doc_id
int32
18
2.25M
text
stringlengths
245
2.96k
source
stringlengths
38
44
__index_level_0__
int64
18
2.25M
2,094,113
The extension of human lifespan, in terms of useful, quality, years added to life, has been a goal for many since time immemorial. And while a goal whose attainment was thought improbable, or at least achievable only in the far distant future, the discovery that animals can be cloned has brought the goal of rejuvenatio...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30992262
2,092,905
981,945
Sinking is less common and much more severe. It results when a significant failure of the interdigitation between the sensitive and insensitive laminae around a significant portion of the hoof occurs. The destruction of the sensitive laminae results in the hoof wall becoming separated from the rest of the hoof, so that...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1580943
981,433
69,912
After English physicist James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932, Enrico Fermi and his colleagues in Rome studied the results of bombarding uranium with neutrons in 1934. Fermi concluded that his experiments had created new elements with 93 and 94 protons, which the group dubbed ausonium and hesperium. However, no...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22054
69,885
996,227
Over the years pieces of the plane were stripped by souvenir hunters. Today, parts can be seen at the National Museum of the United States Air Force. A propeller can be seen in front of the village hall in Lake Linden, the home of Robert E. LaMotte. The U.S. Army Quartermaster Museum at Fort Lee, Virginia has a collect...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3361073
995,709
766,614
The NMNH represents 90% of the Smithsonian Institution’s collections and forms one of the largest, most comprehensive natural history collection in the world. The Smithsonian gives an approximate number for artifacts and specimens of 146 million. More specifically, the collections include 30 million insects, 4.5 millio...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=700610
766,203
1,731,591
Insulin medication and intraoperative doses of insulin is also found, but not recognized by companies producing and selling medication to general public also as a slimming formula like Wegovy, to get its anorectic effect by the increase of FAAH activity, which, beside of other NAE's, degrade NAE 20:4 (AEA), suggest tha...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20853174
1,730,615
616,633
In a molecular systematic analysis, the haplotypes are determined for a defined area of genetic material; a substantial sample of individuals of the target species or other taxon is used; however, many current studies are based on single individuals. Haplotypes of individuals of closely related, yet different, taxa are...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=149544
616,319
177,619
Target aperture sights are designed for maximum precision. The rear sight element (often called "diopter") is usually a large disk (up to 1 inch or 2.5 cm in diameter) with a small hole in the middle, of approximately or less, and is placed close to the shooter's eye. High end target diopters normally accept accessorie...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1041421
177,527
85,377
None of the following agree in all translated words and in typography. The typography is a serious matter, because Gödel expressly wished to emphasize "those metamathematical notions that had been defined in their usual sense before . . ." . Three translations exist. Of the first John Dawson states that: "The Meltzer t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58863
85,343
1,718,698
EbA is nested within the broader concept of nature-based solutions and complements and shares common elements with a wide variety of other approaches to building the resilience of social-ecological systems. These approaches include community-based adaptation, ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction, climate-smart agric...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60945092
1,717,728
2,181,482
In part through the Board’s outreach efforts and in part because of interest abroad in the contributions of federal and state government policy to U.S. economic performance, there is a growing international audience for STEP’s work, evidenced by the high volume of visits to the website and invitations for presentations...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12911652
2,180,235
781,976
The 17th-century thinker Rene Descartes believed that animals and humans were biological machines. On his last trip to Norway, he took with him a mechanical doll that looked like his dead daughter Francine. In the 18th century the master toymaker Jacques de Vaucanson built for Louis XV an automated duck with hundreds o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13946920
781,557
1,694,344
IBM FlashSystem products are based on a custom hardware architecture that incorporates field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The FlashSystem design omits traditional server-based array controllers. The primary components of each FlashSystem unit include custom flash modules, external storage area network interfaces, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37187554
1,693,393
2,006,374
This seven-volume history is described as appealing, scholarly, thorough, and definitive. The author does acknowledge politics and diplomacy throughout, but the main narrative focus is on military events. Additionally, human beings on the field are the focus rather than military units "with numerical designations." The...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63778737
2,005,225
1,663,325
The first results by the collaboration were published in August 2007 in: “"First real time detection of Be solar neutrinos by Borexino"”. The subject was further extended in 2008. In 2010, "geoneutrinos" from Earth's interior were observed for the first time using Borexino. These are anti-neutrinos produced in radioact...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22137484
1,662,390
1,466,833
The α-adrenergic receptor agonists (antihypertensive agents) show some efficacy in reducing tics, as well as other comorbid features of some people with Tourette's. Originally developed to treat high blood pressure, these medications are a safer alternative to neuroleptic medications for the people with TS that respond...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5071079
1,466,010
900,241
Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is an approach to medical practice intended to optimize decision-making by emphasizing the use of evidence from well-designed and well-conducted research. Although all medicine based on science has some degree of empirical support, EBM goes further, classifying evidence by its epistemologi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3289308
899,766
36,430
After the release of the Space Shuttle Task Group report, many aerospace engineers favored the Class III, fully reusable design because of perceived savings in hardware costs. Max Faget, a NASA engineer who had worked to design the Mercury capsule, patented a design for a two-stage fully recoverable system with a strai...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28189
36,418
224,838
In Germany, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann bombarded uranium with neutrons, and noted that barium, a lighter element, was among the products produced. Hitherto, only the same or heavier elements had been produced by the process. In January 1939, Meitner and her nephew Otto Frisch astounded the physics community with a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174316
224,723
930,845
In the "On Demonstration" section of "The Book of Healing" (1027), the Persian philosopher and scientist Avicenna (Ibn Sina) discussed philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. He discussed Aristotle's "Posterior Analytics" and significantly diverged from it on several points. Avicenna ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3143150
930,354
366,511
The object exploded in a meteor air burst over Chelyabinsk Oblast, at a height of around . The explosion generated a bright flash, producing a hot cloud of dust and gas that penetrated to , and many surviving small fragmentary meteorites. The bulk of the object's energy was absorbed by the atmosphere, creating a large ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38528850
366,319
1,254,547
Further observations conducted by the team led by Xin-She Yang appear to have yielded much weaker evidence of anomalies than their first 1997 study. The authors first posited a more conventional explanation based on temperature changes causing ground tilting, but later suggested that this explanation was unlikely. A po...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=915997
1,253,866
753,848
Monoamine oxidases catalyze the oxidative deamination of monoamines. Oxygen is used to remove an amine group (plus the adjacent hydrogen atom) from a molecule, resulting in the corresponding ketone (or aldehyde) and ammonia. Monoamine oxidases contain the covalently bound cofactor FAD and are, thus, classified as flavo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20953
753,446
2,088,868
This article details the qualifying phase for rowing at the 2016 Summer Olympics. The majority of the spots were awarded based on the results at the 2015 World Rowing Championships, held at Lac d'Aiguebelette, France from August 30 to September 6, 2015. Places gained there were awarded to National Olympic Committees, n...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45685079
2,087,665
37,038
But deciding to do it did not make it a reality, and Teller and other U.S. physicists struggled to find a workable design. Stanislaw Ulam, a co-worker of Teller, made the first key conceptual leaps towards a workable fusion design. Ulam's two innovations that rendered the fusion bomb practical were that compression of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2269463
37,026
534,152
The primary focus of future research of virtual reality technologies in space exploration is to develop a method of simulating a microgravity environment. Although it has been a goal since the beginning of VR being used in astronaut training, minor progress has been made. The current setup uses a bungee rope attached t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34892999
533,873
452,606
DNA ligase catalyzes the ligation of the 3' end of a DNA fragment to the 5' end of a directly adjacent DNA fragment. This mechanism can be used to interrogate a SNP by hybridizing two probes directly over the SNP polymorphic site, whereby ligation can occur if the probes are identical to the target DNA. In the oligonuc...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9007251
452,387
1,506,150
Calcutta was the center of activity of British India during the 18th Century. After industrial revolution it was seeking its industrial expansion in its vast empire. The immense industrial potentiality of Bengal attracted the attention of entrepreneurs. As a result of a number of industries grew up in and around Calcut...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32085396
1,505,304
2,105,672
Streptococcus pyogenes has evolved an interwoven complex of gene regulatory mechanisms in the SIP signaling pathway by implanting a pH sensitive histidine switch onto the quorum-sensing ropB protein. During the neutral to basic pH conditions whether synthetically induced or naturally caused by low population density of...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60048801
2,104,459
716,060
The study of deformation is essential for the development of new materials. Deformation in metals depends on temperature, type of stress applied, strain rate, oxidation and corrosion. Deformation induced EMR can be divided into three categories: effects in ionic crystal materials; effects in rocks and granites; and, ef...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60875
715,685
410,946
Barbara Slater, daughter of Wolverhampton Wanderer's legend and UoB's Director of Sport in 1972 Bill Slater, became Director of BBC Sport from 2009, and was the first woman to hold this title. She led the broadcast of the London 2012 Olympics – the biggest television event in British broadcasting history. Former Manche...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209935
410,744
1,901,866
Celebrated as a structure of the century, it was opened on 20 March 1973. Following the North Sea flood of 1962 which swept through Tönning, consideration was given to raising the dykes along the banks of the Eider or building a storm surge barrier at its mouth. The latter was chosen and construction work began in 1967...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26426695
1,900,776
2,115,438
In line with the tastes of the home audio community, which still preferred reel-to-reel tapes to cassettes, the 1987 version was targeted at cassette decks and reel-to-reel decks. Adaptive biasing cannot substantially improve the performance of tape running at 19.5 cm/s (7.5 in/s) or higher speeds in standard reel-to-r...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=69866611
2,114,221
1,857,702
Sabin is a member of the CAS Air Power Workshop, a small working group of scholars and other theorists convened by the Chief of Air Staff. He is also a member of the Academic Advisory Panel of the Royal Air Force Centre for Air Power Studies. His books on modern warfare include: "The Future of United Kingdom Air Power"...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20816819
1,856,634
1,692,133
Since January 2012 ELKS is again under development. The CVS repository was migrated to Git in February 2012, and numerous patches from the Linux-8086 mailing list were committed to the new repository. Version 0.1.4 came out on February 19, 2012, released by Jody Bruchon in memory of Riley Williams, a former co-develope...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7962372
1,691,182
1,121,739
The Highlands and Islands lie to the north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault, which runs from Arran to Stonehaven. This part of Scotland largely comprises ancient rocks, from Cambrian and Precambrian times, that were uplifted to form a mountain chain during the later Caledonian orogeny. These foundations are inte...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3338124
1,121,165
884,279
After acquiring his PhD, Ebbinghaus moved around England and France, tutoring students to support himself. In England, he may have taught in two small schools in the south of the country (Gorfein, 1885). In London, in a used bookstore, he came across Gustav Fechner's book "Elemente der Psychophysik" ("Elements of Psych...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13647
883,815
293,863
IaC can be a key attribute of enabling best practices in DevOps – Developers become more involved in defining configuration and Ops teams get involved earlier in the development process. Tools that utilize IaC bring visibility to the state and configuration of servers and ultimately provide the visibility to users with...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49263763
293,704
326,870
Some researchers contend that a British breakout occurred due to technological improvements and structural change away from agricultural production, while coal, capital, and trade played a minor role. Economic historian Gregory Clark, building on the insights of Galor and Moav, has argued, in his book "A Farewell to Al...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1454728
326,696
826,821
Perhaps most prominently, well replicated findings suggest that teaching students to re-evaluate stress and adopt an incremental theory of intelligence can be an effective way to mitigate the effects of stereotype threat. Two studies sought to measure the effects of persuading participants that intelligence is malleabl...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1809033
826,377
1,453,229
Several strains of "Pseudomonas stutzeri" have been found to behave as opportunistic pathogens in humans. It was not until 1973, however, that "P. stutzeri"s ability to cause infection started to become a topic of discussion within scientific literature. The first known infection was observed in combination with a perm...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10376436
1,452,412
1,172,988
The 1980s were framed by two large-scale works for chorus and orchestra based on Biblical texts, the 60-minute oratorio "The Celestial Sphere" for the 100th Anniversary of the Handel Oratorio Society in Rock Island Illinois of 1980 and "Genesis" (1989), jointly commissioned by the Minnesota Orchestra and San Francisco ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=341837
1,172,369
375,614
In the early 2020s, molecular biology entered a golden age defined by both vertical and horizontal technical development. Vertically, novel technologies are allowing for real-time monitoring of biological processes at the atomic level. Molecular biologists today have access to increasingly affordable sequencing data at...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19200
375,419
634,709
Two systems introduced in historical catalogues remain in use to the present day. The first system comes from the German astronomer Johann Bayer's "Uranometria", published in 1603 and regarding bright stars. These are given a Greek letter followed by the genitive case of the constellation in which they are located; exa...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28232
634,371
2,079,295
In addition to its filming of the secret internal confirmation months of the gravitational wave detection and LIGO's continuing breakthrough science, the Advanced LIGO Documentary Project filmed LIGO's Nobel Prize week in Stockholm; three important post-detection lectures by Thorne, Barish and LIGO astrophysicist Aless...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50715463
2,078,096
1,642,012
At the mouth of the TPC pore, there are four amino acid residues with negative charges that can interact with ions that pass through. This site is too wide to select ions. Below the group of negative charges is the selectivity filter which is largely hydrophobic. There are two non-identical Shaker-like pore forming sub...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6959903
1,641,085
905,578
Meganucleases, found commonly in microbial species, have the unique property of having very long recognition sequences (>14bp) thus making them naturally very specific. However, there is virtually no chance of finding the exact meganuclease required to act on a chosen specific DNA sequence. To overcome this challenge, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34930586
905,102
146,876
Centauro is powered by an Iveco V6 turbo-charged after-cooled diesel engine delivering 520 hp (382.4 kW). This drives a ZF-designed automatic transmission, which is manufactured under license by Iveco Fiat. The transmission system has five forward and two reverse gears. This drives eight wheels, which are each equipped...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4090327
146,818
1,540,159
A culture is a shared system of socially transmitted behavior passed on from previous generations that describes, defines, and guides people's ways of life. Culture can influence nonverbal communication in many ways. The same gestures in different countries can have distinct meaning. For example, the American A-OK sign...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29963676
1,539,286
1,615,052
The prospects for a performance of "Offertorium" were tenuous, however: Kremer, the person to whom it had been dedicated and given to perform, was at odds with the Moscow government for refusing to return to the Soviet Union at the end of his two-year period of permission to perform worldwide. Gubaidulina was worried t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2564704
1,614,146
1,829,598
The driving force behind the development of bioresorbable metals is primarily due to their ability to provide metal-like mechanical properties while degrading safely in the body. This is especially relevant in orthopaedic applications, where although many surgeries only require implants to provide temporary support (al...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39058868
1,828,557
1,570,284
In early 2016, Roborace started working on world's first ever self-driving race car, the so called "Devbot." In August 2016, DevBot successfully ran twelve laps around the Moulay El Hassan race track in Marrakesh. Following battery issues in Hong Kong the team reluctantly abandoned the run. DevBot, weighs 974.77 kilogr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50943296
1,569,396
2,154,590
Tong, Liang was born on October 29, 1963 in Dalian, China. Liang studied at Peking University, Beijing, from 1979 to 1983, and earned his bachelor's degree in chemistry, working in Dr. You-Qi Tang's lab. During his four years at Peking University, he became interested in multiple fields of studies, such as computer sci...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43134264
2,153,359
643,976
Both the enhanced value attached to scientific publications as a measure of knowledge and the difficulties met by libraries to manage the growing flow of academic periodicals entailed the development of the first citation indexes. In 1927, P. Gross and E. M. Gross compiled the 3,633 references quoted by the "Journal of...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1223245
643,636
248,634
Reproductive specialization generally involves the production of sterile members of the species, which carry out specialized tasks to care for the reproductive members. It can manifest in the appearance of individuals within a group whose behavior or morphology is modified for group defense, including self-sacrificing ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20756869
248,506
1,269,564
CNN processors have been used to research a variety of mathematical concepts, such as non-equilibrium systems, constructing non-linear systems of arbitrary complexity, emergent chaotic dynamics, and discovering new dynamic behavior. They are often used in researching systemics, a trans-disciplinary, scientific field th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2506529
1,268,873
1,678,449
Implicit memory can be referred to as the unconscious recollection of previously presented information. This type of memory influences one's actions and behaviors without the individual having any awareness of its availability for explicit recall. Implicit memory has been linked to phenomena such as skill acquisition, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31122898
1,677,506
620,396
A very general method of defining a set of points "X" is to specify a predicate that can be evaluated at any point in space. In other words, "X" is defined "implicitly" to consist of all the points that satisfy the condition specified by the predicate. The simplest form of a predicate is the condition on the sign of a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=457579
620,081
1,299,614
To date, no traces have been found in Scotland of either a Neanderthal or a "homo sapiens" presence during the Pleistocene interglacials. The first indications of human presence date from a period after the ice retreated in the 11th millennium BC and the current Flandrian interglacial began. (Since that time, the lands...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19163052
1,298,900
291,588
The placement of the primer directly behind the bullet meant the firing needle was enclosed in black powder when the gun was fired, causing stress to the pin, which could break over time and render the rifle useless until it could be replaced. Soldiers were provided with two replacement needles for that purpose. The ne...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1533521
291,430
2,187,557
As well as the public data, the Observatory continues to provide micrometeorological data for practical classes and student research projects disseminated through an internal computer network, and high temporal resolution measurements of synoptic scale changes at 1 second resolution. Extensive research infrastructure f...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18112383
2,186,309
1,002,942
Thābit ibn Qurra (known as Thebit in Latin) (born 836) contributed to a number of areas in mathematics, where he played an important role in preparing the way for such important mathematical discoveries as the extension of the concept of number to (positive) real numbers, integral calculus, theorems in spherical trigon...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11953
1,002,424
936,369
In pre-Buddhist Indian religion, women were seen as inferior and subservient to men. Buddha's teachings tended to promote gender equality as the Buddha held that women had the same spiritual capacities as men did. According to Isaline Blew Horner, women in Buddhist India: "commanded more respect and ranked as individua...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4746907
935,874
1,906,661
Bone malrotation predominantly occurs after an injury where a bone is fractured, however malrotation can genetically occur during foetal development. It usually occurs during a surgery which involves intramedullary nailing, which is the insertion of metal rods and nails to stabilise bones. Nailing is used as it require...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60722451
1,905,565
134,006
Postsurgical rehabilitation is essential in the recovery from the reconstruction. This typically takes a patient 6 to 12 months to return to life as it was prior to the injury. The rehab can be divided into protection of the graft, improving range of motion, decrease swelling, and regaining muscle control. Each phase h...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=578923
133,951
44,729
Any of the components of the nervous system can be involved. Sarcoidosis affecting the nervous system is known as neurosarcoidosis. Cranial nerves are most commonly affected, accounting for about 5–30% of neurosarcoidosis cases, and peripheral facial nerve palsy, often bilateral, is the most common neurological manifes...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=287299
44,712
390,953
Silica aerogels are typically synthesized by using a sol-gel process. The first step is the creation of a colloidal suspension of solid particles known as a "sol". The precursors are a liquid alcohol such as ethanol which is mixed with a silicon alkoxide, such as tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), and...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50069638
390,758
1,901,582
The WIA today is a single integrated nation-wide body formed at the request of the federal regulator in 2004 to create a single focal point for Amateur Service representation. Originally it commenced as separate though collegiate state-based organisations. Throughout most of its history it was a federation of these sta...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532076
1,900,493
1,802,611
American psychologist E. Scott Geller, among other researchers, have found that the best way to identify and deal with behavioral risks is through a method called the "Define, Observe, Intervene, Test ("DO IT") method. Each of these methods of dealing with behavioral risk has been seen to limit high risk behavior. Defi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8278924
1,801,598
199,629
The class has many features that enhance stealth, helping it to remain undetected. All shipboard machinery is isolated and mounted on rubber dampeners to reduce vibrations and noises; a hydrodynamic hull design reduces noise, infrared signature, and active sonar response. Its magnetic signature is counteracted by 27 in...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3125162
199,526
1,213,398
Gas-cooled projects (thermal spectrum) include decommissioned reactors such as the Dragon reactor, built and operated in the United Kingdom, the AVR and the THTR-300, built and operated in Germany, and Peach Bottom and Fort St. Vrain, built and operated in the United States. Ongoing demonstrations include the High-temp...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2966110
1,212,746
1,359,882
During the pioneer years of aviation a number of aircraft were flown with both fore and aft auxiliary surfaces. The issue of control vs. stability was poorly understood and typically pitch control was on the front surface with the rear surface also lifting, leading to instability in pitch. The Kress Drachenflieger of 1...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35925493
1,359,130
174,313
Some U atoms, however, could absorb two additional neutrons (for a total of 17), resulting in Es, as well as in the Fm isotope of another new element, fermium. The discovery of the new elements and the associated new data on multiple neutron capture were initially kept secret on the orders of the U.S. military until 19...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9479
174,222
1,299,801
Lungfish appeared approximately 400 million years ago. It is a species that endured rapid evolution during the Devonian era, which became known as the dipnoan renaissance. The Acanthostega species, known as the fish with legs, is considered a tetrapod by structural findings but is postulated to have perhaps never left ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46333271
1,299,087
1,813,491
Direct metalation through C-H bond activation or C-H oxidative addition is one method often utilized. Activation of a C‒H bond leads to oxidative addition of the carbene ligand to the metal center. Typically, direct metalation requires the blockage of sites that would lead to normal NHC complexes — phenyl and isopropyl...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35597206
1,812,457
67,124
The idea of testing the implosion device was brought up in discussions at Los Alamos in January 1944 and attracted enough support for Oppenheimer to approach Groves. Groves gave approval, but he had concerns. The Manhattan Project had spent a great deal of money and effort to produce the plutonium, and he wanted to kno...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60033
67,099
1,003,804
Conversely, microfluidic-assisted magnetophoresis may be used to facilitate efficient mixing within microdroplets or plugs. To accomplish this, microdroplets are injected with paramagnetic nanoparticles and are flowed through a straight channel which passes through rapidly alternating magnetic fields. This causes the m...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18906
1,003,286
285,036
An animatronics character is typically designed to be as realistic as possible and thus, is built similarly to how it would be in real life. The framework of the figure is like the "skeleton". Joints, motors, and actuators act as the "muscles". Connecting all the electrical components together are wires, such as the "n...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=438275
284,882
1,132,085
Self-report psychopathy measures are susceptible to social desirability bias, in which individuals may alter their given responses according to what they think is socially acceptable or “desired”, therefore possibly giving unrepresentative psychopathy characteristics for that individual. This could stem from certain st...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34794345
1,131,493
807,349
Two years after the Investigatory Powers Act of 2016 was passed in the United Kingdom the English High Court would rule that the act would have to be rewritten. This ruling occurred due to the High Court finding the law to be incompatible with EU law since the law "authorizes the UK government to issue retention notice...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=699052
806,919
351,506
The Kelloggs believed that the Second Coming of Christ was imminent, and that formal education of their children was therefore unnecessary. Originally a sickly child, John Harvey Kellogg attended Battle Creek public schools only briefly, from ages 9–11. He left school to work sorting brooms in his father's broom factor...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=490269
351,323
1,578,718
Following the German defeat and withdrawal from North Africa the squadron flew dive bombing attacks during the assault on Pantelleria. It helped prepare for and support Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily, and Operation Avalanche, the invasion of Italy. It engaged primarily in escort operations after Novembe...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20123421
1,577,828
750,344
In 1933, the physics department at Cornell was looking for a new theoretical physicist, and Lloyd Smith strongly recommended Bethe. This was supported by Bragg, who was visiting Cornell at the time. In August 1934, Cornell offered Bethe a position as an acting assistant professor. Bethe had already accepted a fellowshi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185853
749,946
1,468,729
In "Realizing Rawls", Pogge defends, criticizes and extends John Rawls's "A Theory of Justice" (1971). Pogge insists that Rawls has been importantly misunderstood by his most influential critics, including the libertarian Robert Nozick and the communitarian Michael Sandel. According to Pogge, Rawls’ reluctance to disag...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1181844
1,467,905
132,929
In the early months of the Pacific War, the RAAF was able to obtain only enough Curtiss Kittyhawks to equip three squadrons, destined for front-line duties in New Guinea. and – in the face of increasing Japanese air raids on towns in northern Australia – was forced to rely on the P-40, P-39, and P-400 units of 5 AF for...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=458867
132,876
592,947
According to the United States National Association of Rocketry (NAR) Safety Code, model rockets are constructed of paper, wood, plastic and other lightweight materials. The code also provides guidelines for motor use, launch site selection, launch methods, launcher placement, recovery system design and deployment and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=134827
592,643
454,969
The existence of a remake of "The Last of Us" was first reported in April 2021 by "Bloomberg News"s Jason Schreier. The report claimed that the game, codenamed "T1X", was in development for PlayStation 5, having started at Sony's Visual Arts Support Group studio but eventually moving under Naughty Dog's budget after so...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45204814
454,747
167,560
To advocate an aggressive development program, Ernest Lawrence and Luis Alvarez came to Los Alamos, where they conferred with Norris Bradbury, the laboratory director, and with George Gamow, Edward Teller, and Ulam. Soon, these three became members of a short-lived committee appointed by Bradbury to study the problem, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41531
167,473
66,059
To understand how the media uses big data, it is first necessary to provide some context into the mechanism used for media process. It has been suggested by Nick Couldry and Joseph Turow that practitioners in media and advertising approach big data as many actionable points of information about millions of individuals....
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27051151
66,034
1,361,032
Like any system that models details of the neocortex, HTM can be viewed as an artificial neural network. The tree-shaped hierarchy commonly used in HTMs resembles the usual topology of traditional neural networks. HTMs attempt to model cortical columns (80 to 100 neurons) and their interactions with fewer HTM "neurons"...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11273721
1,360,279
829,615
"Dyson Sphere Program" was developed by the five-member team of Youthcat Studio, located in Chongqing, China. The studio had been started by Mao Mao, a graduate from Chongqing University and Zhou Xun, who was already working in the games industry. The two had met previously and had a shared interest in science fiction....
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66542086
829,169
6,896
In 2008, Boeing discussed the development of a Super Hornet Block III with the U.S. and Australian military, featuring additional stealth capabilities and extended range. In 2010, Boeing offered prospective Super Hornet customers the "International Roadmap", which included conformal fuel tanks, enhanced engines, an enc...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=845012
6,893
770,640
The first solar cell, consisting of a layer of selenium covered with a thin film of gold, was experimented by Charles Fritts in 1884, but it had a very poor efficiency. However, the most familiar form of the photovoltaic effect uses solid-state devices, mainly in photodiodes. When sunlight or other sufficiently energet...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2003406
770,226
381,549
Gentamicin is a bactericidal antibiotic that works by binding the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, negatively impacting protein synthesis. The primary mechanism of action is generally accepted to work through ablating the ability of the ribosome to discriminate on proper transfer RNA and messenger RNA interaction...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=254717
381,354
1,409,000
Because of its height and visibility from the Boston Back Bay neighborhood across the Charles River Basin, plus its rectangular grid of large upright rectangular single-pane windows forming a crude 9 × 18 dot-matrix display, the Green Building has been the site of many hacks or pranks. In 1993, one widely viewed hack r...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2621926
1,408,209
2,179,018
This distinctive stag beetle was described from specimens originally collected in December 1960 by Dr. P.R. Kettle during surveys primarily undertaken for terrestrial molluscs on Mount Tuhua's summit. However it was not until 2007 that formal publication of this new species of "Geodorcus" was made. The author of the sp...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54575129
2,177,773
642,587
On March 5, 1976, and just three days after defeating rival Matsuda for the championship, Hodge was driving his car when he fell asleep at the wheel causing him to crash through a bridge and into a lake. The car flipped, and the crash broke his neck and shattered his teeth upon impact. Hodge was able to escape by punch...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3153742
642,248
922,109
The Jovian bands are bounded by zonal atmospheric flows (winds), called jets. The eastward (prograde) jets are found at the transition from zones to belts (going away from the equator), whereas westward (retrograde) jets mark the transition from belts to zones. Such flow velocity patterns mean that the jets' eastward m...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30873277
921,623
1,032,487
Terminology for sports related concussions in media have shown to differ based on the geographical location. Based on media articles evaluated, America used the descriptors “head trauma” (11.7%) and “brain trauma” (6.8%) the most, while articles from the UK and Ireland primarily mentioned the descriptor “blow to head”(...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36306767
1,031,951
649,789
David Hoffman, who authored a comprehensive course of legal study that had a lasting influence on other law school programs around the country and led to the development of legal ethics programs and responsibilities. The law school moved to a new building of English Tudor Revival architecture replacing its earlier mode...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=502887
649,448