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Ans. is 'a' i.e.. Cell mediated immunity
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Aerophagia (var. aerophagy) is a condition of excessive air swallowing, which goes to the stomach. Aerophagia may also refer to an unusual condition where the primary symptom is excessive flatus, belching is not present, and the actual mechanism by which air enters the gut is obscure.Aerophagia in psychiatry is sometim...
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The internal iliac aery divides into an anterior and a posterior trunk near the greater sciatic foramen.Branches of ANTERIOR TRUNKUmbilical aeryObturator aeryUterine aeryInferior vesical and vaginal aery (females)Middle rectal aeryInternal pudendal aeryInferior gluteal aeryBranches of POSTERIOR TRUNKIliolumbar aeryLate...
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Infection with mycobacterium
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., PAX8- PPARrl Various genes involved in thyroid carcinomas arePapillaryo Tyrosine kinase receptors RET or NTRK1o RAS mutationo BRAF oncogeneFollicularo RAS oncogene (NRAS, HRAS and KRAS)o PAX8- PPARrl translocationMedullaryo RETprotooncogne.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Furosemide o Two classes of diuretics are given in the options Loop Diuretics -----> Furosemide (cause hypokalemia) Potassium sparing diuretics ----> Spironolactone, Trimetrene, Amiloride (cause Hyperkalemia) We know that digitalis toxicity is potentiated by hypokalemia. So the drug interacting with d...
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Vaccine induced polio" is usually due to Type 2 virus
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Patient in the question stem is suffering from T1 grade III transitional cell carcinoma with no muscle invasion. He has undergone resection of the tumor, so the next best step in the management is intravesical instillation of BCG. Treatment of high grade non muscle invasive bladder cancer (Ta,T1,carcinoma in situ) is t...
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filariform larvae- infective form Man acquires infection by walking on barefoot on the contaminated soil. The filariform larvae penetrates the skin coming in contact with soil. (refer pgno:149 baveja 3 rd edition)
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Ref Robbins 9/e p1207 The depth of invasion and the extent of nodal and distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis remain the most powerful prognostic indicators for gastric cancer. Local invasion into the duodenum, pancreas, and retroperitoneum also is char- acteristic. When possible, surgical resection remains the p...
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Rest all are contraindications for labial bar.
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This patient has : -           Lesions in groin Severe itching. Both occurs in Tinea cruris. But white colour of lesion creates confusion here as the typical lesion of T. cruris is red (erythmatous) scaly lesion. However, color of the lesion is not much of the significance if all other features suggest the diagnosis o...
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Rossmann fold is seen in family of oxidoreductases that shares a common N-terminal NAD(P)+-D binding domain Lactate dehydrogenase Alcohol dehydrogenase Glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate dehydrogenase Malate dehydrogenase D-glycerate dehydrogenase 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase Formate dehydrogenase Reference: Harpers illus...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Hypoalbuminemia. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by large amounts of proteinuria (>3.5 g per 1.73 m2 body surface area per day, or > 40 mg per square meter body surface area per hour in children), hypoalbuminemia (< 2,5 g/dl), hyperlipidaemia, and edema that begins in the face. Lipiduria (lipids i...
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Ans. (b) Encephalofacial angiomatosis.* The CT scan shows extensive intracranial calcification which will lead to seizures, paralysis and hemiatrophy. The presence of hemangioma shows presence of Sturge-Weber syndrome called as encephalofacial angiomatosis.* Epilolia is alternative term for tuberous sclerosis.* Louis b...
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Ans. (a) PneumothoraxRef: Miller's Anaesthesia 7h ed. / 288ETT is Endotracheal Tube Toilet* It involves clearance of airway secretions, and is a normal process needed for the preservation of airway patency and the prevention of respiratory tract infection.* Impaired clearance of airway secretions like in patients with ...
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Ref : Dhingra 7e pg 226.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., GABA transaminase inhibitor Vigabatrin (g vinyl GABA)* It is a newer anti - convulsant which is an inhibitor of enzyme GABA transaminase; it thus increases GABA concentration at synapse.* It is mainly used in patients with refractory epilepsy visual field defects and behavioural changes restricts its ...
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Papillary carcinoma common in female and younger age group . Its called hormone dependend tumour. Types: tall cell type - very aggresive type show capsular and vascular invasion. Columnar type- seen in males . Treatment :total oe near total thyroidectomy Suppresive dose of L thyroxine. SRB's Manual of Surgery.Edition -...
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Ans. (a) Right testicular torsionRef: Bailey 26th Edition, Page 1380* Torsion of Testis is most common between 10 to 25 years. Cremasteric reflex is lost. Elevation of testis worsen the pain
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Actually, no option is correct (see previous two explanations). But I will have to find out the answer for you : - If ulna fracture involves olecranon than the three-point bony relationship can be disturbed. This can occur either in isolated ulna fracture (option a) or ulna fracture with radium (option c). The weak p...
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Strength of magnetic field used in MRI is measured by Telsa units CT attenuation values are measured by Hounsfield units. Frequency of sound waves used in USG are measured by MHz
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PTSD is characterised by recurrent and intrusive recollections of the stressful event, either in flashbacks (images, thoughts, or perceptions) and/or in dreams. There is an associated sense of re-experiencing of the stressful event. There is marked avoidance of the events or situations that arouse recollections of the ...
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Trendelenburg sign is positive when there is paralysis of hip abductors. Abductors- Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus. Accessory hip abductors- Tensor fascia lata, sartorius
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Ans. b (Cruciate ligament). (Ref. Maheshwari, Orthopaedics, 2nd/ 288)Drawer test is used for testing damage to cruciate ligament.# Routine test for cruciate ligament stability are based on examining for abnormal gliding movements in the sagittal plane with both knees flexed at 90deg & the feet resting on the couch, the...
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INFRARED LASER FLUORESCENCE (DIAGNOdent) DIAGNOdent is an instrument designed to facilitate the detection and quantification of dental caries on occlusal and smooth surfaces.  It uses a diode laser light source and a fiberoptic cable that transmits the light to a handheld probe with a fiberoptic eye in the tip.  The l...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Schaudinn and Hoffmann
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Loss of intrinsic enteric plexuses Pathogenesis of Hirchsprung disease The entric neuronal plexuses develops from neural crest cells, which migrate into the bowel wall during development, mostly in a cephalad to caudad direction. Hirschsprung disease results when the migration of neural crest cells ar...
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People with Auto immune thyroiditis are at an increased risk of development of other auto immune diseases : -endocrine :type 1 diabetes,auto immune adrenalitis -neurons endocrine :SLE,myasthenia gravis,Sjogrens syndrome. (Ref:ROBBINS text book of pathology)
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., 8 E-To pain +V- incomprehensible words + M- Withdraws to pain 2+2+4 A) Eye opening B) Verbal response C) Motor response Spontaneous 4 Oriented 5 Obeys commands 6 To Voice 3 Confused 4 Localises pain 5 To pain 2 Inappropriate words 3 Withdraws (pain) 4 None 1 Incomprehensible words 2 Flexion (pain) 3 N...
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The surface area of tympanic membrane is 90 mm2. Only 55 mm2 is functional. Ref: PL Dhingra 6th edition of Ear, Nose and Throat; pg no 14
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Isolation in selective media . Best diagnosis of diphtheria is made by isolation and culture on selective media.
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Daily requirement of vitamin D Adults - 100 lU Infants and children - 200 lU Pregnant and lactating- 400 IU
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Image shape distortion is minimized when the long axes of the image receptor and tooth are parallel.  Figure A shows that the central ray of the X-ray beam is perpendicular to the image receptor, but the object is not parallel to the image receptor. The resultant image is distorted because of the unequal distances of t...
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B i.e. Bullous pemphigoid
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Ipsilateral loss of crude touch sensation is not seen in Brown sequard syndrome. Brown-sequard syndrome is the hemisection of the spinal cord. This causes damage to ascending sensory (dorsal column pathway, spinothalamic tract) and descending motor (coticospinal tract) pathways. The damage to the dorsal column pathway ...
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Ans. (b) 3%Ref: Dutta 6thed p.374
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Metaplasia of squamous cells to columnar cells Barrett's esophaguso Is metaplastic change of distal esophageal mucosa from normal squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium, in response to chronic gastro-esophageal reflux.o The junction between squamous esophageal mucosa and gastric mucosa moves proxi...
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Thoracic epidural narcotics have become an increasingly popular means of postoperative pain relief in thoracic and upper abdominal surgery. Local action on gamma opiate receptors ensures pain relief and consequent improvement in respiration without vasodilation or paralysis. The less lipid-soluble opiates are effective...
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Harrison's principles of internal medicine 17th edition. *The amnestic defect is related to lesions of dorsal medial nuclei of thalamus
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Mumps Caused by virus of family of RNA paramyxovirus Incubation period of 14-21 days Mode of transmission : Respiratory / air droplets Source of infection: Cases Period of communicability: 4-6 days before symptoms & 7days after symptoms High secondary attack rate = 86% Most common complication is aseptic meningitis ; o...
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The patient has the typical areas of involvement of seborrheic dermatitis. This common dermatitis appears to be worse in many neurological diseases. It is also very common and severe in patients with AIDS. In general, symptoms are worse in the winter. UV radiation improves the condition. Pityrosporum ovale appears to p...
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H5N1 is the An Flue a type of Influenza A virus, also called the Bird Flu Virus. Ref: Molecular Medicine: An Introductory Text By Trent, 3rd Edition, Pages 209-10; Clinical Infectious Disease By Schlossberg, 2008, Page 1290
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This patient is morbidly obese. The extra weight puts a strain on joints, particularly the knees, increasing the risk for osteoarthritis. Although the overall risk of cancer increases with obesity, the relationship between endometrial carcinoma and obesity is well established. About 80% of individuals with type 2 diabe...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Glucose o Nutrients are organic and inorganic complexes contained in food. There are two major types of nutrients : Micronutrients Micronutrients are nutrients needed throughout life in small quantities. They are dietary minerals needed by the human body in very small quantities. Micronutrients includ...
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The history is suggestive of hyperprolactinemia. The drugs which are mostly associated with hyperprolactinemia include typical antipsychotics, risperidone, paliperidone, sulpiride and amisulpride. High levels of serum prolactin are associated with decreased libido, impaired sexual arousal, impaired orgasm, galactorrhea...
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Ans: a (Acting on specific K+ channels and increasing efflux)Ref: KD Tripathi 6th ed Pg. 95; Ganong 21st ed Pg. 550 -551Ach acts via muscarinic M2 receptors opening a special set ++ of K channels increasing efflux of K.Muscarnic receptorsM1Mainly a neuronal receptor located on ganglion cells and central neurons, especi...
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Thyroglossal Cyst Congenital Age of presentation - 15-30 years Location Most common location- Subhyoid C/F Midline swelling in anterior pa of neck Thyroglossal cyst moves with deglutination Moves up on protrusion of tongue. Complications of Thyroglossal cyst- Infection - Abscess - if Incision and Drainage|Thyroglossal ...
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Infantile spasms:- West syndrome Onset : 3-8 months of life Characterised by combination of salaam spells( sudden dropping of the head and flexion of arms), developmental retardation, hypsarrythmia on ECG. Causes- Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy Neurocutaneous syndromes Perinatal infections Hemorrhage Injury Metabol...
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Ans. Streptococcus
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Bilateral hydroureteronephrosis is an absolute indication for surgery in cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Ref: Bailey and Love's Sho Practice of Surgery, 24th Edition, Page 1376.
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'b' i.e., 20 IU/kg Dose of rabies immunoglobulin (equine immunoglobulin) - 20 IU/kg body weight. Dose of F (ab)2 products - 40 IU/kg body weight.
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Causes of rubeosis iridis (neovascularization of iris) Common : Diabetic retinopathy (most common cause), central retinal vein occlusion, Eale's disease, siclde-cell retinopathy. Rare causes : Long standing retinal detachment, central retinal artery occlusion, intraocular inflammation (uveitis), intraocular tumors (...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Tumour necrosis factor Infliximabis a cytokine inhibitor acting against Tumour necrosis factor (TNF-a)Infliximab is a chimeric antibody which consists of variable region of a murine (mouse) antibody to TNF-a and constant (Fc) region of a human antibody.* Uses - It is reserved for patients with severe ...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
WILMS TUMOR Wilm's Tumor: MC primary renal tumor of childhood (2-5 Years) Wilm's Tumor: 2nd MC malignant abdominal tumor in children (MC is neuroblastoma). Arise from kidney, composed of three elements- Blastema, Epithelium & Stroma. (BESt) MC presenting feature is asymptomatic abdominal mass or swelling.
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Ans. C: NeurofibromatosisPheochromocytoma linked to MEN II ca be caused by RET oncogene mutations. Both syndromes are characterized by pheochromocytoma as well as thyroid cancer (thyroid medullary carcinoma). MEN IIA also presents with hyperparathyroidism, while MEN IIB also presents with mucosal neuroma.Pheochromocyto...
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Pre-malignant bone lesions of secondary osteosarcoma : Paget's disease Diaphyseal aclasis Enchondromatosis Post-radiation Fibrous dysplasia Reference: Maheshwari; Essential Ohopaedics 9th ed; Page no: 242
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
INDERBIR SINGH&;S TEXTBOOK OF HUMAN HISTOLOGY-PAGE NO:183 Structure of the cerebellar Coex In striking contrast to the coex of the cerebral hemispheres, the cerebellar coex has a uniform structure in all pas of the cerebellum.it may be divided into three layers ad follows Molecular layer Purkinje cell layer Granular la...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Rodent ulcer
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CFR = 1 - Survival rate Time interval is not specified. Determines killing power of disease/ virulence of organism. CFR is a Propoion (Expressed always in %). CFR of Rabies 100%.
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Meckel's diveiculum:It is the most prevalent congenital anomaly of the GI tract, affecting approximately 2% of the general population.A 3:2 male-to-female prevalence ratio has been repoed. Meckel's diveicula are designated true diveicula because their walls contain all of the layers found in normal small intestine.Thei...
openlifescienceai/medmcqa
Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median nerve is compressed in the carpal tunnel below flexor retinaculum.
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Warfarin should be stopped 4 to 5 days before surgery. clinical implication : to replenish coagulation factors. Monitor PT with INR* , aPTT,ACT. In emergency cases, give Inj.vitamin K., if bleeding continues give FFP,croprecipitate transfusions.
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D i.e. Mapleson F - Calcium hydroxide is the main component of both sodalime (94%) and baralimeQ (80%). - Ba(OH)2 is not a constituent of soda lime, it is used in baralime. Water (of crystalization) is used to produce hardening in baralimeQ. - Clayton, mimosaQ, ethyl violet, phenolphthalein & ethyl orange are indicator...
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Cigarette smoking is the most impoant risk factor for moality from COPD.There is a dose-response relationship curve between reduced pulmonary function and cigarette smoking,which accounts for the higher prevalence rates for COPD with increasing age.The intensity of cigarette smoking is expressed as pack years(average n...
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Spores are usually destroyed within five minutes by boiling but those of the food poisoning strains of type A and ceain type C strains resist boiling for 1-3 hours. Autoclaving at 121 deg for 15 min is lethal. Spores are resistant to the antiseptics and disinfectants in common use. C.perfringens is the predominant agen...
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Refsum’s disease is autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism . It is due to accumulation of phytanic acid in blood and tissues. Classical features include retinitis pigmentosa, peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, elevated protein in CSF without increases in the number of cells.
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These are either aldosterone antagonist or directly inhibit Na+ channels in DT and CD cells to indirectly conserve K+. Potassium-sparing diuretics - Spironolactone( Aldosterone antagonist) Amiloride, Triamterene ( inhibit renal epithelial Na channel ) Mechanism of action: aldosterone binds to aldosterone receptor first...
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ANSWER: (C) Bacillus stearothermophilusREF: Basic medical laboratory techniques 4th edition by Barbara H. Estridge, Anna P. Reynolds,Norma J. Walters Page 70Various bacilli are used to check efficacy of sterilisation methods are:Autoclave- Bacillus stearothermophilusHot air oven- Bacillus subtilis subspecies nigerIonis...
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Le Facies Sympathique is seen in antemoem hanging. If the ligature knot presses on cervical sympathetic, the eye on the same side may remain open and its pupil dilated. Also Know: In typical hanging, the ligature runs from the midline above the thyroid cailage symmetrically upward on both sides of the neck to the occip...
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Primary oocyte formed after meiotic division forms 1 ovum. Ref : Datta textbook of Obstetrics 9 e pg16.
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Ans: A (Adeno Ca) "Workers of furniture industry develop Adenocarcinoma of the Ethmoids and upper nasal cavityQ-while those engaged in Nickel refining get squamos cell and anaplastic carcinomaQ- Dhingra 5th/219
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One of the main secretory products of carcinoid tumors involved in the carcinoid syndrome is serotonin which is synthesized from tryptophan. Up to 50% of dietary tryptophan can be used in this synthetic pathway by tumor cells, and this can result in inadequate supplies for conversion to niacin; hence, some patients (2....
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A i.e. 4-ed Hemoglobin level
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Staphyloma Staphyloma is an abnormal protrusion of uveal tissue through a weak and thin portion of cornea or sclera   So, a staphyloma is lined internally by uveal tissue and externally by weak cornea or sclera. o Staphyloma is divided anatomically into : -   Anterior staphyloma: - Protrusion and adhesion ofiris to ect...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Local mesenchymeFibroblasts are derived from mesenchyme.
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HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL)High-density lipoproteins transpo cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. The major apoproteins in HDL are Apo-A1, with some Apo-A2, Apo-C and Apo-E. HDL serves as a plasma reservoir of Apo-C and Apo-E which can be transferred to VLDL and chylomicrons and backClinical Significanc...
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Ans. C. Associated with hair folliclesFordyce spots are not associated with hair folliclesFordyce SpotsFordyce spots/Fordyce granules:* The Fordyce spots are heterotopic sebaceous glands wherein the duct is connected directly to the overlying skin or mucosal surface unlike other sebum glands which open into the follicl...
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Small airway have low reynold number, large cross sectional area, large diameter and air flows at a very low velocity. Ref: Physiology of respiration By Michael P. Hlastala, Albe J. Berger, Page 52; Review of Medical Physiology by William ganong, 22nd edn/page 583
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Triple deformity of knee refers to : - Flexion of knee External rotation of tibia Posterior subluxation of tibia Triple deformity is seen in RA, TB of knee and Polio.
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Ans. a. Atopic dermatitisPerioralpallor(headlightsign)Follicularplugging(Autennaesign)Thinningoflateraleyelsrous.(Hertoghesign) [?][?][?][?][?] Seeinatopicdermatitis- "ITCH- SCRATCH-ITCH" cycle is seen. Skin is dry or xerotic
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., 100 mg elemental iron and 0.5 mg FA Iron and Folic Acid content per IFA tablet: Adult tablet: 100 mg elemental iron and 500 mcg folic acid Pediatric tablet: 20 mg elemental iron and 100 mcg folic acid For preterm infants, recommended Iron and Folic Acid content per IFA tablet: Pediatric tablet: 10 -- ...
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Ans: a (0.5 mg/1) Ref: Park, 19 ed, p. 575The minimum recommended concentration of free chlorine is 0.5 mg/L at the end of one hour.Tests used for both free and combined chlorine after chlorination are:Orthotoludine test - free and combined chlorine simultaneouslyOrthotoludine arsenite test - tests both separatelyBreak...
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Serous type
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Omega-3 fatty acids reduce the incidence of CHD.
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Larynx has 3 paired and 3 unpaired cailages present UNPAIRED CAILAGES: Thyroid, Cricoid, and Epiglottis PAIRED CAILAGES:Arytenoid,Corniculate,Cuneiform Ref.BDC volume3,Sixth edition pg 253
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(3D): (3-Khurana 5th edition; 1-Nema 6th/ed)The axial length (AL) is the distance between the anterior surface of the cornea and the fovea and usually measured by A-scan ultrasonography or optical coherence biometry. The AL is the most important factor in IOL calculation: A 1-mm error in AL measurement results in a ref...
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Ans: c (Vernal conjunctivitis) Ref: AK Khurana, 4th ed, p. 74Cobblestone( pavement stone)--typical arrangement of hard flat topped papillae in palpebral conjunctivaVernal keratoconjunctivitisPhlyctenular conjunctivitis* Exogenous allergen(dust, pollen)* Type I HS* Bilateral* Endogenous microbial proteins(TB, staph)* Ty...
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Answer is A (Antrum): The most common site of gastric adenocarcinoma is antrum '40% tumors are in the antrum, predominantly on the lesser curvature, 30% arise in the body and fimdus, 25% at the cardia and 5% involve the whole organ'- CSDT
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Hepcidin, a 25-amino acid peptide secreted by hepatic Kupffer's cells downregulates duodenal iron absorption by regulating DMT1 activity as well as other proteins in the iron-responsive pathways (e.g., FP1). Hepcidin is a negative regulator of iron absorption because mice that fail to express hepcidin have elevated bod...
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Dorsal merocaardium - forms transverse sinus. Muscular ingrowth from body wall is contributed by cervical somiks C3 - C5.
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Medial geniculate body → Auditory pathway Lateral geniculate body → Optic (visual) pathway
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Ans. B. ResinAtorvastatin is HMG co reductase inhibitor which inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol. Fibrates activate the lipoprotein lipase. Niacin inhibit the lipolysis in adipose tissue. Resin bind s to bile acid in the intestine and inhibit its reabsorption.
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Oral contraceptives Estrogen increases the synthesis of various clotting factors and produce a hypercoagulable state. Thus OCP containing estrogen decrease the effectiveness of warfarin and other oral anticoagulants.
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Ans. B. Hallucination3 criteria are essential for definition of hallucination:(A) Percept-like experience in the absence of an external stimulus;(B) Percept-like experience that has the full force and impact of a real perception; and(C) Percept-like experience that is unwilled, occurs spontaneously, and cannot be readi...
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D i.e. Dendritic ulcer Since fungal corneal ulcer is not an option here, so, the obvious answer is dendritic ulcer.
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Ans. is a, i.e. Culture in Diamond mediaRef. Williams Gynae 3rd/ed, p63"The most sensitive diagnostic techniques is culture which is impractical because special media (Diamond media) is required."
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10th day after delivery
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Ans. c (District magistrate) (Ref. Parikh FMT 6th ed., p 2.90)EXHUMATION# By exhumation is meant the lawful disinterment or digging out of buried body from the grave.# It is sometimes necessary for -- Identification- Determination of cause of death (foul play suspected)# As the Hindus who form majority cremate their de...
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The bladder smooth muscle has some inherent contractile activity; however, when its nerve supply is intact, stretch receptors in the bladder wall initiate a reflex contraction that has a lower threshold than the inherent contractile response of the muscle. Fibers in the pelvic nerves are the afferent limb of the voidin...
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