) solution to ... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Basic HFC Architecture Introduction to Fiber-Optic Networks (680-15-6) Page 77 Figure 59 : EFDA distribution to secondary hubs. Secondary Hubs Secondary hub sites are placed deeper into the serving area and provide service for smaller clusters of customers. The optical signals containing the forward broadcast lineup mu... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Basic HFC Architecture Fiber Installation and Activation Page 78 Figure 60 : V-Hub The V-Hub looks just like a fiber node but can replace a traditional 20,000-customer hub facility even with its small size. The V-Hub helps the operator deploy advanced services quickly while also helping to control costs. It can be conf... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Basic HFC Architecture Introduction to Fiber-Optic Networks (680-15-6) Page 79 Figure 61 : RPHY high-level architecture. The RPHY device (RPD) or DAA device at the network edge has circuitry like QAM modulators, upstream QAM demodulators, and com ponents that connect it to the Converged Cable Access Platform (CCAP) cor... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
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Introduction to Fiber-Optic Networks (680-15-6) Page 81 MODULE 2 OPTICAL NODES Introduction to Optical Nodes Broadband cable service offerings continue to grow; the demand for increased network capacity has never been greater. As the need for more bandwidth challenges network providers to keep up with the pace of dema... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Nodes Fiber Installation and Activation Page 82 Figure 62 : Optical nodes. Optical signals that originate at the headend optical transmitter are converted to RF signals at the optical receiver located in the node. The RF signals are routed from the receiver output to an RF amplifier module and delivered to the ... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Nodes Introduction to Fiber-Optic Networks (680-15-6) Page 83 Scalable Node Configuration Options Describe the different optical node configurations. One of the significant benefits of using a scalable node is that it offers a wide variety of configuration options, which allows for future network upgrades as ne... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Nodes Fiber Installation and Activation Page 84 feeding two reverse optical transmitters. Receiver A provides signals to RF Module A, Ports 1 and 2, while Receiver B provides signals to RF Module B, Ports 3 and 4. Ports 1 and 2 are combined to feed reverse Transmitter A, and Ports 3 and 4 are combined to feed r... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Nodes Introduction to Fiber-Optic Networks (680-15-6) Page 85 Figure 65 : Four forward receivers and four reverse transmitters node configuration. Status Monitoring Summarize the importance of using remote monitoring i n an optical node. Status monitoring is a technol ogy that allows the network operator to rem... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Nodes Fiber Installation and Activation Page 86 Digital Return Path Transmission Explain the benefits of digital return path transmission systems. Broadband cabl e engineers can significantly reduce the costs of future network upgrades by using a digital transmission system in the reverse path. One advantage of... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Optical Nodes Introduction to Fiber-Optic Networks (680-15-6) Page 87 Figure 67 : MUX and DWDM laser within the return digital transmitter. At the receiving end of the link, the reverse processes take place. The optical data input is routed to a demultiplexer (DEMUX), which separates the two combined data streams ( Fig... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
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Introduction to Fiber-Optic Networks (680-15-6) Page 89 MODULE 3 FIBER-OPTIC NETWORK SERVIC ES Introduction to Fiber-Optic Network Services While the cable business began modestly by delivering a handful of television channels, the broadband business is now in an entirely different world, delivering hundreds of video ... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
Fiber-Optic Network Services Fiber Installation and Activation Page 90 By going all-digital, high-definition television (HDTV) became the new standard. The previous problems associated with the National Television Syste m Committee (NTSC) analog video signals, like ghosting, were eliminated overnight. Where analog broa... | FiberInstallationandActivationTextbook 1.pdf |
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