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Boyle's law | Xeerka Boyel | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant temperature. | Cadaadiska cuf go'an oo neef ah wuxuu u jeedaa saamigal isweydaar ah muggiisa heerkul joogto ah. | Compressing a gas into half its volume doubles its pressure, as described by Boyle's law. | Cadaadiska neefka ilaa muggiisa badh wuxuu labaalaabiyaa cadaadiskiisa, sida ay sharaxayso xeerka Boyel. | intermediate |
Newton's law of motion | Xeerka niyuutan ee Socod | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | Three fundamental laws describing the relationship between force and motion: inertia, F=ma, and action-reaction. | Saddex xeer aasaasi ah oo sharaxaya xiriirka xoogga iyo socodka: wahsi, F=ma, iyo fal-falcelin. | A football accelerates when kicked because force equals mass times acceleration (F=ma). | Kubadda cagta waxay karaar qaadataa marka la laasado sababtoo ah xoogga wuxuu la mid yahay cufka oo lagu dhufto karaarida. | basic |
Electromagnetic spectrum | Jeegaan birlabdanabeed | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | The complete range of electromagnetic radiation ordered by wavelength, from radio waves to gamma rays. | Xadka oo dhan ee shucaaca birlabdanabeed oo lagaga kala soocay dhererka hireedka, laga bilaabo hirarka raadiyaha ilaa falaadhaha gamma. | Visible light occupies only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between infrared and ultraviolet. | Iftiinka la arki karo wuxuu ku yaalla qayb yar oo jeegaanka birlabdanabeed ah u dhexeysa infrared iyo ultraviolet. | intermediate |
Kinetic energy | Tamar socod | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | The energy an object possesses due to its motion, equal to half its mass multiplied by velocity squared. | Tamarta ay walax leedahay sababtoo ah socodkeeda, oo u dhiganta badh cufkiisa oo lagu dhufto xawliga labajibbaarsan. | A moving car has kinetic energy that converts to heat and sound when brakes are applied. | Baabuurka socdaa wuxuu leeyahay tamar socod oo u beddeshaa kul iyo cod marka bireegyada la rido. | basic |
Electric current | Qulqul danab | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | The rate of flow of electric charge through a conductor, measured in amperes. | Xaddiga socodka saldanabka koronto ah ee ka gudba gudbiye, oo lagu cabbiraa ambiyeer. | A 60-watt light bulb at 120 volts draws 0.5 amperes of electric current. | Laambadda 60-watt ah 120 foolt waxay jiidataa 0.5 ambiyeer qulqul danab. | basic |
Radioactive decay | Mataataxa kaahfalid | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | The spontaneous breakdown of an unstable atomic nucleus, releasing radiation in the form of alpha, beta, or gamma emissions. | Burburka iskiis ah ee nuugga atomeedka aan xasilloonayn, oo sii daaya shucaaca qaabka alfa, biita, ama gamma. | Carbon-14 radioactive decay allows scientists to date ancient organic materials up to 50,000 years old. | Mataataxa kaahfalid ee Carbon-14 wuxuu u ogolaanayaa saynisyahanada inay da'aynaan walxaha noolaha ee hore ilaa 50,000 sano. | advanced |
Refraction | Qalloocsan | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | The bending of a wave as it passes from one medium to another with a different speed. | Qalloocida hirka marka uu ka gudbo dhex-dhexaad mid kale oo xawaare kala duwan leh. | A straw appears bent in a glass of water because light refracts at the water-air boundary. | Tuurada waxay u muuqataa mid qalloocsan kiilkooda biyaha sababtoo ah iftiinku wuxuu qaloocdaa xadka biyaha-hawada. | basic |
Thermodynamics | Kul Daynaamikada | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | The branch of physics governing the relationships between heat, work, temperature, and energy. | Laan ka mid ah fisikiska ee xukumaysa xiriirka kul, shaqo, heerkul, iyo tamar. | The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. | Xeerka koowaad ee kul daynaamikaadu wuxuu sheegayaa in tamar la abuuri karin ama la baabbi'in karin, oo kaliya la beddeli karo. | advanced |
Gravity | Cufisjiidad | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | The fundamental attractive force between all objects with mass, pulling them toward each other. | Xoogga jiidashada aasaasiga ah ee u dhexeeya dhammaan walxaha cuf leh, oo is-jiidanaya. | Gravity keeps the Moon in orbit around Earth and causes objects to fall when dropped. | Cufisjiidadku wuxuu dayaxa ku hayaa wareeggiisa Dhulka agtiisa wuxuuna keenaa walxaha inay dhacaan marka la tuuro. | basic |
Wave frequency | Rakaad hireed | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | The number of complete wave cycles passing a fixed point per second, measured in hertz. | Tirada wareegyada hirka oo dhammaystiran ee ka gudba bar go'an ilbiriqsi kasta, oo lagu cabbiraa herts. | A radio station broadcasting at 100 MHz transmits 100 million complete wave cycles per second. | Xiddigta raadiyuhu ee 100 MHz ku baahisa waxay gudibsaa 100 milyan wareeg hir oo dhammaystiran ilbiriqsi kasta. | intermediate |
Pythagorean theorem | Aragtinka Baysoras | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of squares of the other two sides. | Saddexagal qumman, labajibbaarka shakaalka wuxuu la mid yahay wadarta labajibbaarka labada dhinac kale. | A right triangle with sides 3 and 4 has a hypotenuse of 5, since 9 + 16 = 25. | Saddexagal qumman oo leh dhinacyo 3 iyo 4 wuxuu leeyahay shakaal 5, maxaa yeelay 9 + 16 = 25. | basic |
Quadratic equation | Isle'eg saabley | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | A polynomial equation of degree 2, written as ax squared + bx + c = 0, solved using the quadratic formula or factoring. | Isle'eg tibxaale ah darajo 2, oo lagu qoro ax labajibbaan + bx + c = 0, oo lagu furfuro jidka saableyda ama isiraynta. | The equation x squared minus 5x + 6 = 0 has solutions x = 2 and x = 3. | Isle'egta x labajibbaan ka bixiso 5x + 6 = 0 waxay leedahay xal x = 2 iyo x = 3. | intermediate |
Prime number | Tiro mutuxan | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | A natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. | Tiro dabiici ah oo ka weyn 1 oo aan lahayn qaybshe togan oo ka soo horjeeda 1 iyo nafteeda. | The first ten prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, and 29. | Tobanka tiro mutuxan ee ugu horeeya waa 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, iyo 29. | basic |
Probability | Itimaal | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | A measure of the likelihood of an event occurring, expressed as a number between 0 (impossible) and 1 (certain). | Cabbirka suurtogalnimada dhacista dhacdada, oo lagu muujiyo tiro u dhexeysa 0 (suurtogal maaha) iyo 1 (huban). | The probability of rolling a 6 on a fair die is 1 divided by 6, approximately 0.167. | Itimaalkа helida 6 miiraha caadiga ah waa 1 u qeybsan 6, ku dhawaad 0.167. | basic |
Derivative | Diirane | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | The instantaneous rate of change of a function at a given point, representing the slope of the tangent line. | Xaddiga isbeddelka dabaqdaarka ah ee fansaar bar gaar ah, oo matalaaya tiirta xariiqda taabta. | The derivative of x squared is 2x, meaning the slope of the curve increases as x increases. | Diiranaha x labajibbaan waa 2x, taasoo macnaheedu yahay tiirta xoodka ay kordhaa marka x ay korto. | advanced |
Matrix | Taxane | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | A rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns, used to represent and solve systems of linear equations. | Taxane toban-geesle ah oo tiro ku jira dhinactaxyo iyo joogtaxyo, oo loo isticmaalo matalaadda iyo furfurista nidaamyada isle'egyada toosan. | A 2x2 matrix with entries 1,2,3,4 can represent a system of two equations with two unknowns. | Taxane 2x2 ah oo leh gelayaasha 1,2,3,4 wuxuu matali karaa nidaam laba isle'eg leh laba lama-yaqaan. | intermediate |
Logarithm | Logardam | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | The exponent to which a base must be raised to produce a given number; the inverse operation of exponentiation. | Jibbaarka la saaro salka si loo soo saaro tiro la siiyay; hawlgalka rogaalka ee jibbaarka. | Log base 10 of 1000 equals 3, because 10 to the power 3 equals 1000. | Logarithmka sal 10 ee 1000 wuxuu la mid yahay 3, sababtoo ah 10 jibbaar 3 wuxuu la mid yahay 1000. | intermediate |
Standard deviation | Leexsanaan beegal ah | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | A measure of how spread out values are from the mean in a dataset, calculated as the square root of variance. | Cabbirka kala fidhida qiyamka ee ka tirosinada dataset, oo lagu xisaabiyo xididka labajibbaarka kala duwanaanshaha. | A class with test scores clustered near 80 has a low standard deviation; one with scores from 40-100 has a high one. | Fasalka leh dhibcaha imtixaanka oo ku urursan agagaarka 80 wuxuu leeyahay leexsanaan beegal ah oo hoose; kii leh dhibco 40-100 wuxuu leeyahay mid sare. | intermediate |
Trigonometry | Tirignoomateri | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | The branch of mathematics studying relationships between angles and side lengths in triangles, using functions such as sine, cosine, and tangent. | Laan ka mid ah xisaabta oo baranaysa xiriirka xagalasha iyo dhererka dhinacyada saddexagalasha, iyada oo loo marayo fansaarrada sida sayn, kosayn, iyo taanjant. | Trigonometry is used in navigation to calculate the distance between two points given an angle and one side length. | Tirignoomateriga waxaa loo isticmaalaa maaxidda si loo xisaabiyo fogaanta u dhexeysa laba bar marka la siiyay xagal iyo dherer dhinac. | intermediate |
Set theory | Aragti urur | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | The branch of mathematics dealing with collections of distinct objects (sets) and operations such as union, intersection, and complement. | Laan ka mid ah xisaabta oo ka tacalusaysa ururrada walxaha kala duwan (ururrada) iyo hawlgalada sida isutagga, dhextaalka, iyo duleedka. | The union of sets A={1,2,3} and B={3,4,5} is {1,2,3,4,5}, combining all unique elements. | Isutagga ururrada A={1,2,3} iyo B={3,4,5} waa {1,2,3,4,5}, oo wadajiraya dhammaan walxaha goonida ah. | intermediate |
Covalent bond | Dabar-wadaag | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | A chemical bond formed by two atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons to achieve stable electron configurations. | Xidhiidh kiimikad ah oo ay samayaan laba atom oo wadaagaya hal ama in kabadan lammaane elektaroon si ay u helaan ratibaadda elektaroono xasilloon. | Water molecules form through covalent bonds where oxygen shares electrons with two hydrogen atoms. | Moolikiiyuulaha biyuhu waxay ka samaysmaan xidhiidhyada dabar-wadaag halka ogsajinku uu elektaroon la wadaago laba atom oo hydrogen ah. | intermediate |
Oxidation | Oksidaashin | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | A chemical process in which a substance loses electrons, increasing its oxidation state. | Hab kiimikad ah oo walax ku lumiso elektaroonadeeda, taasoo kordhisaysa xaaladdeeda oksidaashin. | Iron oxidises in the presence of water and oxygen to form rust, losing electrons in the process. | Birtu waxay oksidaashin samaysataa joogitaanka biyaha iyo ogsajinka si ay u samayso sandho, iyada oo lumisaysa elektaroono habkaa. | intermediate |
pH scale | Iskaylka pH | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | A logarithmic scale from 0 to 14 measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, where 7 is neutral. | Miisaan logarithm ah laga bilaabo 0 ilaa 14 oo cabbiraya aashidnimada ama alkalinimada dareeraha, halka 7 yahay dhexdhexaad. | Lemon juice has a pH of about 2 (strongly acidic) while baking soda solution has a pH of about 9 (mildly alkaline). | Khudradda liinta waxay leedahay pH ku dhawaad 2 (si xoog leh u asiidhsan) halka dareeraha soodha wuxuu leeyahay pH ku dhawaad 9 (alkaline fudud). | basic |
Periodic table | Jadwalka kalgalka | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | A tabular arrangement of chemical elements ordered by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. | Habaynta jadwal ee curiyeyaasha kiimikada oo lagaga kala soocay tiro atomeed, ratibaadda elektaroono, iyo astaamaha kiimikada ku noqnoqda. | The periodic table groups metals on the left and non-metals on the right, with noble gases in the last column. | Jadwalka kalgalku wuxuu kooxeeyaa biraha bidixda iyo aan-biraha midigta, iyo neefyada wahsaada tiirka dambe. | basic |
Titration | Titraashin | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | A quantitative analytical technique where a solution of known concentration is added to an unknown solution until the reaction reaches its endpoint. | Farsamada falanqaynta tiradeed halka dareeraha xaddiga la yaqaan lagu daro mid aan la garanin ilaa falgalku gaaro dhamaadkiisa. | Titrating sodium hydroxide against hydrochloric acid determines the exact concentration of the acid solution. | Titraashinta sodium hydroxide aashiidda hydrochloric ka dhan ah waxay go'aamisaa xaddiga saxda ah ee dareeraha aashiidda. | advanced |
Electrolysis | Danab soocid | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | The decomposition of a substance using direct electric current passed through an electrolyte solution or molten compound. | Burburinta walax iyada oo loo marayo qulqul koronto toosan oo ka gudba dareeraha elektrolayt ama xidhmaha dhalaalay. | Electrolysis of water splits it into hydrogen gas at the negative electrode and oxygen gas at the positive electrode. | Danab soocidda biyuhu waxay ku kala qaysaa hydrogen neef qotintabanaha iyo ogsajiin neef qotintogane. | advanced |
Mole | Mool | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | The SI unit for amount of substance, defined as exactly 6.022 x 10 to the power 23 elementary entities (Avogadro's number). | Halbeegga SI ee tirada walxaha, oo qeexan inuu yahay si sax ah 6.022 x 10 jibbaar 23 ah oo walxo aasaasi ah (tirooyinka Avogadro). | One mole of carbon atoms has a mass of exactly 12 grams and contains 6.022 x 10 to the 23 atoms. | Hal mool oo atamada carboon ah wuxuu leeyahay cuf 12 garaam oo saxsan wuxuuna ku jiraan 6.022 x 10 jibbaar 23 atam. | advanced |
Acid | Aashiidh | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | A substance that donates protons (hydrogen ions) in solution, has a pH below 7, and turns litmus paper red. | Walax siisaa borotoon (ayoonyada hydrogen) dareeraha, leh pH ka hooseeya 7, waxayna u bedeshaa warqadda litmus guduud. | Sulphuric acid in car batteries and hydrochloric acid in the stomach are common examples of strong acids. | Aashiidda sulphuric ee batriyada baabuurka iyo aashiidda hydrochloric caloosha ku jirta waa tusaalayaal caadi ah ee aashiidyada xoogga leh. | basic |
Isotope | Isku god | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, giving different atomic masses. | Atamada isla curiyaha leh tiro borotoon isku mid ah laakiin tiro niyuuratoon kala duwan, oo siinaya cuf atomeed kala duwan. | Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 are isotopes: both have 6 protons, but 6 and 8 neutrons respectively. | Carbon-12 iyo Carbon-14 waa isotopeyaal: labadooduba waxay leeyihiin 6 borotoon, laakiin 6 iyo 8 niyuuratoon siday u kala horreeyaan. | intermediate |
Catalyst | Kalkaale | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy, without being consumed. | Walax kordhisa xaddiga falgalka kiimikada iyada oo hooseysiisa tamarta kicinta, iyada oo aan la cunin. | Platinum catalysts in catalytic converters break down toxic car exhaust gases into less harmful substances. | Kalkaalaayaasha platinum ee beddeleyaasha katalatik waxay burburiyaan gaasyada sunta leh ee baabuurka si loo sameeyo walxo waxyeello yar leh. | intermediate |
Photosynthesis | Iftiinka-cunid | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | The process by which green plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. | Habka ay dhirta cagaartu ku isticmaalaan iftiinka qorraxda, biyaha, iyo carbon dioxide si ay u soo saaraan glucose iyo ogsajiin. | During photosynthesis, a leaf absorbs sunlight and converts water and CO2 into sugar stored for energy. | Muddada iftiinka-cunidda, caleen waxay nuugtaa iftiinka qorraxda oo u bedeshaa biyaha iyo CO2 sonkor kaydiyay tamarta. | basic |
DNA | DNA | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | Deoxyribonucleic acid: the double-helix molecule carrying genetic instructions for development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms. | Aashiidda deoxyribonucleic: moolikiiyuulka laba-gariiradeed ee qaadaya tilmaamaha hidde-sidaha ee horumarinta, hawlgalka, iyo taranka dhammaan noolaha. | DNA in each human cell contains about 3 billion base pairs encoding all the instructions needed to build a human body. | DNA-ga unug kasta oo aadanaha ah wuxuu ku jiraan ku dhawaad 3 bilyan lammaane salka ah oo koodhsan dhammaan tilmaamaha loo baahan yahay dhismaha jidhka aadanaha. | basic |
Natural selection | Doorashada dabiiciga | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | The evolutionary process where organisms with favourable traits survive and reproduce more successfully than those without. | Habka kobcaynta halka noolaha leh astaamo anfacaya ay si wanaagsan u noolaadaan oo u taraan marka loo eego kuwa aan lahayn. | Dark-coloured moths survived better in industrial England because they were camouflaged against soot-darkened trees. | Duqsiyada midabka madow leh ayaa si wanaagsan ugu noolaaday England-ka warshadaha sababtoo ah waxay ku maran jireen geedaha qiiqa madoobaalay. | intermediate |
Cell division | Qeybsiga unugga | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells, occurring through mitosis or meiosis. | Habka ay unugga hooyo ku qeybisamto laba ama in kabadan unug gabadh, oo ka dhacaya iyada oo loo marayo mitosis ama meiosis. | Mitotic cell division allows wounds to heal by replacing damaged cells with identical new ones. | Qeybsiga unugga mitotic wuxuu u ogolaanayaa boogagga inay bogsadaan iyada oo unugyadii dhaawacmay lagu bedelayo kuwo cusub oo isku mid ah. | intermediate |
Ecosystem | Nidaamka deegaanka | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | A biological community of interacting organisms together with their physical environment, functioning as a system. | Bulsho bayooloji ah oo ka kooban noolaha is-la-falgala iyo deegaankooda jireed, oo u hawlgala sidii nidaam. | A coral reef ecosystem supports thousands of species that depend on each other for food, shelter, and reproduction. | Nidaamka deegaanka hurddada dhagaxeed wuxuu taageeraa kumanaankaan nooc oo is-ku-tiirsan cunto, magan, iyo taranka. | basic |
Hormone | Hormone | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | A chemical messenger produced by endocrine glands, transported in the bloodstream to target organs where it regulates physiological processes. | Fariinle kiimikad ah oo ay soo saaraan xididdada endocrine, oo lagu guuriyo socdaalka dhiigga xubnaha la bartay halka uu xukumo hawlaha jirka. | Insulin, produced by the pancreas, regulates blood glucose levels by signalling cells to absorb glucose after a meal. | Insulin, oo ay soo saarto baankiriisiga, waxay xukumaysaa heerarka glucosa dhiigga iyada oo unugyadii u codsanaysa inay glucose nuugaan ka dib cunto. | intermediate |
Enzyme | Ensaym | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | A biological protein catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process. | Katalayste borotiinka bayoolojiga ah oo degdeginaya falgalada kiimikada noolaha iyada oo aan la cunin habkaas. | The enzyme amylase in saliva begins starch digestion in the mouth, breaking it into simpler sugars. | Ensaymka amylase ee candhuufta wuxuu bilaabaa dheefshiidka baradhada afka, isagoo u burburinaya sokor fudud. | intermediate |
Respiration | Neefsasho | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | The metabolic process by which cells break down glucose to release energy, using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide. | Habka metabolic ee unugyadu ku burburiyaan glucose si ay u sii daayaan tamar, iyada oo loo isticmaalayo ogsajiin oo soo saara carbon dioxide. | During exercise, cells respire faster to meet increased energy demands, causing faster breathing and heart rate. | Muddada jimicsiga, unugyadu waxay si dhakhso ah u neefasaan si ay u buuxiyaan baahida tamarta ee kordhay, taasoo keenta neefsasho iyo garaac wadne oo dhakhso badan. | basic |
Genetics | Cilmiga hidde-wadaha | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | The scientific study of heredity and variation in living organisms, examining how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes. | Cilmiga sayniska ee dhaxalka iyo kala duwanaanshaha noolaha, oo baaraya sida astaamuhu u gudubto waalidka ilmaha iyada oo loo marayo hidde-wadayaasha. | Genetics explains why children resemble their parents and why some genetic diseases run in families. | Cilmiga hidde-wadaahu wuxuu sharaxaa sababta carruurtu u ekaan karto waalidkood iyo sababta qaar ka mid ah cudurrada hidde-wadaha ay qoysaska ku noqdaan. | intermediate |
Evolution | Kobcaynta | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | The gradual change in inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations, driven by natural selection and genetic mutation. | Isbeddelka tartiibta ah ee sifooyinka la dhaxlo ee dadka bayoolojiga ah ee ka dhasha jiilalka kala-gedisan, oo ay wado doorashada dabiiciga ah iyo isbeddelka hidde-wadaha. | The evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria demonstrates how populations adapt rapidly to environmental pressures. | Kobcaynta bakteeriyadа adkeysiga ka hortaagan antibiotik waxay muujisaa sida dadku si dhakhso ah ugu qabsadaan cadaadisyada deegaanka. | intermediate |
Continent | Qaarad | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | One of the seven large landmasses of Earth: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. | Mid ka mid ah toddoba dhul-weyne ee Dhulka: Afrika, Antarctica, Aasiya, Australia, Yurub, Waqooyiga Ameerika, iyo Koonfurta Ameerika. | Africa is the second largest continent by area and is home to 54 recognised countries. | Afrika waa qaaradda labaad ugu weyn arimeed waxayna guryo u tahay 54 dal oo la aqoonsaday. | basic |
Equator | Dhulbaraha | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | The imaginary circle at 0 degrees latitude dividing Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, equidistant from both poles. | Goobo khayaali ah oo 0 darajo lool ah oo u qaybinaysa Dhulka waqooyiga iyo koonfurta bartamihiisa, oo u siman labada cidhif. | Countries on the equator such as Kenya and Ecuador experience almost equal hours of daylight and darkness year-round. | Dalalka dhulbaraha ku yaal sida Kenya iyo Ecuador waxay la kulaan saacadaha iftiinka iyo mugdiga oo ku dhawaad siman sannadka oo dhan. | basic |
Climate | Cimilo | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | The long-term pattern of weather conditions in a particular region, including temperature, precipitation, and wind, averaged over 30 or more years. | Qaabka dheer ee xaaladaha hawada ee gobol gaar ah, oo ay ku jiraan heerkul, roob, iyo dabeyl, oo celceliskoodu yahay 30 ama in kabadan sano. | Somalia has an arid to semi-arid climate with two rainy seasons (Gu and Deyr) and temperatures often exceeding 40 degrees Celsius. | Soomaaliya waxay leedahay cimilo arid ilaa semi-arid leh laba xilli roob (Gu iyo Deyr) iyo heerkul badanaa ka sarreeya 40 darajo Celsius. | basic |
Erosion | Ugaarsiga dhulka | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | The gradual wearing away and removal of rock or soil by natural forces such as water, wind, or ice. | Kala-burburrinta tartiibta ah iyo qaadista dhagaxa ama carrada oo ay sameeyaan xoogagga dabiiciga ah sida biyaha, dabeylta, ama barafka. | River erosion carved the Grand Canyon over millions of years by cutting through layers of rock. | Ugaarsiga webiga ayaa dhisme Grand Canyon ka sameeyay malaayiin sano iyada oo ka jarjartay lakabyo dhagax ah. | intermediate |
Glacier | Baraf socodsii | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | A large, slow-moving mass of ice formed from compacted snow, flowing downhill under its own weight over long periods. | Cuf weyn oo baraf ah oo gaaban u socodsii ah oo ka samaysmaya baraf culus, oo hoos u socda culayskeeda hoos ku sii jiiddo muddo dheer. | Glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica contain about 69% of Earth's fresh water supply. | Barafyada socdsiigu ee Greenland iyo Antarctica waxay ku jiraan ku dhawaad 69% sahayda biyaha macaan ee Dhulka. | intermediate |
Drought | Abaar | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | A prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall leading to water shortages, affecting agriculture, ecosystems, and human populations. | Muddada dheer ee roob hooseeya oo aan caadi ahayn oo horseedaysa yaraanshaha biyaha, taasoo saamaysa beeraha, nidaamyada deegaanka, iyo dadka. | The 2011 drought in the Horn of Africa, including Somalia, caused severe famine affecting over 13 million people. | Abaarta 2011-kii ee Geeska Afrika, oo ay ku jirto Soomaaliya, waxay keentay macaluul adag oo saameeyay in ka badan 13 milyan oo qof. | basic |
Deforestation | Qodista kaynta | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | The large-scale clearing or removal of forests, primarily for agriculture, logging, or urban development, leading to habitat loss and climate change. | Nadiifinta ama ka saarista kaynta baaxadda leh, oo ugu horrayn loogu talagalay beeraha, alwaaxda, ama horumarinta magaalooyinka, taasoo horseedaysa luminta deegaanka iyo isbeddelka cimilada. | The Amazon rainforest loses approximately 10,000 square kilometres of forest each year due to deforestation. | Kaynta roobka ee Amazon waxay ku waaysataa ku dhawaad 10,000 kiiloomitir oo labajibbaarsan oo kayn ah sannad kasta sababtoo ah qodista kaynta. | intermediate |
Global warming | Kulaylka caalamka | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | The long-term rise in Earth's average surface temperature primarily caused by increasing greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. | Kordhinta dheer ee heerkul celcelis ah ee dusheeda Dhulka oo ugu horrayn sababta u ah kordhinta baahinta gaasyada greenhouse ee hawlaha aadanaha. | Global warming has caused average sea levels to rise by about 20 centimetres since 1900, threatening low-lying coastal areas. | Kulaylka caalamku wuxuu keenay in heerka celceliska badda uu ku kordho ku dhawaad 20 sentimitir tan 1900, taasoo haysata bariga dhulka hooseeya. | basic |
Latitude | Lool | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | The angular distance of a location north or south of the equator, measured in degrees from 0 at the equator to 90 at the poles. | Masaafada xagaleed ee goobta waqooyi ama koonfur ee dhulbaraha, oo lagu cabbiraa darajo laga bilaabo 0 dhulbaraha ilaa 90 cidhifyada. | Mogadishu lies at approximately 2 degrees north latitude, just above the equator in the tropical zone. | Muqdisho waxay ku taalaa ku dhawaad 2 darajo lool waqooyi, xoogaa sarreeya dhulbaraha gobolka kulaalayaasha. | basic |
Tectonic plates | Saxarrada dhulka | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | The large sections of Earth's crust and upper mantle that move slowly on the molten rock below, causing earthquakes and volcanic activity at their boundaries. | Qaybaha weyn ee qolofta Dhulka iyo dhabanka sare ee si tartiib ah u dhaqaaqa dhinaca dhagaxa dhalaalay ee hoose, taasoo keenaysa dhulgariirrada iyo waxqabadka buurta olol xadkoodda. | The collision of tectonic plates formed the Himalayas and continues to push Mount Everest slightly higher each year. | Isgoyska saxarrada dhulka ayaa samaystay Buuraha Himalaya waxayna sii wadata gaadhsiinta Buurta Everest xoogaa sareeya sannad kasta. | advanced |
Acceleration | Karaar | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | The rate of change of velocity with respect to time, measured in metres per second squared. | Xaddiga isbeddelka xawliga marka loo eego waqtiga, oo lagu cabbiraa mitir ilbiriqsi labajibbaarsan. | A car going from 0 to 30 m/s in 10 seconds has an acceleration of 3 m/s squared. | Baabuur ka socdaa 0 ilaa 30 m/s 10 ilbiriqsi gudahood wuxuu leeyahay karaar 3 m/s labajibbaarsan. | basic |
Magnetic field | Badad birlabeed | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | A region of space around a magnet or current-carrying conductor where magnetic forces act on other magnets or moving charges. | Aag cidlo ah oo ku wareegsan birlab ama gudbiye qaadaya qulqul halka xoogagga birlabeedku ku saameeyaan birlab kale ama dalool socda. | Earth's magnetic field deflects charged particles from the Sun, protecting life from harmful solar radiation. | Goobta birlabeedka Dhulku waxay leexisaa daloolaha saldanabaysan ee Qorraxda, taasoo difaacaysa nolol-mareenka shucaaca qorraxda ee waxyeellada leh. | intermediate |
Power | Awood | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | The rate at which energy is transferred or work is done, measured in watts (joules per second). | Xaddiga lagu wareejinayo tamarta ama lagu qabanayo shaqada, oo lagu cabbiraa waat (juul ilbiriqsi kasta). | A 100-watt light bulb converts 100 joules of electrical energy into light and heat every second. | Laambadda 100-waat ah waxay u bedeshaa 100 juul oo tamar koronto ah ilays iyo kul ilbiriqsi kasta. | basic |
Momentum | Daafad | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | The product of an object's mass and velocity, representing the quantity of motion it possesses. | Taranta cufka walxaha iyo xawlihiisa, oo matalaaya tirada socodka ee ay leedahay. | A heavy truck moving slowly can have the same momentum as a small car moving fast. | Gaari-weyn oo gaaban u socdaa wuxuu lahayn karaa daafad la mid ah gaari-yar oo dhakhso u socdaa. | intermediate |
Wavelength | Dherer hireed | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | The distance between two successive crests or troughs of a wave, determining the wave's colour or pitch. | Masaafada u dhexeysa laba dul-sareeye ama laba hoosaad oo kala xiga ee hir, taasoo go'aamisa midabka ama dananada hirka. | Visible red light has a wavelength of about 700 nanometres, while violet light is about 400 nanometres. | Iftiinka cas ee la arki karo wuxuu leeyahay dherer hireed ku dhawaad 700 nanoomiitir, halka iftiinka guduudka ah uu yahay ku dhawaad 400 nanoomiitir. | intermediate |
Nuclear fission | Dhanbalan Bu'eed | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | The splitting of a heavy atomic nucleus into two smaller nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy. | Kala qaybsiga nuugga atomeedka culus laba nuug oo yar, taasoo sii daaysa tamar badan. | Nuclear power plants use controlled fission of uranium-235 to generate electricity without burning fossil fuels. | Xarumaha korontada nukliyeerka waxay isticmaalaan dhanbalan xukuman oo uranium-235 ah si loogu soo saaro koronto iyada oo aan la gubanaynin shidaalka dhulka. | advanced |
Density | Cufnaan | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | The mass of a substance per unit volume, typically measured in kilograms per cubic metre. | Cufka walxaha oo ku saleysan mid ka mug, oo caadi ahaan lagu cabbiraa kiiloogaraam mitir laba-jibbaarsan kasta. | Ice floats on water because its density (917 kg/m3) is less than liquid water (1000 kg/m3). | Barafu wuxuu saaran yahay biyaha sababtoo ah cufnaantiisu (917 kg/m3) waa ka hooseysa biyaha dareeraha (1000 kg/m3). | basic |
Temperature | Heerkul | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance, determining how hot or cold it is. | Cabbirka celceliska tamarta socodka ee saxarada walxaha, taasoo go'aamisa kuleliisa ama qaboowgiisa. | Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level because its particles gain enough energy to escape as steam. | Biyuhu waxay karkaraan 100 darajo Celsius heerka badda sababtoo ah saxaradoodu waxay helaan tamar ku filan si ay uumi u noqdaan. | basic |
Lens | Bikaaco | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | A transparent curved piece of glass or plastic that refracts light to converge or diverge rays, forming images. | Quree-rad ama cinjir oo shafaf ah oo qalloocsan oo qaloociya iftiinka si uu u soo-gunto ama u kala-firidhsamo, taasoo samaynaysa sawirrada. | A convex lens in a magnifying glass converges light rays to make objects appear larger than they are. | Bikaaca tuurraysa ee weyneysaha waxay soo-guntaa falaadhaha iftiinka si ay walxaha u muujiso inay ka weyn yihiin sida ay ahaayeen. | basic |
Pressure | Cadaadis | Physics | Historical Somali educational materials | The force applied per unit area on a surface, measured in pascals (newtons per square metre). | Xoogga lagu daray oo ku saleysan beer oo mid ah dusheeda, oo lagu cabbiraa baaskal (niyuutan mitir labajibbaarsan kasta). | Atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 101,325 pascals, equivalent to the weight of air above each square metre. | Cadaadiska jawiga heerka badda waa ku dhawaad 101,325 baaskal, oo u dhiganta culayska hawada sare ee mitir labajibbaarsan kasta. | basic |
Fraction | Jajab | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | A number representing part of a whole, written as one integer divided by another non-zero integer. | Tiro matalaaysa qayb ka mid ah oo dhan, oo lagu qoro hal integer oo u qeybsan mid kale oo aan eber ahayn. | Three-quarters (3/4) means 3 parts out of a total of 4 equal parts. | Saddex-rubuc (3/4) waxay macnaheedu tahay 3 qayb oo ka mid ah wadarta 4 qayb oo siman. | basic |
Equation | Isle'eg | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | A mathematical statement asserting that two expressions are equal, typically containing one or more unknowns to be solved. | Hadal xisaabeed oo sheegaya in laba muuqaal ay siman yihiin, oo caadi ahaan ku jira hal ama in kabadan lama-yaqaan oo la furfuri doono. | The equation 2x + 5 = 11 has the solution x = 3, found by subtracting 5 then dividing by 2. | Isle'egta 2x + 5 = 11 waxay leedahay xal x = 3, oo la helo iyada oo laga jarayo 5 ka dibna loo qeybinayo 2. | basic |
Percentage | Boqoley | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | A ratio expressed as a fraction of 100, used to compare proportions of a whole. | Saami loo muujiyo sidii jajab ka mid ah 100, oo loo isticmaalo barbardhigga xaddiyada oo dhan. | A student scoring 45 out of 50 achieved 90%, calculated as 45 divided by 50 multiplied by 100. | Arday ka heshay 45 dhibco oo ka mid ah 50 wuxuu gaadhi 90%, oo lagu xisaabiyo 45 u qeybsan 50 oo lagu dhufto 100. | basic |
Circumference | Meeris | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | The total distance around the boundary of a circle, equal to pi multiplied by the diameter. | Masaafada oo dhan ee ku wareegsan soohdinaha goobo, oo u dhiganta pi oo lagu dhufto dhexroorka. | A circle with diameter 10 cm has a circumference of approximately 31.4 cm (pi times 10). | Goobo leh dhexroor 10 sm waxay leedahay meeris ku dhawaad 31.4 sm (pi oo lagu dhufto 10). | basic |
Median | Dhexfur | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | The middle value of a dataset when arranged in order, dividing the distribution into two equal halves. | Qiimaha dhexe ee dataset marka la habeeyaa, taasoo u qaybinaysa qaybinta laba badh oo siman. | In the dataset 3, 7, 9, 12, 15, the median is 9 because it has two values on each side. | Dataset 3, 7, 9, 12, 15, dhexfurku waa 9 sababtoo ah wuxuu leeyahay laba qiime dhinac kasta. | intermediate |
Volume | Mug | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | The amount of three-dimensional space enclosed within a solid object, measured in cubic units. | Tirada meesha saddex-aaddimaadka ah ee ku xidhan walax adke, oo lagu cabbiraa unugyo labajibbaarsan. | A rectangular box 4 cm long, 3 cm wide, and 2 cm deep has a volume of 24 cubic centimetres. | Sanduuq toban-geesle ah oo 4 sm dheer, 3 sm ballaaran, iyo 2 sm qoto-dheer wuxuu leeyahay mug 24 sentimitir labajibbaarsan. | basic |
Gradient | Tiiro | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | The measure of the steepness of a line or curve, calculated as the ratio of vertical rise to horizontal run. | Cabbirka qaadka xariiq ama xood, oo lagu xisaabiyo saami-ka kor-u-kaca toosan loo eego ordo jiifta. | A line passing through points (0,0) and (4,8) has a gradient of 2, rising 2 units for every 1 unit across. | Xariiq ka gudba baraha (0,0) iyo (4,8) wuxuu leeyahay tiiro 2, oo sara u kaca 2 unit oo xagal kasta 1 unit. | intermediate |
Symmetry | Wanqar | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | A property of a shape whereby one half is a mirror image of the other half about a line, point, or plane. | Sifada qaab halka badh kasta uu noqdo sawir muraayad ah badha kale ku saabsan xariiq, bar, ama sallax. | A square has four lines of symmetry: two through opposite corners and two through midpoints of opposite sides. | Labajibbaaranaha wuxuu leeyahay afar xariiq oo wanqar: laba ka gudba geesaha soo-horjeeda iyo laba ka gudba bartamaha dhinacyada soo-horjeeda. | basic |
Ratio | Saami | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | A comparison of two quantities showing how many times one contains the other, written as a:b or as a fraction. | Barbardhig laba xaddi oo muujinaya sida mid uu keli-keli ugu jiro mid kale, oo lagu qoro a:b ama sidii jajab. | If a recipe uses 2 cups of flour and 1 cup of sugar, the ratio of flour to sugar is 2:1. | Haddii cunto-karinta isticmaasho 2 koob oo bur ah iyo 1 koob oo sokor ah, saami-ka burka ilaa sokorta waa 2:1. | basic |
Area | Bed | Mathematics | Historical Somali educational materials | The measure of the two-dimensional space enclosed within a flat shape, measured in square units. | Cabbirka meesha laba-aaddimaadka ah ee ku xidhan qaab sallax, oo lagu cabbiraa unugyo labajibbaarsan. | A rectangle 8 m long and 5 m wide has an area of 40 square metres, found by multiplying length by width. | Laydi 8 m dheer iyo 5 m ballaaran wuxuu leeyahay bed 40 mitir labajibbaarsan, oo la helo iyada oo lagu dhufanayo dhererka ballaca. | basic |
Atom | Atam | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | The smallest unit of a chemical element that retains the properties of that element, consisting of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons. | Unugga ugu yar ee curiye kiimikad ah oo haysta sifooyinka curiyahaas, ka kooban nuug oo borotoon iyo niyuuratoon ku jiraan oo ay ku hareerayaan elektaroon. | A single atom of carbon contains 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons in its ground state. | Hal atam oo carboon ah wuxuu ku jiraan 6 borotoon, 6 niyuuratoon, iyo 6 elektaroon xaaladdiisa dhuleed. | basic |
Molecule | Moolikiyuul | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical properties of that substance, consisting of two or more atoms bonded together. | Saxarka ugu yar ee walax oo haysta sifooyinka kiimikada walaxaas, ka kooban laba ama in kabadan atam oo is-xidhan. | A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bonded together (H2O). | Moolikiiyuulka biyuhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba atam oo hydrogen ah iyo hal atam oo ogsajiin ah oo is-xidhan (H2O). | basic |
Chemical reaction | Falgal kiimikad | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | A process in which substances are transformed into different substances through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds. | Hab ay walxuhu ku bedelanyihiin walxo kala duwan iyada oo loo marayo jabinta iyo samaynta xidhiidhyada kiimikada. | Burning wood is a chemical reaction where cellulose reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat. | Gubasho xabagta waa falgal kiimikad halka selluloosiga uu ku falgalayo ogsajinka si loo soo saaro carbon dioxide, biyo, iyo kul. | basic |
Solution | Dheecaan | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | A homogeneous mixture formed when a solute dissolves completely in a solvent, creating a uniform composition throughout. | Isku-dar isku-midaysan oo la sameeyo marka walaxda milmaysa ay si buuxda ugu milmato dheecaanleyda, oo abuuraaya hab-dhis isku mid ah meel kasta. | Salt water is a solution where salt (solute) dissolves in water (solvent) to form a transparent mixture. | Biyaha cusbo waa dheecaan halka cusbadu (walax milmaaysa) ay ugu milmato biyaha (dheecaanle) si loo sameeyo isku-dar shafaf ah. | basic |
Neutralisation | Dhexdhexaadineed | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | A chemical reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water, resulting in a solution with a pH closer to 7. | Falgal kiimikad ah u dhexeeya aashiidh iyo sal oo soo saara milix iyo biyo, taasoo keenta dheecaan leh pH u dhow 7. | Adding sodium hydroxide to hydrochloric acid produces common salt (sodium chloride) and water through neutralisation. | Ku darista sodium hydroxide aashiidda hydrochloric waxay soo saartaa cusbada caadiga ah (sodium chloride) iyo biyo iyada oo loo marayo dhexdhexaadineed. | intermediate |
Evaporation | Uumiyow | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | The process by which a liquid converts to vapour at its surface at temperatures below its boiling point. | Habka ay dareere ugu beddeshaan uumi dushiisa heerkul ka hooseeya barta karkarkeeda. | Wet clothes dry through evaporation as water molecules at the surface gain enough energy to escape into the air. | Dharkaha qoyan waxay engegan iyada oo loo marayo uumiyow marka moolikiiyuulaha biyaha ee dushoodu helaan tamar ku filan si ay hawada ugu baxaan. | basic |
Polymer | Booliimiir | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | A large molecule made of many repeating smaller units (monomers) bonded together in a chain. | Moolikiiyuul weyn oo ka samaysan unugyo yar oo badan oo ku noqnoqda (monomers) oo silsilad ahaan is-xidhan. | Plastic bottles are made from polyethylene, a polymer formed by linking thousands of ethylene monomers together. | Dhalooyinka balaastikadu waxay ka samaystaan polyethylene, booliimiir oo la sameeyo iyada oo la xidayo kun marawo oo monomer ethylene ah. | intermediate |
Alkali | Alkali | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | A soluble base that produces hydroxide ions in water, has a pH above 7, and turns litmus paper blue. | Sal milmi kara oo soo saara ayoonyada hydroxide biyaha, leh pH ka sarreeya 7, waxayna u bedeshaa warqadda litmus buluug. | Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) is a strong alkali used in soap making and drain cleaners. | Sodium hydroxide (soodha) waa alkali xoog leh oo loo isticmaalo samaynta saabunta iyo nadiifiyeyaasha dareenka. | basic |
Precipitation | Dheecaan-soo-dhac | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | The formation of an insoluble solid (precipitate) when two solutions are mixed and an insoluble product forms. | Samaynta adke aan milmayn (dheecaan-soo-dhac) marka laba dheecaan la isku daro oo maxsuul aan milmayn la sameeyo. | Mixing silver nitrate and sodium chloride solutions produces a white precipitate of silver chloride. | Isku-darista dheecaannada silver nitrate iyo sodium chloride waxay soo saartaa dheecaan-soo-dhac cad oo silver chloride ah. | intermediate |
Atomic number | Tiro Atomeed | Chemistry | Historical Somali educational materials | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, uniquely identifying each chemical element. | Tirada borotoonka ku jira nuugga atamka, oo si gaar ah u aqoonsanaysa curiye kiimikad kasta. | Carbon has atomic number 6, meaning every carbon atom contains exactly 6 protons in its nucleus. | Carboonku wuxuu leeyahay tiro atomeed 6, taasoo macnaheedu tahay atam kasta oo carboon ah wuxuu ku jiraan si sax ah 6 borotoon nuuggiisa. | basic |
Cell | Unug | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms, capable of independent existence and self-replication. | Unugga dhismaha aasaasiga ah iyo hawleedka ee dhammaan noolaha, oo awood u leh jid-madax ah iyo is-nuqul. | The human body contains approximately 37 trillion cells, each performing specific functions to maintain life. | Jidhka aadanuhu wuxuu ku jiraan ku dhawaad 37 tiriliyan unug, mid kasta oo qabanaya hawlo gaar ah si loo ilaaliyо nolol. | basic |
Mitosis | Kala-qeybsiga unugga | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | A type of cell division producing two genetically identical daughter cells from one parent cell, used for growth and tissue repair. | Nooc ka mid ah qeybsiga unugga oo soo saara laba unug gabadh oo hidde-ahaan isku mid ah hal unug hooyo, oo loo isticmaalo kobcida iyo dayactirka unugyada. | Skin cells replace themselves through mitosis approximately every two to four weeks to maintain the skin barrier. | Unugyada maqaarka waxay isu beddelaan iyada oo loo marayo kala-qeybsiga unugga ku dhawaad labada ilaa afarta toddobaad si loo ilaaliyо xayirka maqaarka. | intermediate |
Chlorophyll | Koorofil | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | The green pigment found in plant chloroplasts that absorbs sunlight to power photosynthesis. | Rinjiga cagaarka ah ee laga helayo chloroplasts dhirta oo nuugaya iftiinka qorraxda si uu ugu shido iftiinka-cunidda. | Leaves appear green because chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light but reflects green light back to our eyes. | Caleemaha waxay u muuqdaan cagaar sababtoo ah koorofilku wuxuu nuugtaa iftiinka cas iyo buluugga laakiin wuxuu ka celiyaa iftiinka cagaaran indhahayaga. | basic |
Bacteria | Bakteeriya | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | Single-celled prokaryotic microorganisms found in almost every environment on Earth, some beneficial and some pathogenic. | Noolaha yaryar ee hal-unugood ah ee prokaryotic ee laga helayo ku dhawaad deegaan kasta ee Dhulka, qaar waxtar leh iyo qaar kale oo xanuun keena. | Bacteria in the human gut aid digestion and produce vitamin K, while pathogenic bacteria like Salmonella cause food poisoning. | Bakteeriyada mindhicirka aadanuhu waxay gacan ka geysataa dheefshiidka waxayna soo saartaa vitamin K, halka bakteeriyada xanuunka keenta sida Salmonella ay keento sun-cunto. | intermediate |
Virus | Fayraska | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | A microscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside living cells of an organism, consisting of genetic material in a protein coat. | Wakiil infekshan ah oo le'eg tibaaxaha oo ku nuqul-nuqulaya kaliya gudaha unugyada nool ee noolahe, ka kooban maaddada hidde-wadaha xidhmaha borotiinka. | The influenza virus spreads through respiratory droplets and mutates rapidly, requiring updated vaccines each year. | Fayraaska hargabka wuxuu ku faafaa dhibicyada neefsashada wuxuuna si dhakhso ah u beddelbeddelaa, taasoo u baahan tallaalka cusub sannad kasta. | intermediate |
Chromosome | Kromosoom | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | A thread-like structure of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus of cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. | Dhis xariiq-ah oo DNA iyo borotiino ah oo laga helayo nuugga unugyada, oo qaadaya macluumaadka hidde-wadaha qaabka hiddo-wadayaasha. | Human cells normally contain 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs, with one pair determining biological sex. | Unugyada aadanuhu caadi ahaan waxay ku jiraan 46 kromosoom oo ku habaynsan 23 lammaane, iyadoo hal lammaane go'aamiso jinsiga bayoolojiga. | intermediate |
Vaccine | Tallaal | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | A biological preparation that stimulates the immune system to produce immunity to a specific pathogen without causing the disease. | Diyaarinta bayoolojiga ah ee kicisaa nidaamka difaaca si uu u soo saaro kafaalan-qaad cudur-keenaha gaarka ah iyada oo aan la keenaynin cudurka. | The measles vaccine has reduced global measles deaths by over 99% since its introduction in the 1960s. | Tallaalka jadeecada wuxuu hoos u dhigay dhimashada jadeecada ee caalamiga ah in ka badan 99% tan la soo bandhigay 1960-meeyadii. | basic |
Osmosis | Dhex-gal biyo | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | The movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. | Socodka moolikiiyuulaha biyaha ee ka gudba xuub dhex-marsiiya laga bilaabo goob hoos-u-dhac walax-milmaysa ah ilaa meel sare u dhac walax-milmaysa ah. | Plant roots absorb water from soil through osmosis because the root cell sap contains more dissolved substances than the soil water. | Xididada dhirtu waxay biyaha carrada ka nuugtaa iyada oo loo marayo dhex-gal biyo sababtoo ah casiirka unugga xididku wuxuu ku jiraan walxo milman oo ka badan biyaha carrada. | advanced |
Antibody | Diid-cudur | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | A protein produced by B-lymphocytes that specifically binds to and neutralises a foreign antigen, forming part of the adaptive immune response. | Borotiin ay soo saaraan B-lymphocytes oo si gaar ah u xidhan oo u jaajabisaa antigen shisheeye, taasoo ka mid ahaanaysa jawaabta difaaca la-qabsiga. | After a COVID-19 infection, the body produces antibodies targeting the virus's spike proteins to prevent future infections. | Ka dib xanuunka COVID-19, jidhku wuxuu soo saaraa diid-cudurro bartilmaameedka borotiinnada heebeenta fayraaska si looga hortago infekshanada mustaqbalka. | advanced |
Food chain | Silsilada cuntada | Biology | Historical Somali educational materials | A linear sequence showing the transfer of energy and nutrients from one organism to the next through feeding relationships. | Taxane toosan oo muujinaya wareejinta tamarta iyo nafaqooyinka noolahe midba midka kale iyada oo loo marayo xiriirrada cuntada. | A simple food chain: grass (producer) is eaten by rabbits (primary consumer) which are eaten by foxes (secondary consumer). | Silsilad cunto oo fudud: cawska (soo-saare) waxaa cunaa bakaaylaha (cuna-kowaad) kuwaas oo cunaa daayeerka (cuna-labaad). | basic |
River delta | Afweyne webi | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | A landform at the mouth of a river where sediment deposited over time creates a fan-shaped area of fertile land. | Dhul-qaab ku yaal afka webiga halka dhoobada lagu dul-dhigo waqti ka dib oo abuura aag qaab-faneed ah oo dhul baraare ah. | The Nile Delta in Egypt supports dense agriculture and over 40 million people on its fertile deposited soils. | Afweyne webiga Nile ee Masar waxay taageeraysaa beeraha cufan iyo in ka badan 40 milyan oo qof oo ku nool dhulkiisa dhoobada baraarka ah. | intermediate |
Urbanisation | Magaalaysiga | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | The process by which an increasing proportion of a country's population moves from rural areas to cities and towns. | Habka ay xaddiga kordhaya ee dadka waddanka ay ugu guuraan meelaha miyiga ah magaalooyinka iyo tuulooyinka. | In 1800, only 3% of the world's population lived in cities; today over 56% are urban dwellers. | 1800-kii, kaliya 3% dadka adduunka ayaa ku noolaa magaalooyinka; maanta in ka badan 56% waa dad magaalo-deggan. | basic |
Monsoon | Dabeylta roobka | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | A seasonal reversal of wind direction causing heavy rainfall in summer and dry conditions in winter, mainly affecting South and Southeast Asia. | Beddelka xilliga ee jihada dabeylta oo keena roob culus xagaaga iyo xaaladaha engegan jiilaalka, oo ugu badan saameya Koonfur iyo Koonfur-Bari Aasiya. | India relies on the summer monsoon for about 70% of its annual rainfall, which is essential for agriculture. | India waxay ku tiirsan tahay dabeylta roobka xagaaga ku dhawaad 70% roobkiisa sannadlaha ah, taas oo muhiim u ah beeraha. | intermediate |
Biome | Deegaan-noole | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | A large geographic region characterised by a specific climate and associated plant and animal communities adapted to that climate. | Gobol juqraafi ah oo weyn oo lagu garto cimilo gaar ah iyo bulshooyinka dhirta iyo xayawaanka ee la xiriira ee ku-qabsaday cimiladaas. | The tropical rainforest biome receives over 2,000 mm of rainfall annually and supports the highest biodiversity on Earth. | Deegaan-noolaha kaynta roobka kulaylaha waxaa ku da'a in ka badan 2,000 mm roob sannadkii wuxuuna taageeraa kala-duwanaanshaha noolaha ugu sarreeya Dhulka. | intermediate |
Population density | Cufnaan dadeed | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | The number of people living per unit of area, typically measured as inhabitants per square kilometre. | Tirada dadka ku nool oo ku saleysan mid ka beer, oo caadi ahaan lagu cabbiraa degane kiiloomitir labajibbaarsan kasta. | Bangladesh has one of the highest population densities in the world at about 1,100 people per square kilometre. | Bangladesh waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah cufnaanta dadeedka ugu sarreeya adduunka oo ku dhawaad 1,100 qof kiiloomitir labajibbaarsan kasta. | basic |
Earthquake | Dhulgariir | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | A sudden violent shaking of the ground caused by the movement of tectonic plates along fault lines, releasing seismic energy. | Gariir dhul ah oo deg-deg ah oo xoog leh oo ay sababto dhaqdhaqaaqa saxarrada dhulka xariiqyada xadka dhuleed, taasoo sii daaysa tamar seismic ah. | The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake triggered a devastating tsunami that killed over 220,000 people across 14 countries. | Dhulgariirka Badda Hindiya 2004 wuxuu kiciyay tsunami baabbi'iye oo dilay in ka badan 220,000 qof oo ka kala baxay 14 dal. | basic |
Renewable energy | Tamar cusub | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | Energy from naturally replenishing sources such as sunlight, wind, water, and geothermal heat that will not be depleted by use. | Tamar ka socda ilaha dabiiciga ah ee dib u cusboonaysanaya sida iftiinka qorraxda, dabeylta, biyaha, iyo kulaylka dhulka oo aan la dhammayn doono isticmaalka. | Iceland generates nearly 100% of its electricity from renewable geothermal and hydropower sources. | Iceland waxay soo saartaa ku dhawaad 100% korontadeeda ilaha tamarku cusub ah ee geothermal iyo hydropower. | basic |
Migration | Guuritaan | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | The movement of people or animals from one place to another, driven by environmental, economic, political, or social factors. | Dhaqdhaqaaqa dadka ama xayawaanka meel ka mid ah meel kale, oo ay wado arrimaha deegaanka, dhaqaale, siyaasadda, ama bulshada. | Somalis represent one of the largest diaspora populations globally, with migration driven by conflict and drought. | Soomaalidu waxay matashaa mid ka mid ah dadka shisheeye ee ugu badan adduunka, iyadoo guuritaanka ay wado colaadda iyo abaarta. | basic |
Trade wind | Dabeylta ganacsiga | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | Steady prevailing winds blowing from the subtropical high-pressure zones toward the equator, important for historical maritime trade routes. | Dabeylyo joogto ah oo ka soo afuuraya gobollada cadaadiska sare ee subtropical ilaa dhulbaraha, oo muhiim u ahaa wadooyinka ganacsiga badda ee taariikhiga. | European explorers used trade winds to cross the Atlantic Ocean, enabling colonisation of the Americas in the 1490s. | Safarrada Yurub waxay isticmaalayeen dabeylaha ganacsiga si ay ugu gudbaan Bad-weynta Atlantic, taasoo u ogolaatay gumaysiga Ameerikada 1490-yadii. | advanced |
Soil erosion | Ugaarsiga carrada | Geography | Historical Somali educational materials | The removal and displacement of the topsoil layer by wind, water, or human activity, reducing land fertility and productivity. | Ka saarista iyo beddelka lakabka carrada sare ee dabeylta, biyaha, ama hawlaha aadanaha, taasoo yaraynaysa xashibka iyo waxsoosaarka dhulka. | Deforestation in Somalia has accelerated soil erosion, reducing agricultural land and contributing to desertification. | Qodista kaynta Soomaaliya waxay degdegsiisay ugaarsiga carrada, taasoo yaraynaysa dhulka beeraha oo gacan ka geysanaysa cidlaysiga. | intermediate |
Somali STEM Terminology Dataset (Sample)
Overview
A bilingual English–Somali terminology dataset covering 5 STEM domains.
This is a 100-row public sample. The full dataset contains 3,000+ terms.
Somali is spoken by 20+ million people but is critically under-represented in AI training data. This is the only known structured Somali STEM lexicon in machine-readable format.
Fields
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| English | Scientific term in English |
| Somali | Somali translation |
| Subject | Physics / Mathematics / Chemistry / Biology / Geography |
| Source | Historical Somali educational materials |
| definition_en | Definition in English |
| definition_so | Definition in Somali |
| example_en | Usage example in English |
| example_so | Usage example in Somali |
| difficulty_level | basic / intermediate / advanced |
Distribution
| Subject | Rows |
|---|---|
| Physics | 20 |
| Mathematics | 20 |
| Chemistry | 20 |
| Biology | 20 |
| Geography | 20 |
| Total | 100 |
Example
{
"English": "Photosynthesis",
"Somali": "Iftiinka-cunid",
"Subject": "Biology",
"Source": "Historical Somali educational materials",
"definition_en": "The process by which green plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen.",
"definition_so": "Habka ay dhirta cagaartu ku isticmaalaan iftiinka qorraxda, biyaha, iyo carbon dioxide si ay u soo saaraan glucose iyo ogsajiin.",
"example_en": "During photosynthesis, a leaf absorbs sunlight and converts water and CO2 into sugar stored for energy.",
"example_so": "Muddada iftiinka-cunidda, caleen waxay nuugtaa iftiinka qorraxda oo u bedeshaa biyaha iyo CO2 sonkor kaydiyay tamarta.",
"difficulty_level": "basic"
}
Use Cases
- Machine translation Somali ↔ English
- NLP for low-resource languages
- STEM education tools for Somalia and diaspora
- Domain-specific fine-tuning of language models
- Named Entity Recognition for scientific text
Source
Compiled and structured from historical Somali educational materials.
Notes
- This repository contains a public sample only
- Full dataset available for research collaboration and licensing upon request
License
CC BY 4.0 — Free to use with attribution, including commercial use.
Contact via HuggingFace for full dataset access and licensing.
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