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1,610,806 | The Cambridge History was Willis's "magnum opus", even though it owes a great deal to his nephew. It extends to four volumes, the first three of which are each longer than any of his other published works. It includes detailed descriptions of each of the colleges, and of the main University buildings, as well as chapters on each of the main component parts of a college. As with his cathedral studies, he made extensive use of documentary material, including University and College statutes and account books. From such sources he was able to show that the early colleges did not initially have chapels, the students using the local parish church. This contradicted some Victorian beliefs as to the centrality of the chapel to college life. In architectural terms, he emphasised the relationship between Oxford and Cambridge colleges on the one hand and monastic foundations, and also similarities in the layouts of private houses. Willis used Haddon Hall in Derbyshire as an example. The Cambridge History remains current, having been re-published by the University Press in 1988. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11572848 | 1,609,901 |
975,836 | India's Strategic Forces Command test launched two short-range nuclear capable ballistic missiles at night as part of its annual training cycle to test the combat readiness of the Indian Army's missile forces. Two Prithvi-II tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missiles were test fired from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) on Dr. Abdul Kalam Island in the Bay of Bengal off the coast of Odisha at nighttime on November 20. The missile launches took place between 7 p.m. and 7:15 p.m., according to government sources cited in local media reports. The trial of the surface-to-surface missile with a strike range of 350 km was carried out from a mobile launcher from launch complex-3 of the ITR at 7:05 pm, sources told India Today TV, adding it was a routine trial. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1108184 | 975,325 |
1,977,090 | That is not surprising. In a 1995 interview Wild nominated his most significant achievement to be the building of the Culgoora radio-heliograph and providing the world with a unique eye to view and record moving pictures of rapidly changing solar activity. He observed:most scientific discoveries, had they not been made by the originator, would have been made by somebody else within a year or so or even less. To my mind the most significant discoveries or projects are those which would have eluded other researchers for decades or more. … The [Culgoora radio-heliograph] revealed a whole range of previously unknown phenomena at a wavelength millions of times longer than the wavelength of all other moving pictures ever taken of the sun. Today, nearly three decades later, the instrument has not been duplicated and the results remain unique. In saying this I do not want to give the impression that I did it all by myself. I owe much to the CSIRO and the Ford Foundation for providing the resources and to a wonderful bunch of colleagues who built it and made it all work. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=610478 | 1,975,952 |
552,269 | PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) is an evidence-based minimum set of items aimed at helping scientific authors to report a wide array of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, primarily used to assess the benefits and harms of a health care intervention. PRISMA focuses on ways in which authors can ensure a transparent and complete reporting of this type of research. The PRISMA standard superseded the earlier QUOROM standard. It offers the replicability of a systematic literature review. Researchers have to figure out research objectives that answer the research question, states the keywords, a set of exclusion and inclusion criteria. In the review stage, relevant articles were searched, irrelevant ones are removed. Articles are analyzed according to some pre-defined categories. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35028896 | 551,980 |
337,600 | The microscope was still largely a novelty until the 1660s and 1670s when naturalists in Italy, the Netherlands and England began using them to study biology. Italian scientist Marcello Malpighi, called the father of histology by some historians of biology, began his analysis of biological structures with the lungs. The publication in 1665 of Robert Hooke's "Micrographia" had a huge impact, largely because of its impressive illustrations. A significant contribution came from Antonie van Leeuwenhoek who achieved up to 300 times magnification using a simple single lens microscope. He sandwiched a very small glass ball lens between the holes in two metal plates riveted together, and with an adjustable-by-screws needle attached to mount the specimen. Then, Van Leeuwenhoek re-discovered red blood cells (after Jan Swammerdam) and spermatozoa, and helped popularise the use of microscopes to view biological ultrastructure. On 9 October 1676, van Leeuwenhoek reported the discovery of micro-organisms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19568 | 337,421 |
1,638,198 | Chip for animal identification is CEITEC S.A.’s first commercial product and is the first chip designed in Brazil by Brazilian engineers in a company that was home grown and home funded to reach volume production at a world-class semiconductor manufacturing facility. This IC device is used for cattle tracking – essentially an electronic cow ID. Embedded in an ear ring, the chip can be read within a distance of 50 cm. The chip was designed entirely in Brazil and is competitively priced. This device is being manufactured at X-Fab Silicon Foundries in Germany. This company has been chosen by CEITEC to produce the Chip for animal identification design at its facilities because X-Fab CMOS 0.6 micron technology is the same that will soon be available in CEITEC’s own factory that will be the first of its kind in Latin America to manufacture RF analog/digital products. It can produce up to 100 million chips per year using 6-inch wafers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2900082 | 1,637,273 |
87,823 | Modern handball is played on a court of , with a goal in the middle of each end. The goals are surrounded by a zone where only the defending goalkeeper is allowed; goals must be scored by throwing the ball from outside the zone or while "diving" into it. The sport is usually played indoors, but outdoor variants exist in the forms of field handball, Czech handball (which were more common in the past) and beach handball. The game is fast and high-scoring: professional teams now typically score between 20 and 35 goals each, though lower scores were not uncommon until a few decades ago. Body contact is permitted for the defenders trying to stop the attackers from approaching the goal. No protective equipment is mandated, but players may wear soft protective bands, pads and mouth guards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13730 | 87,788 |
1,473,014 | In a canoe the paddler kneels on one knee with the other leg forward and foot flat on the floor of the boat, and paddles a single-bladed paddle on one side only with what is known as a 'J-stroke' to control the boat's direction. In Canada, a racing class exists for the C-15 or WC or "War Canoe", as well as a similarly designed C-4 (which is much shorter and more squat than an 'International' C-4). An antiquated boat class is the C-7, resembling a large C4 which was debuted by the ICF with little success. For racing canoes, the blade is typically short and broad, with a 'power face' on one side that is either flat or scalloped out. The shaft will typically be longer than a tripping canoe paddle, because the kneeling position puts the paddler higher above the surface of the water. More recent designs of canoe racing paddles often have a slight bent shaft, commonly 12–14 degrees. (a concept of canoe designer Eugene Jensen in the 1960s). Many high-performance canoe paddlers prefer the feel of a wooden handle with a carbon fiber shaft and blade, while nearly all high-performance kayak paddlers use paddles made completely of carbon fiber. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1900663 | 1,472,183 |
19,153 | Initial claims of the F-117's effectiveness were later found to be overstated. Initial reports of F-117s hitting 80% of their targets were later scaled back to "41–60%". On the first night, they failed to hit 40% of their assigned air-defense targets, including the Air Defense Operations Center in Baghdad, and 8 such targets remained functional out of 10 that could be assessed. In their Desert Storm white paper, the USAF stated that "the F-117 was the only airplane that the planners dared risk over downtown Baghdad" and that this area was particularly well defended. (Dozens of F-16s were routinely tasked to attack Baghdad in the first few days of the war.) In fact, most of the air defenses were on the outskirts of the city and many other aircraft hit targets in the downtown area, with minimal casualties when they attacked at night like the F-117. This meant they avoided the optically aimed anti-aircraft cannon and infrared SAMs which were the biggest threat to Coalition aircraft. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11720 | 19,145 |
135,370 | The speed of motor development is rapid in early life, as many of the reflexes of the newborn alter or disappear within the first year, and slow later. Like physical growth, motor development shows predictable patterns of cephalocaudal (head to foot) and proximodistal (torso to extremities) development, with movements at the head and in the more central areas coming under control before those of the lower part of the body or the hands and feet. Types of movement develop in stage-like sequences; for example, locomotion at 6–8 months involves creeping on all fours, then proceeds to pulling to stand, "cruising" while holding on to an object, walking while holding an adult's hand, and finally walking independently. By middle childhood and adolescence, new motor skills are acquired by instruction or observation rather than in a predictable sequence. There are executive functions of the brain (working memory, timing measure of inhibition and switching) which are important to motor skills. Critiques to the order of Executive Functioning leads to Motor Skills, suggesting Motor Skills can support Executive Functioning in the brain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9627698 | 135,315 |
65,849 | For any animal, survival requires maintaining a variety of parameters of bodily state within a limited range of variation: these include temperature, water content, salt concentration in the bloodstream, blood glucose levels, blood oxygen level, and others. The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment of its body—the milieu intérieur, as the pioneering physiologist Claude Bernard called it—is known as homeostasis (Greek for "standing still"). Maintaining homeostasis is a crucial function of the brain. The basic principle that underlies homeostasis is negative feedback: any time a parameter diverges from its set-point, sensors generate an error signal that evokes a response that causes the parameter to shift back toward its optimum value. (This principle is widely used in engineering, for example in the control of temperature using a thermostat.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3717 | 65,824 |
1,961,612 | Craig Anthony McKinley (July 14, 1964 – February 18, 2013) was a Canadian physician. On February 28, 2003, McKinley participated in the world's first telerobotic-assisted surgery, conducted at two hospitals separated by 400 kilometres. He later served as an aquanaut on the joint NASA-NOAA underwater exploration mission in October 2004, where he and other aquanauts tested remote health care procedures with potential application for space travel. McKinley experienced problems with alcohol and faced legal difficulties beginning in 2009. He lost his hospital privileges in 2011 and died in 2013. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32753945 | 1,960,485 |
995,994 | A pair-instability supernova is believed to result from runaway oxygen fusion in the core of a massive, 130–250 solar mass, low to moderate metallicity star. According to theory, in such a star, a large but relatively low density core of nonfusing oxygen builds up, with its weight supported by the pressure of gamma rays produced by the extreme temperature. As the core heats further, the gamma rays eventually begin to pass the energy threshold needed for collision-induced decay into electron-positron pairs, a process called pair production. This causes a drop in the pressure within the core, leading it to contract and heat further, causing more pair production, a further pressure drop, and so on. The core starts to undergo gravitational collapse. At some point this ignites runaway oxygen fusion, releasing enough energy to obliterate the star. These explosions are rare, perhaps about one per 100,000 supernovae. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2350918 | 995,477 |
992,935 | The idealised sequence of the IMRAD structure has on occasion been criticised for being too rigid and simplistic. In a radio talk in 1964 the Nobel laureate Peter Medawar criticised this text structure for not giving a realistic representation of the thought processes of the writing scientist: "… the scientific paper may be a fraud because it misrepresents the processes of thought that accompanied or gave rise to the work that is described in the paper". Medawar's criticism was discussed at the XIXth General Assembly of the World Medical Association in 1965. While respondents may argue that it is too much to ask from such a simple instructional device to carry the burden of representing the entire process of scientific discovery, Medawar's caveat expressed his belief that many students and faculty throughout academia treat the structure as a simple panacea. Medawar and others have given testimony both to the importance and to the limitations of the device. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=555466 | 992,418 |
1,800,536 | After graduating from The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine in June 1985, Linnehan entered private veterinary practice and was later accepted to a two-year joint internship in zoo animal medicine and comparative pathology at the Baltimore Zoo and Johns Hopkins University. After completing his internship, Linnehan was commissioned as a captain in the U.S. Army Veterinary Corps and reported for duty in early 1989 at the Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego, California, as chief clinical veterinarian for the U.S. Navy’s Marine Mammal Program. During his assignment at the Naval Ocean Systems Center, Linnehan initiated and supervised research in the areas of cetacean and pinniped anesthesia, orthopedics, drug pharmacokinetics and reproduction in direct support of U.S. Navy mobile marine mammal systems stationed in California, Florida, and Hawaii. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=615008 | 1,799,527 |
1,844,894 | The initial value formulation with its 3+1 split is the basis of numerical relativity; attempts to simulate the evolution of relativistic spacetimes (notably merging black holes or gravitational collapse) using computers. However, there are significant differences to the simulation of other physical evolution equations which make numerical relativity especially challenging, notably the fact that the dynamical objects that are evolving include space and time itself (so there is no fixed background against which to evaluate, for instance, perturbations representing gravitational waves) and the occurrence of singularities (which, when they are allowed to occur within the simulated portion of spacetime, lead to arbitrarily large numbers that would have to be represented in the computer model). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13276958 | 1,843,840 |
1,640,913 | The 67th annual IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting was held December 11–15, 2021 at the Hilton San Francisco Union Square hotel, with on-demand content available afterward. The Plenary talks were: The Smallest Engine Transforming Humanity: The Past, Present, and Future, by Kinam Kim, Vice Chairman & CEO, Head of Samsung Electronics Device Solutions Division, Samsung; Creating the Future: Augmented Reality, the Next Human-Machine Interface, by Michael Abrash, Chief Scientist, Facebook Reality Labs; and Quantum Computing Technology, by Heike Riel, Head of Science & Technology, IBM Research and IBM Fellow. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39219444 | 1,639,986 |
125,367 | A relatively small energy, often as little as 0.2–2 millijoules, is needed to ignite a flammable mixture of a fuel and air. For the common industrial hydrocarbon gases and solvents, the minimum ignition energy required for ignition of vapor–air mixture is lowest for the vapor concentration roughly in the middle between the lower explosive limit and the upper explosive limit, and rapidly increases as the concentration deviates from this optimum to either side. Aerosols of flammable liquids may be ignited well below their flash point. Generally, liquid aerosols with particle sizes below 10 micrometers behave like vapors, particle sizes above 40 micrometers behave more like flammable dusts. Typical minimal flammable concentrations of aerosols lay between 15 and 50 g/m. Similarly, presence of foam on the surface of a flammable liquid significantly increases ignitability. Aerosol of flammable dust can be ignited as well, resulting in a dust explosion; the lower explosive limit usually lies between 50 and 1000 g/m; finer dusts tend to be more explosive and requiring less spark energy to set off. Simultaneous presence of flammable vapors and flammable dust can significantly decrease the ignition energy; a mere 1 vol.% of propane in air can reduce the required ignition energy of dust by 100 times. Higher than normal oxygen content in atmosphere also significantly lowers the ignition energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=200136 | 125,315 |
293,856 | IaC grew as a response to the difficulty posed by utility computing and second-generation web frameworks. In 2006, the launch of Amazon Web Services’ Elastic Compute Cloud and the 1.0 version of Ruby on Rails just months before created widespread scaling problems in the enterprise that were previously experienced only at large, multi-national companies. With new tools emerging to handle this ever-growing field, the idea of IaC was born. The thought of modeling infrastructure with code, and then having the ability to design, implement, and deploy application infrastructure with known software best practices appealed to both software developers and IT infrastructure administrators. The ability to treat infrastructure as code and use the same tools as any other software project would allow developers to rapidly deploy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49263763 | 293,697 |
45,729 | In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration requires that pilots be tested for normal color vision as part of their medical clearance in order to obtain the required medical certificate, a prerequisite to obtaining a pilot's certification. If testing reveals color blindness, the applicant may be issued a license with restrictions, such as no night flying and no flying by color signals—such a restriction effectively prevents a pilot from holding certain flying occupations, such as that of an airline pilot, although commercial pilot certification is still possible, and there are a few flying occupations that do not require night flight and thus are still available to those with restrictions due to color blindness (e.g., agricultural aviation). The government allows several types of tests, including medical standard tests ("e.g.," the Ishihara, Dvorine, and others) and specialized tests oriented specifically to the needs of aviation. If an applicant fails the standard tests, they will receive a restriction on their medical certificate that states: "Not valid for night flying or by color signal control". They may apply to the FAA to take a specialized test, administered by the FAA. Typically, this test is the "color vision light gun test". For this test an FAA inspector will meet the pilot at an airport with an operating control tower. The color signal light gun will be shone at the pilot from the tower, and they must identify the color. If they pass they may be issued a waiver, which states that the color vision test is no longer required during medical examinations. They will then receive a new medical certificate with the restriction removed. This was once a Statement of Demonstrated Ability (SODA), but the SODA was dropped, and converted to a simple waiver (letter) early in the 2000s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7397 | 45,711 |
618,628 | Special Mission 13, attacking Hiroshima, was flown as planned and executed without significant problems or diversion from plan. "Enola Gay" took off at 02:45, overweight and near maximum gross weight. Arming of the bomb began eight minutes into the flight and took 25 minutes. The three target-area aircraft arrived over Iwo Jima approximately three hours into the mission and departed together at 06:07. The safeties on the bomb were removed at 07:30, 90 minutes before time over target, and 15 minutes later the B-29s began a climb to the bombing altitude. The bomb run began at 09:12, with the drop three minutes later, after which the B-29s immediately performed steep diving turns. The detonation followed 45.5 seconds after the drop. Primary and "echo" shock waves overtook the B-29s a minute following the blast, and the smoke cloud was visible to the crews for 90 minutes, by which time they were almost away. "Enola Gay" returned to Tinian at 14:58. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4567536 | 618,314 |
920,834 | The combat system—particularly melee—evolved using development tools from "The Last of Us Part II". The team felt that the original game's combat sequences were iconic and required no significant overhaul; they forwent the ability to go prone in gameplay—a feature added in "Part II"—as it would have "broken the gameplay and the combat space" since the original game was not built for it. "Part II"s dodge mechanic was similarly omitted as it required reworking both enemy attacks and the gameplay space, and would diminish the claustrophobia and tension of the fights; Gallant noted that "Joel fundamentally needs to "feel" different than playing as Ellie", "Part II"s playable protagonist. PlayStation 3 hardware limitations forced the original team to "hack together" combat sequences, including some that are pre-scripted; advancements on the PlayStation 5 allowed the developers to create dynamic encounters, with AI directing the enemy non-playable characters (NPCs) to investigate and analyze with more accuracy. The fundamental AI technology built upon "Part II"s. While the original game was limited to eight NPCs during enemy encounters—forcing some to disregard the player in the presence of others—the PlayStation 5 allows up to 128 active NPCs focusing on the player. In some instances, the original game could not have both male and female Infected fighting simultaneously, which was corrected in the remake. Gallant found the new technology made gameplay sequences more unpredictable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57786602 | 920,348 |
327,564 | Arterial damage results from white blood cell invasion and inflammation within the wall. CRP is a general marker for inflammation and infection, so it can be used as a very rough proxy for heart disease risk. Since many things can cause elevated CRP, this is not a very specific prognostic indicator. Nevertheless, a level above 2.4 mg/L has been associated with a doubled risk of a coronary event compared to levels below 1 mg/L; however, the study group in this case consisted of patients who had been diagnosed with unstable angina pectoris; whether elevated CRP has any predictive value of acute coronary events in the general population of all age ranges remains unclear. Currently, C-reactive protein is not recommended as a cardiovascular disease screening test for average-risk adults without symptoms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=307809 | 327,390 |
947,695 | For existing systems, it is arguable that any attempt by a responsible program to correct the root cause of discovered failures may render the initial MTBF estimate invalid, as new assumptions (themselves subject to high error levels) of the effect of this correction must be made. Another practical issue is the general unavailability of detailed failure data, with those available often featuring inconsistent filtering of failure (feedback) data, and ignoring statistical errors (which are very high for rare events like reliability related failures). Very clear guidelines must be present to count and compare failures related to different type of root-causes (e.g. manufacturing-, maintenance-, transport-, system-induced or inherent design failures). Comparing different types of causes may lead to incorrect estimations and incorrect business decisions about the focus of improvement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1724836 | 947,192 |
320,143 | "Kerbal Space Program 2" was announced at Gamescom 2019 on August 19, with an initial release date set for early 2020. The game was in development by Star Theory Games, formerly Uber Entertainment, which changed its name in order to display a stronger association with the "Kerbal Space Program" franchise. Development was shifted to Star Theory in part so that Squad could focus on developing further updates for the original game. To ensure that the experience felt "grounded", the team consulted a panel of scientists and experts including Dr. Uri Shumlak, the associate chair of the University of Washington's Aeronautics and Astronautics department, Scott Manley, an astrophysicist and YouTuber that has made videos on "Kerbal Space Program", and Dr. Joel Green, also an astrophysicist. "Kerbal Space Program" received feedback that the game was too overwhelming for new players. Therefore, the team has stated that they aim to make the game more accessible by introducing more tutorials in order to give more guidance to players and ensure they understand the game's various systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61702437 | 319,971 |
1,575,614 | The concept of ferroelectricity was first discovered in 1921. This phenomenon began to play a much larger role in electronic applications during the 1950s after the increased use of BaTiO. This ferroelectric material is part of the corner-sharing oxygen octahedral structure, but ferroelectrics can also be grouped into three other categories. These categories include organic polymers, ceramic polymer composites, and compounds containing hydrogen-bonded radicals. It wasn't until 1969 that Kawai first observed the piezoelectric effect in a polymer polyvinylidene fluoride. Two years later, the ferroelectric properties of the same polymer were reported. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, these polymers were applied to data storage and retrieval. Subsequently, there has been tremendous growth during the past decade in exploring the materials science, physics, and technology of poly(vinylidenefluoride) and other fluorinated polymers. Copolymer PVDF with trifluoroethylene and odd-numbered nylons were additional polymers that were discovered to be ferroelectric. This propelled a number of developing applications on piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24261417 | 1,574,725 |
722,362 | "Plumbbob Rainier" was detonated at underground on 19 September 1957. The 1.7 kt explosion was the first to be entirely contained underground, producing no fallout. The test took place in a 1,600 – 2,000 ft (488 – 610 m) horizontal tunnel in the shape of a hook. The hook "was designed so explosive force will seal off the non-curved portion of tunnel nearest the detonation before gases and fission fragments can be vented around the curve of the tunnel's hook". This test would become the prototype for larger, more powerful tests. Rainier was announced in advance, so that seismic stations could attempt to record a signal. Analysis of samples collected after the test enabled scientists to develop an understanding of underground explosions that "persists essentially unaltered today". The information would later provide a basis for subsequent decisions to agree to the Limited Test Ban Treaty. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7459891 | 721,982 |
221,725 | So that ground-based observers may identify gliders in flight or in gliding competition, registration marks ("insignias" or "competition numbers" or "contest ID") are displayed in large characters on the underside of a single wing, and also on the fin and rudder. Registration marks are assigned by gliding associations such as the US Soaring Society of America, and are unrelated to national registrations issued by entities such as the US Federal Aviation Administration. This need for visual ID has somewhat been supplanted by GPS position recording. Insignias are useful in two ways: First, they are used in radio communications between gliders, as pilots use their competition number as their call signs. Secondly, to easily tell a glider's contest ID when flying in close proximity to one another to alert them of potential dangers. For example, during gatherings of multiple gliders within thermals (known as "gaggles"), one pilot might report "Six-Seven-Romeo I am right below you". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25856119 | 221,616 |
1,834,059 | The exchange mechanism of dissociative CANs requires a bond-breaking event prior to the formation of a new bond ("i.e." an elimination/addition pathway). Upon application of a stimulus, the equilibrium shifts to the dissociated state, resulting in a temporarily decreased cross-link density in the network. When a sufficient amount of dynamic bonds dissociate due to the equilibrium being shifted below the gel point, the material will suffer a loss of dimensional stability and show a sudden and drastic viscosity decrease. After removal of the stimulus, the bonds reform and, in the ideal case, the original cross-link density is restored. This temporary decrease in cross-link density enables very fast topology rearrangements in dissociative CANs, such as viscous flow and stress relaxation, which allows the reprocessing of covalently cross-linked polymer networks. Additionally, dissociative CANs can be solubilized in good solvents. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70650257 | 1,833,010 |
419,462 | The 4th generation OMAPs, OMAP 4430 (used on Google Glass), 4460 (formerly named 4440), and 4470 all use a dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 CPU, with two ARM Cortex-M3 cores, as part of the "Ducati" sub-system, for off-loading low-level tasks. The 4430 and 4460 use a PowerVR SGX540 integrated 3D graphics accelerator, running at a clock frequency of 304 and 384 MHz respectively. 4470 has a PowerVR SGX544 GPU that supports DirectX 9 which enables it for use in Windows 8 as well as a dedicated 2D graphics core for increased power efficiency up to 50-90%. All OMAP 4 come with an IVA3 multimedia hardware accelerator with a programmable DSP that enables 1080p Full HD and multi-standard video encode/decode. OMAP 4 uses ARM Cortex-A9's with ARM's SIMD engine (Media Processing Engine, aka NEON) which may have a significant performance advantage in some cases over Nvidia Tegra 2's ARM Cortex-A9s with non-vector floating point units. It also uses a dual-channel LPDDR2 memory controller compared to Nvidia Tegra 2's single-channel memory controller. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1249322 | 419,257 |
1,133,435 | Sex differences in spatial abilities are widely established in literature. Males have much higher level of performance in three major spatial tasks which include spatial visualization, spatial perception and mental rotation. Spatial visualization elicits the smallest difference with a deviation of 0.13, perception a deviation of 0.44 and mental rotation the largest with a deviation of 0.73. Another 2013 meta-analysis published in the journal "Educational Review" found greater male mental rotation in a deviation of 0.57 which only grew larger as time limits were added. These male advantages manifests themselves in math and mechanical tasks for example significantly higher male performance on tests of geometry, measurement, probability, statistics and especially mechanical reasoning. It also manifests and largely mediates higher male performance in arithmetic and computational fluency All of these math and technical fields involve spatial abilities such as rotation and manipulation of imagined space, symbols and objects. Mental rotation has also been linked to higher success in fields of engineering, physics and chemistry regardless of gender. Spatial visualization on the other hand also correlate with higher math achievement in a range of 0.30 to 0.60. Furthermore, male advantage in spatial abilities can be accounted for by their greater ability in spatial working memory. Sex differences in mental rotation also reaches almost a single deviation (1.0) when the tasks require navigation, as found in one study with participants who used Oculus Rift in a virtual environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49026556 | 1,132,842 |
844,443 | The pistol, meanwhile, was adapted from the CZ-75 but heavily modified, including a stainless steel frame, easily visible sights, and various other features that would normally only be found on heavily customized arms. The original prototype named CSP-80 was chambered in .45 ACP. Jeff Cooper however insisted that the new gun be chambered in what he termed the .40 Special. His ballistic requirements were that a 40 caliber FMJTC bullet fired from a barrel have a minimum target impact velocity at all reasonable combat ranges out to 50 meters of . Because of this and the fact that the CSP-80 was chambered in .45 ACP, the shorter cased concepts such as the .40 G&A were abandoned and work began on the .45 ACP length .40 Special using shortened .30 Remington rifle brass. The resultant wildcat cartridge was then renamed the 10mm Auto. Jeff Cooper took this and renamed the Combat Service Pistol 80 the Bren Ten. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3792049 | 843,993 |
563,805 | "Fusarium venenatum" intended for use in Quorn products is grown under aerobic conditions in culture vessels by what is known as the 'Quorn Process'. The vessels are composed of two vertical cylinders around high, connected to one another at their top and bottom so as to form a continuous loop with a volume of about . Ports on the vessel allow the various ingredients involved to be added and removed. The culture broth is composed of 95% glucose, derived by the predigestion of maize starch. Potassium, magnesium and phosphate sources are added as a necessary mineral trace. Both these and the glucose are sterilized prior to use. Additional make up broth can be injected at the base of the vessel as material is removed. The broth is maintained at a pH of 6 and a temperature of 28–30 °C, with a biomass density of 15 grams per litre; equating to a total vessel biomass of 2,250 kg. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2627094 | 563,515 |
1,652,927 | These 524 acres of land had been bought between 1830 and 1832 by Rev. Stephen Badin, the first priest ordained on the United States. He had come to the area in 1830 invited by chief Leopold Pokagon to administer the mission of St. Maries des Lacs to the Potawatomi tribe. Pokagon had been baptized with his son in 1830 by Father Frederick Reze with his son. Badin, who bought the land from the government and two private landowners, was joined in 1833 by Father Louis Deseille, and the two ministered the Potawatomi community. Father Deseille baptized Chief Menominee on August 24, 1834, and expanded the mission to the Yellow River village at Twin Lakes in 1834. These two communities were at the heart of the regional resistance to removal in the 1830s. In 1836 Badin sold the land to Simon Bruté and left the mission to Deseille, but the latter soon died and was replaced by Benjamin Petit. Petit was also opposed to removal and joined the Potawatomi in the Trail of Death in 1838,a forced march through Illinois and Missouri, into Kansas. Father Petit died soon after, severely ill from the march. With the departure of the Potawatomi and the death of Petit, the land reverted to the bishop, who then in 1840 offered it to the Father of Mercy Ferdinand Bach, with the hope he could fulfill Badin's stipulation that a college be built. Bach acquired another 375 acres of land, but then decided he could not undertake the project and returned everything to the bishop. Hence, in 1842 the bishop offered the 524 acres to Sorin (later he would give them the rest). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33791684 | 1,651,995 |
1,831,200 | The 581st saw extensive combat in the Korean War, printing and then dropping millions of surrender leaflets on the enemy in countless PSYWAR operations. It supported the Central Intelligence Agency by performing agent drops and extractions, and resupplying South Korean partisans operating behind enemy lines. Its crews drew upon the lessons of the World War II Eighth Air Force 492d Bombardment Group, the "Carpetbaggers". The Carpetbaggers had performed precisely the same kind of clandestine missions over Nazi-occupied Europe in support of the Office of Strategic Services. Its B-29s were modified for low level agent and special team drops. Except for tail guns, all armament was removed, and its aircraft were painted black underneath. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18495171 | 1,830,153 |
654,907 | In his 1873 thesis, Van der Waals noted the non-ideality of real gases and attributed it to the existence of intermolecular interactions. He introduced the first equation of state derived by the assumption of a finite volume occupied by the constituent molecules. Spearheaded by Ernst Mach and Wilhelm Ostwald, a strong philosophical current that denied the existence of molecules arose towards the end of the 19th century. The molecular existence was considered unproven and the molecular hypothesis unnecessary. At the time Van der Waals's thesis was written (1873), the molecular structure of fluids had not been accepted by most physicists, and liquid and vapor were often considered as chemically distinct. But Van der Waals's work affirmed the reality of molecules and allowed an assessment of their size and attractive strength. His new formula revolutionized the study of equations of state. By comparing his equation of state with experimental data, Van der Waals was able to obtain estimates for the actual size of molecules and the strength of their mutual attraction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=230711 | 654,563 |
62,083 | Across the Atlantic in 1922, after placing a transmitter and receiver on opposite sides of the Potomac River, U.S. Navy researchers A. Hoyt Taylor and Leo C. Young discovered that ships passing through the beam path caused the received signal to fade in and out. Taylor submitted a report, suggesting that this phenomenon might be used to detect the presence of ships in low visibility, but the Navy did not immediately continue the work. Eight years later, Lawrence A. Hyland at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) observed similar fading effects from passing aircraft; this revelation led to a patent application as well as a proposal for further intensive research on radio-echo signals from moving targets to take place at NRL, where Taylor and Young were based at the time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25676 | 62,058 |
524,845 | William Cecil Campbell (born 28 June 1930) is an Irish biologist and parasitologist with United States citizenship, known for his work in discovering a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworms, for which he was jointly awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He helped to discover a class of drugs called ivermectins, whose derivatives have been shown to have "extraordinary efficacy" in treating River blindness and Lymphatic filariasis, among other parasitic diseases affecting animals and humans. Campbell worked at the Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research 1957–1990, and is currently a research fellow emeritus at Drew University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48059538 | 524,573 |
980,699 | At Oshchepkov's former laboratory, work with the 4 m (75 MHz) pulsed-transmission system was continued by A. I. Shestako. Through pulsing, the transmitter produced a peak power of 1 kW, the highest level thus far generated. In July 1938, a fixed-position, bi-static experimental system detected an aircraft at about 30 km range at heights of 500 m, and at 95 km range, for high-flying targets at 7.5 km altitude. The system was still incapable of directly determining the range. The project was then taken up by Ioffe's LPTI, resulting in the development of a mobile system designated "Redut" (Redoubt). An arrangement of new transmitter tubes was used, giving near 50 kW peak-power with a 10 μs pulse-duration. Yagi antennas were adopted for both transmitting and receiving. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1280053 | 980,187 |
1,526,181 | Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) is a genetic disorder affecting cholesterol transport that is accompanied by chronic progressive neurodegeneration. In animal models of NPC, ApoD expression is increased in the plasma and the brain. In rats, ApoD expression increases in the hippocampus after enthorinal cortex lesioning. ApoD mRNA and protein increases in the ipsilateral region of hippocampus as early as 2 days post-lesion (DPL), remains high for 10 days and returns to normal after 14 DPL, a period considered necessary for a complete reinervation. Similar results are obtained after injection of kainic acid, an analog of glutamic acid which causes a severe neurodegenerative injury in the hippocampus or after experimentally-induced stoke. ApoD expression is also increased in the aging brain. Altogether, these data suggest that ApoD plays an important role in neural preservation and protection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9755490 | 1,525,318 |
1,162,269 | While German optics were superior, experts noted that standard German reconnaissance cameras, though excellent, were heavy and not optimized for aerial use. Leica seemed to be the main camera manufacturer while optics production was concentrated at ISCO Göttingen (Schneider) and Zeiss. The bulky Rb30 (Reihenbild) and its variants were in common use. This required at least two men for handling and produced 12x12 (32 cm) images. It was supplemented by smaller hand-held cameras, Hk13 (Handkamera) and Hk19, which also could be fitted into the rear fuselage of single-engine fighters. In general, the focal length in cm was indicated by the first number and the plate size by the second, thus Rb50/30. As an example, the Do 17P carried Rb 20/30 + Rb 50/30 or Rb 20/18 + Rb 50/18 cameras as well as defensive guns. The cameras were controlled remotely by the crew from the cockpit. Other configurations arose as needed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38534810 | 1,161,652 |
2,206,351 | Viewpoint-invariant theories suggest that object recognition is based on structural information, such as individual parts, allowing for recognition to take place regardless of the object's viewpoint. Accordingly, recognition is possible from any viewpoint as individual parts of an object can be rotated to fit any particular view.[10] This form of analytical recognition requires little memory as only structural parts need to be encoded, which can produce multiple object representations through the interrelations of these parts and mental rotation.[10] Participants in a study were presented with one encoding view from each of 24 preselected objects, as well as five filler images. Objects were then represented in the central visual field at either the same orientation or a different orientation than the original image. Then participants were asked to name if the same or different depth- orientation views of these objects presented. The same procedure was then executed when presenting the images to the left or right visual field. Viewpoint-dependent priming was observed when test views were presented directly to the right hemisphere, but not when test views were presented directly to the left hemisphere. The results support the model that objects are stored in a manner that is viewpoint dependent because the results did not depend on whether the same or a different set of parts could be recovered from the different-orientation views. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24965027 | 2,205,093 |
653,594 | In the early-onset form, an infant will present with poor feeding causing failure to thrive, or with difficulty breathing. The usual initial investigations include chest X ray, electrocardiogram and echocardiography. Typical findings are those of an enlarged heart with non specific conduction defects. Biochemical investigations include serum creatine kinase (typically increased 10 fold) with lesser elevations of the serum aldolase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase. Diagnosis is made by estimating the acid alpha glucosidase activity in either skin biopsy (fibroblasts), muscle biopsy (muscle cells) or in white blood cells. The choice of sample depends on the facilities available at the diagnostic laboratory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1010229 | 653,250 |
2,036,280 | The first chapter defines Riemannian manifolds as embedded subsets of Euclidean spaces rather than as abstract spaces. It uses Christoffel symbols to formulate differential equations having the geodesics as their solutions, and descrobes the Koszul formula and energy functional Examples include the Euclidean metric, spherical geometry, projective geometry, and the Poincaré half-plane model of the hyperbolic plane. Chapter 2 includes vector fields, gradients, divergence, directional derivatives, tensor calculus, Lie brackets, Green's identities, the maximum principle, and the Levi-Civita connection. It begins a discussion of curvature and the Riemann curvature tensor that is continued into Chapter 3, "the heart of the book", whose topics include Jacobi fields, Ricci curvature, scalar curvature, Myers's theorem, the Bishop–Gromov inequality, and parallel transport. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=69449487 | 2,035,106 |
702,933 | Fullerenes were discovered in 1985 by Harry Kroto, Richard Smalley, and Robert Curl, who together won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Smalley's research in physical chemistry investigated formation of inorganic and semiconductor clusters using pulsed molecular beams and time of flight mass spectrometry. As a consequence of this expertise, Curl introduced him to Kroto in order to investigate a question about the constituents of astronomical dust. These are carbon rich grains expelled by old stars such as R Corona Borealis. The result of this collaboration was the discovery of C and the fullerenes as the third allotropic form of carbon. Subsequent discoveries included the endohedral fullerenes, and the larger family of fullerenes the following year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7064233 | 702,565 |
1,945,053 | Norway expanded its exclusive economic zone to in 1977, increasing the country's land and sea area by more than one million square kilometers (400,000 sq mi). Because of the reserves of fish and oil it became imperative for the Norwegian government to conduct surveillance. NTNF therefore commenced work to establish an earth station for NASA's Seasat, which was approved by Parliament in early 1977. A processing computer was developed as a cooperation between the Norwegian Institute of Technology, NDRE, NTNF and Norsk Data, which was tailored to analyze Seasat's synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and named Computer of Experimental SAR. Seasat A failed after 104 days and Tromsø had by that time been used for telemetry for two minutes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37455421 | 1,943,941 |
704 | The F-35I "Adir" (, meaning "Awesome", or "Mighty One") is an F-35A with unique Israeli modifications. The US initially refused to allow such changes before permitting Israel to integrate its own electronic warfare systems, including sensors and countermeasures. The main computer has a plug-and-play function for add-on systems; proposals include an external jamming pod, and new Israeli air-to-air missiles and guided bombs in the internal weapon bays. A senior IAF official said that the F-35's stealth may be partly overcome within 10 years despite a 30 to 40-year service life, thus Israel's insistence on using their own electronic warfare systems. Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) has considered a two-seat F-35 concept; an IAI executive noted: "There is a known demand for two seats not only from Israel but from other air forces". IAI plans to produce conformal fuel tanks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11812 | 704 |
447,332 | Similar research of using ZFNs to create specific mutations in zebrafish embryo has also been carried out by other research groups. The kdr gene in zebra fish encodes for the vascular endothelial growth factor-2 receptor. Mutagenic lesions at this target site was induced using ZFN technique by a group of researchers in US. They suggested that the ZFN technique allows straightforward generation of a targeted allelic series of mutants; it does not rely on the existence of species-specific embryonic stem cell lines and is applicable to other vertebrates, especially those whose embryos are easily available; finally, it is also feasible to achieve targeted knock-ins in zebrafish, therefore it is possible to create human disease models that are heretofore inaccessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6476735 | 447,115 |
115,315 | Early attempts to quantitatively describe the electromagnetic force were made in the mid-18th century. It was proposed that the force on magnetic poles, by Johann Tobias Mayer and others in 1760, and electrically charged objects, by Henry Cavendish in 1762, obeyed an inverse-square law. However, in both cases the experimental proof was neither complete nor conclusive. It was not until 1784 when Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, using a torsion balance, was able to definitively show through experiment that this was true. Soon after the discovery in 1820 by Hans Christian Ørsted that a magnetic needle is acted on by a voltaic current, André-Marie Ampère that same year was able to devise through experimentation the formula for the angular dependence of the force between two current elements. In all these descriptions, the force was always described in terms of the properties of the matter involved and the distances between two masses or charges rather than in terms of electric and magnetic fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18631 | 115,270 |
87,597 | In the image accompanying this article, the velocity-distribution data indicates the formation of a Bose–Einstein condensate out of a gas of rubidium atoms. The false colors indicate the number of atoms at each velocity, with red being the fewest and white being the most. The areas appearing white and light blue are at the lowest velocities. The peak is not infinitely narrow because of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle: spatially confined atoms have a minimum width velocity distribution. This width is given by the curvature of the magnetic potential in the given direction. More tightly confined directions have bigger widths in the ballistic velocity distribution. This anisotropy of the peak on the right is a purely quantum-mechanical effect and does not exist in the thermal distribution on the left. This graph served as the cover design for the 1999 textbook "Thermal Physics" by Ralph Baierlein. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4474 | 87,562 |
279,384 | This section gives a quantum-mechanical analog of the prior section, but with some simplifications to illustrate the important physics. We give a non-relativistic treatment of the special case of an electron of mass formula_25, charge formula_26, and initial speed formula_27 decelerating in the Coulomb field of a gas of heavy ions of charge formula_28 and number density formula_29. The emitted radiation is a photon of frequency formula_30 and energy formula_31. We wish to find the emissivity formula_32 which is the power emitted per (solid angle in photon velocity space * photon frequency), summed over both transverse photon polarizations. We follow the common astrophysical practice of writing this result in terms of an approximate classical result times the free-free emission Gaunt factor "g" which incorporates quantum and other corrections: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54147 | 279,234 |
1,379,838 | 17q12 microdeletions are associated with neurocognitive and developmental involvement of variable severity. Some have mild to moderate intellectual disability; however, such impairment is not universal. Average intelligence is in the average to low average range. Speech delay is common, regardless of intellectual functioning. The most striking association between 17q12 microdeletions and neurodevelopment is the raised prevalence of autism spectrum disorder, with significant increases in both diagnosis and subclinical autistic traits. 17q12 microdeletions have been implicated as one of the major genetic causes of high-functioning autistic spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia is also a significant psychiatric complication of 17q12 microdeletion syndrome. 17q12 microdeletions are estimated to occur in approximately 1 in 1,600 people with schizophrenia, compared to an estimation of below 1 in 50,000 in the general population. Epilepsy, usually mild, occurs in approximately one-third of cases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66610778 | 1,379,076 |
503,865 | The use of electricity to activate the shape-memory effect of polymers is desirable for applications where it would not be possible to use heat and is another active area of research. Some current efforts use conducting SMP composites with carbon nanotubes, short carbon fibers (SCFs), carbon black, or metallic Ni powder. These conducting SMPs are produced by chemically surface-modifying multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in a mixed solvent of nitric acid and sulfuric acid, with the purpose of improving the interfacial bonding between the polymers and the conductive fillers. The shape-memory effect in these types of SMPs have been shown to be dependent on the filler content and the degree of surface modification of the MWNTs, with the surface modified versions exhibiting good energy conversion efficiency and improved mechanical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9111849 | 503,606 |
166,710 | Practicing lawyers who can afford them almost always use an annotated version of the Code from a private company. The two leading annotated versions are the "United States Code Annotated", abbreviated as USCA, and the "United States Code Service", abbreviated as USCS. The USCA is published by West (part of Thomson Reuters), and USCS is published by LexisNexis (part of Reed Elsevier), which purchased the publication from the Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Co. in 1997 as a result of an antitrust settlement when the parent of Lawyers Co-operative Publishing acquired West. These annotated versions contain notes following each section of the law, which organize and summarize court decisions, law review articles, and other authorities that pertain to the code section, and may also include uncodified provisions that are part of the Public Laws. The publishers of these versions frequently issue supplements (in hard copy format as pocket parts) that contain newly enacted laws, which may not yet have appeared in an official published version of the Code, as well as updated secondary materials such as new court decisions on the subject. When an attorney is viewing an annotated code on an online service, such as Westlaw or LexisNexis, all the citations in the annotations are hyperlinked to the referenced court opinions and other documents. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32211 | 166,624 |
919,052 | Clues to the first two questions come from studies that have shown that at least 30% of individuals with autism have spontaneous "de novo" mutations that occurred in the father's sperm or mother's egg that disrupt important genes for brain development. These spontaneous mutations are likely to cause autism in families where there is no family history of the disorder. The concordance between identical twins isn't quite 100% for two reasons, because these mutations have variable 'expressivity' and their effects manifest differently due to chance effects, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Also spontaneous mutations can potentially occur specifically in one embryo and not the other after conception. The likelihood of developing intellectual disability is dependent on the importance of the gene to brain development and how the mutation changes this function, also playing a role is the genetic and environmental background upon which a mutation occurs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3232713 | 918,569 |
102,968 | In the 2006 documentary, "Who Killed the Electric Car?", former U.S. Department of Energy official Joseph Romm said: "A hydrogen car is one of the least efficient, most expensive ways to reduce greenhouse gases." He held the same views in 2014. The "Los Angeles Times" wrote, in 2009, "Hydrogen ... is a lousy way to move cars." Robert Zubrin, the author of "Energy Victory", stated: "Hydrogen is 'just about the worst possible vehicle fuel'". "The Economist" noted that most hydrogen is produced through steam methane reformation, which creates at least as much emission of carbon per mile as some of today's gasoline cars, but that if the hydrogen could be produced using renewable energy, "it would surely be easier simply to use this energy to charge the batteries of all-electric or plug-in hybrid vehicles." Over their lifetimes, hydrogen vehicles will emit more carbon than gasoline vehicles. "The Washington Post" asked in 2009, "[W]hy would you want to store energy in the form of hydrogen and then use that hydrogen to produce electricity for a motor, when electrical energy is already waiting to be sucked out of sockets all over America and stored in auto batteries"? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188545 | 102,923 |
1,805,600 | The data collected were voluminous and are summarized in tabular form by Rummel et al. Dietlein has provided a concise synopsis of the findings. In brief, reduced work capacity and oxygen consumption of significant degree was noted in 67% (18 of 27) of the Apollo crewmembers tested on recovery. This decrement was transient, and 85% of those tested (23 of 27) returned to preflight baseline levels within 24–36 hours. A significant decrement in cardiac stroke volume was associated with diminished exercise tolerance. It was not clear whether the exercise decrement had its onset during flight. If it did, the Apollo data did not reveal the precise in-flight time course because of lack of in-flight measurement capabilities. The astronauts' performance on the lunar surface provided no reason to believe that any serious exercise tolerance decrement occurred during flight, except that related to lack of regular exercise and muscle disuse atrophy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39377992 | 1,804,585 |
1,004,927 | The researchers were part of a team assembled at the Mayo Clinic investigating the effects of high performance flight on military pilots, by studying physiological effects of flight and how to mitigate them. They used a large centrifuge to whirl riders and observe their blood pressures at the head and heart levels with special instruments. To prevent drops in blood pressure, the team designed an air bladder suit that inflated at the pilot's calves, thighs and abdomen. A primary contribution, allowing for the shift from pulsatile water filled bladders to non-pulsatile air filled bladders, made by the Mayo investigators was to show that maintenance of arterial pressure rather than venous return was required to maintain perfusion of the eyes and brain. Prototypes of the GPS suits were known as the "arterial Occlusion Suit" (AOS) or the Clark-Wood suit, named after Earl H. Wood and Dave Clark (head of the Dave Clark company who fabricated the early suits for the team at Mayo) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=417678 | 1,004,409 |
1,693,070 | The North American Numbering Plan was devised in the 1940s, was implemented in 1947, and has provided customer direct-dialed long-distance telephone service since 1951. Occasionally, the growing demand for telephone numbers has mandated certain changes in the format of telephone numbers and the method by which they are allocated to telephone companies. Instead of expanding the size of telephone numbers, as implemented in many countries outside North America, the NANP was designed as a closed numbering plan, having a fixed number of digits, three digits for the numbering plan area (NPA) code and seven digits for telephone numbers that are unique in each NPA. The telephone number was further distinguished as consisting of three digits that identified each central office and four digits for each subscriber station connected to the same central office. From 1947 to c. 1960, the initial two digits of the central office code were mapped to two letters of an often locally significant name, the central office name or exchange name. However, this scheme, practiced since its invention by W. G. Blauvelt of AT&T in 1917, prevented the use of numerous digit combinations that could only be associated with unpronounceable or, at best, confusable names. All-number calling removed these restrictions and permitted the phasing out of exchange names. Central office codes were initially still restricted from using digits "0" and "1" in the middle position, which provided a contrast with area codes, which always had "0" or "1" in the middle position. This last restriction was removed by 1995, with the phase-out of electromechanical switching systems by programmable electronic switching systems (ESS). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6964017 | 1,692,119 |
465,965 | Since 2011, an annual memorial lecture is given by an individual chosen each year by the student body. After a nomination process at the beginning of the winter semester, a long list of twenty is narrowed to a short list of ten by student election. The short list is then prioritized by a student committee, which includes the program directors and president. The lecture is free, open to the public, and concludes in a question and answer period. Previous lecturers and lectures include Michaëlle Jean on 'Building Social Change Locally and Globally', Charles Taylor on 'Is Democracy in Danger?', Michael Ondaatje on 'Mongrel art: A discussion of literature and its neighbours', Jan Zwicky on 'What Meaning Is and Why It Matters', and Tanya Tagaq on 'Climate, culture, and collaboration', as well as Canadian author Joseph Boyden. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210016 | 465,732 |
231,855 | Coiled-coil α helices are highly stable forms in which two or more helices wrap around each other in a "supercoil" structure. Coiled coils contain a highly characteristic sequence motif known as a heptad repeat, in which the motif repeats itself every seven residues along the sequence ("amino acid" residues, not DNA base-pairs). The first and especially the fourth residues (known as the "a" and "d" positions) are almost always hydrophobic; the fourth residue is typically leucine this gives rise to the name of the structural motif called a "leucine zipper", which is a type of coiled-coil. These hydrophobic residues pack together in the interior of the helix bundle. In general, the fifth and seventh residues (the "e" and "g" positions) have opposing charges and form a salt bridge stabilized by electrostatic interactions. Fibrous proteins such as keratin or the "stalks" of myosin or kinesin often adopt coiled-coil structures, as do several dimerizing proteins. A pair of coiled-coils a four-helix bundle is a very common structural motif in proteins. For example, it occurs in human growth hormone and several varieties of cytochrome. The Rop protein, which promotes plasmid replication in bacteria, is an interesting case in which a single polypeptide forms a coiled-coil and two monomers assemble to form a four-helix bundle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3054 | 231,736 |
7,384 | After a brief early film career in Czechoslovakia, including the controversial "Ecstasy" (1933), she fled from her first husband, a wealthy Austrian ammunition manufacturer, and secretly moved to Paris. Traveling to London, she met Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio head Louis B. Mayer, who offered her a movie contract in Hollywood. She became a film star with her performance in "Algiers" (1938). Her MGM films include "Lady of the Tropics" (1939), "Boom Town" (1940), "H.M. Pulham, Esq." (1941), and "White Cargo" (1942). Her greatest success was as Delilah in Cecil B. DeMille's Bible-inspired "Samson and Delilah" (1949). She also acted on television before the release of her final film, "The Female Animal" (1958). She was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=170982 | 7,381 |
1,920,114 | Initial work indicated that rhomboids recognise instability of the transmembrane alpha-helix at the site of cleavage as the main substrate determinant. More recently, it has been found that rhomboid substrates are defined by two separable elements: the transmembrane domain and a primary sequence motif in or immediately adjacent to it. This recognition motif directs where the substrate is cleaved, which can occur either within, or just outside, the transmembrane domain, in the juxtamembrane region. In the former case helix destabilising residues downstream in substrate TMS are also necessary for efficient cleavage. A detailed enzyme kinetics analysis has in fact shown that the recognition motif interactions with rhomboid active site determine the k of substrate cleavage. The principles of substrate TMS recognition by rhomboid remain poorly understood, but numerous lines of evidence indicate that rhomboids (and perhaps also other intramembrane proteases) somehow recognise the structural flexibility or dynamics of transmembrane domain of their substrates. Full appreciation of the biophysical and structural principles involved will require structural characterisation of the complex of rhomboid with the full transmembrane substrate. As a first step towards this goal, a recent co-crystal structure of the enzyme in complex with a substrate-derived peptide containing mechanism-based inhibitor explains the observed recognition motif sequence preferences in rhomboid substrates structurally, and provides a significant advance in the current understanding of rhomboid specificity and mechanism of rhomboid-family proteins. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32041135 | 1,919,012 |
561,847 | This is a succulent, creeping, short-lived, mat-forming perennial herb growing in flat clumps on the ground from a woody base. Plants only rise to about tall but prostrate stems reach up to about long. The stems are green and stalk-round. The fleshy, small leaves are opposite, ovate to cordate, about long and covered with fine papillae. Bright pink to purplish solitary flowers appear in the leaf axils, open during the day but close up at night and remain closed on cloudy days. These colored whorls are not petals, but non-functional modified stamens. Normal stamens are yellow. Flowers bloom primarily from spring to fall. The fruit is a capsule of little more than one centimeter in length with millimeter brown tuberose seeds. There is a variegated form. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19334954 | 561,558 |
1,675,846 | Low frequency earthquakes are an active area of research and may be important seismic indicators for higher magnitude earthquakes. Since slow slip events and their corresponding LFE signals have been recorded, none of them have been accompanied by a megathrust earthquake, however, SSEs act to increase the stress in the seismogenic zone by forcing the locked interval between the subducting and overriding plate to accommodate for down-dip movement. Some calculations find that the probability of a large earthquake occurring during a slow slip event are 30–100 times greater than background probabilities. Understanding the seismic hazard that LFEs might herald is among the primary reasons for their research. Additionally, LFEs are useful for the tomographic imaging of subduction zones because their distributions accurately map the deep plate contact near the Mohorovicic discontinuity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7674011 | 1,674,904 |
1,805,141 | In the final, USA was out fast with Fred Kerley having a marginal edge at the break, but extending it by running an efficient tangent from lane 6, netting himself a 3-metre lead over Poland's Karol Zalewski. Zalewski kept that gap for most of the second lap, losing a little ground in the handoff. Kerley's split 44.84. The Borlée brothers, represented by Dylan Borlée, representing Belgium were an equal gap back. With an efficient handoff to Michael Cherry, USA gained another 3 metres. Through the second leg, Rafał Omelko chipped away at Cherry's lead, by the time the handoff took place, the gap between USA and Poland was back to 3 metres. Behind them, Jereem Richards brought Trinidad and Tobago past Jonathan Borlée and approached passing Omelko before fading back. Cherry's split was 45.39. The third leg for USA was Aldrich Bailey, vs Poland's Łukasz Krawczuk, Bailey lost another meter as Poland, Trinidad and Tobago and Belgium gained. Bailey's split 46.10. After taking the baton, USA's Vernon Norwood accelerated to open another metre. Behind him, Poland's Jakub Krzewina led the pursuers, with TTO's Lalonde Gordon and Belgium's Kevin Borlée in close order. By the end of the first lap, Norwood had extended the lead to 5 metres, but down the final backstretch, the lead began to shrink. Coming off the final turn, Krzewina had a burst of speed, Norwood straightened up and tightened up, Krzewina went by. Five metres back Borlée was attempting a similar move on Gordon, without as much authority. In a tight battle for bronze, Borlée was able to outlearn Gordon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56736787 | 1,804,126 |
362,776 | Felix Baumgartner (; born 20 April 1969) is an Austrian skydiver, daredevil and BASE jumper. He is widely known for jumping to Earth from a helium balloon from the stratosphere on 14 October 2012 and landing in New Mexico, United States, as part of the Red Bull Stratos project. Doing so, he set world records for skydiving an estimated , reaching an estimated top speed of , or Mach 1.25. He became the first person to break the sound barrier relative to the surface without vehicular power on his descent. He broke skydiving records for exit altitude, vertical freefall distance without a drogue parachute, and vertical speed without a drogue. Though he still holds the two latter records, the first was broken two years later, when on 24 October 2014, Alan Eustace jumped from 135,890 feet—or, with a drogue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5449624 | 362,586 |
2,110,216 | Alongside his work as a specialist in property valuation, Faraday began to compose songs and light operas. His songs include "Little princess, look up!" (1906), "Lovely woman" (1907), "I love somebody" (1910), "Jack the handy Man" (1910), "Maid o' mine" (1910) and "The Orphan Ward" (1910). With the librettist Frederick Fenn, he wrote "Amāsis; or An Egyptian Princess", a comic opera that opened in August 1906 at the New Theatre. Fenn's libretto was rated above average, and "The Times" said of Faraday, "He has a sense of humour, and uses his orchestra ingeniously and artistically; his melodies are nearly always individual, sometimes extremely pleasant, and always well scored and supported." "The English Illustrated Magazine" wrote, "Mr. Faraday's work is admirable throughout, perhaps a trifle too reminiscent at times, and often very suggestive of Sir Arthur Sullivan's work in this field ... but it is imaginative and vigorous." The cast included two popular former stars of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, Ruth Vincent and Rutland Barrington. It ran for 200 performances, transferring to the Criterion Theatre during the run. After it closed in London, the production was taken on tour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28578099 | 2,109,002 |
358,762 | Slotin might have been present at the start-up of Enrico Fermi's "Chicago Pile-1", the first nuclear reactor, on 2 December 1942; the accounts of the event do not agree on this point. During this time, he also contributed to several papers in the field of radiobiology. His expertise on the subject garnered the attention of the United States government, and as a result he was invited to join the Manhattan Project, an effort to develop an atomic bomb. Slotin worked on the production of plutonium under future Nobel laureate Eugene Wigner at the university and later at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. He moved to the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico in December 1944 to work in the bomb physics group of Robert Bacher. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=507859 | 358,576 |
1,806,202 | Dorothy Leavitt Cheney was born August 24, 1950 in Boston, Massachusetts. Her father was an economist and U.S. Foreign Service officer. From 1964 to 1968 she attended Abbot Academy. In 1972 she graduated from Wellesley College, where she majored in Political Science and was a Durant Scholar. She married Robert Seyfarth in 1971 and in 1972 they initiated a joint research project on wild baboons in the Mt. Zebra National Park, South Africa. Following this field research, she became a doctoral student under the supervision of Robert Hinde, at Cambridge University. She received her PhD in 1977. Cheney died of breast cancer on November 9, 2018, at her home in Devon, Pennsylvania. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57377967 | 1,805,185 |
374,082 | In California, almond pollination occurs in February, early in the growing season before local hives have built up their populations. Almond orchards require two hives per acre, or per hive, for maximum yield, and pollination is dependent on the importation of hives from warmer climates. Almond pollination (in February and March in the U.S.) is the largest managed pollination event in the world, requiring more than one-third of all managed honey bees in the country. Bees are also moved en masse for pollination of apples in New York, Michigan, and Washington. Despite honey bees' inefficiency as blueberry pollinators, large numbers are moved to Maine because they are the only pollinators who can be easily moved and concentrated for this and other monoculture crops. Bees and other insects maintain flower constancy by transferring pollen to other biologically specific plants; this prevents flower stigmas from being clogged with pollen from other species. In 2000, Drs. Roger Morse and Nicholas Calderone of Cornell University attempted to quantify the effects of the western honey bee on only US food crops. Their calculations came up with a figure of US$14.6 billion in food crop value. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18214141 | 373,887 |
217,032 | The regions cultivating this crop in India are distinguished as the western coastal strip, the eastern coastal strip, covering all the primary deltas, Assam plains and surrounding low hills, foothills and Terai region- along the Himalayas and states like West Bengal, Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh, eastern Madhya Pradesh, northern Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. India, being a land of the eternal growing season, and the deltas of the Ganges-Bramhaputra(in West Bengal), Kaveri River, Krishna River, Godavari River, Indravati River and Mahanadi River with a thick set-up of canal irrigation like Hirakud Dam and Indravati Dam, permits farmers to raise two, and in some pockets, even three crops a year. Irrigation has made even three crops a year possible. Irrigation has made it feasible even for Punjab and Haryana, known for their baked climate, to grow rice. They even export their excess to other states. Punjab and Haryana grow prized rice for export purposes. The hilly terraced fields from Kashmir to Assam are ideally suited for rice farming, with age-old hill irrigational conveniences. High yielding kinds, enhanced planting methods, promised irrigation water supply and mounting use of fertilizers have together led to beneficial and quick results. It is the rain fed-area that cuts down average yields per hectare. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22075466 | 216,924 |
1,154,143 | The paleontologist Samuel P. Welles stated in 1984 that the family Podokesauridae had become a "catch-all" for most Triassic theropods. While he found "Coelophysis" the most similar to "Podokesaurus" among theropods, he thought the two differed greatly in that the fourth trochanter of the latter was below midheight on the femur (unlike the higher position in most other theropods), and its metatarsals were of equal length. The paleontologist Kevin Padian stated in 1986 that while Colbert's suggestion of synonymy was possible, the discernible similarities between "Podokesaurus" and "Coelophysis" were primitive theropod features, and the two were not as close in time as once thought. Paul said in 1988 that while the family Podokesauridae was still used for "Coelophysis" and kin, "Podokesaurus" was not based on good remains to begin with, and with only bad cast replicas remaining, he thought there would always be disagreement about the taxon. He found this to be too much ambiguity to put up with, and proposed the name Coelophysidae should be used instead (Halticosauridae, another contender, was also based on too fragmentary remains). In 1989, Colbert also doubted the synonymy of "Podokesaurus" with "Coelophysis", and that the natural casts belonged to the latter, due to their revised Early Jurassic ages, and he made no attempt to resolve the status of "Podokesaurus" due to the only specimen being lost. He retained the name Podokesauridae for the family. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3610052 | 1,153,533 |
261,358 | With the end of the war, the Special Relationship between Britain and the United States "became very much less special". The British government had trusted that America would share nuclear technology, which it considered a joint discovery. On 8 August 1945, the Prime Minister, Clement Attlee, sent a message to President Harry Truman in which he referred to themselves as "heads of the Governments which have control of this great force". But Roosevelt had died on 12 April 1945, and the Hyde Park Agreement was not binding on subsequent administrations. In fact, it was physically lost. When Wilson raised the matter in a Combined Policy Committee meeting in June, the American copy could not be found. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2095669 | 261,219 |
125,099 | Once pooled library is prepared it is necessary to carry out a deep sequencing (NGS, next generation sequencing) of PCR-amplifed plasmid DNA in order to reveal abundance of sgRNAs. Cells of interest can be consequentially infected by the library and then selected according to the phenotype. There are 2 types of selection: negative and positive. By negative selection dead or slow growing cells are efficiently detected. It can identify survival-essential genes, which can be further serve as candidates for molecularly targeted drugs. On the other hand, positive selection gives a collection of growth-advantage acquired populations by random mutagenesis. After selection genomic DNA is collected and sequenced by NGS. Depletion or enrichment of sgRNAs is detected and compared to the original sgRNA library, annotated with the target gene that sgRNA corresponds to. Statistical analysis then identify genes that are significantly likely to be relevant to the phenotype of interest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59990826 | 125,047 |
2,008,723 | Feminist Digital Humanities also functions as a reiteration of feminist contributions and ideologies which extend the approaches and instruments that help to compile the work of feminists and propagate information among the members of society. Due to the increase in the dependency of the Internet through many online platforms, modern feminists are rampantly embracing the Internet as a primary medium of information gathering on issues pertaining to feminism. In the digital humanity sphere, there is undoubtedly gender imbalance. Between 2010 and 2013, the number of women authors accepted for the Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations (ADHO) conferences was only around 30 per cent as compared to men (70%). Consequently, less recognition among female writers shows that women are underrepresented at the most crucial gatherings in the field. In this conference, there is also a visible bias against non-English authors during Digital Humanities conference presentations. Not only that, according to Weingart’s review, "feminisms and digital humanities" face a range of methodological and cultural prejudices that tend to plague the area of digital humanities. The major professional conference is known to be topically skewed towards masculinized methods, concerning "stylometric, programming and software, image processing and many more male-dominated fields." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38824009 | 2,007,571 |
1,893,962 | The term confabulation is also used by Robert Hecht-Nielsen in describing inductive reasoning accomplished via Bayesian networks. Confabulation is used to select the expectancy of the concept that follows a particular context. This is not an Aristotelian deductive process, although it yields simple deduction when memory only holds unique events. However, most events and concepts occur in multiple, conflicting contexts and so confabulation yields a consensus of an expected event that may only be minimally more likely than many other events. However, given the winner take all constraint of the theory, that is the event/symbol/concept/attribute that is then expected. This parallel computation on many contexts is postulated to occur in less than a tenth of a second. Confabulation grew out of vector analysis of data retrieval like that of latent semantic analysis and support vector machines. It is being implemented computationally on parallel computers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14923645 | 1,892,879 |
560,055 | He was recruited to the Howard University faculty by the school’s first African-American president, Mordecai Johnson. From 1929 to 1935, Houston served as Vice-Dean and Dean of the Howard University School of Law. He developed the school, beginning its years as a major national center for training black lawyers. He extended its part-time program to a full-time curriculum and gained accreditation by the Association of American Law Schools and the American Bar Association. Bringing prominent attorneys to the school as speakers and to build a law network for his students, Houston served as a mentor to a generation. He influenced nearly one-quarter of all the black lawyers in the United States at the time, including former student Thurgood Marshall, who became a United States Supreme Court justice. Houston believed that the law could be used to fight racial discrimination and encouraged his students to work for such social purpose. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=607150 | 559,766 |
1,338,908 | Fossils are generally found in sedimentary rock with differentiated strata representing a succession of deposited material. The occurrence of fossil bearing material depends on environmental factors before and after the time of preservation. After death, the first preserving factor is a rapid burial in water bodies or terrestrial sediment which would help in preserving the specimen. These rocks types are usually termed clastic rock, and are further subdivided into fine, medium and coarse grained material. While fossils can be found in all grain types, more detailed specimens are found in the fine grained material. A second type of burial is the non-clastic rock, form where the rock is made up of the precipitation of compacted fossil material, types of rock include limestone and coal. The third fossil bearing material is the evaporates, which precipitate out of concentrated dissolved salts to form nodular deposits, examples include rock salt and phosphate concentrations. The evaporates are usually associated with gastropod, algae, vertebrate, and trace fossils. Fossils are not to be found in areas of igneous rock (except in some beds between lava flows). In rocks which have undergone metamorphism, fossils are generally so distorted that they are difficult to recognize or have been destroyed completely. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=861503 | 1,338,175 |
532 | With the ever evolving cyber-attacks and generation of devices, AI can be used for threat detection and more effective response by risk prioritization. With this tool, some challenges are also presented such as privacy, informed consent, and responsible use. According to CISA, the cyberspace is difficult to secure for the following factors: the ability of malicious actors to operate from anywhere in the world, the linkages between cyberspace and physical systems, and the difficulty of reducing vulnerabilities and consequences in complex cyber networks. With the increased technological advances of the world, the risk for wide scale consequential events rises. Paradoxically, the ability to protect information and create a line of communication between the scientific and diplomatic community thrives. The role of cybersecurity in diplomacy has become increasingly relevant, creating the term of cyber diplomacy – which is not uniformly defined and not synonymous with cyber defence. Many nations have developed unique approaches to scientific diplomacy in cyberspace. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1164 | 532 |
996,401 | The first planar monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip was demonstrated in 1960. The idea of integrating electronic circuits into a single device was born when the German physicist and engineer Werner Jacobi developed and patented the first known integrated transistor amplifier in 1949 and the British radio engineer Geoffrey Dummer proposed to integrate a variety of standard electronic components in a monolithic semiconductor crystal in 1952. A year later, Harwick Johnson filed a patent for a prototype IC. Between 1953 and 1957, Sidney Darlington and Yasuo Tarui (Electrotechnical Laboratory) proposed similar chip designs where several transistors could share a common active area, but there was no electrical isolation to separate them from each other. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37259051 | 995,883 |
1,855,843 | The ROGDI gene is located on chromosome 16 and contains 11 exons. The ROGDI protein contains 287 amino acids and has a leucine zipper form. The function of this protein is not currently known. Expression studies have shown that the gene has high expression in the hippocampus. It is also highly expressed in other parts of the adult brain, spinal cord, peripheral blood, heart, and bone marrow. These studies showed low level of expression in the fetal brain which is consistent with the onset of symptoms occurring no earlier than one month after birth. Protein staining has provided evidence supporting that the ROGDI protein may be a part of the nuclear envelope. Studies also suggest that ROGDI may interact with DISC1 which is involved in neuronal proliferation and migration and differentiation of cortical interneurons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37699515 | 1,854,775 |
1,644,547 | Another study that was done in 2010 by London College that tested the efficacy of the Cognitive Stimulation Therapy. Participants were tested using a Mini Mental State Examination to test their level of cognitive ability and see if they qualified as a demented patient to be included in the study. The participants had to have no other health problems allowing for the experiment to have accurate internal validity. The results clearly showed that those who were given the Cognitive Stimulation Therapy did significantly better on all memory tasks than those that did not receive the therapy. Out of the eleven memory tasks that were given ten of the memory tasks were improved by the therapeutic group. This is another study that supports the efficacy of CST, demonstrating that the elderly that have dementia greatly benefit from this treatment.. Just like it was tested in the 2006 study, the improvement of the participants' cognitive abilities can ultimately improve their daily lives since it helps with social influences being able to speak, remember words etc. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15399965 | 1,643,620 |
1,473,263 | All other parties interpret this as a large compound eye, the hexagons being preserved ommatidia (all researchers agree these are the same structure). This is supported by fossils of "Dollocaris ingens" which are so well preserved that individual retinula cells can be discerned. The preservation is so exceptional that studies have shown the species' numerous small ommatidia, distributed over the large eyes, could reduce the angle between ommatidia, thus improve their ability to detect small objects. Of the arguments above, it is posited by opponents that eyes are complex structures, and those in the Thylacocephala display clear and numerous affinities with compound eyes in other arthropod fossils, down to a cellular level of detail. The 'cephalic sac' structure itself is poorly preserved in Osteno specimens, a possible reason for interstitial 'sclerites'. The structural analogy with a cirripede peduncle lost supporting evidence when the 'ovaries' were shown to be alimentary residues, and the sac muscular system could be used to support the eyes. The unusual position of the stomach is thus the strongest inconsistency, but the Thylacocephala are defined by their unusual features, so this is not inconceivable. Further, Rolfe suggests the eyes' position can be explained if they have a large posterior area of attachment, while Schram suggests that the stomach region extending into the cephalic sac could result from an inflated foregut or anteriorly directed caecum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7149700 | 1,472,432 |
2,195,192 | Potter falsely claimed to be a Special Operations Executive agent who worked with the French Resistance during the Second World War under the name Henri Dufour, an 18 year old who he said had been killed in an air raid in northern France while working for the resistance. Potter claimed to have been asked by the SOE to take Dufour's place in 1942 due to his language skills and because he was the right age and both had a club foot. According to Potter, he worked with the resistance throughout the war, was periodically flown back to Britain to brief Winston Churchill, who gave him a glass of brandy, had an affair with a French woman named Yvette, entered Dachau concentration camp with the Americans, and worked as a liaison officer to defend a chemist accused of war crimes at the Nuremberg trials. He also claimed to have an OBE awarded after the war and a first class degree from the University of London. His memoirs were self-published in 2009 as "Within the Shadows" under the pen-name of Ernest Tarrant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55312471 | 2,193,942 |
1,773,968 | Peter Gluckman and Tania Gunn were endocrinologists in the University of Auckland New Zealand and interested in cooling for its effect on thyroid function; they had first cooled a sheep fetus for endocrine studies in 1983. Denis Azzopardi, John Wyatt and David Edwards, then young researchers working for Reynolds, were using Reynolds's sophisticated MRS approach to replicate secondary energy failure in newborn piglets and immature rats; in Gluckman's laboratory Alistair Gunn and Chris Williams developed a simple and elegant biophysical method using cerebral impedance to do essentially the same thing in fetal sheep. Marianne Thoresen, who was working on cerebral perfusion, was prompted to think about neuroprotection by stories of children who fell through the Norwegian ice and suffering prolonged drowning in iced water but emerged with preserved cerebral function. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24488474 | 1,772,971 |
1,511,067 | Pollutants such as these can damage the structural integrity of organic objects, making them weak, brittle, or even corroding the surface. That is why it is important to apply preventive collections care measures wherever possible. The most effective method is to simply prevent pollutants from entering the building itself, this can be done by purchasing air conditioning and filtering methods to filter the air, and properly ventilate the building. As an added safety measure you can also implement a policy to minimize the opening of doors and windows, as well as retrofitting seals and doing secondary glazing on glass. Finally, pollutant absorbers, such as activated charcoal can be added to display cases, or even placed in storage areas to add another layer of protection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50186956 | 1,510,217 |
479,513 | The first member of the group, "Compsognathus", was discovered in 1861, after Johann A. Wagner published his description of the taxon. The family was created by Edward Drinker Cope in 1875. This classification was accepted by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1882, and added to the Coelurosauria clade by Friedrich von Huene in 1914 after additional fossils had been found. With further discoveries, fossils have been uncovered across three different continents, in Asia, Europe, and South America. Assignment to Compsognathidae is usually determined through examination of the metacarpal, which is used to separate Compsognathidae from other dinosaurs. However, classification is still complicated due to similarities to the body of several other theropod dinosaurs, as well as the lack of unifying, diagnostic features that are shared by all compsognathids. It has been proposed that at least some compsognathids represent juvenile specimens of larger tetanuran theropods, such as carnosaurs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7372539 | 479,273 |
1,371,285 | The RAAF attempted to procure Sabres to replace No. 77 Squadron's Mustangs, but the priority being given to re-equipping the USAF meant that deliveries would not be possible until 1954. The Australian government agreed to purchase Gloster Meteor straight-wing jet fighters from Britain as the only viable alternative; the initial order included thirty-six single-seat Mk.8 interceptors and four two-seat Mk.7 trainers. No. 77 Squadron completed its last Mustang mission on 6 April 1951 and returned to Iwakuni the next day to begin converting to Meteors. It subsequently transferred to Kimpo, South Korea, and commenced operations with its new aircraft on 29 July. The squadron deployed twenty-two Meteors at Kimpo, and came under the control of the USAF's 4th Fighter-Interceptor Wing. Although it had operated effectively as a ground-attack unit with its Mustangs, No. 77 Squadron's primary role in the RAAF was interception, and it was expected that with the Meteor it could again focus on fighter duties, particularly as by this stage the USAF had only two squadrons of Sabres in the theatre. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3573298 | 1,370,528 |
1,701,366 | Adult "P. cervi" is conical in shape, the anterior end tapering and the posterior being broad, and pink in colour. The colour is due to its own haemoglobin. They are 5–13 mm long, 2–5 mm wide, with the ventral side somewhat concave while the dorsal side is convex. It has two suckers, an anterior oral sucker and a posterior larger ventral sucker, hence the generic name (Greek: "para" meaning "besides", "amphi" meaning "on both sides", and "stoma" for "mouth"). The tegumental surface is highly corrugated with transverse folds alternating with grooves and is spineless, which is uncharacteristic of trematodes. The genital pore is situated at the anterior third of the body. There are two types of bulbous shaped sensory papillae on the surface, each measuring 10–15 µ in diameter at the base with nipple-like tips; one has a short cilia on top. Clusters of papillae on the ventral surface and around the anterior suckers are larger in size and number; while there are few on the dorsal surface. As hermaphrodite, both male and female reproductive systems are present towards the posterior region of the body. Testes are slightly lobed and are located anterior to the ovary. Eggs are clear shell and measure about 140 x 80 µ; barrel-shaped with operculum at one end. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38839913 | 1,700,412 |
831,198 | Background-oriented schlieren technique relies on measuring or visualizing shifts in focused images. In these techniques, the background and the schlieren object (the distortion to be visualized) are both in focus and the distortion is detected because it moves part of the background image relative to its original position. Because of this focus requirement, they tend to be used for large-scale applications where both the schlieren object and the background are distant (typically beyond the hyperfocal distance of the optical system). Since these systems require no additional optics aside from a camera, they are often the simplest to construct but they are usually not as sensitive as other types of schlieren systems, with the sensitivity being limited by the camera resolution. The technique also requires a suitable background image. In some cases, the background may be provided by the experimenter, such as a random speckle pattern or sharp line, but naturally occurring features such as landscapes or bright light sources such as the sun and moon can also be used. Background-oriented schlieren is most often performed using software techniques such as digital image correlation and optical flow analysis to perform synthetic schlieren, but it is possible to achieve the same effect in streak imaging with an analog optical system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234653 | 830,749 |
1,621,148 | Northwestern received a bid to play in the 1949 Rose Bowl against California because Michigan, the Big 9 Conference champion, was barred from going in successive years. The game was memorable on several counts. Cal had a perfect 10–0 record going into the game and had averaged 28 points per game over the course of the season while the Wildcats had a record of 8–2 for the season to finish 2nd place in the conference. Although neither team had faced each other before, Coach Pappy Waldorf had been the Wildcats' head coach from 1935 until he left for the Golden Bears in 1946. NU's Coach Voight, only 33 years old, had played under Waldorf and had been named an All-American in 1938. In the first quarter, Frank Aschenbrenner broke a Rose Bowl record when he ran for a touchdown although the game remained close through the third quarter. Finally, with three minutes left to play in the fourth quarter and down by one point, Northwestern launched an drive including a Statue of Liberty play for a touchdown run to defeat Cal 20–14. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10414221 | 1,620,233 |
1,532,434 | In his later years, Virasoro received several awards, honors, and appointments. In 1987, he was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. In 1993, he was awarded the Rammal Award by the French Physical Society. In 1998, he was elected as an international honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2009, he was awarded the Enrico Fermi Prize of the Italian Physical Society, which he shared with Greek physicist Dimitri Nanopoulos, for "the discovery of an infinite-dimensional algebra of primary importance for the construction of string theories." In 2020, he was awarded the Dirac Medal of the ICTP, which he shared with French physicists André Neveu and Pierre Ramond, "for their pioneering contributions to the inception and formulation of string theory which introduced new bosonic and fermionic symmetries into physics." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8911332 | 1,531,566 |
1,896,213 | The shortwave trough that had been steering Gordon across Florida moved ahead of the storm and its influence was replaced by a mid-tropospheric ridge over the eastern United States. Under the influence of this new ridge, the storm, which had been speeding northeast at 25 mph (40 km/h), turned to the north late on November 17. The hurricane's loop continued, and as it moved to a west-northwesterly heading Gordon briefly threatened North Carolina's Outer Banks before stalling offshore once again. In the presence of weak steering currents once again, Gordon lost strength and slipped back to tropical storm status with 70 mph (110 km/h) winds. On November 18, about 90 mi (150 km) off the Outer Banks, Gordon began a southward drift away from the North Carolina coast. In its brush with the Mid-Atlantic States, Gordon dropped 2–5 in (5–13 cm) with a maximum of 5.25 in (13.3 cm) recorded at Norfolk, Virginia. Warm waters improved its organization, but this did not result in stronger winds and the storm continued to weaken. Strong upper-level winds battered the storm from the northwest. They sheared away Gordon's upper-level convection while polluting the storm with colder and drier air that weakened its lower level convection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18435348 | 1,895,129 |
318,221 | After the discovery of Vesta, no further objects were discovered for 38 years, and during this time the Solar System was thought to have eleven planets. However, in 1845, new asteroids started being discovered at a rapid pace, and by 1851 there were fifteen, each with its own symbol, in addition to the eight major planets (Neptune had been discovered in 1846). It soon became clear that it would be impractical to continue inventing new planetary symbols indefinitely, and some of the existing ones proved difficult to draw quickly. That year, the problem was addressed by Benjamin Apthorp Gould, who suggested numbering asteroids in their order of discovery, and placing this number in a disk (circle) as the generic symbol of an asteroid. Thus, the fourth asteroid, Vesta, acquired the generic symbol ④. This was soon coupled with the name into an official number–name designation, "④ Vesta", as the number of minor planets increased. By 1858, the circle had been simplified to parentheses, "(4) Vesta", which were easier to typeset. Other punctuation, such as "4) Vesta" and "4, Vesta", was also used, but had more or less completely died out by 1949. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47200 | 318,050 |
1,536,498 | Vishwanath holds an undergraduate degree from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, completed in 1996. He received his Ph.D. in physics from Princeton University in 2001, after completing a doctoral dissertation, titled "Vortices, quasiparticles and unconventional superconductivity", under the supervision of F. Duncan Haldane. Between 2001 and 2004 he was a Pappalardo fellow at MIT, where his collaborators included T. Senthil and Subir Sachdev. He joined the physics faculty at University of California, Berkeley in 2004 and moved to Harvard University in 2016. He held a Distinguished Visiting Research Chair at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics from 2012 to 2015 and was awarded the Guggenheim Fellowship in materials science in 2014. He is one of the recipients of the 2016 EPS Europhysics Prize in condensed matter physics for theoretical studies on magnetic skyrmion phases in MnSi, a new phase of matter. He is also a fellow of the American Physical Society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45629462 | 1,535,630 |
1,276,668 | Regardless of exactly what information the Soviet delegation obtained, they acquired some insights into Italian submarine technology: most obviously, while the Soviet fleet consisted of boats of "single-hull" construction in which equipment such as ballast tanks was largely contained inside the pressure hull, the Italians had pioneered double–hull construction in which equipment was placed around the outside of the pressure hull, enclosed by a separate external fairing known as the "light hull", allowing a more streamlined exterior and a more spacious interior (the new "Balilla" class of the 1920s was built this way, though neither the older "Balilla" of 1913, nor the "Pisani" class); in addition, whereas existing Soviet boats had a diving depth limited to around 50 meters, the Italians were building stronger hulls capable of diving to around 100 meters (used on the new "Balilla" and the "Pisani"), and while previous Russian submarines had a hull length of no more than 70 meters and a surface displacement of below 700 tons, the Italians were building much larger submarines - the new "Ballila" was twice this displacement and about 20% longer. Another important difference was that existing Soviet boats filled the ballast tanks mechanically during a dive, while the Italians simply flooded them via seacocks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10683646 | 1,275,975 |
517,490 | These technical contributions were motivated by schizophrenia research and theoretical studies of value-learning (with Gerry Edelman). In 1995, this work was formulated as the dysconnection hypothesis of schizophrenia (with Chris Frith). In 2003, he invented dynamic causal modelling (DCM), which is used to infer the architecture of distributed systems like the brain. Mathematical contributions include Variational Laplace and Generalized filtering, which use variational Bayesian methods for time-series analysis. Friston is principally known for models of functional integration in the human brain and the principles that underlie neuronal interactions. His main contribution to theoretical neurobiology is a variational free energy principle (Active inference in the Bayesian brain). According to Google Scholar, Friston's h-index is 255. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33853669 | 517,221 |
1,892,796 | LiquiGlide is a platform technology which creates slippery, liquid-impregnated surfaces that was developed at the Varanasi Research Group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology by Prof. Kripa Varanasi and his team of students and post doctorals Dave Smith, Rajeev Dhiman, Adam Paxson, Brian Solomon, and Chris Love. Possible applications include improving the flow rate of condiment bottles to avoid food waste, and preventing clogs in gas and oil tubes. The project came in second place in the Business Plan Contest and won the Audience Choice Award at the 2012 MIT $100K Entrepreneurship Competition. The company has also raised $25M from investors including Roadmap Capital, Structure Capital, Valia Investments, and Struck Capital. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35943373 | 1,891,713 |
674,419 | Because the compression of each stage is ≈10, each stage closer to the outlet is considerably smaller than the preceding inlet stages. This has two consequences. The geometric progression tells us that infinite stages could ideally fit into a finite axial length. The finite length in this case is the full height of the housing as the bearings, the motor, and controller and some of the coolers can be installed inside on the axis. Radially, to grasp as much of the thin gas at the entrance, the inlet-side rotors would ideally have a larger radius, and correspondingly higher centrifugal force; ideal blades would get exponentially thinner towards their tips and carbon fibers should reinforce the aluminium blades. However, because the average speed of a blade affects pumping so much this is done by increasing the root diameter rather than the tip diameter where practical. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30494 | 674,066 |
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