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Stimulant Intoxication 567 somnia, nervousness, and other unpleasant side effects. Cocaine users often use alcohol, while ampheta mine-type stimulant users often use cannabis. Stimulant use disorder may be associated with posttraumatic stress disorder, antisocial personality disorder, atten tion-defic it/hyperactivity... |
568 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders For amphetamine, cocaine, or other stimulant intoxication, with perceptual distur bances: If a mild amphetamine or other stimulant use disorder is comorbid, the ICD-1 0-CM code is F15. 122, and if a moderate or severe amphetamine or other stimulant use disorder is comorbid... |
Stimulant Withdrawal 569 Other mental disorders. Salient mental disturbances associated with stimulant intoxi cation should be, distinguished from the symptoms of schizophrenia, paranoid type; bi polar and depressive disorders; generalized anxiety disorder; and panic disorder as described in DSM-5. Stimula nt With dr... |
570 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Asso ciated Feat ures Supp orting Diagno sis Acute withdrawal symptoms ("a crash") are often seen after periods of repetitive high-dose use ("runs" or "binges"). These periods are characterized by intense and unpleasant feelings of lassitude and depression and increased app... |
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacc o-Rela ted Dis order s Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco Withdrawal Other Tobacco-Induced Disorders Unspecified Tobacco-Related Disorder 571 Tobacco Use Disor der Dia gnostic Criteria A. A problematic pattern of tobacco use leading to clinically significant impairment or dis tress, as manifested... |
572 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Specify if: On maintenance therapy: The individual is taking a long-term maintenance medica tion, such as nicotine replacement medication, and no criteria for tobacco use disorder have been met for that class of medication (except tolerance to, or withdrawal from, the nico... |
Tobacco Use Disorder 573 bed, smoking around flammable chemicals) occur at an intermediate prevalence. Although these criteria ar less often endorsed by tobacco users, if endorsed, they can indicate a more severe disorder. Ass ociated Featu res Supporting Diag nosis Smoking within 30 minutes of waking, smoking daily, s... |
574 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Environmental. Individuals with low incomes and low educational levels are more likely to initiate tobacco use and are less likely to stop. Genetic and physiological. Genetic factors contribute to the onset of tobacco use, the continuation of tobacco use, and the developmen... |
Tobacco Withdrawal 575 Tobacco Withd rawal Dia gnostic Criteria 292. 0 (F17. 203) A. Daily use of tobacco for at least several weeks. B. Abrupt cessation of tobacco use, or reduction in the amount of tobacco used, followed within 24 hours by four (or more) of the following signs or symptoms: 1. Irritability, frustratio... |
576 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Preva lence Approximately 50% of tobacco users who quit for 2 or more days will have symptoms that meet criteria for tobacco withdrawal. The most commonly endorsed signs and symptoms are anxiety, irritability, and difficulty concentrating. The least commonly endorsed symp ... |
Unspecified Tobacco-Related Disorder 577 Unspecified Tobacco-Rela ted Disorder 292. 9 (F17. 209) This category applies to presentations in which symptoms characteristic of a tobacco related disorder that cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupa tional, or other important areas of function... |
578 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders 10. Tolerance, as defined by either of the following: a. A need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect. b. A markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the sub stance. 11. Withdrawal, as manifested... |
Other (or Unknown) Substance Use Disorder 579 Diagno stic Featu res The diagnostic cl. ass other (or unknown) substance use and related disorders comprises substance-related disorders unrelated to alcohol; caffeine; cannabis; hallucinogens (phen cyclidine and others); inhalants; opioids; sedative, hypnotics, or anxiol... |
580 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Dev elopme nt and Cour se No single pattern of development or course characterizes the pharmacologically varied other (or unknown) substance use disorders. Often unknown substance use disorders will be reclassified when the unknown substance eventually is identified. Risk a... |
Other (or Unknown) Substance Intoxication 581 Other (or Unknown) Substance Intoxication Diagno stic Criteria A. The development of a reversible substance-specific syndrome attributable to recent in gestion of (or exposure to) a substance that is not listed elsewher e or is unknown. B. Clinically significant problemati... |
582 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders substances used by pulmonar y inhalation and intravenous injection have the most rapid onset of action, while those ingested by mouth and requiring metabolism to an active product are much slower. (For example, after ingestion of certain mushrooms, the first signs of an eve... |
Other (or Unknown) Substance Withdrawal 583 Other (or Unkn own) Substance Withd rawal Dia gnos tic Criteria 292. 0 (F19. 239) A. Cessation of (or reduction in) use of a substance that has been heavy and prolonged. B. The development of a substance-specific syndrome shortly after the cessation of (or reduction in) subst... |
584 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Func tional Cons equen ces of Other (or Unknown) Substa nce Withd rawa l Withdrawal from any substance may have serious consequences, including physical signs and symptoms (e. g., malaise, vital sign changes, abdominal distress, headache), intense drug craving, anxiety, dep... |
Unspecified Other (or Unknown) Substance-Related Disorder 585 Disorders"); other (or unknown) substance-induced sexual dysfunction ("Sexual Dys functions"); anq. other (or unknown) substance /medication-,induced major or mild neu rocognitive disorder ("Neurocognitive Disorders "). For other (or unknown) substance in... |
586 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Speci fy if: Episodic: Meeting diagnostic criteria at more than one time point, with symptoms sub siding between periods of gambling disorder for at least several months. Persistent: Experiencing continuous symptoms, to meet diagnostic criteria for multiple years. Spec ify... |
Gambling Disorder 587 gage in "bailout" behavior, turning to family or others for help with a desperate financial situation that w. _as caused by gambling (Criterion A9). Assoc iated Featu res Supp orting Diagnosis Distortions in thinking (e. g., denial, superstitions, a sense of power and control over the outcome of c... |
588 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorder s friends. Development of early-life gambling disorder appears to be associated with impul sivity and substance abuse. Many high school and college students who develop gambling disorder grow out of the disorder over time, although it remains a lifelong problem for some. Mi... |
Gambling Disorder 589 Func tion l Cons equenc es of Gam blin g Disorder Areas of psychosocial, health, and mental health functioning may be adversely affected by gambling disorder. Specifically, individuals with gambling disorder may, because of their involvement with gambling, jeopardize or lose important relationship... |
Neuroc ognitive Disorders The neur ocog nitive disorders (NCDs) (referred to in DSM-IV as "Dementia, Delirium, Amnestic, and Other Cognitive Disord ers") begin with delirium, followed by the syndromes of major NCO, mild NCO, and their etiological subtypes. The major or mild NCO subtypes are NCO due to Alzheimer's disea... |
592 Neurocognitive Disorders Neur ocog nitive Domai ns The criteria for the various NCDs are all based on defined cognitive domains. Table 1 pro vides for each of the key domains a working definition, examples of symptoms or obser vations regarding impairments in everyday activities, and examples of assessments. The ... |
TABLE 1 Neurocognitive domains Cognitive domain Examples of symptoms or observa tions Complex attention Major: Has increased difficulty in environments with multiple (sustained attention, stimuli (TV, radio, conversation); is easily distracted by compet-divided attention, ing events in the environment. Is unable to att... |
TABLE 1 Neurocognitive domains (continued) Cognitive domain Examples of symptoms or observations Learning and mem-Major: Repeats self in conversation, often within the same con-ory (immediate versation. Cannot keep track of short list of items when shop-memory, recent ping or of plans for the day. Requires frequent rem... |
TABLE 1 Neurocognitive domains (continued) Cognitive domain Examples of symptoms or observations Perceptual-motor Major: Has significant difficulties with previously familiar activ-(includes abilities ities (using tools, driving motor vehicle), navigating in familiar subsumed under environments; is often more confused ... |
596 Neurocognitive Disorders Delirium Dia gnostic Criteria A. A disturbance in attention (i. e., reduced ability to direct, focus, sustain, and shift atten tion) and awareness (reduced orientation to the environment). B. The disturbance develops over a short per iod of time (usually hours to a few days), rep resents ... |
Delirium 597 ICD-10-CM With use With use disorder, disorder, moderate or Without use ICD-9-CM mild severe disorder Sedative, hypnotic, or anxi olytic 292. 81 F13. 121 F13. 221 F13. 92 1 Amphe tamine (or ot her 292. 81 F15. 121 F15. 221 F15. 921 stimulant) Cocaine 292. 81 F14. 121 F14. 221 F14. 9 21 Other (or unknown) s... |
598 Neurocognitive Disorders Specify if: Hyperactive: The individual has a hyperactive level of psychomo tor activity that may be accompanied by mood lability, agitation, and/or refusal to cooperate with medical care. Hypoactive: The individual has a hypoactive level of psychomotor activity that may be accompanied by s... |
Delirium 599 in the criteria set. The name of the disorder is followed by the course (i. e., acute, persistent}, fol lowed by the specifier indicating level of psychomotor activity (i. e., hyperactive, hypoactive, mixed level of ac'tivity). Unlike the recording procedures for ICD-10-CM, which combine the substance/ me... |
600 Neurocognitive Disorders condition, or multiple etiologies). Delirium often occurs in the context of an underlying NCO. The impaired brain function of individuals with mild and major NCO renders them more vulnerable to delirium. There is an accompanying change in at least one other area that may include memory and ... |
Delirium 601 ium. Delirium may progress to stupor, coma, seizures, or death, particularly if the under lying cause remi\ins untreated. Mortality among hospitalized individuals with delirium is high, and as many as 40% of individuals with delirium, particularly those with malignan cies and other significant underlying... |
602 Neurocognitive Disorders Other Specifi ed Delirium 780. 09 (R41. 0) This category applies to presentations in which symptoms characteristic of delirium that cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupation al, or other impor tant areas of functioning predominate but do not meet the full cr... |
Major and Mild Neurocognitive Disorders 603 D. The cognitive deficits are not better explained by another mental disorder (e. g., major depressive dtsorder, schizoph renia). Spec ify whether due to: Alzheimer's disease (pp. 611-614) Frontote mporal lobar degenera tion (pp. 614-618) Lewy body disease (pp. 618-621) Vascu... |
604 Neur ocogn itive Disor ders Associated etiological medical code for major Major neurocogni-Mild neurocog ni Etiological subtype neurocognitive disorder B tive disorder codeb tive disorder codec HIV infection Prion disease Parki nson's disease Huntington's disease Due to another medical condition Due to multiple et... |
Major and Mild Neurocognitive Disorders 605 Spec ify: Without bei\avioral disturbance: If the cognitive disturbance is not accompanied by any clinically significant behavior al disturbance. With behavioral disturbance (spec ify distur bance ): If the cognitive disturbance is ac companied by a clinically significant be... |
606 Neurocognitive Disorder s Specify: Without behavioral disturbance: If the cognitive disturbance is not accompanie d by any clinically significant behavioral disturbance. With behavioral disturbance (specif y distur bance): If the cognitive disturbance is ac companied by a clinically significant behavioral disturba... |
Major and Mild Neurocognitive Disorders 607 Apathy is common in mild and mild major NCO. It is observed particularly in NCO due to Alzheimer's isease and may be a prominent feature of NCO due to frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Apathy is typically characterized by diminished motivation andre duced goal-dir ected beh... |
608 Neurocognitive Disorders in Table 1, can also supply objective data in settings where such testing is unavailable or infeasible. In any case, as with cognitive concerns, objective performance must be inter preted in light of the individual's prior performan ce. Optimally, this information would be available from a... |
Major and Mild Neurocognitive Disorders 609 the pattern of onset of cognitive deficits and associated features helps to distinguish among them. NCOs with ohset in childhood and adolescence may have broad repercussions for so cial and intellectual development, and in this setting intellectual disability (intellectual d... |
610 Neurocognitive Disorders and symptoms more subtle. Ideally, individuals will be referred for formal neuropsycho logical testing, which will provide a quantitative assessment of all relevant domains and thus help with diagnosis; provide guidance to the family on areas where the individual may require more support; ... |
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Alzheimer's Disease 611 jury in a preschool child may also lead to significant developmental and learning issues. Additional comotbidity of NCO is often related to the etiological subtype, as discussed in the relevant sections. Major or Mild Neur ocog nitive Disorder Due to ... |
612 Neurocognitive Disorders For mild neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer 's disease, code 331. 83 (G31. 84). (Note: Do not use the additional code for Alzheimer 's disease. Behavior al disturbance cannot be coded but should still be indicated in writing. ) Diagno stic Featu res Beyond the neurocognitive disorder ... |
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Alzheimer's Disease 613 agnosis is approximately 10 years, reflecting the advanced age of the majority of individ uals rather than the course of the disease; some individuals can live with the disease for as long as 20 years. Late-stage individuals are eventually mute and b... |
614 Neurocognitive Disorders Func tional Conseq uen ces of Major or Mild Neur ocog nitive Disor der Due to Alzheimer's Disease The prominence of memory loss can cause significant difficulties relatively early in the course. Social cognition (and thus social functioning) and procedural memory (e. g., danc ing, playing ... |
Major or Mild Frontote mporal Neurocognitive Disorder 615 2. Language variant: a. Promil'ilent decline in language ability, in the form of speech production, word finding, object naming, grammar, or word comprehension. D. Relative sparing of learning and memor y and perceptual-motor function. E. The disturbance is not ... |
616 Neurocognitive Disorders flexibility, abstract reasoning, and response inhibition, are present, but learning and mem ory are relatively spared, and perceptual motor abilities are almost always preserved in the early stages. Individuals with language-variant major or mild frontotemporal NCO present with pri mary p... |
Major or Mild Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder 617 left side usually being more affected. Nonfluent language-variant major or mild fronto temporal NCO is associated with predominantly left posterior frontal-in sular atrophy. \ The logopenic variant of major or mild frontotemporal NCO is associated with predomi-n... |
618 Neurocognitive Disorder s supranuclear gaze palsies and axial-predominant parkinsonism. Pseudobulbar signs may be present, and retropulsion is often prominent. Neurocognitive assessment shows psy chomotor slowing, poor working memory, and executive dysfunction. Corticobasal degen eration presents with asymmetric ... |
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder With Lewy Bodies 619 For mild neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies, code 331. 83 (G31. 84). (Note: Do not use the addition al code for Lewy body disease. Behavioral disturbance cannot be coded but should still be indicated in writing. ) Diagno stic Featu res Major or mild neuro... |
620 Neurocognitive Disorders agnosis" for this disorder). Disease course may be characterized by occasional plateaus but eventually progresses through severe dementia to death. Average duration of survival is 5-7 years in clinical series. Onset of symptoms is typically observed from the sixth through the ninth decades ... |
Major or Mild Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder 621 Comorbid ity Lewy body pathology frequently coexists with Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease pathology, particularly among the oldest age groups. In Alzheimer's disease, there is concomitant synuclein pathology in 60% of cases (if amygdala-restricted cases... |
622 Neurocognitive Disorders presentation is therefore very heterogeneous, stemming from the types of vascular lesions and their extent and location. The lesions may be focal, multifocal, or diffuse and occur in various combinations. Many individuals with major or mild vascular NCO present with multiple infarctions, wi... |
Major or Mild Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder 623 been reported in African Americans compared with Caucasians, and in East Asian countries (e. g., Japan, Chil_la). Prevalence is higher in males than in females. Dev elopm ent and Cou rse Major or mild vascular NCO can occur at any age, although the prevalence increases... |
624 Neurocognitive Disorders Other mental disorders. A diagnosis of major or mild vascular NCO is inappropriate if the symptoms can be entirely attributed to delirium, although delirium may sometimes be superimposed on a preexisting major or mild vascular NCO, in which case both diagnoses can be made. If the criteria f... |
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Traumatic Brain Injury 625 Specifi ers Rate the severity. of the neurocognitive disorder (NCO), not the underlying traumatic brain injury (see the section "Development and Course" for this disorder). Diagno stic Featu res Major or mild NCO due to traumatic brain injury (TBI)... |
626 Neurocognitive Disorders TABLE 2 Severity ratings for traumatic brain injury Injury characteristic Mild TBI Moderate TBI Loss of consci ousne ss <30 min 30 minut es-24 hour s Posttr auma tic amnesia <24 hour s 24 hours-7 days Disorienta tion and conf usion 13-15 (not below 13 9-1 2 at initial assessment at 30 minut... |
Substance/M edication-Induced Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder 627 moderate to severe TBI is associated with older age (older than 40 years) and initial clinical pa rameters, such a low Glasgow Coma Scale score; worse motor function; pupillary nonreac tivity; and computed tomography (CT) evidence of brain injury... |
628 Neurocognitive Disorders E. The neurocognitive disorder is not attributable to another medical condition or is not better explained by another mental disorder. Coding note: The ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM codes for the [specific substance/m edica tion]-induced neurocognitive disorders are indicated in the table below. ... |
Substance/M edication-Induced Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder 629 Spec ify if: Persistent:,Neurocognitive impairment continues to be significant after an extended period of abstinence. Reco rding Procedu res ICD-9-CM. The name of the substance/medication-induced neurocognitive disorder be gins with the specific ... |
630 Neurocognitive Disorders brain imaging indicators may be seen over many months. If the disorder continues for an extended period, persistent should be specified. The given substance and its use must be known to be capable of causing the observed impairments (Criterion C). While nonspecific decrements in a range of ... |
Substance/Medication-Induced Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder 631 Dev elop ment and Course Substance use disorders tend to commence during adolescence and peak in the 20s and 30s. Although longer history of severe substance use disorder is associated with greater likelihood of NCO, the relationships are not straig... |
632 Neurocognitive Disorders Comorbid ity Substance use disorders, substance intoxication, and substance withdrawal are highly co morbid with other mental disorders. Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotic disorders, depressive and bipolar disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders can con tribute to neuro... |
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to HIV Infection 633 Assoc iated Featu res Supp orting Diagnosis Major or mild NCO due to HIV infection is usually more prevalent in individuals with prior episodes of severe immunosuppression, high viral loads in the cerebrospinal fluid, and indicators of advanced HIV disease ... |
634 Neurocognitive Disorders Diagnostic Markers Serum 1-ll V testing is required for the diagnosis. In addition, 1-ll V characterization of the cere brospinal fluid may be helpful if it reveals a disproportionately high viral load in cerebrospinal fluid versus in the plasma. Neuroimaging (i. e., magnetic resonance ima... |
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Prion Disease 635 D. The neur ocognitive disorder is not attributable to another medical condition and is not better expla\ned by another mental disorder. Coding note: For major neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease, with behavior al dis turbance, code first 046. 79 ... |
636 Neurocognitive Disorders Risk Factor s and Prognosis Environmental. Cross-species transmission of prion infections, with agents that are closely related to the human form, has been demonstrated (e. g., the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy inducing variant CJD in the United Kingdom during the mid-1990s).... |
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Parkinson's Disease 637 lowed by 294. 10 (F02. 80) major neurocognitive disorder probably due to Parkinson's dis ease, without bhavioral disturbance. For major neurocognitive disorder possibly due to Parkinson's disease, code 331. 9 (G31. 9) major neurocognitive disorder po... |
638 Neurocognitive Disorders Lewy body-related dementias (e. g., Alzheimer's disease) and can sometimes be helpful in the evaluation of major or mild NCO due to Parkinson's disease. Differ ential Diagnosis Major or mild neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies. This distinction is based sub stantially on the timing an... |
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Huntington's Disease 639 D. The neurocognitive disorder is not attributable to another medical condition and is not better explaied by another mental disorder. Coding note: For major neurocognitive disorder due to Huntington's disease, with behav ioral disturbance, code fir... |
640 Neurocognitive Disorders which may result in significant distress resulting from the communication barrier in the context of comparat ively intact cognition. Advanced motor disease severely affects gait with progressive ataxia. Eventually individuals become nonambulatory. End-stage motor disease impairs motor contr... |
Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition 641 Other movement disorders. Huntington's disease must also be differentiated from other disorders or col\ditions associated with chorea, such as Wilson's disease, drug-induced tardive dyskinesia, Sydenham's chorea, systemic lupus erythematosus, or... |
642 Neurocognitive Disorders Dev elop ment and Cou rse Typically the course of the NCD progresses in a manner that is commensurate with progres sion of the underlying medical disorder. In circumstances where the medical disorder is treat able (e. g., hypothyro idism), the neurocognitive deficit may improve or at leas... |
Unspecified Neurocognitive Disorder 643 This category is included to cover the clinical presentation of a neurocognitive disorder (NCO) for which there ievidence that multiple medical conditions have played a probable role in the development of the NCO. In addition to evidence indicative of the presence of multiple med... |
Person ality Disorders This chapter beg ins with a general definition of personality disorder that applies to each of the 10 specific personality disorders. A personality disorder is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the in dividual's culture, is perva... |
646 Personality Disorders or 2) the individual's personality pattern meets the general criteria for a personality dis order, but the individual is consider ed to have a personality disorder that is not in cluded in the DSM-5 classification (e. g., passive-aggressive personality disorder). The personality disorders ar... |
General Personality Disorder 647 D. The pattern is stable and of long duration, and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence,or early adulthood. \ E. The enduring pattern is not better explained as a manifestation or consequence of an-other mental disorder. F. The enduring pattern is not attributable to the... |
648 Personality Disorders sonality disorder, which cannot be diagnosed in individuals younger than 18 years. Al though, by definition, a personality disorder requires an onset no later than early adulthood, individuals may not come to clinical attention until relatively late in life. A per sonality disorder may be ex... |
Paranoid Personality Disorder 649 cause these conditions may have cross-sectional symptom features that mimic personality traits and may ke it more difficult to evaluate retrospectively the individual's long-term patterns of functioning. Posttraumatic stress disorder. When personalit y changes emerge and persist after ... |
650 Personality Disorders Individuals with this disorder assume that other people will exploit, harm, or deceive them, even if no evidence exists to support this expectation (Criterion Al). They suspect on the basis of little or no evidence that others are plotting against them and may attack them suddenly, at any time... |
Paranoid Personality Disorder 651 have a high degree of control over those around them. They are often rigid, critical of oth ers, and unable t collaborate, although they have great difficulty accepting criticism them selves. They may blame others for their own shortcomings. Because of their quickness to counterattac... |
652 Personality Disorders Diff erential Diagnosis Other mental disorders with psychotic symptoms. Paranoid personality disorder can be distinguished from delusional disorder, persecutory type; schizophrenia; and a bipolar or depressive disorder with psychotic features because these disorders are all characterized by a ... |
Schizoid Personality Disorder 653 1. Neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, including being part of a family. 2. Almost ai VJays chooses solitary activities. 3. Has little, if any, interest in having sexual experiences with another person. 4. Takes pleasure in few, if any, activities. 5. Lacks close friends or... |
654 Personality Disorders they lack emotion. Their lives sometimes seem directionless, and they may appear to "drift" in their goals. Such individuals often react passively to adverse circumstances and have difficulty responding appropriately to important life events. Because of their lack of social skills and lack of ... |
Schizotypal Personality Disorder 655 are in remission. When an individual has a persistent psychotic disorder (e. g., schizophre nia) that was prceded by schizoid personality disorder, schizoid personalit y disorder should also be recorded, followed by "premorbid" in parentheses. Autism spe ctrum disorder. There may b... |
656 Personality Disorders 6. Inappropriate or constricted affect. 7. Behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar. 8. Lack of close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives. 9. Excessiv e social anxiety that does not dimini sh with familiarity and tends to be as sociated with paranoid fear... |
Schizotypal Personality Disorder 657 even when they spend more time in the setting or become more familiar with the other people, because \heir anxiety tends to be associated with suspiciousness regarding others' motivations. For example, when attending a dinner party, the individual with schizotypal personality disord... |
658 Personality Disorders Gender-Rela ted Diagno stic Is sue s Schizotypal personality disorder may be slightly more common in males. Differential Diagnosis Other mental disorders with psychotic symptoms. Schizotyp al personality disorder can be distinguished from delusional disorder, schizophrenia, and a bipolar or de... |
Antisocial Personality Disorder 659 disorder, it is usually secondary to repeated interpersonal failures due to angry outbursts and frequent m O?d shifts, rather than a result of a persistent lack of social contacts and de sire for intimacy. Furthermore, individuals with schizotypal personality disorder do not usually... |
660 Personality Disorders The pattern of antisocial behavior continues into adulthood. Individuals with antiso cial personalit y disorder fail to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behavior (Criterion AI). They may repeatedly perform acts that are grounds for arrest (whether they are arrested or not), such... |
Antisocial Personality Disorder 661 sexual partners and may never have sustained a monogamous relationship. They may be irresponsible as parents, as evidenced by malnutrition of a child, an illness in the child re sulting from a lack of minimal hygiene, a child's dependence on neighbors or nonresident relatives for fo... |
662 Personality Disorders risk of developing antisocial persona lity disorder, somatic symptom disorder, and sub stance use disorders. Adopted-away children resemble their biological parents more than their adoptive parents, but the adoptive family environment influences the risk of devel oping a personality disorder... |
Borderline Personality Disorder 663 manipulative to gain nurturance, whereas those with antisocial personality disorder are manipulative to gain profit, power, or some other material gratification. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder tend to be less emotionally unstable and more aggressive than those with ... |
664 Personality Disorders efforts to avoid abandonment may include impulsive actions such as self-mutilating or sui cidal behaviors, which are described separately in Criterion 5. Individuals with borderline personality disorder have a pattern of unstable and intense relationships (Criterion 2). They may idealize pote... |
Borderline Personality Disorder 665 Assoc iated Featu res Supporti ng Diagno sis Individuals with borderline personality disorder may have a pattern of undermining themselves at the moment a goal is about to be realized (e. g., dropping out of school just before graduation; regressing severely after a discussion of how... |
666 Personality Disorder s give the impression of borderline personality disorder. Such situations are characterized by emotional instability, "existential" dilemmas, uncertainty, anxiety-provoking choices, con flicts about sexual orientation, and competing social pressures to decide on careers. Gender-Rela ted Diagno... |
Histrionic Personality Disorder 667 Histrionic Personality Disor der Dia gnos tic Criteria 301. 50 (F60. 4 ) A pervasive pattern of excessive emotional ity and attention seeking, beginning by early adult hood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following: 1. Is uncomfortable in ... |
668 Personality Disorders sentimental occasions, having temper tantrums). However, their emotions often seem to be turned on and off too quickly to be deeply felt, which may lead others to accuse the in dividual of faking these feelings. Individuals with histrionic personality disorder have a high degree of suggestibi... |
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