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image to six VLMs (both open- and closed-source), simulating a range of reader standards from casual to expert. These models then answer the quiz based solely on the poster content. By comparing their quiz scores across different poster variants, we identify which poster best conveys the original paper content. Given t... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
in a set of (section ,figure )pairs. Layout generation. An essential step is determining the panel-level layout, which requires precise absolute coordinates while accounting for the relative informativeness of each section. We found that directly predicting numerical coordinates using an LLM was unstable. Therefore, we... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
Poster 1.00 11.26 0.21 4.07 3.90 2.70 3.56 4.09 3.96 3.89 3.98 3.77 End-to-end methods 4o-HTML 0.52 9.86 – 3.53 3.82 2.72 3.36 3.94 3.64 3.47 3.68 3.52 4o-Image 0.76 77.13 0.21 2.93 3.02 2.75 2.90 1.05 2.04 2.22 1.77 2.33 Multi-Agent methods OWL-4o 0.54 11.46 – 2.76 3.62 2.56 2.98 3.92 2.89 3.36 3.39 3.19 PPTAgent-4o 0... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
placeholder content or fill templates properly, leading to mean- ingless text or large blank areas, and thus receives low scores in both aesthetics and informativeness. 7 Raw Accuracy Density-Augmented Score Model Verbatim ↑ Interpretive ↑Overall ↑V-Avg ↑I-Avg↑Overall ↑open-source closed-source V-Avg open-source closed... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
minimal loss; and (b) a layout that presents information clearly and with a logical reading order, making it easy for VLM-based readers to locate and interpret key points, similar to how clear visual structure supports efficient comprehension for human poster readers. PaperQuiz readers comparison. In Fig. 5, we compare... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
parsing, hierarchical planning, and visual feedback to significantly enhance generation quality. PosterAgent not only narrows the performance gap with human-designed posters but also establishes a new efficiency standard, offering a practical and scalable approach to scientific communication. References [1]Abdelrahman ... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
Gupta, Rafael Teixeira de Lima, Valery Weber, Lucas Morin, Ingmar Meijer, Viktor Kuropiatnyk, and Peter W. J. Staar. Docling: An efficient open-source toolkit for ai-driven document conversion. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.17887 , 2025. [15] Pan Lu, Bowen Chen, Sheng Liu, Rahul Thapa, Joseph Boen, and James Zou. Octo- too... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
New York, NY , USA, 2021. Association for Computing Machinery. 11 [27] Chenglei Si, Yanzhe Zhang, Ryan Li, Zhengyuan Yang, Ruibo Liu, and Diyi Yang. Design2Code: Benchmarking multimodal code generation for automated front-end engineering. In Luis Chiruzzo, Alan Ritter, and Lu Wang, editors, Proceedings of the 2025 Conf... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 E.3 Impact of Backbone Choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 F Detailed Definition of Evaluation Metrics 23 F.1 Visual Quality Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 F.2 Textual Coherence Metr... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
yet our implementation processes them serially to preserve modularity and output quality. As a result, end -to-end poster creation takes approximately 4.5 minutes per docu- ment—acceptable for isolated use but restrictive for large -scale or interactive workflows. Introducing panel -level parallelism is a clear avenue ... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
in capturing task analogies. •Superior generalization capabilities demonstrated. Discussion •GCB introduces goal -conditioned bisimulation for functional equivariance. •Enables agents to achieve unseen goals with analogous task representations. •Outperforms existing methods in goal -conditioned tasks. •Structured repre... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
contrastive matching for efficient representations. •Inputs include neural activity, stimuli, and other modalities. •Feature encoders process inputs for multimodal contrastive alignment. •Cross -modal transformer fuses neural responses with other features. •Video frames undergo 3D Convolutions before cross - modal laye... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
20a fails to preserve the correct aspect ratio of figures. TheTree variant, which omits the commenter module, leads to severe layout defects across all test cases (Figures 17b–21b), primarily manifesting as text overflow—where content spills outside its designated textbox or section panel—resulting in overlaps with oth... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
of generating a single paper with PosterAgent-4o is approximately: 29.22×1000 1,000,000×0.04 +3.56×1000 1,000,000×0.1 +14.78×1000 1,000,000×0.2 = 0 .0045 USD, based on OpenRouter’s API pricing as of May 26, 2025. E.3 Impact of Backbone Choices Table 5 compares four PosterAgent variants obtained by crossing two language... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
Similarity andFigure Relevance . •Visual Similarity is computed as the cosine similarity between the CLIP image embeddings of the generated poster ˆPand the ground-truth poster P∗. Concretely, letting zI(X) = CLIP image (X) denote the CLIP image encoder, we set sVS=cosine_similarity zI(ˆP), zI(P∗) ∈[−1,1]. (1) By ope... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
Balance. This criterion assesses the overall arrangement, alignment, and spacing of text and graphics to ensure a coherent and readable poster structure. /da◎abasePrompt: Layout Balance Judge System Prompt : You are an uncompromising poster-layout judge. Critique the overall arrangement of all visual components (text b... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
noticeable weakness. Example Output: {"reason": "...", "score": int} Think step by step and be very conservative when scoring. Clarity. This criterion evaluates sentence-level readability, grammar, and phrasing to ensure the text is polished and error-free. /da◎abasePrompt: Clarity Judge System Prompt : You are an unco... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
poster sections, ensuring a seamless narrative from introduction to conclusion. /da◎abasePrompt: Logical Flow Judge System Prompt : You are an uncompromising macro-logic judge. Examine how well the poster’s major sections (Introduction, Methods, Results, Conclusions, etc.) connect to form a coherent narrative. Pay atte... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
G. Evaluation metrics or criteria H. Quantitative results (numbers in tables, charts) I. Qualitative findings, figures, or illustrative examples J. Comparative or ablation study results 29 K. Conclusions, implications, or contributions L. Limitations or future work M. Definitions of domain-specific terms or abbreviatio... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
answers solely on information present in the poster image. •Visual citation. Each answer must include a reference to the poster region supporting it (e.g., “See Figure 2 caption”); if no region contains the answer, the model responds “NA.” /da◎abasePrompt: Answer Questions System Prompt : You are an answering agent. Yo... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
reasoning. Across the five pipelines we evaluate— 4o-Image ,4o-HTML ,OWL-4o , PPTAgent , and our proposed PosterAgent —we consistently observe four high-level failure modes: text integrity issues, visual / layout flaws, missing visuals, and overflow issues. Below, we describe each class of error and highlight represent... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
poster generated by PosterAgent-Qwen , where there is text overflowing outside textbox. (b) A poster generated by PPTAgent , where there is text overflowing outside textbox. Figure 27: Examples of posters with textual overflow. 36 I Prompt Templates I.1 Baseline Prompts We exhibit the prompt templates used to generate ... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
format for later poster generation. Instruction: Based on given markdown document, generate a JSON output for later poster generation, make sure the output is concise and focused. Step-by-Step Instructions: 1. Identify Sections and Subsections in document and identify sections and subsections based on the heading level... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
outline ( json_content ). 2. Filterimage_information andtable_information so that only entries relevant to the poster content remain. •Relevance is determined by matching or relating their captions to the poster’s sections or content. •If an image or table does not clearly match or support any content in json_content ,... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
empty, you may end up assigning nothing to any section. Instructions : 1. Read and analyze the poster’s top-level sections from {{ json_content }}. 2. Look at {{ image_information }} and {{ table_information }}. Determine content-fit: •If a section’s description or subject matter matches well with a given image/table c... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
] }, { "alignment": "left", "bullet": true, "level": 1, "font_size": 48, "runs": [ { "text": "Supporting detail.", "bold": true } ] } ] } Example when number_of_textboxes = 2: { "title": [ { "alignment": "left", "bullet": false, "level": 0, "font_size": 60, "runs": [ { "text": "Experimental results", "bold": true } ] }... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21497v1 |
arXiv:2505.21499v1 [cs.CR] 27 May 2025AdInject: Real-World Black-Box Attacks on Web Agents via Advertising Delivery Haowei Wang1,2,3, Junjie Wang1,2,3∗, Xiaojun Jia4, Rupeng Zhang1,2,3,Mingyang Li1,2,3,Zhe Liu1,2,3,Yang Liu4,Qing Wang1,2,3∗ 1State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game, Beijing, China 2Institute of Softwar... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21499v1 |
for Web Agent applications. Given that Web Agents possess capabilities similar to human users and a degree of autonomous decision-making, if the environment is maliciously manipulated and the agent is misled, it could theoretically perform arbitrary malicious actions, such as visiting malicious websites, leaking sensit... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21499v1 |
to infer potential user intents or common activities from the context of the target website itself, allowing the injected ad content to be tailored and appear more relevant or critical to the agent’s perceived task, thereby increasing the likelihood of a successful misleading interaction. Comprehensive experimental eva... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21499v1 |
concerns. Initial research focused on the vulnerabilities of VLMs themselves, demonstrating susceptibility to multimodal adversarial attacks that perturb image and text inputs [ 41, 44]. Various jailbreaking techniques have been developed, including those using typographic visual prompts [ 10], adversarial images to hi... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21499v1 |
AdInject Methodology Figure 1: Demonstration of AdInject Our attack goal is to mislead the agent into clicking a malicious ad. We strictly adhere to the threat model, initially assuming the attacker has nor knowledge of agent or user intents, and that injected content is limited to static resources. After the ad button... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21499v1 |
that serves the goal of inducing the click. First, we generate multiple intents to improve the coverage of user intents. We use the website’s homepage for this task, as homepages often contain more fundamental elements (like headers, navigation bars), increasing the likelihood of guessing relevant intents. Furthermore,... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21499v1 |
Claude-3.7A11y Tree 37.92 2.74 30.56 10.49 20.38 9.89 A11y Tree + Screen 66.67 2.42 45.38 7.97 33.33 9.97 Set-of-Marks 53.24 8.50 16.67 16.14 20.83 17.33 Claude-3.5A11y Tree 31.49 2.91 30.56 9.96 34.26 5.97 A11y Tree + Screen 67.13 0.67 33.79 6.25 37.04 7.88 Set-of-Marks 39.82 6.53 16.67 15.14 24.07 15.92 R-MCTS Agent ... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21499v1 |
and "Speculate User Query" design schemes proposed in [ 46], as well as an ’Injection’ baseline representing generic prompt injection [ 25,28]. Furthermore, we compare with a ’Vanilla’ ad to rule out the possibility of the agent voluntarily clicking the ad, thus demonstrating that the agent’s clicks on the ad are induc... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21499v1 |
both banner (77.32%) and sidebar (81.01%) styles also demonstrate significant effectiveness. This indicates that while the specific style influences performance, all tested styles remain effectiveness. 8 Style ASR(%) Step click SRatk(%) Step atk Pop-up (Default) 93.99 1.75 18.51 13.38 Banner 77.32 2.67 15.74 16.46 Side... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21499v1 |
Agashe, Kyle Wong, Vincent Tu, Jiachen Yang, Ang Li, and Xin Eric Wang. Agent s2: A compositional generalist-specialist framework for computer use agents. arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.00906 , 2025. [4] anthropic. Claude 3.7 sonnet and claude code. [5] anthropic. Introducing computer use, a new claude 3.5 sonnet, and claud... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21499v1 |
Shi, Zitian Gao, Zeyu Hu, Weitai Kang, and Qiuwu Chen. Infant agent: A tool-integrated, logic-driven agent with cost-effective api usage. arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.01114 , 2024. [21] Yifan Li, Hangyu Guo, Kun Zhou, Wayne Xin Zhao, and Ji-Rong Wen. Images are achilles’ heel of alignment: Exploiting visual vulnerabilitie... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21499v1 |
robustness of multimodal lm agents. In The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations . [37] Tianbao Xie, Danyang Zhang, Jixuan Chen, Xiaochuan Li, Siheng Zhao, Ruisheng Cao, Toh J Hua, Zhoujun Cheng, Dongchan Shin, Fangyu Lei, et al. Osworld: Benchmarking multimodal agents for open-ended tasks in ... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21499v1 |
the server also provides functionality for logging specific information, which is used for simple step counting and event (such as click) tracking. A.2 Advertisement Generation The server supports the selection of predefined ad style templates , and the following information should also be provided when calling the ser... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21499v1 |
evaluated using three settings: using only page screenshot(Screen), using accessibility tree with page screenshot(A11y Tree + Screen), and using Set-of-Marks. Agents We primarily used the Basic Agents implemented by the environments themselves. These Basic Agents all rely on internal general-purpose VLMs. In VisualWebA... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21499v1 |
was performed, the average number of execution steps required for the agent to complete the task. Furthermore, for tree-search-based agents like the R-MCTS Agent, we define the attack success rate as: ASR =Number of successful attack paths Total number of search paths and we do not record the attack success steps or ta... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21499v1 |
running the experiments. Additionally, we leveraged third-party API services for accessing the VLMs used in our experiments, such as GPT-4o and Claude models. The total expenditure for these API services across all experiments amounted to approximately 2000 US dollars. 16 H Impact Statement The development and presenta... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21499v1 |
arXiv:2505.21500v1 [cs.CV] 27 May 2025ViewSpatial-Bench: Evaluating Multi-perspective Spatial Localization in Vision-Language Models Dingming Li1,2,*Hongxing Li1,*Zixuan Wang1Yuchen Yan1 Hang Zhang1Siqi Chen1Guiyang Hou1Shengpei Jiang3 Wenqi Zhang1Yongliang Shen1,†Weiming Lu1Yueting Zhuang1 1Zhejiang University2Univers... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21500v1 |
the man dressed in greenin this image, in which direction are youfacing?A: As the man dressed in green in the image, I am facing the front, looking straight ahead toward what lies in front ofme. Figure 1: ViewSpatial-Bench for multi-perspective spatial reasoning. Our benchmark evaluates spatial localization capabilitie... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21500v1 |
research; •We develop the Multi-View Spatial Model trained on our large-scale multi-viewpoint VQA dataset. Through systematic evaluation, we identify fundamental limitations in current models’ perspective-based spatial reasoning, particularly in 3D embodied environments. Our model achieves 46.24% improvement over basel... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21500v1 |
to determine the spatial relationships of other objects from their perspective; (4) Object View Orientation recognition(Per-Obj. Oir.), which requires assuming the position of a character in the image to determine the direction of their gaze; (5) Scene Simulation Relative Direction recognition(Per-Sce. Sim.), which req... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21500v1 |
area. 4 For orientation tasks, we selected images where subjects’ gaze directions aligned with head ori- entations. Using MS-CoCo’s bounding boxes and keypoints, we segmented person images into head and body components, then employed Orient-Anything-Large [ 30] to calculate rotation angles (Algorithm 2). For person-per... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21500v1 |
quality of ViewSpatial-Bench, we implemented a multi-stage filtering process for all tasks. During metadata generation, we eliminated invalid data with incorrectly calculated orientation angles or excessively large rotation angles. In the manual filtering stage, for relative direction tasks, we removed instances where ... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21500v1 |
Direction Distribution 0200400600800100012001400 man woman table chair cabinet desk sink lamp boy sofa door shelves pillow toilet window box bag counter girl mirror (b) Top 20 Objects Frequency Figure 4: Frequency distributions in ViewSpatial-Bench. (a) Distribution of spatial prepositions, showing comprehensive covera... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21500v1 |
20.98 23.73 51.20 32.19 18.82 33.61 28.82 InternVL3 (14B)[32] 54.65 33.63 47.09 33.43 37.05 31.86 33.88 40.28 Kimi-VL-Instruct (16B)[36] 26.85 22.09 25.14 63.05 43.94 20.27 41.52 33.58 GPT-4o[38] 41.46 19.58 33.57 42.97 40.86 26.79 36.29 34.98 Gemini 2.0 Flash[39] 45.29 12.95 33.66 41.16 32.78 21.90 31.53 32.56 Qwen2.5... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21500v1 |
46.00 21.90 41.97 24.00 20.00 22.00 MVSM 46.93↑0.9331.44↑9.5444.34↑2.3744.00↑20.0024.00↑4.0034.00↑12.00 Table 2: Performance comparison of our Multi-View Spatial Model against its backbone. enhanced ability to model not just static spatial relationships but also dynamic trajectories through 3D environments, which emerg... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21500v1 |
specified perspective frame, even in challenging cases requiring multiple spatial transformations. 6 Conclusions In this work, we present ViewSpatial-Bench, the first comprehensive benchmark for evaluating multi- perspective spatial localization capabilities of vision-language models across five distinct task types. Ou... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21500v1 |
Yuanzhe Pang, Anurag Ajay, Alexander C Li, Adrien Bardes, Suzanne Petryk, Oscar Mañas, Zhiqiu Lin, Anas Mahmoud, Bargav Jayaraman, et al. An introduction to vision-language modeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.17247 , 2024. [14] Harsh Lunia. Can vlms be used on videos for action recognition? llms are visual reasoning co... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21500v1 |
, 2024. [30] Zehan Wang, Ziang Zhang, Tianyu Pang, Chao Du, Hengshuang Zhao, and Zhou Zhao. Orient anything: Learning robust object orientation estimation from rendering 3d models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.18605 , 2024. [31] Zhe Chen, Weiyun Wang, Yue Cao, Yangzhou Liu, Zhangwei Gao, Erfei Cui, Jinguo Zhu, Shenglong Y... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21500v1 |
orientation comprehension without addressing dynamic spatial reasoning scenarios where objects or observers move through environments. Such dynamic reasoning represents an important aspect of embodied spatial cognition relevant to many practical applications, including robot navigation and interactive systems. Extendin... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21500v1 |
front, which direction is {object} facing in the image? •Taking the camera lens as the front, what direction is {object} looking toward? •Taking the camera’s viewpoint as the front, which way is {object} facing in the image? • Considering the camera’s perspective as the front, what direction is {object} facing within t... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21500v1 |
14 VSI-App aims to verify whether MVSM can accurately understand and respond to spatial reasoning inquiries from human perspectives when confronted with realistic human-computer interaction scenarios, thereby evaluat- ing the model’s generalization capability and practical utility. Evaluation follows a multiple-choice ... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21500v1 |
and MVSM) on five spatial reasoning tasks from camera perspective ( ) and human perspective ( ). 15 Question: When positioned at refrigerator facing counter, where can you find window ?A. back-leftB. front-leftC. front-rightD. back-rightQuestion: How is the refrigerator positioned with respect to the window? A. front-u... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21500v1 |
Silence is Not Consensus: Disrupting Agreement Bias in Multi-Agent LLMs via Catfish Agent for Clinical Decision Making Yihan Wang1,∗, Qiao Yan1,∗, Zhenghao Xing1,∗†, Lihao Liu2,‡, Junjun He3, Chi-Wing Fu1,Xiaowei Hu3,§,and Pheng-Ann Heng1 1The Chinese University of Hong Kong 2Amazon3Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Lab... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
acciden t... Which is the bes t in the ne x t s t ep? (E) F ocused abdominal sonogr aph y f or tr auma e x am(A) Abdominal and ches t C T Medic al Expert Ag en t Ca tfish Ag en t Silence R esponse Moder a t or Ag en t W e r e t h i n k ( A ) . . . Inc omple t e e x am! It's ... Figure 1: An example clinical misdiagnosi... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
often become sluggish and suffocate to death due to lack of oxygen; however, the presence of a catfish keeps them constantly moving and thus alive. 2 question-answering (VQA) benchmarks [ 54,52,11], comparing it with both single-agent LLMs (e.g., GPT-4o [ 1], DeepSeek-R1 [ 10], HuatuoGPT-o1 [ 4]) and multi-agent medica... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
method. A silent agreement failure is defined as a diagnostic error, where agents produce a final answer without meaningful discussion, critique, or verification. As shown in Table 1, MedAgents and MDAgents exhibit high silent rates, over 61.0% on both datasets, indicating frequent non-response or unjustified consensus... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
overall workflow of our framework involving the Catfish Agent, while Sections 4.1 and 4.2 present the details in the two core mechanisms. 4.1 Catfish in the Tiers: Stratifying Intervention by Complexity Clinical tasks vary in complexity, with simple cases yielding quick consensus and complex cases requiring deeper reas... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
in Figure 2, multiple teams tj={a1, a2, . . . , a m}are recruited, each composed of domain-specific agents and led by a team leader. Within each team, the leader assigns sub-tasks to members, who collaborate to generate a structured report. Teams then take turns presenting their findings, allowing for cross-team compar... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
t o r aise br onchospasm risk ... ... is a sa f er op tion f or C OPD pa tien ts. (D) (E) Member 2Pulmonologis tManag emen t ma y in v olv e f or r a t e c on tr ol ... assuming no c on tr aindic a tions e xis t ... (D) (D) . It's import an t t o main t ain e fficien t o xy g en deliv er y without inducing ... T eam Le... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
omple t e se t of ... monit oring... - P erf orm a blood panel... t o rule out... T o Pulmonologis t - E v alua t e r espir a t or y s t a tus... v en tila tio n - P ulmonar y function t es ts... an y chang es - Consider imaging lik e X -r a y ... Basic/ In t ermedia t e/ Adv anced T eam 1: Initial Assessmen t T eam T ... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
the Catfish Agent delivers assertive challenges, explicitly questioning the group’s reasoning to counteract conformity bias. This mode aligns with cognitive conflict theory and the devil’s advocate paradigm. Overall, this mechanism scales dissent according to consensus dynamics, ensuring interventions are epistemically... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
Claude- 3.5-H [ 7], as well as specific medical models, including HuatuoGPT-o1 [ 4] and Baichuan-M1 [ 41]. Notably, we are the first to integrate a reasoning model, namely o3-mini, into a multi-agent framework for medical decision making. Table 2 presents the performance of our approach on MedAgentsBench, in comparison... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
collaboration, which are the key characteristics of expert clinical teams. (ii) Reasoning-based LLMs substan- tially outperform standard LLMs across all medical benchmarks. For example, o3-mini and DeepSeek-R1 achieve significantly higher accuracy than their non-reasoning counterparts, indicating that explicit intermed... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
[ 11]. For each, we select 50 samples balanced by complexity: 12 basic, 25 intermediate, and 13 advanced cases, enabling comprehensive evaluation across difficulty levels. As shown in Table 4, our method outperforms both the GPT-4o baseline (the base model of our agents) and prior multi-agent frameworks across all benc... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
Question: A 43-year-old woman with obesity is being assessed for stage 3B chronic kidney disease. She has a 26-year history of type 1 diabetes managed with insulin and hypertension treated with hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg daily and lisinopril 40 mg daily. Her blood pressure is currently 140/84 mm Hg. Laboratory results s... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
reconsider their initial conclusion. This leads to a course correction and ultimately results in the correct diagnosis. 10 Initial Assessmen t T eam Leader T ask Deliv er y Initial Assessmen t T eam Member s In v es tig a tions Initial Assessmen t T eam Member s R esponse t o the Challeng eCa tfish Ag en t ’ s Decision... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
q uir es c aution due t o the h yper k alemia ris k with curr en t A CE ther ap y . Ca tf ish Ag en t ' s S ug g es t Ans w er: . I n tr oducing a li k e amlodipine c an help , which is crucial giv en the pa tien t ' s s t ag e 3B C KD . This c an be done while c onsidering an additional S G L T2 inhibit or once blood ... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
a tions. O nce the blood pr essur e is be tt er c on tr olled, f urther c onsider a tion c an be giv en t o inc orpor a ting an S G L T2 inhibit or t o pr o vide added r enal pr ot ection and c ar dio v ascular bene fi ts. C linic al D ecision S pecialis t I n v es tig a tions : 1. Blood Pr essur e Con tr ol: E v alua ... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
r eplace the an tih ypert ensiv e e ff ect of h y dr ochlor othiazide, it c on tribut es t o o v er all risk r eduction. Giv en the pa tien t ’ s curr en t r enal function, dapagliflo zin is appr opria t e, though close monit oring of eGFR and pot assium le v els is essen tial t o ensur e sa f e ty and e ffic acy . Fur... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
s under e xplor ed her e. T dap My t one should be Moder a t e ! While prioritizing f or pertussis pr ot ection is import an t, y our r a tionale o v erlook s other v accine-pr e v en t able diseases r ele v an t t o the pa tien t ’ s unkno wn immuniz a tion s t a tus. St arting t e t anus and diph theria v accines wit... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
( G ) I n tr a m uscu l ar fl u v accine . (G) is r ec ommended during pr egnancy t o pr ot ect ag ains t in fluenz a-r ela t ed c omplic a tions and is sa f e a t an y s t ag e. Giv en her occupa tional e xposur e, the in tr amuscular flu v accine is the mos t appr opria t e choice. Liv e v accines (e. g., v aricella,... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
seasonal risk s, while early initia tion ma y o ff er added pr ot ection ag ains t t e t anus and diph theria. Adminis t ering the flu shot no w aligns with public health g oals, with planning main t ained f or la t er in pr egnancy . (G) T dap T dap C onsidering this pa tien t's e xposur e t o childr en r ecen tly ha ... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
alternative. This intervention successfully prompts the Moderator to revise the initial judgment and reach the correct final decision. 6.6 Failure Case Figure 9 illustrates a failure case in a basic-complexity question. Despite the Catfish Agent proposing alternative diagnoses and constructively challenging the initial... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
answering. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.10286 , 2020. [12] Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt. Measuring massive multitask language understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.03300 , 2020. [13] Yueh-Ren Ho, Bao-Yu Chen, and Chien-Ming Li. Thinking more wisel... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
gpt-4o-mini-advancing-cost-efficient-intelligence/ . [31] OpenAI. Hello GPT-4o, 2024. https://openai.com/index/hello-gpt-4o/ . 14 [32] OpenAI. OpenAI o1-mini, 2024. https://openai.com/index/ openai-o1-mini-advancing-cost-efficient-reasoning/ . [33] OpenAI. OpenAI o3-mini, 2025. https://openai.com/index/openai-o3-mini/ ... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
information processing systems , 35:24824–24837, 2022. [49] Qingyun Wu, Gagan Bansal, Jieyu Zhang, Yiran Wu, Beibin Li, Erkang Zhu, Li Jiang, Xiaoyun Zhang, Shaokun Zhang, Jiale Liu, et al. AutoGen: Enabling next-gen LLM applications via multi-agent conversa- tion. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.08155 , 2023. [50] Jinyu Xia... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
bes t ne x t s t ep in the e v alua tion of the mos t lik ely diagnosis f or this pa tien t? Op tions: (A) E C G (B) Ches t r adiogr aph y (D) C T pulmonar y angiogr am (C) V /Q sc an [ Ra tional Thinking R esult] [K e y Clinic al Clues]: - 31- y ear -old G1-P0 w oman a t 28-w eek s g es t a tion (pr egnancy incr eases... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
[Commen t]: While the Moder a t or has c orr ectly iden tified the suspicion of a pulmonar y embolism (PE) in this clinic al scenario and r ec ommended a C T pulmonar y angiogr am (C TP A) as the g old s t andar d f or diagnosing a PE, ther e is an o v er sigh t r eg ar ding the pa tien t's pr egnancy . The r adia tion... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
in a pr egnan t pa tien t. The sa f e ty of the f e tus is a crucial c onsider a tion when selecting diagnos tic imaging f or suspect ed pulmonar y embolism during pr egnancy . The V /Q sc an is an alt erna tiv e tha t g ener ally in v olv es less r adia tion t o the f e tus c ompar ed t o C TP A; ho w e v er , its sen... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
r adia tion, aligning clinic al r easoning with the pruden t sa f e ty c onsider a tions in pr egnancy . [Final Ans w er]: (D) C T pulmonar y angiogr am (C) (C) (C) [Final Ans w er]: (C) V /Q sc an Figure 5: A basic -level case where the Catfish Agent identifies an oversight in the initial diagnosis and successfully pr... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
P h y si c al E x am i na ti o n - ... de f ormities, as ymme tr y , muscle bulging , or a dr opped shoulder . - Assess shoulder and neck r ang e of motion and s tr eng th. 2. Imag i ng S t u di es - Or der MRI t o e v alua t e the tr ape zius and adjacen t soft tissues f or t ear s, edema, or muscle r e tr action. Fin... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
such as an MRI, t o visualiz e an y soft tissue injuries or muscle t ear s.( C )T o N eur ologis t - In v es tig a tion f or : - Conduct ner v e c onduction s tudies and electr om y ogr aph y ( EMG ) t o e v alua t e ner v e function and de t ect abnormalities. - P erf orm a f ocused neur ologic al e x am assessing upp... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
Use of pr ot on beam ther ap y ins t ead of c on v en tional phot on ther ap y (E) Adminis tr a tion of h ypo xic cell r adiosensitiz er s (F) Use of in t ensity -modula t ed r adia tion ther ap y (IMR T) (H) Use of a r adiopr ot ect or tha t accumula t es pr e f er en tially in highly v asculariz ed tissues (I) Concur... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
tio. So D w ould impr o v e it, so not the ans w er . Op tion E: Hypo xic cells r esis t r adia tion, but these drugs sensitiz e them, boos ting tumor kill in lo w -o xy g en ar eas without r aising normal tissue dose. This impr o v es the ther apeutic r a tio. So E is not c orr ect. Op tion F: IMR T pr ecisely shapes ... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
w er . Back t o the op tions. The ques tion is which DE CRE ASE S the ther apeutic r a tio. So w e need an in t er v en tion tha t either r educes tumor killing or incr eases normal tissue damag e mor e than bene fit. Op tion B: If these ar e giv en during r adia tion, the y w ould pr e v en t c ancer cells fr om r epa... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
the y c an't fix the r adia tion-induced damag e, leading t o mor e t o xicity . If the tumor's r epair mechanisms ar e also inhibit ed, ma ybe the tumor is killed mor e, but if the normal cells ar e equally a ff ect ed, then the r a tio migh t not impr o v e. Ho w e v er , the ques tion is about DE CRE ASING the r a t... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
r ecep t or s needed f or normal cell r epair , then mor e t o xicity . F or e x ample, if TKIs t ar g e t E GFR which is in v olv ed in healing , then c ombining with r adia tion c ould lead t o mor e se v er e skin r eactions, muc ositis, e t c. This w ould incr ease normal tissue damag e, decr easing ther apeutic r ... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
a ff ect both. If the tumor is r elying mor e on tha t pa th w a y , then ma ybe the inhibit or help s. But if normal cells ar e also dependen t, then t o xicity incr eases. If the ne t r esult is tha t normal tissue damag e incr eases mor e than tumor kill, r a tio decr eases. Alt erna tiv ely , the ans w er c ould be... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
(I) Br oad-spectrum tyr osine kinase inhibit or s (TKIs): While TKIs ma y in t erf er e with tumor signaling , their br oad action c an disrup t normal tissue r epair pa th w a y s (e. g., E GFR in muc osal healing), incr easing t o xicity . Ho w e v er , this e ff ect is less dir ect c ompar ed t o DNA r epair inhibit... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
of which in fluence the ther apeutic r a tio. [Critic al R e vie w]: - Gr oup 1 pr oposes the use of cy clophosphamide (a cy t ot o xic alkyla ting ag en t) as the in t er v en tion mos t lik ely t o decr ease the ther apeutic r a tio. Their r easoning appear s based on the es t ablished cy t ot o xic e ff ects of alky... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
tion. [Final Ans w er]: [Ra tionale]: The choice of is support ed b y the curr en t e vidence tha t inhibiting DNA r epair pa th w a y s, particularly thr ough ag en ts lik e P ARP inhibit or s, c an incr ease the risk of normal tissue damag e when used c oncurr en tly with r adia tion. This is bec ause normal tissues ... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
adia tion, c an e x acerba t e normal tissue damag e, especially in or g ans tha t ar e alr eady under s tr ess fr om r adia tion e xposur e. This c ould indeed lead t o a decr ease in the ther apeutic r a tio b y incr easing normal tissue t o xicity . While the DNA r epair inhibit or s (lik e P ARP inhibit or s) c an ... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
of ound normal‐tissue t o xicity tha t is unlik ely t o be selectiv ely mitig a t ed. While DNA ‐r epair inhibit or s (lik e P ARP inhibit or s) c an sensitiz e both tumor and normal cells, clinic al s tr a t egies oft en e xploit tumor ‐selectiv e r epair de f ects or scheduling t o spar e normal tissues. In c on tr a... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
esult] [K e y Clinic al Clues]: - Sauna ba thing leads t o mild h yperthermia, incr eased c ar diac output (b y 60-70%) and heart r a t e, while s tr ok e v olume r emains unchang ed. - It is associa t ed with r educed c ar dio v ascular mort ality , impr o v ed men t al health, and lo w er risk s of demen tia, Alzheim... | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21503v1 |
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