doc_id
int32
18
2.25M
text
stringlengths
245
2.96k
source
stringlengths
38
44
__index_level_0__
int64
18
2.25M
838,306
On the day of discovery, 19 February, alpha irradiation of the einsteinium target occurred in three three-hour sessions. The cyclotron was in the University of California campus, while the Radiation Laboratory was on the next hill. To deal with this situation, a complex procedure was used: Ghiorso took the catcher foil...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18899
837,857
181,359
Research has shown that the presence of "L. acidophilus" can produce a variety of probiotic effects in humans, such as; acting as a barrier against pathogens, assisting in lactose digestion, enhancing immune response, and reducing cholesterol level. "L. acidophilus" must exist in concentrations of 10^5 - 10^6 c.f.u (co...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=965861
181,264
736,185
The NFL spent years trying to deny and cover up any link that emerged connecting head injuries sustained while playing football with long-term brain disorders. The NFL Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI) Committee, first formed in 1994, reported in December 1999 that the number of head injuries had remained "remarkably ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36082813
735,798
78,254
In 1964, while a reader at Birkbeck College, London, (and having had his attention drawn from pure mathematics to astrophysics by the cosmologist Dennis Sciama, then at Cambridge) in the words of Kip Thorne of Caltech, "Roger Penrose revolutionised the mathematical tools that we use to analyse the properties of spaceti...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26193
78,225
1,301,872
Tactical medicine has been in existence long before it was officially termed 'tactical EMS.' Tactical medicine has its origins on the battlefield. Since human beings have been fighting in wars, tactical medicine has been applied to those wounded in combat. Early kings had personal medics to care for them in the event t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42748863
1,301,158
1,661,921
On 29 November 1942, the 94th Fighter Squadron flew the group's first combat sorties in the Mediterranean theater, strafing a German airfield and recording several aerial victories. However, as the year came to a close, the group's morale sagged. Though the move from England to the desert environment added sometimes 20...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4381244
1,660,986
1,963,834
Agr occurs in 4 allelic subtypes that have an important role in staphylococcal evolution. The corresponding AIPs are mutually cross-inhibitory, which may enhance the evolutionary separation of the 4 groups. The "agr" receptor, AgrC, is a model histidine phosphokinase (HPK) that has been used to decipher the molecular m...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65888401
1,962,706
107,505
In 1982, Don Backer led a group which discovered PSR B1937+21, a pulsar with a rotation period of just 1.6 milliseconds (38,500 rpm). Observations soon revealed that its magnetic field was much weaker than ordinary pulsars, while further discoveries cemented the idea that a new class of object, the "millisecond pulsars...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1227284
107,460
84,534
The Olson family disputes the official version of events. They maintain that Frank Olson was murdered because, especially in the aftermath of his LSD experience, he had become a security risk who might divulge state secrets associated with highly classified CIA programs, about many of which he had direct personal knowl...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42043
84,500
1,204,417
The school's enrollment increased significantly during World War I and alumni began organizing a campaign to build a larger building with campus grounds during the early 1920s. In 1926, ground was broken for a massive Collegiate Gothic stone structure designed by the architects Buckler and Fenhagen on "Collegian Hill"....
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=713949
1,203,772
912,278
The severity and clinical course of "Angiostrongylus" disease depends significantly on the ingested load of third-stage larvae, creating great variability from case to case, making clinical trials difficult to design, and effectiveness of treatments difficult to discern. Typical conservative medical management includin...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17048535
911,799
320,940
After the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) announced their desire for a new precision sniper rifle in December 2009, Barrett created the MRAD in accordance with the specifications laid out by SOCOM. Building off of the successful Barrett 98B, the MRAD features multiple improvements such as a folding s...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37962446
320,768
1,070,904
In the mid 1970s the "MUST" designation was applied, (medical unit, self contained, transportable). During the Cold War, with conflict possible against the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact, active duty MUST units were staffed by all the basic personnel necessary (medics, X-ray techs, pharmacists, cooks, clerks etc.) Doctor...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=796157
1,070,350
231,127
Heaven-shaking-thunder bombs, also known as thunder crash bombs, were utilized prior to the siege in 1231 when a Jin general made use of them in destroying a Mongol warship, but during the siege the Mongols responded by protecting themselves with elaborate screens of thick cowhide. This was effective enough for workers...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1909414
231,008
1,564,961
In 2000, Anne Fowler and Susan Brady launched the Early Reading Success (ERS) program, part of the Haskins Literacy Initiative which promotes the science of teaching reading. The ERS program was a demonstration project examining the efficacy of professional development in reading instruction for teachers of children in...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6202324
1,564,074
2,195,261
In 1901 he was appointed Lecturer in physics & mathematics at the University of Adelaide under W H Bragg with whom he established a close association over many years & this soon led in 1902 to the opportunity to become the first Lecturer in Electrical Engineering at the University. In the latter part of 1902 during a p...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52676648
2,194,011
1,184,600
On November 17, 1820, travellers reached Macquarie where they observed rookery of elephant seals and penguins. In their reports, expedition participants mentioned parrots, wild cats, and temporary dugouts industrialists from Port Jackson. The crew treated sea hunters with dried bread with butter and grog. The expeditio...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40880361
1,183,972
1,724,076
Michael Apafi, who had been elected prince upon the Ottomans' demand on 14 September 1661, closely cooperated with the Diet throughout his reign. He was the first prince to have invited the Orthodox bishop of Transylvania to the Diet. Apafi declared salt mining a state monopoly and introduced a system of tax farming, w...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4745801
1,723,106
728,395
Patrick Geddes had first advocated for the "real and active participation" of citizens when working in the British Raj, arguing against the "Dangers of Municipal Government from above" which would cause "detachment from public and popular feeling, and consequently, before long, from public and popular needs and usefuln...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45346
728,011
1,837,727
Although there is significant insight as to how OPVs work, it is still difficult to relate the device's functionality to local film structures. This difficulty may be attributed to the minimal current generation at a given point within OPVs. Through pc-AFM, OPV devices can be probed at nano-scale level and can help to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31698140
1,836,678
2,153,307
Upon completing his formal education, Islam remained in California and worked for the Optical Networking Research group of JDS Uniphase Corporation and the Quantum Science Research group of the Hewlett-Packard Laboratories during 2001–04. Subsequently, he accepted a faculty position at the University of California, Dav...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67474663
2,152,076
312,470
Human mating is inherently non-random. Despite the common trope "opposites attract," humans generally prefer mates who share the same or similar traits, such as genetics, quantitative phenotypes like height or body-mass index, skin pigmentation, the level of physical attractiveness, disease risk (including cancers and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41162624
312,302
662,886
Fritz had a normal birth. However, his motor development was delayed and he was very clumsy which worried his parents. He only learned to walk at fourteen months. He also had problems with learning self-help skills such as washing and cleaning. However, he also learnt to talk much earlier at ten months and quickly expr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13302907
662,541
1,965,852
On 28 January 1915 USRC "Unalga" became USCGC "Unalga" by virtue of the establishment of the United States Coast Guard by merger of the United States Revenue Cutter Service with the United States Life-Saving Service. In February 1915 additional duties were assigned enforcing the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 191...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42183952
1,964,723
1,651,128
In "Sweetness and Power", written by Sidney Mintz in 1985, details examples of mono-cropping, or planting massive areas with one cash crop, in several Caribbean Islands, including Cuba. He states that Cuba went from being an economically diverse place with many small scale subsistence producers to a mono-crop plantatio...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17200325
1,650,196
907,395
A group of African American veterans of World War II, barred from admission on the grounds of race and calling themselves the Negro Goodwill Council, protested to Governor Beauford Jester about the exclusion of blacks from Lamar State College. They attempted to block passage of the bill to change Lamar into a state-sup...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=624221
906,917
420,478
In a similar manner, an individual can respond to other environmental stimuli, factors or challenges differently according to specific genetic differences or alleles. These other factors include the diet and specific nutrients within the diet, physical activity, alcohol and tobacco use, sleep (bed time, duration), and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2423780
420,273
1,907,636
Dietrich von Hildebrand's influence extended beyond the narrow issue of a religious denomination. Sattler also came to share his uncle's hostility to the Nazi party which took power in January 1933 and spent the next few months transforming the country into a one-party dictatorship. Dieter Sattler's marriage to Maria C...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54975038
1,906,540
2,042,235
Revolutionary changes in the curriculum of pharmaceutical education were one of Dr. Prescott’s biggest accomplishments. Throughout the nineteenth century, a prerequisite for the higher level pharmaceutical study was based mostly on apprenticeship programs where pharmacists learned on a practical basis. According to pro...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5148188
2,041,055
1,694,998
Intra organismic communication is not solely the passage of information within an organism, but concrete interaction between and within cells of an organism mediated by signs. This could be on a cellular and molecular level. An organism's ability to interpret its own biotic information is extremely important. If the or...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8694335
1,694,047
283,470
Scientists who study perception and sensation have long understood the human senses as adaptations to their surrounding worlds. Depth perception consists of processing over half a dozen visual cues, each of which is based on a regularity of the physical world. Vision evolved to respond to the narrow range of electromag...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9703
283,317
266,023
His work was hampered by various malfunctions: when the Panoramic Camera was turned on, it appeared to take so much power from one of the CSM's electrical systems, that it initiated the spacecraft Master Alarm. It was immediately shut off, though later analysis indicated that the drain might have been from the spacecra...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1970
265,879
760,222
Nonetheless, considering the current problem of the electric power source solved (for example with the availability of a still missing multi-megawatt compact fusion reactor), one could imagine future aircraft of a new kind silently powered by MHD accelerators, able to ionize and direct enough air downward to lift sever...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=182734
759,816
1,226,489
In 1967, S. B. Carter reported the use of shadow-evaporated palladium islands for cell attachment. After this first bio-MEMS study, subsequent development in the field was slow for around 20 years. In 1985, Unipath Inc. commercialized ClearBlue, a pregnancy test still used today that can be considered the first microfl...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19081158
1,225,829
993,315
In 1975, the freshman and sophomore years consisted of interdisciplinary studies, and were organized in a modular format, with each course lasting a few weeks or months. All students, regardless of their previous education, were required to attend 24 interdisciplinary courses, some of which consisted of pre-recorded vi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=271937
992,798
2,163,880
On August 16, 2010, the Los Alamos Study Group filed a lawsuit against the Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) which states that the original environmental impact statement (EIS) completed in 2003, with a record of decision (ROD) in 2004, is not a legitimate EIS for the cu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28951534
2,162,644
1,244,659
Philosopher Neven Sesardić, while not dismissive of developmental systems theory, argues that its proponents forget that the role between levels of interaction is ultimately an empirical issue, which cannot be settled by "a priori" speculation; Sesardić observes that while the emergence of lung cancer is a highly compl...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8355930
1,243,986
1,582,155
Chlorovirus titers are variable by season and location, but typically fluctuate between 1 and 100 PFU/mL, although high abundances of up to 100,000 PFU/mL may occur in some environments. Due to the rich genetic diversity and high specialization of individual species with respect to infectious range, variations in their...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44369339
1,581,265
1,765,165
Pharmacogenomics studies how responses to pharmaceutical products differ in efficacy and toxicity based on variations in the patient's genome; it is a correlation of drug response to gene expression in a patient. Jeremy K. Nicholson of the Imperial College, London, used a postgenomic viewpoint to understand adverse dru...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22131699
1,764,172
1,604,287
A recent study using Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) linked an increased neural activity in the occipito-temporal region of the brain to the visual categorization of facial expressions. Results focus on a negative peak in the ERP that occurs 170 milliseconds after the stimulus onset. This action potential, called the N...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5212945
1,603,386
1,015,622
In 2012, General Norton A. Schwartz decried the "foolishness" of reliance on computer models to arrive at the final design of aircraft before flight testing has found the problems that require changes in design. In 2013, JSF project team leader, USAF Lieutenant General Chris Bogdan, said that "A large amount of concurr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54719700
1,015,099
1,324,298
STS-72, the 74th flight of the Space Shuttle program and the 10th of the orbiter "Endeavour" was launched at 4:41AM EST 11 January 1996 after a brief hold at the T-5-minute mark due to communication issues. The nighttime launch window was in support of the mission's primary objective, the capture and return to Earth of...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=526878
1,323,572
1,799,693
Liquid crystals made of rod-like molecules had been discovered in 1888, and many compounds had been synthesized at Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany in the 1920s and 30s. Some physical studies had been undertaken by the German and Russian schools during that era, but the subject later languished till the mid-fifties. Start...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20572527
1,798,684
937,328
Work on the Ju 287 programme, along with all other pending German bomber projects (including Junkers' other ongoing heavy bomber design, the piston-engined Ju 488) came to a halt in July 1944, but Junkers was allowed to go forward with the flight testing regime on the V1 prototype. The components for the Junkers Ju 287...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=456631
936,830
1,604,899
The newly formed Data Science and Supercomputing Division (DSSD), is proposed to grow with two objectives. One is to build on its rich expertise of providing CSIR centralized cyber infrastructure and research in cyber security & privacy. Some of the notable achievements are (i) hosting one of the largest supercomputing...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32288518
1,603,998
750,024
However, the problem with submarine crewing continued; by 2008 the RAN could provide complete companies for only three of the six submarines. A review by Rear Admiral Rowan Moffitt during 2008 (the "Submarine Workforce Sustainability Review" or "Moffitt Report") found that poor leadership and a culture of "mission achi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=810758
749,626
1,706,377
In 2013-2014, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) designed their own "NYC Macroscope", a surveillance system for electronic health records of New York City residents, designed to "measure health outcomes among the NYC adult population actively seeking medical care". The Indiana University ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64208794
1,705,419
1,794,057
Biosensors & Bioelectronics is the principal international journal devoted to research, design, development, and application of biosensors and bioelectronics. It is an interdisciplinary journal serving professionals with an interest in the exploitation of biological materials in novel diagnostic and electronic devices....
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38848434
1,793,048
682,764
For Luria, the war with Germany that ended in 1945 resulted in a number of significant developments for the future of his career in neuropsychology. He was appointed Doctor of Medical Sciences in 1943 and Professor in 1944. Of specific importance for Luria was that he was assigned by the government to care for nearly 8...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=389738
682,408
340,746
In 1987, astronomer David Jewitt, then at MIT, became increasingly puzzled by "the apparent emptiness of the outer Solar System". He encouraged then-graduate student Jane Luu to aid him in his endeavour to locate another object beyond Pluto's orbit, because, as he told her, "If we don't, nobody will." Using telescopes ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16796
340,565
868,347
The South Georgia boat party could expect to meet hurricane-force winds and waves—the notorious Cape Horn Rollers—measuring from trough to crest as much as . Shackleton therefore selected the heaviest and strongest of the three boats, the long "James Caird". It had been built as a whaleboat in London to Worsley's order...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1048994
867,887
1,326,694
In the field of statistics and applied probability, John Graunt published "Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality" also in 1662, initiating the discipline of demography. This work, among other things, gave a statistical estimate of the population of London, produced the first life table, ga...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17554277
1,325,967
962,408
The new aircraft was a minimum change derivative of the T-2, with the rear cockpit being converted to an avionics bay by removing the rear seat, and replacing the canopy with a simple unglazed access hatch. Two additional hardpoints were fitted under the wing to allow carriage of a heavier weapon load, and the avionics...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2050929
961,899
13,140
In March 2014, numerous news sources, including NBC, began predicting that the radioactive underwater plume traveling through the Pacific Ocean would reach the western seaboard of the continental United States. The common story was that the amount of radioactivity would be harmless and temporary once it arrived. The Na...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817
13,135
834,990
In 2000, the school's 50th anniversary, the Board of Trustees changed the name from Bellarmine College to Bellarmine University to reflect its status as a Masters-I university. In 2005, McGowan announced Vision 2020, the university's plan to become "the premier Independent Catholic University in the South, and thereby ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=394938
834,541
956,060
By the mid-1980s, oil prices had fallen sharply, helping lead to the revitalization of the American auto industry. Under the leadership of Lee Iacocca, Chrysler Corporation mounted a comeback after its flirtation with bankruptcy in 1979. The minivan was introduced in the 1984 model year by Chrysler with the Plymouth Vo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23576520
955,555
498,529
Meanwhile, Jowett's influence at Oxford had steadily increased; he had his favourites. It culminated when the country clergy, provoked by the final acquittal of the essayists, had voted in convocation against the endowment of the Greek chair. Jowett's pupils, who were now drawn from the university at large, supported h...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=231263
498,272
2,070,901
Daniel Gianola (born 1947) is a geneticist based at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (US), reputed for his contributions in quantitative genetics to the fields of animal and plant breeding. In the early 1980s, Gianola extended best linear unbiased prediction to the non-linear domain for analysis of categorical trait...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56448818
2,069,710
309,682
Exum's documents revealed that Carl Lewis had tested positive three times at the 1988 Olympics trials for minimum amounts of pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine, which were banned stimulants. Bronchodilators are also found in cold medication. Due to the rules, his case could have led to disqualification...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2112059
309,515
1,349,453
This scheme should eliminate national and disciplinary barriers and provide a most efficient approach to global collaborative research and data sharing. In this new scheme, each country will be expected to fund the participating researchers from their country. The GSF neuroinformatics committee then developed a busines...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3062721
1,348,707
998,026
After the routine pre-invasion bombardment, the main landing on Okinawa took place on 1 April. Unlike previous assaults, the marines faced no opposition early in the operation; Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima had withdrawn the bulk of his 100,000-strong army to the southern two-thirds of the island, where hilly ter...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=196975
997,508
160,654
Octreotide has been used experimentally to treat obesity, particularly obesity caused by lesions in the hunger and satiety centers of the hypothalamus, a region of the brain central to the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. The circuit begins with an area of the hypothalamus, the arcuate nucleus, that ha...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1411989
160,569
2,117,788
An experimental device working according to thermogravitational cycle principle was developed in a laboratory of the University of Bordeaux and patented in France. Such thermogravitational electric generator is based on inflation and deflation cycles of an elastic bag made of nitrile elastomer cut from a glove finger. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63687901
2,116,570
927,321
Originally the project began as a surface to air missile seeker developed by Texas Instruments. When TI executive Glenn E. Penisten attempted to sell the new technology to the Air Force, Col. Joe Davis Jr. inquired if it could instead be used as a ground attack system to overcome problems US aircraft were having with a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=306899
926,834
737,342
Both local shipping and long-distance trade are required to meet the resource demands important in maintaining urban areas. Carbon dioxide emissions from the transport of goods also contribute to accumulating greenhouse gasses and nutrient deposits in the soil and air of urban environments. In addition, shipping facili...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=295670
736,953
479,502
Over-time the pre-war uniforms of the militia were replaced with khaki service dress and in 1942 regimental badges were universally replaced by the Rising Sun, with UCPs being the main distinction between troops of the Militia and AIF. Some minor changes to the appearance of the service dress jack occurred mid-war, whi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51440630
479,262
32,141
Gian-Carlo Rota wrote in his famously controversial book, "Indiscrete Thoughts", that von Neumann was a lonely man who had trouble relating to others except on a strictly formal level. Françoise Ulam described how she never saw von Neumann in anything but a formal suit and tie. His daughter wrote in her memoirs that sh...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15942
32,129
158,473
While modernization of electrical grids into smart grids allows for optimization of everyday processes, a smart grid, being online, can be vulnerable to cyberattacks. Transformers which increase the voltage of electricity created at power plants for long-distance travel, transmission lines themselves, and distribution ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13201685
158,392
1,027,563
In the following months, the two railway companies ran comparative exchange trials between the two types from which the Great Western emerged triumphant with 4079 "Pendennis Castle". The LNER learned valuable lessons from the trials which resulted in a series of modifications carried out from 1926 on number 4477 "Gay C...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2534748
1,027,029
638,578
In September 2003, Laurentian began offering an English Bachelor of Education. This concurrent B.Ed. is a five-year program taken at the same time — concurrently — with an undergraduate degree commonly in Arts, Sciences or Sport and Physical Education. The primary goal of the English-language Bachelor of Education prog...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=342020
638,239
774,064
Evolutionary biologist Hakhamanesh Mostafavi led a 2017 study that analyzed data of 215,000 individuals from just a few generations in the United Kingdom and the United States and found a number of genetic changes that affect longevity. The ApoE allele linked to Alzheimer's disease was rare among women aged 70 and over...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54472601
773,648
152,842
In 1973 a further refined and even stronger but less powerful version, the Super Duty (SD) engine, was planned for Firebird, Grand Am, Le Mans (GTO), and Grand Prix models. The SD-455 used round-port cylinder heads similar to those used on the 1971 and 1972 455 HO, with specific "LS-2" intake and cast-iron exhaust head...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=880258
152,774
1,184,604
On January 24 (February 5), 1821, on the South Shetland Islands, 42-year-old Bellingshausen met with 21-year old Nathaniel Palmer who was at that time the head of local industrial sealers. As it turned out to be in the 20th century, this meeting was fateful. As later Bulkeley noted, it was similar to a rendezvous of Ma...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40880361
1,183,976
2,197,543
The use of microbial cells to produce electricity was perceived by M.C. Potter in 1911 with the finding that ""The disintegration of organic compounds by microorganisms is accompanied by the liberation of electrical energy"". A noteworthy addition in MFC research was made by B. Cohen in 1931, when microbial half fuel c...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71759039
2,196,292
32,132
Once Schriever had finished speaking on the cost of the project he wrapped up and Eisenhower thanked all three men for their presentations. Of them he said, "This has been most impressive, most impressive! There is no question this weapon will have a profound impact on all aspects of human life, not only in the United ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15942
32,120
1,881,410
While the changing climates keep these fungi from spreading, they also illustrate essential points. There is a greater degree of phylogenetic similarities between fungal communities at similar latitudes and they exhibit just as much similarity between themselves as do plant communities. Tracking one species of plant wi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59393212
1,880,329
1,996,460
Today, Michigan State continues its research with facilities such as the U.S. Department of Energy-sponsored MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory and a particle accelerator called the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB)—a $730M scientific user facility funded by the U....
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5056021
1,995,317
1,774,257
The Reverend James Calder was elected as Penn State's fifth president in 1871. Calder eliminated Burrowes’ proposed three-course system and reinstated the four-year curriculum and felt that the Morrill Act envisioned more than simply formal instruction in agriculture, reincorporating several elements of orthodox classi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31430357
1,773,260
551,180
Both of his sons were called into the army after war broke out in 1914 . The following year he was appointed Quain Professor of physics at University College London. He had to wait for almost a year to contribute to the war effort: finally, in July 1915, he was appointed to the Board of Invention and Research set up by...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=396459
550,892
1,494,055
Near the end of the 19th century, volunteer organizations such as St. John Ambulance began teaching the principles of first aid at mining sites and near large railway centers. By the dawn of the 20th century, additional organizations such as the Boy Scouts and the American Red Cross began teaching first aid to lay peop...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6306478
1,493,214
1,405,993
From this period onwards (roughly the late 1960s onwards), multiple designs were trialed to resolve the issues of guy wires which obstructed mobility and to improve the quality of safety and services, as well as reducing cost. Some examples of design elements during this period included fiberglass paneled stations, alu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1857169
1,405,203
568,241
The EL/M-2075 is a solid-state L-band conformal array radar system for use on a Boeing 707 and other aircraft. Phalcon, as the complete AEW mission suite is referred to, is intended for airborne early warning, tactical surveillance of airborne and surface targets and intelligence gathering. It also integrates the comma...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3854004
567,951
1,329,655
The brain is an ever-changing, plastic, model of information sharing and processing. In order for the brain to incorporate new experiences into a refined schema, it has to undergo specific modifications to consolidate and assimilate all new information. Synaptic plasticity can be described as the changing in strength b...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26685741
1,328,926
1,138,356
Various institutions, universities, and organizations have dedicated years to performing clinical trials and conducting research on CIPN. The scientific community has had multiple breakthroughs in the mechanisms, prevention, and treatment of CIPN. In 2017, the National Cancer Institute's Symptom Management and Health-R...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32843140
1,137,763
1,006,330
At one time, at least 25 million American bison were spread across the United States and Canada. However, by the late 1880s, the total number of bison in the United States had been reduced to fewer than 600. Most of these were collected onto various private ranches, and the last known free-roaming population of bison c...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3737931
1,005,811
13,040
The series' production design, such as the choice of sets, props, and costumes, has received high praise for its accuracy. Several sources have commended the attention to even minor setting details, such as the usage of actual Kyiv-region license plate numbers, and a "New Yorker" review states that "the material cultur...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266
13,035
1,066,346
The sandstone and limestone-framed brick building was constructed from the year 1576 to 1580. Built in the Flemish Renaissance style, the erection of the site was overseen by Danish architect Hans van Emden and sculptor Johan Gregor van der Schardt. The main building of Uraniborg was square, about 15 meters on a side, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243449
1,065,792
329,243
In 1983, researchers at Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC) Research Center, Switzerland, invented the "super-twisted nematic (STN) structure" for passive matrix-addressed LCDs. H. Amstutz et al. were listed as inventors in the corresponding patent applications filed in Switzerland on July 7, 1983, and October 28, 1983. Patents ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17932
329,068
237,881
Contamination of air and soil due to atmospheric testing is only part of a wider issue. Water contamination due to improper disposal of spent uranium and decay of sunken nuclear-powered submarines is a major problem in the Kola Peninsula in northwest Russia. Although the Russian government states that the radioactive p...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1217440
237,762
158,478
Some experts argue that the first step to increasing the cyber defenses of the smart electric grid is completing a comprehensive risk analysis of existing infrastructure, including research of software, hardware, and communication processes. Additionally, as intrusions themselves can provide valuable information, it co...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13201685
158,397
93,486
The project that eventually led to the AV-8B's creation started in the early 1970s as a cooperative effort between the United States and United Kingdom, aimed at addressing the operational inadequacies of the first-generation Hawker Siddeley Harrier. Early efforts centered on a larger, more powerful Pegasus engine to d...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18940560
93,445
1,301,794
The main characteristic of SPS is that the pulsed or unpulsed DC or AC current directly passes through the graphite die, as well as the powder compact, in case of conductive samples. Joule heating has been found to play a dominant role in the densification of powder compacts, which results in achieving near theoretical...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2414066
1,301,080
1,099,744
To assist in understanding the risks associated with different NIS introduction vectors, traditional microscope biodiversity assessments are increasingly being complemented by eDNA metabarcoding. This allows a wide range of diverse taxonomic assemblages, at many life stages to be identified. It can also enable the dete...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66619486
1,099,184
102,902
One side of the coin is in this case a clear loser: the middle class, which is unwillingly being excluded from economic prosperity, social benefit and the long desired ideal of American Dream. While it is impossible to measure the exact effects on the middle class, the side effects are more obvious: opioid epidemic, dr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20971
102,857
1,212,336
Even craft-based military technologies were not generally produced by military funding. Instead, craftsmen and inventors developed weapons and military tools independently and actively sought the interest of military patrons afterward. Following the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, governments a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4999816
1,211,684
369,804
Since its introduction in the 19th century, "Alliaria petiolata" has been shown to be extremely successful as an invasive species in temperate North America due, in part, to its secretion of allelopathic chemicals. These inhibit the germination of most competing plants and kill beneficial soil fungi needed by many plan...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3794
369,610
1,228,275
European powers imposed a series of "unequal treaties" in the 1850s and 1860s that gave privileged roles to their nationals in specially designated treaty ports. Representative was the 1858 Treaty with the United States, called the "Harris Treaty." It opened the ports of Kanagawa and four other Japanese cities to trade...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54108025
1,227,613
8,908
Since the 1960s, John C. Calhoun's white supremacist beliefs and pro-slavery leadership had prompted calls to rename the college or remove its tributes to Calhoun. The racially motivated church shooting in Charleston, South Carolina, led to renewed calls in the summer of 2015 for Calhoun College, one of 12 residential ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34273
8,904
1,399,700
One futuristic device shown in the film already under development when the film was released in 1968 was voice-print identification; the first prototype was released in 1976. A credible prototype of a chess-playing computer already existed in 1968, even though it could be defeated by experts; computers did not defeat c...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37415478
1,398,925
1,658,971
Rowland held academic posts at Princeton University (1952–56) and at the University of Kansas (1956–64) before becoming a professor of chemistry at the University of California, Irvine, in 1964. At Irvine in the early 1970s he began working with Mario J. Molina. Rowland was elected to the National Academy of Sciences i...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=637217
1,658,038