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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chemistry | The molecular geometry of the left-most carbon atom in the molecule below is:
| 1 | [
"octahedral",
"tetrahedral",
"trigonal planar",
"T-shaped",
"trigonal bipyramidal"
] | |||||||||
Chemistry | The bond angles marked a, b, and c in the molecule below are about __________, __________, and __________,
respectively.
| 4 | [
"120, 120, 90",
"90, 90, 90",
"120, 120, 109.5",
"109.5, 90, 120",
"109.5, 120, 109.5"
] | |||||||||
Chemistry | Based on molecular mass and dipole moment of the five compounds in the table below, which should have the
highest boiling point?
| 1 | [
"$CH_3OCH_3$",
"$CH_3CN$",
"$CH_3CHO$",
"$CH_3Cl$",
"$CH_3CH_2CH_3$"
] | |||||||||
Chemistry | On the phase diagram above, segment __________ corresponds to the conditions of temperature and pressure under which the solid and the gas of the substance are in equilibrium.
| 4 | [
"CD",
"AB",
"AD",
"BC",
"AC"
] | |||||||||
Chemistry | The phase diagram of a substance is given above. The region that corresponds to the solid phase is __________.
| 0 | [
"w",
"x",
"y",
"z",
"x and y"
] | |||||||||
Chemistry | Based on the figure above, the boiling point of ethyl alcohol under an external pressure of 0.0724 atm is
________eC.
| 1 | [
"60",
"20",
"70",
"80",
"40"
] | |||||||||
Chemistry | The graph shown below depicts the relationship between concentration and time for the following chemical
reaction. The slope of this line is equal to __________.
| 0 | [
"-k",
"-1/k",
"k",
"ln[A]o",
"1/k"
] | |||||||||
Chemistry | Which energy difference in the energy profile below corresponds to the activation energy for the forward
reaction?
| 0 | [
"x",
"y",
"x + y",
"y - x",
"x - y"
] | |||||||||
Chemistry | A 25.0-mL sample of a solution of a monoprotic acid is titrated with a 0.115 M NaOH solution. The titration
curve above was obtained. Which of the indicators in the table would be best for this titration?
| 1 | [
"bromocresol purple",
"bromthymol blue",
"thymol blue",
"phenolpthalein",
"methyl red"
] | |||||||||
Chemistry | Consider the following table of $K_{sp}$ values. Which compound listed below has the greatest molar solubility in water?
| 2 | [
"$ZnCO_3$",
"$CdCO_3$",
"$CaF_2$",
"$AgI$",
"$Cd(OH)_2$"
] | |||||||||
Chemistry | Consider the following table of $K_{sp}$ values. The solubility of manganese hydroxide ($Mn(OH)_2$) is 2.2e-5 M. What is the Ksp of $Mn(OH)_2$?
| 1 | [
"2.1e-14",
"4.3e-14",
"1.1e-14",
"2.2e-5",
"4.8e-10"
] | |||||||||
Chemistry | Consider the following table of $K_{sp}$ values. The molar solubility of __________ is not affected by the pH of the solution.
| 3 | [
"$AlCl_3 $",
"$Na_3PO_4$",
"$NaF$",
"$KNO_3$",
"$MnS$"
] | |||||||||
Chemistry | Consider the following table of $K_{sp}$ values. In which of the following aqueous solutions would you expect AgCl to have the lowest solubility?
| 1 | [
"0.020 $AgNO_3$",
"0.020 M $BaCl_2$",
"pure water",
"0.015 $NaCl$",
"0.020 $KCl$"
] | |||||||||
Chemistry | The equilibrium position corresponds to which letter on the graph of G vs f (course of reaction) below?
| 2 | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Dichlorophenolindophenol (DPIP), an electron acceptor that changes from blue to clear when reduced, can be used to visually determine the rate of photosynthesis. In an experiment, a solution of chloroplasts containing DPIP was divided among 4 tubes. The samples were then exposed to light (1500 lumens) and/or heat (85oC... | 2 | [
"The onset of photosynthesis is visible when DPIP is oxidized and changes from clear to blue.",
"Chloroplasts exposed to heat had the highest rate of photosynthesis.",
"Photosynthesis is stimulated when chloroplasts are exposed to light only.",
"The solution in all four tubes was clear at time 0."
] | |||||||||
Biology | The figure above shows a model generated from a study of interactions in a Serengeti ecosystem. This figure describes hypothesized relationships between a parasite that causes disease in wildebeest, rinderpest, and other important components of the ecosystem. Thick arrows represent dominant effects, and “grass” is in a... | 2 | [
"Increasing the amount of rinderpest would decrease the amount of grass.",
"Increased fire would lead to higher tree and elephant populations.",
"Increasing the amount of rinderpest could indirectly lower tree numbers.",
"Increased human populations have a net positive effect on the elephant population."
] | |||||||||
Biology | Question below refers to the diagram
Which of the following chambers or vessels carry deoxygenated blood in the human heart?
| 3 | [
"4 only",
"1 and 2 only",
"5 only",
"1, 2, and 4"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Which of the following represents the correct pathway taken by a nerve impulse as it travels from the spinal cord to effector cells?
| 3 | [
"1-2-3-4",
"6-5-4-3",
"2-3-4-5",
"4-5-6-7"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The brain of the frog is destroyed. A piece of acid-soaked paper is applied to the frog's skin. Every time the piece of paper is placed on its skin, one leg moves upward. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the experiment?
| 3 | [
"Reflex actions are not automatic.",
"Some reflex actions can be inhibited or facilitated.",
"All behaviors in frogs are primarily reflex responses.",
"This reflex action bypasses the brain."
] | |||||||||
Biology | A nerve impulse requires the release of neurotransmitters at the axonal bulb of a presynaptic neuron. Which of the following best explains the purpose of neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine?
| 2 | [
"They speed up the nerve conduction in a neuron.",
"They open the sodium channels in the axonal membrane.",
"They excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron.",
"They open the potassium channels in the axonal membrane."
] | |||||||||
Biology | Which of the following DNA strands would serve as a template for the amino acid sequence shown above?
| 2 | [
"3′-ATGCGACCAGCACGT-5′",
"3′-AUGCCACUAGCACGU-5′",
"3′-TACGGTGATCGTGCA-5′",
"3′-UACGGUGAUCGUGCA-5′"
] | |||||||||
Biology | If a mutation occurs in which uracil is deleted from the messenger RNA after methionine is translated, which of the following represents the resulting amino acid sequence?
| 1 | [
"Serine–histidine–serine–threonine",
"Methionine–proline–glutamine–histidine",
"Methionine–proline–leucine–alanine–arginine",
"Methionine–proline–alanine–arginine–arginine"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The mRNA above was found to be much smaller than the original mRNA synthesized in the nucleus. This is due to the
| 3 | [
"addition of a polyA. tail to the mRNA molecule",
"addition of a cap to the mRNA molecule",
"excision of exons from the mRNA molecule",
"excision of introns from the mRNA molecule"
] | |||||||||
Biology | A scientist studies the storage and distribution of oxygen in humans and Weddell seals to examine the physiological adaptations that permit seals to descend to great depths and stay submerged for extended periods. The figure below depicts the oxygen storage in both organisms
Compared with humans, approximately how man... | 1 | [
"The same amount of oxygen",
"Twice the amount of oxygen",
"Three times the amount of oxygen",
"Five times the amount of oxygen"
] | |||||||||
Biology | A scientist studies the storage and distribution of oxygen in humans and Weddell seals to examine the physiological adaptations that permit seals to descend to great depths and stay submerged for extended periods. The figure below depicts the oxygen storage in both organisms
During a dive, a Weddell seal's blood flow... | 2 | [
"To increase the number of red blood cells in the nervous system",
"To increase the amount of oxygen reaching the skeletomuscular system",
"To increase the amount of oxygen reaching the central nervous system",
"To increase the oxygen concentration in the lungs"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Consider the following enzyme pathway:
An increase in substance F leads to the inhibition of enzyme 3. All of the following are results of the process EXCEPT
| 3 | [
"an increase in substance X",
"increased activity of enzyme 6",
"decreased activity of enzyme 4",
"increased activity of enzyme 5"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The graph above shows the oxygen dissociation curves of maternal hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin. Based on the graph, it can be concluded that
| 2 | [
"fetal hemoglobin surrenders O2 more readily than maternal hemoglobin",
"the dissociation curve of fetal hemoglobin is to the right of maternal hemoglobin",
"fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for O2 than does maternal hemoglobin",
"fetal and maternal hemoglobin differ in structure."
] | |||||||||
Biology | The graph below shows the growth curve of a bacterial culture.
Which of the following represents the carrying capacity of the environment?
| 3 | [
"2",
"3",
"4",
"5"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The graph below shows the growth curve of a bacterial culture.
Which of the following shows the exponential growth curve of the population?
| 3 | [
"1",
"2",
"3",
"4"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The following bar graph shows the relative biomass of four different populations of a particular food pyramid.
The largest amount of energy is available to
| 1 | [
"population A",
"population B",
"population C",
"population D"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The following bar graph shows the relative biomass of four different populations of a particular food pyramid.
Which of the following would be the most likely result if there was an increase in the number of organisms in population C?
| 1 | [
"The biomass of population D will remain the same.",
"The biomass of population B will decrease.",
"The biomass of population C will steadily increase.",
"The food source available to population C would increase."
] | |||||||||
Biology | The cell cycle is a series of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell. It consists of four stages: G1, S, G2, and M. The duration of the cell cycle varies from one species to another and from one cell type to another. The G1 phase varies the most. For example, embryonic cells can pass through the G1 phase so q... | 1 | [
"G1",
"S",
"G2",
"M"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The cell cycle is a series of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell. It consists of four stages: G1, S, G2, and M. The duration of the cell cycle varies from one species to another and from one cell type to another. The G1 phase varies the most. For example, embryonic cells can pass through the G1 phase so q... | 0 | [
"appearance of chromosomes",
"separation of chromatids",
"disappearance of the nuclear membrane",
"replication of chromosomes"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The cell cycle is a series of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell. It consists of four stages: G1, S, G2, and M. The duration of the cell cycle varies from one species to another and from one cell type to another. The G1 phase varies the most. For example, embryonic cells can pass through the G1 phase so q... | 2 | [
"epidermal cells",
"hair cells",
"red blood cells",
"pancreatic cells"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The cell cycle is a series of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell. It consists of four stages: G1, S, G2, and M. The duration of the cell cycle varies from one species to another and from one cell type to another. The G1 phase varies the most. For example, embryonic cells can pass through the G1 phase so q... | 1 | [
"These cells will go through cell division.",
"These cells will be permanently arrested in the G1 phase.",
"These cells will be permanently arrested in the G2 phase.",
"These cells will quickly enter the S phase."
] | |||||||||
Biology | The following graphs show the permeability of ions during an action potential in a ventricular contractile cardiac fiber. The action potential of cardiac muscle fibers resembles that of skeletal muscles.
Based on the graph, the resting membrane potential of the muscle fibers is closest to
| 0 | [
"-90 mV",
"-70 mV",
"0 mV",
"+70 mV"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The following graphs show the permeability of ions during an action potential in a ventricular contractile cardiac fiber. The action potential of cardiac muscle fibers resembles that of skeletal muscles.
Which of the following statements is true concerning the initial phase of depolarization?
| 3 | [
"Voltage-gated K+ channels open in the plasma membrane.",
"The concentration of Ca2+ ions within the plasma membrane becomes more negative.",
"The membrane potential stays close to -40 mV.",
"The permeability of the sarcolemma to Na+ ions increases."
] | |||||||||
Biology | The following graphs show the permeability of ions during an action potential in a ventricular contractile cardiac fiber. The action potential of cardiac muscle fibers resembles that of skeletal muscles.
In cardiac fibers, the duration of an action potential is approximately
| 3 | [
"0.10 secs",
"0.20 secs",
"0.25 secs",
"0.30 secs"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The following graphs show the permeability of ions during an action potential in a ventricular contractile cardiac fiber. The action potential of cardiac muscle fibers resembles that of skeletal muscles.
One major difference between the action potential of cardiac muscle fibers and the action potential of skeletal musc... | 2 | [
"the membrane is permeable to Na+, not K+",
"voltage-gated K+ channels open during depolarization, not repolarization",
"depolarization is prolonged compared to that in skeletal muscle fibers",
"the refractory period is shorter than that of skeletal muscle fibers"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The data below concerns the general animal body plan of five organisms
The two most closely related organisms are
| 1 | [
"sea anemone and hagfish",
"eel and salamander",
"hagfish and eel",
"sea anemone and salamande"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The data below concerns the general animal body plan of five organisms
The correct order of evolution for the traits above is
| 3 | [
"jaws – vertebral column – walking legs",
"walking legs – jaws – vertebral column",
"jaws – walking legs – vertebral column",
"vertebral column – jaws – walking legs"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The data below concerns the general animal body plan of five organisms
Pre- and post-zygotic barriers exist that prevent two different species from producing viable offspring. All of the following are pre-zygotic barriers EXCEPT
| 2 | [
"anatomical differences preventing copulation",
"different temporality of mating",
"sterility of offspring",
"incompatible mating songs"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The data below concerns the general animal body plan of five organisms.
Birds and insects have both adapted wings to travel by flight. The wings of birds and insects are an example of
| 1 | [
"divergent evolution",
"convergent evolution",
"speciation",
"mutation"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The following synthetic pathway of a pyrimidine, cytidine 5' triphosphate, CTP, begins with the condensation of two small molecules by the enzyme, aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase).
Which of the following is true when the level of CTP is low in a cell?
| 1 | [
"CTP is converted to ATCase.",
"The metabolic traffic down the pathway increases.",
"ATCase is inhibited, which slows down CTP synthesis.",
"The final product of the pathway is reduced."
] | |||||||||
Biology | The following synthetic pathway of a pyrimidine, cytidine 5' triphosphate, CTP, begins with the condensation of two small molecules by the enzyme, aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase).
This enzymatic phenomenon is an example of
| 1 | [
"transcription",
"feedback inhibition",
"dehydration synthesis",
"photosynthesi"
] | |||||||||
Biology | The following synthetic pathway of a pyrimidine, cytidine 5' triphosphate, CTP, begins with the condensation of two small molecules by the enzyme, aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase).
The biosynthesis of cytidine 5'-triphosphate requires
| 2 | [
"a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base",
"a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base",
"a ribose sugar, phosphate groups, and a nitrogen base",
"a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate groups, and a nitrogen base"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Here is a sketch of a molecule of the sex hormone, testosterone, that is derived from cholesterol.
Which of the following statements best describes the action of this hormone on cells of the human gonads?
| 2 | [
"The hormone acts as the first messenger when it binds to and activates the G protein-coupled receptor on the surface of cells in the testes. This activates the mobile G protein located inside the cell.",
"The hormone enters cells in the testes by first binding with a membrane receptor, which causes a channel to ... | |||||||||
Biology | Which of the following statements accurately accounts for the shape of the graph?
| 3 | [
"The rate of photosynthesis stops increasing because chlorophyll molecules begin to decompose due to increased heat, not increased light.",
"The rate of photosynthesis slows as chlorophyll molecules, which are proteins, denature.",
"Photosynthesis ceases when protons are no longer released by the photolysis of ... | |||||||||
Biology | Here is a sketch of an animal cell.
Which of the following statements is correct?
| 1 | [
"Structure A detoxifies poisons in the cell.",
"Structure B packages proteins for export.",
"Structure C synthesizes RNA.",
"Structure D consists of cytoskeleton."
] | |||||||||
Biology | Chronically high levels of glucocorticoids can result in obesity, muscle weakness, and depression. This looks like several diseases but actually is only one, Cushing syndrome. Excessive activity of either the pituitary or the adrenal gland can cause the disease. To determine which gland has abnormal activity in a parti... | 2 | [
"The pituitary, because although ACTH is blocked, the pituitary is still sending a signal to the adrenal glands.",
"The pituitary, because blocking ACTH has no effect on cortisol levels.",
"The adrenal gland, because the pituitary is prevented from stimulating the adrenal glands, and yet cortisol levels are sti... | |||||||||
Biology | Here is the final reaction in the citric acid cycle. It shows the regeneration of oxaloacetate.
After studying the reaction, determine which of the following statements is correct.
| 1 | [
"The enzyme malate dehydrogenase is allosteric.",
"The reaction is exergonic; the released energy is absorbed by NAD+.",
"The reaction is a reduction reaction.",
"NAD+ is oxidized into NADH."
] | |||||||||
Biology | Oxygen is carried in the blood by the respiratory pigment hemoglobin, which can combine loosely with four oxygen molecules, forming the molecule oxyhemoglobin. To function properly, hemoglobin must bind to oxygen in the lungs and drop it off at body cells. The more easily the hemoglobin binds to oxygen in the lungs, th... | 2 | [
"Hemoglobin B has a greater affinity for oxygen and therefore binds more easily to oxygen in the lungs.",
"Hemoglobin A is characteristic of a mammal that evolved at sea level where oxygen levels are high.",
"In an acidic environment, hemoglobin drops off oxygen more easily at body cells.",
"Hemoglobin A is f... | |||||||||
Biology | 2. Animals maintain a minimum metabolic rate for basic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and maintaining body temperature. The minimum metabolic rate for an animal at rest is the basal metabolic rate (BMR). The BMR is affected by many factors, including whether an animal is an ectotherm or endotherm; its age and... | 2 | [
"The relationship between BMR and body mass is a direct one. The larger the body mass the higher the BMR is and the greater the breathing rate is.",
"The relationship between BMR and body mass is a direct one. The larger the body mass the higher the BMR is and the lower the breathing rate is.",
"The relationshi... | |||||||||
Biology | Refer to the codon table for the following question.
Here is a small stretch of mRNA that would be translated at the ribosome:
. . . AUG CUG AAA UCAGGG . . .
Suppose a spontaneous mutation altered the boldface A and changed it to a U.
What effect, if any, would this have on the protein formed?
| 2 | [
"Because of redundancy in the code, there would be no change in the protein formed.",
"The amino acid sequence formed from this stretch of DNA would be",
"The polypeptide would not form because translation would stop at UAA.",
"Translation would continue and a polypeptide would form because AUG codes for star... | |||||||||
Biology | Two ecologists, Peter and Rosemary Grant, spent thirty years observing, tagging, and measuring finches (a type of bird) in the Galápagos Islands. They made their observations on Daphne Major—one of the most desolate of the Galápagos Islands. It is an uninhabited volcanic cone where only low to the ground cacti and shru... | 3 | [
"Finches with bigger and stronger beaks were able to attack and kill the finches with smaller beaks.",
"Finches with bigger beaks were larger animals with stronger wings that could fly to other islands and gather a wide variety of seeds.",
"During the drought, the finches' beaks grew larger to accommodate the n... | |||||||||
Biology | Two ecologists, Peter and Rosemary Grant, spent thirty years observing, tagging, and measuring finches (a type of bird) in the Galápagos Islands. They made their observations on Daphne Major—one of the most desolate of the Galápagos Islands. It is an uninhabited volcanic cone where only low to the ground cacti and shru... | 1 | [
"A new allele appeared in the finch population as a result of a mutation.",
"A change in the frequency of a gene was due to selective pressure from the environment.",
"A new trait appeared in the population because of recombination of alleles.",
"A new trait appeared in the population because of genetic drift... | |||||||||
Biology | Answer the following two questions based on this pedigree for the biochemical disorder known as alkaptonuria. Affected individuals are unable to break down a substance called alkapton, which colors the urine black and stains body tissues. Otherwise, the condition is of no consequence. Males are shown as squares, female... | 3 | [
"The trait is sex-linked dominant.",
"The trait is sex-linked recessive.",
"The trait is autosomal dominant.",
"The trait is autosomal recessive."
] | |||||||||
Biology | Answer the following two questions based on this pedigree for the biochemical disorder known as alkaptonuria. Affected individuals are unable to break down a substance called alkapton, which colors the urine black and stains body tissues. Otherwise, the condition is of no consequence. Males are shown as squares, female... | 2 | [
"The P generation mother is X-X.",
"The P generation father is X-Y.",
"If parents 1 and 2 in row II have another child, the chance that the child would be afflicted with alkaptonuria is 25%.",
"The genotype of woman 1 is X-X."
] | |||||||||
Biology | Four vials were set up to investigate bacterial transformation. Vials 1 and 2 each contained E. coli bacteria that had been made competent and had then been mixed with a plasmid containing the gene for ampicillin (pAMP) resistance. Vials 3 and 4 both contained E. coli that had also been made competent but had not been ... | 0 | [
"Plate 1 only",
"Plate 2 only",
"Plate 3 only",
"Plates 1 and 3 only"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Four vials were set up to investigate bacterial transformation. Vials 1 and 2 each contained E. coli bacteria that had been made competent and had then been mixed with a plasmid containing the gene for ampicillin (pAMP) resistance. Vials 3 and 4 both contained E. coli that had also been made competent but had not been ... | 2 | [
"The heat shock technique to make the E.coli competent killed the bacteria.",
"Those particular E.coli bacteria were inhibited from growing by the nutrient in the agar.",
"Those bacteria were not transformed.",
"The bacteria culture died because they have a short life span."
] | |||||||||
Biology | Four vials were set up to investigate bacterial transformation. Vials 1 and 2 each contained E. coli bacteria that had been made competent and had then been mixed with a plasmid containing the gene for ampicillin (pAMP) resistance. Vials 3 and 4 both contained E. coli that had also been made competent but had not been ... | 1 | [
"The bacteria on Plate 2 did not transform.",
"There was no antibiotic in the agar in Plate 2 that would have restricted growth of bacteria.",
"The transformation of bacteria on Plate 2 was more successful.",
"The bacteria on Plates 1 and 2 were not taken from the same culture."
] | |||||||||
Biology | Four vials were set up to investigate bacterial transformation. Vials 1 and 2 each contained E. coli bacteria that had been made competent and had then been mixed with a plasmid containing the gene for ampicillin (pAMP) resistance. Vials 3 and 4 both contained E. coli that had also been made competent but had not been ... | 0 | [
"Plate 1 only",
"Plate 2 only",
"Plate 3 only",
"Plate 4 only"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Here is a sketch of a neuromuscular junction in a patient with an autoimmune disease. Acetylcholine (ACh) is the stimulatory neurotransmitter.
Which of the following predicts what will happen in the continued presence of the antibodies?
| 3 | [
"Ca++ ions will flood into the motor neuron ending, increasing the release of more ACh.",
"The amount of neurotransmitter being released will decrease.",
"The number of action potentials in the motor neuron will decrease.",
"Antibodies will destroy the postsynaptic receptors, and the muscle response will dimi... | |||||||||
Biology | The graph on the left | 1 | [
"shows an absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a extracted from a plant. The graph on the right B. shows an action spectrum from a living plant, with wave lengths of light plotted against the rate of photosynthesis as measured by release of oxygen.",
"Graph A plots the absorption spectrum of a red plant; graph B p... | |||||||||
Biology | Cystic fibrosis is the most common inherited disease in the U.S. Among people of European descent, 4% are carriers of the recessive cystic fibrosis allele. The most common mutation in individuals with cystic fibrosis is a mutation in the CFTR protein that functions in the transport of chloride ions between certain cell... | 3 | [
"Transcription is not occurring.",
"Translation is not occurring.",
"CFTR protein does not fold properly after it is synthesized.",
"CFTR protein is not being packaged in the cytoplasm."
] | |||||||||
Biology | Based on the cladogram, which of the following is NOT true?
| 2 | [
"Only some tetrapods have amnions.",
"Mammals and amphibians are more closely related than mammals and birds.",
"Ancestor 2 lived before ancestor 3; and we do know when that was.",
"Lungfishes and amphibians share a common ancestor."
] | |||||||||
Biology | From 1972 to 2004, researchers studying the greater prairie chicken observed that a population collapse mirrored a reduction in fertility as measured by the hatching rate of eggs. Comparison of DNA samples from the Jasper County, Illinois, population with DNA from feathers in a museum collection showed that genetic var... | 1 | [
"The hatching rate increased because genetic variation declined.",
"The hatching rate increased because genetic variation increased.",
"The hatching rate decreased because genetic variation decreased.",
"The hatching rate decreased because the translocated animals were invasive and grew to dominate the popula... | |||||||||
Biology | In a study of dusty salamanders, Desmognathus ochrophaeus, scientists brought individuals from different populations into the laboratory and tested their ability to mate and produce viable, fertile offspring. Here is the graph of the data.
The degree of reproductive isolation is represented by an index ranging from ... | 3 | [
"Mutation alone caused the two populations to diverge.",
"Both mutation and genetic drift cause the two populations to diverge.",
"Both mutation and genetic drift caused the two populations to become separate species after they were separated by great distance.",
"Reproductive isolation between the two popula... | |||||||||
Biology | Scientists carried out a series of experiments to study innate immunity in fruit flies. They began with a mutant fly strain in which a pathogen is recognized but the signaling that would normally trigger an innate response is blocked. As a result, the flies did not make any antimicrobial peptides (AMP). The researchers... | 2 | [
"Each AMP provided minimal immunity against fungal infection.",
"Both AMPs provided better immunity than did either one alone.",
"Drosomycin provided immunity against the fungal infection.",
"There was no control in this experiment."
] | |||||||||
Biology | An experiment was carried out with guppies, which are brightly colored, popular, aquarium fish. Three hundred guppies were added to 12 large pools. Cichlids, a voracious predator, were added to 4 of the pools. Killifish that rarely eat guppies were added to 4 other pools. No other fish were added to the last 4 pools. A... | 0 | [
"Cichlids were an agent of selection, eating the more visible, brightly colored guppies.",
"Killifish were an agent of selection, eating the more visible, brightly colored guppies.",
"Guppies, as a group, experienced change in coloration, from brightly colored to dull in order to survive.",
"Individual guppie... | |||||||||
Biology | An experiment was carried out with guppies, which are brightly colored, popular, aquarium fish. Three hundred guppies were added to 12 large pools. Cichlids, a voracious predator, were added to 4 of the pools. Killifish that rarely eat guppies were added to 4 other pools. No other fish were added to the last 4 pools. A... | 3 | [
"Mutations can be brought about by the environment.",
"Mutations occur randomly.",
"Agents of selection are not always readily apparent.",
"Evolution does not always require millions of years"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Here is a sketch of prokaryotic DNA undergoing replication and transcription simultaneously.
If 1 is thymine, what is a?
| 1 | [
"Adenine",
"Thymine",
"Cytosine",
"Uracil"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Here is a sketch of prokaryotic DNA undergoing replication and transcription simultaneously.
If 4 is adenine, what is D?
| 3 | [
"Adenine",
"Thymine",
"Cytosine",
"Uracil"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Intact chloroplasts are isolated from dark-green leaves by low-speed centrifugation and are placed into six tubes containing cold buffer. A blue dye, DPIP, which turns clear when reduced, is also added to all the tubes. Then each tube is exposed to different wavelengths of light. A measurement of the amount of decolori... | 2 | [
"The lower the wavelength of light, the greater the rate of photosynthesis.",
"The highest wavelengths of light provide the fastest rate of photosynthesis.",
"The highest rate of photosynthesis results from exposure to two different wavelengths of light.",
"The greatest reduction in DPIP occurs at 550 nm ligh... | |||||||||
Biology | A group of scientists wished to learn about the energy efficiency of different modes of locomotion. They studied the literature that was based on accurate measurements and produced this graph based on the data they analyzed.
Which of the following statement accurately describes what the scientists discovered?
| 2 | [
"An animal with a large body mass expends more energy per kilogram of body mass than a small animal, regardless of the type of locomotion.",
"Swimming has to overcome drag as well as gravity.",
"Running is the least energy-efficient means of locomotion.",
"The best parameter to measure in this type of experim... | |||||||||
Biology | Oxygen is carried in the blood by the respiratory pigment hemoglobin, which can combine loosely with four oxygen molecules to form the molecule oxyhemoglobin. To function properly, hemoglobin must bind to oxygen in the lungs and drop it off at body cells. The more easily the hemoglobin bonds to oxygen in the lungs, the... | 2 | [
"Hemoglobin B has a greater affinity for oxygen and will therefore bind more easily to oxygen in the lungs.",
"Hemoglobin B is characteristic of a mammal that evolved at a high elevation where oxygen is rare.",
"When CO2 levels in the blood are high, as shown in hemoglobin B, hemoglobin releases oxygen more rea... | |||||||||
Biology | The following reaction occurs in the citric acid cycle. Study the reaction as it is shown here.
Which of the following statements is correct?
| 2 | [
"This is part of the reaction that produces pyruvate.",
"The reaction is an example of negative feedback.",
"The reaction is an oxidation reaction.",
"The reaction occurs in the cristae membrane."
] | |||||||||
Biology | Identify the phase of meiosis when recombination occurs, and state the reason for your decision.
| 2 | [
"Picture 1, because sister chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate.",
"Picture 1, because homologous pairs are lined up on the metaphase plate.",
"Picture 2, because homologues are paired up in synapsis.",
"Picture 3, because homologous pairs are exchanging genetic material."
] | |||||||||
Biology | Which of the following statements best describes what this cell will accomplish as part of the immune system?
| 3 | [
"It will secrete a chemical that will form holes in the pathogen.",
"It will produce antibodies against the antigen it is engulfing.",
"It will circulate in the bloodstream for a lifetime and will be able to identify the antigen in the future.",
"It will present pieces of the antigen on its surface membrane."... | |||||||||
Biology | You carry out an experiment to study transpiration in plants using a two-week-old bean plant. You set up a potometer by cutting the stem of a plant and securing it into clear flexible tubing that has been tightly connected to a calibrated pipette. Water fills the potometer from the plant stem to the tip of the pipette.... | 3 | [
"Increasing the green wavelengths of light will increase the rate of transpiration and account for Line A on the graph.",
"Placing a plastic bag over the plant will increase the rate of transpiration and account for Line A.",
"Placing a fan near the plant will decrease the rate of transpiration and account for ... | |||||||||
Biology | You carry out an experiment to study transpiration in plants using a two-week-old bean plant. You set up a potometer by cutting the stem of a plant and securing it into clear flexible tubing that has been tightly connected to a calibrated pipette. Water fills the potometer from the plant stem to the tip of the pipette.... | 0 | [
"Water moves upward from the roots to the shoots in the xylem by active transport from an area of high osmotic potential to an area of low osmotic potential.",
"Plants lose water through stomates in their leaves.",
"The movement of water through a plant is facilitated by the physical and chemical properties of ... | |||||||||
Biology | Which of the following statements is supported by the information presented in the graph, which shows a comparison of two regions in Oregon, one deforested and the other undisturbed?
| 0 | [
"Roots of plants are efficient at absorbing nitrates from the soil.",
"Variation in the amount of nitrate in stream water is due to periods of intense rain.",
"Replanting trees after an area has been clear-cut can prevent nitrate runoff into rivers.",
"The presence of trees in an area causes an increase of ni... | |||||||||
Biology | Here is a food web for a habitat that is threatened by developers who will remove three-fourths of the grasses in the area on which the mice and rabbits feed.
Which of the following statements describes what will most likely happen to the wildlife in the area?
| 3 | [
"The hawk will begin to eat frogs instead of snakes and mice.",
"Since three trophic levels are shown in the food web, 75% of the organisms in this food web will die.",
"Based on the number of trophic levels, about 25% of the mice and rabbits will die.",
"The hawk population will decrease"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Here is a sketch showing cyclic photophosphorylation in the grana of plant cells.
Which of the following statements about this process is correct, and what is the reason for it?
| 0 | [
"It is similar to oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration because its function is to generate ATP.",
"It is similar to glycolysis because it involves an electron transport chain.",
"It is the opposite of cellular respiration because it releases oxygen rather than utilizes it.",
"It is the opposite o... | |||||||||
Biology | In the microscopic world of a pond, paramecia are ferocious predators that prey on smaller protists. In a classic experiment, two species of paramecia were grown separately in culture. The species in culture A was P. caudatum. The species in culture B was P. bursaria. Then the two species were combined in one culture d... | 2 | [
"P. caudatum is driving P. bursaria to extinction because P. caudatum is the fitter species.",
"P. caudatum and P. bursaria share a niche.",
"P.caudatum and P. bursaria occupy different niches.",
"P. caudatum is feeding on P. bursaria but only to a limited degree"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Intact chloroplasts are isolated from dark-green leaves by low-speed centrifugation and placed into six tubes containing cold buffer. A blue dye, DPIP, which turns clear when reduced, is also added to all the tubes. The amount of decolorization is a function of how much reduction and, therefore, how much photosynthesis... | 3 | [
"The rate of photosynthesis is highest when a tube is exposed to light in the 550 nm range because that wavelength of light contains the greatest amount of energy.",
"The rate of photosynthesis is highest when exposed to light in the 550 nm range because that wavelength of light contains the least amount of energ... | |||||||||
Biology | Today, two distinctly different beak sizes occur in a single population of finch in an isolated region of West Africa. This finch, the black-bellied seedcracker, is considered a delicacy. The oldest residents of the region remember that all black-bellied seedcrackers used to appear identical. The change in population i... | 1 | [
"Convergent evolution; two distinct varieties evolved into one variety because only one type of seed now exists.",
"Diversifying selection; one population of finch divided into two populations because at least two types of seeds are now available.",
"Directional selection; one original variety was replaced by a... | |||||||||
Biology | Here is a figure showing the change in one ancestral population of birds over time.
Which of the following statements best supports the evidence presented in the picture?
| 1 | [
"Evolution was gradual and regular with small changes over a long period of time.",
"The environment stayed the same for long periods of time.",
"These birds evolved from a single species that went extinct.",
"These birds evolved mainly as a result of genetic drift."
] | |||||||||
Biology | Which of the following statements is correct about the plant cell structure shown?
| 2 | [
"A is the site of ATP synthase.",
"B is the site where ATP is produced.",
"C is the structure from which oxygen is released.",
"D is the site of PGAL formation."
] | |||||||||
Biology | β-thalassemia is a disease that strikes mainly people of Mediterranean and Asian descent. It involves a flaw in the gene that codes for β-globin, one of the protein chains that make up hemoglobin (Hb). A trial was conducted. The patient in this trial was typical of individuals with β-thalassemia. He needed monthly bloo... | 3 | [
"The gene therapy trial failed.",
"The gene therapy trial was a success, but the patient still requires blood transfusions.",
"Researchers transplanted a gene directly into the patient's red blood cells.",
"Researchers inserted a gene into a virus vector that carried the normal hemoglobin gene into the patien... | |||||||||
Biology | This graph represents three idealized survivorship curves for different populations.
Which of the following statements correctly explains the information shown on this graph?
| 0 | [
"Line A describes a population that produces few offspring and requires much parental care.",
"Line B describes a population like sea stars that exhibit external fertilization.",
"Line C describes a population that exhibits high survival of the young with high death rates of older individuals in the population.... | |||||||||
Biology | The agave, or century plant, generally grows in arid climates with unpredictable rainfall and poor soil. The plant exhibits what is commonly called big bang reproduction. An agave grows for years, accumulating nutrients in its tissues until there is an unusually wet year. Then it sends up a large flowering stalk, produ... | 1 | [
"This strategy is determined by the plant's genes, which are inherited.",
"This particular life strategy was selected for by the harsh, desert environment.",
"This strategy is the result of a series of mutations that occurred because of the great heat in the desert.",
"This strategy is the result of a series ... | |||||||||
Biology | Here are drawings of four amino acids.
Molecule A is serine and has polar side chains. Molecule B is lysine, which is basic and positively charged. Molecule C, glutamate, is acidic and negatively charged. Molecule D is glycine. It has nonpolar side chains.
Which of the following statements is correct about these am... | 3 | [
"Molecule A can readily dissolve through a plasma membrane.",
"Only Molecules B and C can readily dissolve through a plasma membrane.",
"Molecules A, B, and C can all readily dissolve through a plasma membrane.",
"Only Molecule D can readily dissolve through a plasma membrane."
] | |||||||||
Biology | To which of the following labeled trophic levels would a herbivore most likely be assigned?
| 3 | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D"
] | |||||||||
Biology | A behavioral endocrinologist captures male individuals of a territorial bird species over the course of a year to measure testosterone (T) levels. In this population, males may play one of two roles: (1) they may stay in their natal group (the group they were born in) and help raise their younger siblings, or (2) they ... | 1 | [
"adaptive radiation.",
"an adaptation.",
"divergent selection.",
"development."
] | |||||||||
Biology | A behavioral endocrinologist captures male individuals of a territorial bird species over the course of a year to measure testosterone (T) levels. In this population, males may play one of two roles: (1) they may stay in their natal group (the group they were born in) and help raise their younger siblings, or (2) they ... | 3 | [
"It is detrimental to breeding.",
"It aids adult males only.",
"It ensures that all males reproduce equally.",
"It aids in breeding."
] | |||||||||
Biology | Which of the following is the best explanation of the results presented in the preceding graph, collected from the same population in a different year?
| 0 | [
"The so-called helper males are actually breeding.",
"The population has stopped growing.",
"Females are equally attracted to adult and helper males.",
"Testosterone level is affected by many processes."
] | |||||||||
Biology | The DNA placed in this electrophoresis gel separates as a result of what characteristic?
| 2 | [
"pH",
"Charge",
"Size",
"Polarity"
] | |||||||||
Biology | If this gel were used in a court case as DNA evidence taken from the crime scene, which of the following suspects appears to be guilty?
| 1 | [
"Suspect A",
"Suspect B",
"Suspect C",
"Suspect D"
] | |||||||||
Biology | Which two suspects, while not guilty, could possibly be identical twins?
| 1 | [
"A and B",
"A and C",
"B and C",
"B and D"
] |
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