doc_id
int32
18
2.25M
text
stringlengths
245
2.96k
source
stringlengths
38
44
__index_level_0__
int64
18
2.25M
277,490
As a neurotoxin, ethanol has been shown to induce nervous system damage and affect the body in a variety of ways. Among the known effects of ethanol exposure are both transient and lasting consequences. Some of the lasting effects include long-term reduced neurogenesis in the hippocampus, widespread brain atrophy, and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=326357
277,340
465,487
When all the records are assembled, the surveyor examines the documents for errors, such as closure errors. When a metes and bounds description is involved, the seniority of the deeds must be determined. The title abstract may provide the order of seniority for the deeds related to the tract being surveyed. After this ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43306929
465,257
1,264,595
The special requirements of placing calls to locations outside main Canadian/United States points meant that these calls were handled by special operators in locations where connections could be monitored to other countries. The technology to automate these connections through "regular" operator traffic positions began...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26656098
1,263,907
1,779,430
He returned to France in 1952 and once again took up the position of an intern with Marcel Bessis. It was during this time that Dausset conducted his first official research. With Bessis, Dausset discovered the first antigen-presenting leucocyte, but it was only officially described in 1958. Between the years 1952 and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1700316
1,778,427
362,453
The 17th century saw imaginary numbers become a powerful tool in the hands of Abraham de Moivre, and especially of Leonhard Euler. The completion of the theory of complex numbers in the 19th century entailed the differentiation of irrationals into algebraic and transcendental numbers, the proof of the existence of tran...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20647689
362,263
1,187,641
One of the earliest forms of jointness was the integration of infantry and cavalry. In the United States, during the Siege of Vicksburg in 1863, joint operations were seen in the actions of General Ulysses S. Grant and Admiral David D. Porter, who went on to leverage the combined power of the army and navy. The United ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65650736
1,187,010
546,214
In 1942 the Army adopted the title Australian Military Forces (AMF) to encompass the various categories of service: AIF, Militia and Permanent Forces. Wartime exigencies required a rapid expansion of the Army and during the war 730,000 personnel enlisted in either the Militia or the AIF, a figure which represented arou...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22738876
545,928
1,706,501
The American National Comprehensive Cancer Network's official guidelines list TTFields as an option for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma, but note substantial disagreement among the members of the expert panel making this recommendation. High-quality evidence for the efficacy of TTFields in oncology is limited. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34653288
1,705,543
1,905,536
Pollock and coauthors made three key contributions to community structure theory. First, they conducted among the first US nationwide and cross-national studies using the community structure model, comparing multiple large metropolitan areas and countries, expanding study sample sizes beyond a focus on one or two citie...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53685148
1,904,441
1,878,619
Now there are more than 30,000 students who receive full-time education here. Among the 2,200 staff members, 10 are academicians, 300 have doctor's degrees, and over 800 are full or associate professors. The university library houses 3 million books, 170 thousand of which are thread-bound ancient writings and 200 thous...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17764579
1,877,539
811,792
There is evidence of cross-cultural differences in the tendency to exhibit the self-serving bias, particularly when considering individualistic (Western) versus collectivistic (non-Western) societies. Family and group goals are important in collectivistic cultures. In contrast, the individual goals and identity focused...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=511068
811,360
133,600
A hagfish generally respires by taking in water through its pharynx, past the velar chamber, and bringing the water through the internal gill pouches, which can vary in number from five to 16 pairs, depending on species. The gill pouches open individually, but in" Myxine", the openings have coalesced, with canals runni...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=77662
133,547
581,953
inner, large-core planets formed by condensation and raining-out from within giant gaseous protoplanets at high pressures and high temperatures. Earth's complete condensation included a roughly gas/ice shell that compressed the rocky kernel to about 66 percent of Earth's present diameter. T Tauri eruptions of the Sun s...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17052696
581,655
1,325,262
Crime science involves the application of scientific methodologies to prevent or reduce social disorder and find better ways to prevent, detect, and solve crimes. Crime science studies crime related events and how those events arise, or can be prevented, by attempting to understand the temptations and opportunities whi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1645097
1,324,535
617,249
The use of such mathematical models and simulations avoids actual experimentation, which can be costly and time-consuming. Instead, mathematical knowledge and computational power is used to solve real-world problems cheaply and in a time efficient manner. As such, M&S can facilitate understanding a system's behavior wi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22549833
616,935
516,490
Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) as part of anti-drone warfare developed D-4 which uses data fusion coming from multiple sensors for drone detection and is equipped with dual countermeasure techniques. D-4 has a 360° radar coverage for detecting micro drones within a range of 4 km, a radio frequen...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70364617
516,221
1,087,250
The continued popularity of the HP-41CX among users prompted SwissMicros to produce a miniature calculator approximating the size of an ID-1 credit card (88 mm × 59 mm × 7 mm) in 2015. Named "DM41", it runs the original HP-41CX firmware with extended memory and realtime clock in an emulator on an ARM Cortex-M0-based NX...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=630715
1,086,691
1,966,398
In the period 1956 to 1963, S.T. Demetriades proposed methods of atmospheric gas accumulation by means of a satellite moving in low Earth orbit, at an altitude of around 120 km, or propellant accumulation by stations on the surface of a planet or by gathering and exploiting interstellar matter. In its simplest form, De...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32518425
1,965,269
52,797
The QAA released the first "framework for higher education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland" in January 2001. This specified learning outcomes for M-level (master's) degrees and advised that the title "Master" should only be used for qualifications that met those learning outcomes in full. It addre...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170346
52,777
1,760,550
α-Ketoisocaproic acid (α-KIC) and its conjugate base, α-ketoisocaproate, are metabolic intermediates in the metabolic pathway for -leucine. Leucine is an essential amino acid, and its degradation is critical for many biological duties. α-KIC is produced in one of the first steps of the pathway by branched-chain amino a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17378610
1,759,557
282,648
On February 21, 2008, it was announced that NASA and researchers at McGill University had discovered a neutron star with the properties of a radio pulsar which emitted some magnetically powered bursts, like a magnetar. This suggests that magnetars are not merely a rare type of pulsar but may be a (possibly reversible) ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=118570
282,495
629,101
Ichthyostega (Greek: "fish roof") is an extinct genus of limbed tetrapodomorphs from the Late Devonian of Greenland. It was among the earliest four-limbed vertebrates in the fossil record, and was one of the first with weight-bearing adaptations for terrestrial locomotion. "Ichthyostega" possessed lungs and limbs that ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=313925
628,763
1,936,851
The Games marked the first event, where any member of the public and all the athletes participating were granted access to all the forecasting information that was specifically delivered to the organisers. The Bureau of Meteorology’s website was developed to provide both the event participants and their coaches with ac...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18272352
1,935,743
311,007
Because few methods of precisely measuring temperature existed until modern times, temperature was usually judged by watching the tempering colors of the metal. Tempering often consisted of heating above a charcoal or coal forge, or by fire, so holding the work at exactly the right temperature for the correct amount of...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1601611
310,839
1,741,192
Actinomyces bovis is a branching, Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium of the genus "Actinomyces". It is the causative agent of lumpy jaw in cattle, and occasionally causes actinomycosis infections in humans. "A. bovis" normally populates the gastrointestinal tract of healthy ruminants, but is opportunistic in nature an...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48620068
1,740,210
808,979
The general SPPS procedure is one of repeated cycles of alternate N-terminal deprotection and coupling reactions. The resin can be washed between each steps. First an amino acid is coupled to the resin. Subsequently, the amine is deprotected, and then coupled with the activated carboxyl group of the next amino acid to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1258057
808,549
2,024,283
The museum's first mineralogy exhibit consisted of about 550 specimens loaned by Professor Gustave Guttenberg, then purchased after his death in 1896 to become the core of the museum's collection. In subsequent decades, it was augmented primarily by gifts, including Andrew Carnegie's 1904 donation of the notable minera...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25242971
2,023,119
2,026,181
The AFM is interfaced with an infrared spectrometer. For work using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the spectrometer is equipped with a conventional black body infrared source. A particular region of the sample may first be chosen on the basis of the image obtained using the AFM imaging mode of operatio...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13553180
2,025,015
1,145,517
In materials science, DHM is routinely used for research in academic and industrial labs. Depending on the application, microscopes can be configured for both transmission and reflection purposes. DHM is a unique solution for 4D (3D + time) characterization of technical samples, when information needs to be acquired ov...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28784371
1,144,916
224,710
In Britain, dissection remained entirely prohibited from the end of the Roman conquest and through the Middle Ages to the 16th century, when a series of royal edicts gave specific groups of physicians and surgeons some limited rights to dissect cadavers. The permission was quite limited: by the mid-18th century, the Ro...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=611229
224,595
1,080,664
Prototyping of the JTM45 begin in 1962, after London musical instrument retailer Jim Marshall decided to create a new amplifier in response to local guitarists' desire for an alternative to Fender amps. Marshall first enlisted his shop repairman Ken Bran, who then recommended electronics "whiz kid" Dudley Craven as the...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30797372
1,080,108
424,185
During the Bone Wars between palaeontologists Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope, Marsh sent his collector William Harlow Reed to the Cenomanian strata of the Frontier Formation of Albany County, Wyoming to collect fossil mammals and reptiles. Reed collected a partial postcranial skeleton (YPM VP 1815) on Ju...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=893606
423,978
667,274
At the time of cancellation, work on Space Launch Complex 6 was 92 percent complete. The main task remaining was conducting acceptance tests. It was decided to complete the construction and tests, but not install the aerospace ground equipment, and then place the facility in caretaker status, with a caretaker crew prov...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=615373
666,926
175,334
In June 1946, the XB-35 made its first flight, a 45-minute trip from Hawthorne, California, to Muroc Dry Lake, without incident. The XB-35's engines and propellers were AAF property, and had not been tested for engine-propeller compatibility by either Pratt & Whitney, Hamilton Standard, or by the AAF which bought them ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=566031
175,242
1,001,850
British scientists, including Maxwell, had relied on Hamilton's quaternions in order to express the dynamics of physical quantities, like the electric and magnetic fields, having both a magnitude and a direction in three-dimensional space. Following W. K. Clifford in his "Elements of Dynamic" (1888), Gibbs noted that t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37332
1,001,332
900,459
In contrast, ecological economists, like Joan Martinez-Alier, appeal to a different line of reasoning. Rather than assuming some (new) form of capitalism is the best way forward, an older ecological economic critique questions the very idea of internalizing externalities as providing some corrective to the current syst...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=177694
899,984
947,071
One land, however, has eclipsed all others in the Aegean by the wealth of its remains of all the prehistoric ages— Crete; and so much so that, for the present, we must regard it as the fountainhead of Aegean civilization, and probably for long its political and social centre. The island first attracted the notice of ar...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2624
946,568
1,371,277
Between 13 August and 14 September 1944, the squadron transferred to Noemfoor in western New Guinea to join Nos. 76 and 82 Squadrons as part of No. 81 Wing under No. 10 Operational Group (later the Australian First Tactical Air Force), which had taken over the mobile role previously performed by No. 9 Group and was sup...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3573298
1,370,520
80,027
Although pinnipeds are widespread, most species prefer the colder waters of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. They spend most of their lives in the water, but come ashore to mate, give birth, molt or escape from predators, such as sharks and orcas. Seals mainly live in marine environments but can also be found in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60261
79,994
6,912
Block II aircraft were fitted with the AN/APG-79 AESA radar, capable of executing simultaneous air-to-air and air-to-ground attacks, and providing higher quality high-resolution ground mapping at long standoff ranges. The AESA radar can also detect smaller targets, such as inbound missiles and can track air targets bey...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=845012
6,909
272,672
Leishmaniasis is diagnosed in the hematology laboratory by direct visualization of the amastigotes (Leishman–Donovan bodies). Buffy-coat preparations of peripheral blood or aspirates from marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, or skin lesions should be spread on a slide to make a thin smear and stained with Leishman stain or Gie...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=198491
272,524
1,216,963
There are technical difficulties to overcome before ADS can become economical and eventually be integrated into future nuclear waste management. The accelerator must provide a high intensity and also be highly reliable - each outage of the accelerator in addition to causing a scram will put the system under immense the...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1219670
1,216,310
746,889
According to the Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research, "Ostrom cautioned against single governmental units at global level to solve the collective action problem of coordinating work against environmental destruction. Partly, this is due to their complexity, and partly to the diversity of actors involved...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5033761
746,493
1,120,020
AMF will provide a four-channel, full duplex, software-defined radio integrated into airborne, shipboard, and fixed-station platforms, enabling maritime and airborne forces to communicate seamlessly and with greater efficiency through implementation of five initial waveforms (i.e., Ultra-High Frequency Satellite Commun...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1102237
1,119,447
20,673
As a young child, Bell, like his brothers, received his early schooling at home from his father. At an early age, he was enrolled at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, Scotland, which he left at the age of 15, having completed only the first four forms. His school record was undistinguished, marked by absenteeism and la...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=852
20,664
671,275
Getting captive wild animals to breed naturally can be a difficult task. Giant pandas for example lose interest in mating once they are captured, and female giant pandas only experience estrus once a year, which only lasts for 48 to 72 hours. Many researchers have turned to artificial insemination in an attempt to incr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2965243
670,923
601,837
The machine is theoretically not self-starting, meaning that if none of the sectors on the discs has any electrical charge, there is nothing to induce charges on other sectors. In practice, even a small residual charge on any sector is enough to start the process going once the discs start to rotate. The machine will o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=179581
601,528
567,935
In November 2000, Daniel E. Little was inaugurated as the university's fifth chancellor. In 2001, both the Environmental Interpretive Center and the CASL Building were opened on campus. In fall of 2003, university enrollment topped 9,000 for the first time (9,022) and graduate enrollment reached 25% of total enrollment...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=848086
567,645
1,228,289
Japan joined the Allies of the First World War hoping to share in the spoils following victory. Japan made modest territorial gains by conquering Imperial Germany's scattered possessions in the Pacific and China on behalf of the Allied cause however the Entente states pushed back hard against Japan's attempt to dominat...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54108025
1,227,627
556,953
According to a NOVONOUS report, the consumption of semiconductors in India, mostly import-based, is estimated to rise from $10.02 billion in 2013 to $52.58 billion by 2020 at a dynamic CAGR of 26.72%. The report estimates that the consumption of mobile devices will grow at a CAGR of 33.4% between 2013 and 2020, driving...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51010296
556,664
870,447
In early 1991, in the context of remarks that, at that point in time, the Paint application bundled with RISC OS was "the only true Risc OS art program" operating in the desktop and not restricting users to specific display modes, Longman Logotron released Revelation, an application running in the desktop environment, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63145
869,987
1,465,157
Calicheamicin displays unbiased toxicity to bacteria, fungi, viruses, and eukaryotic cells and organisms, which raises questions as to how the calicheamicin-producing "Micromonospora" manages not to poison itself. An answer to this question was presented in 2003 when Thorson and coworkers presented the first known exam...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7684225
1,464,334
1,186,858
Opinions differ among scholars, as well as in public discourse, with regard to how to interpret the high survival rate of Jews in Albania-proper, as well as the stark contrast in survival rates in Albania-proper and Kosovo. Some experts have attributed the "exceptional difference" in Albania-proper to the "besa", a tra...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39141908
1,186,229
509,902
In cooling systems of nuclear reactors, the formation of free oxygen would promote corrosion and is counteracted by addition of hydrogen to the cooling water. The hydrogen is not consumed as for each molecule reacting with oxygen one molecule is liberated by radiolysis of water; the excess hydrogen just serves to shift...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9934503
509,638
1,100,379
Dirac's theory has inspired and continues to inspire a significant body of scientific literature in a variety of disciplines. In the context of geophysics, for instance, Edward Teller seemed to raise a serious objection to LNH in 1948 when he argued that variations in the strength of gravity are not consistent with pal...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1331039
1,099,818
262,795
A more complete specimen of a similar animal was discovered in a quarry in Maidstone, Kent, in 1834 (lower Lower Greensand Formation), which Mantell soon acquired. He was led to identify it as an "Iguanodon" based on its distinctive teeth. The Maidstone slab was utilized in the first skeletal reconstructions and artist...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228798
262,656
864,409
In the late 1980s through 1990 the Army started inactivating its pathfinder units in the belief those skills could be learned by regular troops attending Air Assault School and by individuals within the unit who were pathfinder qualified. Operations during the Panama invasion and the Gulf War showed that Pathfinders we...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33003538
863,949
1,918,764
Cells of interest are cultured either in vivo or in vitro. During S-phase cells are treated with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) which is then incorporated into their nascent DNA, acting as a substitute for thymidine. After at least one replication event has occurred, the daughter cells are synchronized at the G2 phase and in...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45374363
1,917,664
781,081
The genomes of four "Leishmania" species ("L. major", "L. infantum", "L. donovani" and "L. braziliensis") have been sequenced, revealing more than 8300 protein-coding and 900 RNA genes. Almost 40% of protein-coding genes fall into 662 families containing between two and 500 members. Most of the smaller gene families ar...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50468
780,663
1,404,394
CCS is a green construction solution that makes civil infrastructure projects more sustainable. In load support applications, the increased geocell reinforcement enables a reduction in the amount and quality of infill for structural support. This means that locally-available, but of marginal soil type or recycled mater...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18365940
1,403,604
1,567,793
GPS, tilt and InSAR are the primary methods used to track ground movement. GPS measurements can be used to estimate the location and amount of magma accumulating beneath the surface. For example, the Hawaiian volcano Mauna Loa has experienced multiple episodes of inflation since its 1984 eruption, and it has been well ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67520209
1,566,906
8,411
In November 1813, the college agreed to incorporate its medical school with The College of Physicians and Surgeons, a new school created by the Regents of New York, forming Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. The college's enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th c...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6310
8,408
722,089
Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), located in Greenbelt, Maryland, was commissioned by NASA on March 1, 1959. It is the largest combined organization of scientists and engineers in the United States dedicated to increasing knowledge of the Earth, the Solar System, and the Universe via observations from space. GSFC is ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33208799
721,709
10,913
In Vietnam, some soldiers were issued a carbine version of the M16 named XM177. The XM177 had a shorter barrel and a telescoping stock, which made it substantially more compact. It also possessed a combination flash hider/sound moderator to reduce problems with muzzle flash and loud report. The Air Force's GAU-5/A (XM1...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19901
10,908
283,489
Another interesting line of research is that which examines women's mate preferences across the ovulatory cycle. The theoretical underpinning of this research is that ancestral women would have evolved mechanisms to select mates with certain traits depending on their hormonal status. Known as the ovulatory shift hypoth...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9703
283,336
2,026,183
He actively runs INFOCOM events and service work. He is leading a group of research students in the Advanced Networking & System Research Group. His research interests include theory and mathematics. His current research interests are in theoretical topics in data networks, distributed multimedia systems, network secur...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9214409
2,025,017
1,425,071
Henry Hitchings of "Evening Standard" gave the play four out of five stars, writing that "This isn't an obvious star vehicle, and there's certainly plenty for those around Kidman to get their teeth into in Michael Grandage's smartly paced production. Edward Bennett and Will Attenborough combine vigorously as Francis Cr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47937289
1,424,269
130,697
The idea for a Soviet armored ground-attack aircraft dates to the early 1930s, when Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich designed TSh-1 and TSh-2 armored biplanes. However, Soviet engines at the time lacked the power needed to provide the heavy aircraft with good performance. The Il-2 was designed by Sergey Ilyushin and his te...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=183726
130,645
193,949
DPF filters go through a regeneration process which removes this soot and lowers the filter pressure. There are three types of regeneration: passive, active, and forced. Passive regeneration takes place normally while driving, when engine load and vehicle drive-cycle create temperatures that are high enough to regenera...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2917407
193,849
1,610,550
The array of problems encountered concentrated on the electrodynamics of moving bodies. Poincaré swiftly proposed the idea that it is the ether modifying itself, and not the bodies acquiring mass, which came to contradict the older theories (based on a perfectly immovable ether). Overall, Poincaré shed light on the Zee...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3884961
1,609,645
1,543,478
The medical–industrial complex is the network of corporations which supply health care services and products for a profit. The term was derived from the language that President Eisenhower had used ("military-industrial complex") when warning the nation, as he was retiring, about the growing influence of arms manufactur...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42950497
1,542,605
648
The F-35 has a wing-tail configuration with two vertical stabilizers canted for stealth. Flight control surfaces include leading-edge flaps, flaperons, rudders, and all-moving horizontal tails (stabilators); leading edge root extensions also run forwards to the inlets. The relatively short 35-foot wingspan of the F-35A...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11812
648
1,845,721
Cognitive capabilities refer our mental abilities by which we pay attention to the world, interpret the information around us, learn and remember, solve problems and make decisions. Age-related differences in cognitive functioning have been known to stem from the reduction of cognitive resources available, thus impairi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33937822
1,844,666
1,966,591
Born in Częstochowa, Congress Poland, Russian Empire, to a German Jewish family, Bergman received his Ph.D. at University of Berlin in 1921 for a dissertation on Fourier analysis. His advisor, Richard von Mises, had a strong influence on him, lasting for the rest of his career. In 1933, Bergman was forced to leave his ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9395687
1,965,461
2,019,490
Restorative neurology is a branch of neurology dedicated to improving functions of the impaired nervous system through selective structural or functional modification of abnormal neurocontrol according to underlying mechanisms and clinically unrecognized residual functions. When impaired, the body naturally reconstruct...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37568453
2,018,327
1,663,025
Bolivia's President Evo Morales told the conference that, one of the world's main polluters, the United States denied science, turned its backs on multilateralism, and attempted to deny a future to upcoming generations by its national government deciding to leave the Paris agreement, making "it the main threat to Mothe...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54239874
1,662,090
2,754
Deprived of political power, Oppenheimer continued to lecture, write and work on physics. He toured Europe and Japan, giving talks about the history of science, the role of science in society, and the nature of the universe. In September 1957, France made him an Officer of the Legion of Honor, and on May 3, 1962, he wa...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39034
2,754
476,468
Patented in 1984 by Hermann Keck, plastic joint clips are usually made of polyacetal, and are colored according to joint sizes. Polyacetal melts at a reasonably low temperature (around 175 °C) and begins to soften around 140 °C. As glassware temperatures are recommended up to 250 °C, care needs to be taken that clips m...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7715317
476,228
65,787
The 2GR-FSE is a engine used in the Lexus IS, GS, Mark X and Crown and incorporates Toyota's latest D-4S twin injection fuel system. This system combines direct injection (/min injectors) with traditional port injection (/min injectors). Direct injection lowers the tendency to knock (detonation) and increases performan...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1596194
65,762
458,031
"Cymbospondylus" was a medium to large sized animal, some species of the genus reaching enormous proportions. Unlike later groups of ichthyosaurs, "Cymbospondylus" had an elongated, more cylindrical body. The skull of "Cymbospondylus" is overall wedge-shaped and tapering evenly towards the tip of the snout. Most of the...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4675514
457,808
1,322,172
Joger and Sommer then hired local Tuaregs for support and, after two days, had uncovered most of the specimen, which included a virtually complete, articulated vertebral column and several limb and pelvic bones. The vertebral column formed an almost complete circle, the tip of the tail being located where the skull wou...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24361405
1,321,446
881,214
The institute was established by Dr. Sam Higginbottom, an English-born Presbyterian missionary in 1910 as a Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension of Ewing Christian College, Allahabad. The institute was declared as a separate entity from the college in 1918. The Department of Animal Husbandry was the first...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6309587
880,750
118,569
Many physical effects attributed to zero-point energy have been experimentally verified, such as spontaneous emission, Casimir force, Lamb shift, magnetic moment of the electron and Delbrück scattering. These effects are usually called "radiative corrections". In more complex nonlinear theories (e.g. QCD) zero-point en...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=84400
118,523
1,756,330
The crystal structure of KcsA was solved by the MacKinnon group in 1998 after discovery that removal of the C-terminus cytoplasmic domain of the native protein (residues 126–158) increases the stability of crystallized samples. A model of KcsA at the 3.2A resolution was produced that confirmed the tetrameric arrangemen...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36080526
1,755,339
1,285,680
The World Bank disliked ADMARC being under political control and proposed that it should only keep its core agricultural marketing operations and only provide marketing services in those outlying areas of the country with limited private sector competition: these reforms were implemented from 2006 on. The private secto...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14543243
1,284,980
956,728
Although the two crystallites A and B discussed in the above section have identical slip systems, they are misoriented with respect to each other, and therefore misoriented with respect to the applied force. Thus, microscopic yielding within a crystallite interior may occur according to the rules governing single cryst...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=240123
956,223
1,590,352
Pehrson accepted the need for speed and efficiency, but his vision of a model late-20th century community differed from that of Groves. Groves was, for example, opposed to the stores having display windows, which he felt would encourage window shopping and impulse buying; he wanted them to look like the utilitarian pos...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72002318
1,589,458
873,501
Standard optimization techniques in computer science — both of which were inspired by, but do not directly reproduce, physical processes — have also been used in an attempt to more efficiently produce quality MSAs. One such technique, genetic algorithms, has been used for MSA production in an attempt to broadly simulat...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4066308
873,040
1,327,519
In the first half of the 20th century, radio communications had experienced great expansion, and the growing professional community of developers and operators of radio systems required standardization, research, and authoritative dissemination of new results among practitioners and researchers. To meet these needs, th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=431866
1,326,792
1,304,455
The politics of neuromarketing is this idea of using advertisements to convince the mind of a voter to vote for a certain party. This has already been happening within the elections throughout the years. In the 2006 reelection of Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, he was double digits off in the voting in comparison to hi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=703002
1,303,739
483,335
June 26, 1941 the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union adopted a new decree "On the working hours of workers and service members in wartime," which introduced overtime work with work on holidays and weekends. Furthermore, there were mobilization and national economic plans that were approved and they were all aimed at in...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60830799
483,088
383,462
The field is generally considered to have begun in 1896 with the opening of the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania by Lightner Witmer. In the first half of the 20th century, clinical psychology was focused on psychological assessment, with little attention given to treatment. This changed afte...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=492271
383,267
1,683,973
In a 1954 review Rolf Hagedorn states that "One need read only a few pages of the book to sense the thoroughness and conscientiousness of the whole work". He states the book is an invaluable reference and that it is "essential for any library". He goes on to say that Whittaker "brings the reader to real understanding b...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65293114
1,683,029
1,918,183
His research involves the chemistry and synthesis of surfaces that contact biological environments. His laboratory has pioneered several technologies, including strategies to integrate living cells with microelectronic devices, methods to enable high throughput assays for drug discovery, and approaches to making synthe...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60816692
1,917,083
1,894,911
Two types of weighting instruments were used: first conventional balance consisting of two trays with one used to place an object to weighted and other some kind of weight and second was kind of steelyard based on a single tray subtended from a level with unequal arms, the longer helped to yield the tray balanced. Scal...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71309452
1,893,827
1,314,895
Reformers had from the 1830s wanted to resolve sanitary problems in urban areas, because sewage was flowing down the street daily, including the presence of sewage in living quarters. In 1848 their efforts led to the establishment of a three-man Board of Health – if one with very limited powers. Many factors delayed ef...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8518828
1,314,174
271,932
In contrast, ecological economists, like Joan Martinez-Alier, appeal to a different line of reasoning. Rather than assuming some (new) form of capitalism is the best way forward, an older ecological economic critique questions the very idea of internalizing externalities as providing some corrective to the current syst...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61193
271,784
1,700,060
In addition to these symptoms, signs of the infectious organism are very evident in the host. Upon removal of the bark, white mycelial mats are visible along with rhizomorphs, a distinctive reproductive structure. Rhizomorphs are black, shoe-string like growth structure that can grow out from the host and grow in the s...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29381807
1,699,106
703,406
The French government played a major role in the preparations for the Games, as president Charles de Gaulle saw an opportunity to present Grenoble as a symbol for a modern France. Francois Missoffe, Minister for Youth and Sport, formed an interministerial committee for the coordination of the work commissioned by prime...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=162504
703,038
1,112,328
Shrimp farms of all types, from extensive to super-intensive, can cause severe ecological problems wherever they are located. For extensive farms, huge areas of mangroves were cleared, reducing biodiversity. During the 1980s and 1990s, about 35% of the world's mangrove forests had vanished. Shrimp farming was a major c...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2167405
1,111,762