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2,053,726 | The institute receives core funding from the Government of Papua New Guinea and from AusAID. While both the government and AusAID contribute to research studies, most research grants are competitively acquired from overseas funding agencies and additional studies are conducted as contract research. Thanks to the IMR's successful history and its extensive network of international collaborators, the institute has been able to secure research grants and contracts from major donor agencies, including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the World Health Organization, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and several others. In the last two years, the PNG Liquified Natural Gas (PNG LNG) project has been providing infrastructural and research support through IMR's engagement in the health impact assessment of this large development project. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3156517 | 2,052,543 |
382,482 | ECoG is a very promising intermediate BCI modality because it has higher spatial resolution, better signal-to-noise ratio, wider frequency range, and less training requirements than scalp-recorded EEG, and at the same time has lower technical difficulty, lower clinical risk, and may have superior long-term stability than intracortical single-neuron recording. This feature profile and recent evidence of the high level of control with minimal training requirements shows potential for real world application for people with motor disabilities. Light reactive imaging BCI devices are still in the realm of theory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=623686 | 382,287 |
1,993,768 | His agenda was largely reform-oriented and included enhancing worker's compensation and unemployment benefits, building new schools, raising teacher's salaries, building a new state prison, constructing new hospitals, and improving traffic safety. Following his inauguration in January 1953, he submitted twenty-six proposals to the Indiana General Assembly that encompassed all of his agenda. His most controversial with the legislation was a proposal to reorganize the states 141 agencies into eleven departments centralized under the governor's control. The Republican legislature dismissed the request out of hand and accused him of trying to restart the battle over executive power that had been ongoing in the past three decades but had largely been avoided by the previous two governors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4300994 | 1,992,625 |
699,274 | Radio galaxies, and to a lesser extent, radio-loud quasars display a wide range of structures in radio maps. The most common large-scale structures are called "lobes": these are double, often fairly symmetrical, roughly ellipsoidal structures placed on either side of the active nucleus. A significant minority of low-luminosity sources exhibit structures usually known as "plumes" which are much more elongated. Some radio galaxies show one or two long narrow features known as "jets" (the most famous example being the giant galaxy M87 in the Virgo cluster) coming directly from the nucleus and going to the lobes. Since the 1970s, the most widely accepted model has been that the lobes or plumes are powered by "beams" of high-energy particles and magnetic field coming from close to the active nucleus. The jets are believed to be the visible manifestations of the beams, and often the term "jet" is used to refer both to the observable feature and to the underlying flow. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=211168 | 698,910 |
286,551 | In practice, however, reactor-bred plutonium will invariably contain a certain amount of Pu due to the tendency of Pu to absorb an additional neutron during production. Pu has a high rate of spontaneous fission events (415,000 fission/s-kg), making it an undesirable contaminant. As a result, plutonium containing a significant fraction of Pu is not well-suited to use in nuclear weapons; it emits neutron radiation, making handling more difficult, and its presence can lead to a "fizzle" in which a small explosion occurs, destroying the weapon but not causing fission of a significant fraction of the fuel. (However, in modern nuclear weapons using neutron generators for initiation and fusion boosting to supply extra neutrons, fizzling is not an issue.) It is because of this limitation that plutonium-based weapons must be implosion-type, rather than gun-type. Moreover, Pu and Pu cannot be chemically distinguished, so expensive and difficult isotope separation would be necessary to separate them. Weapons-grade plutonium is defined as containing no more than 7% Pu; this is achieved by only exposing U to neutron sources for short periods of time to minimize the Pu produced. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2378570 | 286,397 |
1,753,908 | Jason S. McLellan is a structural biologist, professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences and Robert A. Welch Chair in Chemistry at The University of Texas at Austin who specializes in understanding the structure and function of viral proteins, including those of coronaviruses. His research focuses on applying structural information to the rational design of vaccines and other therapies for viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19. McLellan and his team collaborated with researchers at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases’ Vaccine Research Center to design a stabilized version of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which biotechnology company Moderna used as the basis for the vaccine mRNA-1273, the first COVID-19 vaccine candidate to enter phase I clinical trials in the U.S. At least three other vaccines use this modified spike protein: those from Pfizer and BioNTech; Johnson & Johnson and Janssen Pharmaceuticals; and Novavax. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64112335 | 1,752,918 |
217,934 | In medical imaging, fluorine-18-labelled sodium fluoride (USP, sodium fluoride F18) is one of the oldest tracers used in positron emission tomography (PET), having been in use since the 1960s. Relative to conventional bone scintigraphy carried out with gamma cameras or SPECT systems, PET offers more sensitivity and spatial resolution. Fluorine-18 has a half-life of 110 min, which requires it to be used promptly once produced; this logistical limitation hampered its adoption in the face of the more convenient technetium-99m-labelled radiopharmaceuticals. However fluorine-18 is generally considered to be a superior radiopharmaceutical for skeletal imaging. In particular it has a high and rapid bone uptake accompanied by very rapid blood clearance, which results in a high bone-to-background ratio in a short time. Additionally the annihilation photons produced by decay of F have a high energy of 511 keV compared to the 140 keV photons of Tc. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1224339 | 217,826 |
1,632,784 | MLD can also be applied to design of bioactive and biocompatible surfaces for targeted cell and tissue responses. Bioactive materials involve materials for regenerative medicine, tissue engineering (tissue scaffolds), biosensors etc. The important factors that can affect the cell-surface interaction, as well as the immune response of the system are surface chemistry (e.g. functional groups, surface charge and wettability) and surface topography. Understanding these properties is crucial in order to control the attachment and proliferation of the cell, and resultant bioactivity of the surfaces. Furthermore, the choice of organic building blocks and a type of biomolecules (e.g. proteins, peptides or polysaccharides) during the formation of bioactive surfaces is a key factor for cellular response of the surface. MLD allows for the building of bioactive, precise structures by combining such organic molecules with inorganic biocompatible elements like titanium. The use of MLD for biomedical applications is not widely studied and is a promising field of research. This method enables surface modification and thus, can functionalize a surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59207188 | 1,631,862 |
2,036,394 | Harvard also got off to a fast start. After winning their opener against Holy Cross, the Crimson won a triple-overtime contest over the College of William & Mary, 87–85 on a half-court shot by senior guard Jeremy Lin. Lin also made headlines in early December as he scored 30 points in a close loss (79–73) at #14 Connecticut, then came back to score 25 in the Crimson's very next game – a 74–67 upset of Boston College. Lin started the New Year by being named to the Mid-season Wooden Award 30-man watch list and the Bob Cousy Award. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24913701 | 2,035,220 |
156,932 | "Computer Gaming World" that month stated "games don't come out for the Atari first anymore". In April, the magazine published a survey of ten game publishers which found that they planned to release 19 Atari games in 1986, compared to 43 for Commodore 64, 48 for Apple II, 31 for IBM PC, 20 for Atari ST, and 24 for Amiga. Companies stated that one reason for not publishing for Atari was the unusually high amount of software piracy on the computer, partly caused by the Happy Drive. The magazine warned later that year, "Is this the end for Atari 800 games? It certainly looks like it might be from where I write". In 1987, MicroProse confirmed that it would not release "Gunship" for the Atari 8-bits, stating that the market was too small. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63429 | 156,860 |
769,082 | Due to its small size and consequent high surface-area-to-volume ratio, the Etruscan shrew is at a constant risk of hypothermia, and would quickly freeze to death if not for its extremely rapid metabolism. Its skeletal muscles contract at a rate of about 13 contractions/sec during respiration alone. In cold seasons and during shortages of food, the shrews lower their body temperatures down to about and enter a state of temporary hibernation to reduce energy consumption. Recovery from this state is accompanied by shivering at a frequency of 58 muscle contractions/sec. This induces heating at a rate of up to 0.83 °C/min, which is among the highest values recorded in mammals; the heart rate increases exponentially with time from 100 to 800–1200 beats/min, and the respiratory rate rises linearly from 50 to 600–800 beats/min. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=516901 | 768,670 |
1,551,085 | That same year, an Airborne Group had been spun off from the main CH development team in order to develop a much smaller radar system suitable for mounting in large aircraft. This would become the Airborne Interception radar (AI) role, the intention being to detect bombers at night and allow the heavy fighters to find and attack them with their own radar. When these sets demonstrated the ability to easily pick up ships in the English Channel, the Army Cell started a second group to adopt these systems to the Coast Defence role (CD), providing both range and angle measurements with enough accuracy to blind-fire their shore batteries. This team was led by Butement, leaving Pollard as the primarily developer of the GL systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44378239 | 1,550,204 |
993,866 | An arc flash is the light and heat produced from an electric arc supplied with sufficient electrical energy to cause substantial damage, harm, fire, or injury. Electrical arcs experience negative incremental resistance, which causes the electrical resistance to decrease as the arc temperature increases. Therefore, as the arc develops and gets hotter the resistance drops, drawing more and more current (runaway) until some part of the system melts, trips, or evaporates, providing enough distance to break the circuit and extinguish the arc. Electrical arcs, when well controlled and fed by limited energy, produce very bright light, and are used in arc lamps (enclosed, or with open electrodes), for welding, plasma cutting, and other industrial applications. Welding arcs can easily turn steel into a liquid with an average of only 24 DC volts. When an uncontrolled arc forms at high voltages, and especially where large supply-wires or high-current conductors are used, arc flashes can produce deafening noises, supersonic concussive-forces, super-heated shrapnel, temperatures far greater than the Sun's surface, and intense, high-energy radiation capable of vaporizing nearby materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5081562 | 993,349 |
1,502,931 | ASN-209 Tactical UAV System is composed of Aircraft Platform, Avionics, Airborne Mission Payload, Data Link, Ground Control Station and Launch and Recovery Equipment, ASN-209 UAV can perform aerial reconnaissance, battle field survey, target location, destroy validation and artillery fire adjustment in day and night in real time. ASN-209 uses digital flight control and navigation system, its flight control mode has manual, program and emergency control. In addition, ASN-209 uses rocket booster launch, parachute recovery which render the operating system of ASN-209 flexible due to the fact that no contact with an airport is needed, and the GCS allows multitasking and can be edited in real-time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42232716 | 1,502,085 |
704,070 | The second view (Protopangea-Paleopangea), based on both palaeomagnetic and geological evidence, is that supercontinent cycles did not occur before about 0.6 Ga (during the Ediacaran Period). Instead, the continental crust comprised a single supercontinent from about 2.7 Ga (gigaannums, or billion years ago) until it broke up for the first time, somewhere around 0.6 Ga. This reconstruction is based on the observation that if only small peripheral modifications are made to the primary reconstruction, the data show that the palaeomagnetic poles converged to quasi-static positions for long intervals between about 2.7–2.2, 1.5–1.25 and 0.75–0.6 Ga. During the intervening periods, the poles appear to have conformed to a unified apparent polar wander path. Thus the paleomagnetic data are adequately explained by the existence of a single Protopangea–Paleopangea supercontinent with prolonged quasi-integrity. The prolonged duration of this supercontinent could be explained by the operation of lid tectonics (comparable to the tectonics operating on Mars and Venus) during Precambrian times, as opposed to the plate tectonics seen on the contemporary Earth. However, this approach was widely criticized as it is based on incorrect application of paleomagnetic data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2113608 | 703,702 |
91,014 | In September 1970, the plan to launch Apollo 18 was cancelled. The scientific community pressed NASA to assign a geologist, rather than a pilot with non-professional geological training, to an Apollo landing. NASA subsequently assigned Schmitt to Apollo 17 as the lunar module pilot. After that, NASA’s director of flight crew operations, Deke Slayton, was left with the question of who would fill the two other Apollo 17 slots: the rest of the Apollo 15 backup crew (Dick Gordon and Vance Brand), or Cernan and Evans from the Apollo 14 backup crew. Slayton ultimately chose Cernan and Evans. Support at NASA for assigning Cernan was not unanimous. Cernan had crashed a Bell 47G helicopter into the Indian River near Cape Kennedy during a training exercise in January 1971; the accident was later attributed to pilot error, as Cernan had misjudged his altitude before crashing into the water. Jim McDivitt, who was manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office at the time, objected to Cernan's selection because of this accident, but Slayton dismissed the concern. After Cernan was offered command of the mission, he advocated for Engle to fly with him on the mission, but it was made clear to him that Schmitt would be assigned instead, with or without Cernan, so he acquiesced. The prime crew of Apollo 17 was publicly announced on August 13, 1971. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1971 | 90,974 |
1,426,991 | Malik was born in Mathura, India, on October 11, 1960. He did his schooling from Jabalpur, at the St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School. He received the BTech degree in electrical engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur in 1980 and the PhD degree in computer science from Stanford University in 1985. In January 1986, he joined the University of California, Berkeley, where he is currently the Arthur J. Chick Professor in the Computer Science Division, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (EECS). He is also on the faculty of the department of Bioengineering, and the Cognitive Science and Vision Science groups. He served as the chair of the Computer Science Division during 2002–2004 and as the department chair of EECS during 2004–2006 and 2016–2017. Since January 2018, he is also the research director and site lead of Facebook AI Research in Menlo Park, where he leads a team of researchers and engineers in computer vision, machine learning and robotics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29897718 | 1,426,188 |
192,033 | The first tests took place in Cornwall between 1826 and 1828. The experiment was a failure due to a fire and a flood. Finally, in 1854, Airy got the value by measurements in a coal mine in Harton, Sunderland. Airy's method assumed that the Earth had a spherical stratification. Later, in 1883, the experiments conducted by Robert von Sterneck (1839 to 1910) at different depths in mines of Saxony and Bohemia provided the average density values ρ between 5.0 and . This led to the concept of isostasy, which limits the ability to accurately measure ρ, by either the deviation from vertical of a plumb line or using pendulums. Despite the little chance of an accurate estimate of the average density of the Earth in this way, Thomas Corwin Mendenhall in 1880 realized a gravimetry experiment in Tokyo and at the top of Mount Fuji. The result was ρ = . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9951602 | 191,934 |
77,968 | A. C. Pigou was at the time the sole economics professor at Cambridge. He had a continuing interest in the subject of unemployment, having expressed the view in his popular "Unemployment" (1913) that it was caused by "maladjustment between wage-rates and demand" – a view Keynes may have shared prior to the years of the "General Theory". Nor were his practical recommendations very different: "on many occasions in the thirties" Pigou "gave public support ... to State action designed to stimulate employment". Where the two men differed is in the link between theory and practice. Keynes was seeking to build theoretical foundations to support his recommendations for public works while Pigou showed no disposition to move away from classical doctrine. Referring to him and Dennis Robertson, Keynes asked rhetorically: "Why do they insist on maintaining theories from which their own practical conclusions cannot possibly follow?" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17326 | 77,939 |
928,982 | Heritability measures the fraction of phenotype variability that can be attributed to genetic variation. This is not the same as saying that this fraction of an individual phenotype is caused by genetics. For example, it is incorrect to say that since the heritability of personality traits is about 0.6, that means that 60% of your personality is inherited from your parents and 40% comes from the environment. In addition, heritability can change without any genetic change occurring, such as when the environment starts contributing to more variation. As a case in point, consider that both genes and environment have the potential to influence intelligence. Heritability could increase if genetic variation increases, causing individuals to show more phenotypic variation, like showing different levels of intelligence. On the other hand, heritability might also increase if the environmental variation decreases, causing individuals to show less phenotypic variation, like showing more similar levels of intelligence. Heritability increases when genetics are contributing more variation or because non-genetic factors are contributing less variation; what matters is the relative contribution. Heritability is specific to a particular population in a particular environment. High heritability of a trait, consequently, does not necessarily mean that the trait is not very susceptible to environmental influences. Heritability can also change as a result of changes in the environment, migration, inbreeding, or the way in which heritability itself is measured in the population under study. The heritability of a trait should not be interpreted as a measure of the extent to which said trait is genetically determined in an individual. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=155624 | 928,491 |
2,073,365 | The prototype flew for the first time early in November 1918, right at the end of World War I. The C1 designation was standard French military terminology for Chasseur (fighter), single seat. It went for official testing, in the hope of winning an "Aviation Militaire" contract, on 12 February 1919 and turned out to be fast, despite its relatively low engine power, because of its light construction and clean design. Though faster, it had a lower climb rate than its competitor, the Nieuport 29 with its Hispano-Suiza 8 F engine and was heavier on the controls. The Nieuport was preferred for the contract and development of the Wib 1 ended. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39168990 | 2,072,174 |
1,072,397 | For most of his long career, Crohn had a private practice in New York City and was associated chiefly with Mount Sinai Hospital. At Mount Sinai, he worked with the neurologist Bernard Sachs (1858–1944). He also spent time working with Jesse Shapiro, M.D., another doctor very involved with Crohn's research. As Dr. Shapiro had been diagnosed with Crohn's himself, he had a born devotion to curing the disease. Crohn soon built a very large and successful practice in gastroenterology, specializing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease. He was elected president of the American Gastroenterological Association in 1932. He received numerous awards and professional honors, wrote extensively for doctors and the general public, and was asked to consult on high-profile patients from all over the US and abroad, including President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3020472 | 1,071,843 |
1,229,041 | During the course of 1969, the medical supply section continued to refine and implement procedures for the effective management, acquisition, and control of medical stocks in units throughout the brigade. To this end, regulations were reviewed and revised as required, quality control data were published, facility stockage reports were analyzed and monitored to detect and anticipate problem areas, frequent courtesy visits were made to subordinate units to evaluate the adequacy of and compliance with established procedures, and a program was developed to assist units in eliminating excess medical equipment. To accomplish this, teams from the 32d Medical Depot were sent to the various hospitals to perform technical inspections of unit-identified excesses. The visits were prearranged on a scheduled basis so that all units could prepare and assemble excesses for inspection prior to the arrival of the teams. The teams began their visits in September and by the end of 1969 ten hospitals had been cleared of their excess, namely the 24th, 29th, 36th, 67th, 71st, 85th and 91st Evacuation Hospitals and the 8th and 17th Field Hospitals. As a result of this program, much excess was redistributed to satisfy equipment shortages in other units, and some excess equipment was retrograded out-of-country as surplus to the command. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8709111 | 1,228,379 |
1,008,552 | Of these about 288 were in front-line service at the beginning of the Battle of France, with the three armoured divisions of the Cavalry, the "Divisions Légères Mécaniques" or Mechanised Light Divisions ("light" here meaning "mobile", they were not light in the sense of being lightly equipped). Each of these had an organic strength of four squadrons with twenty S35s; each squadron however had a matériel reserve of two tanks, one of them usually used by the squadron commander, resulting in a total of 88 vehicles per division; regimental and brigade commanders in practice had personal tanks too. Furthermore, 31 were present in the general matériel reserve, 49 in factory stocks and 26 were being processed for acceptance. These vehicles were later issued to several "ad hoc" units, such as the 4th DCR (commanded by Charles de Gaulle) which received 39, part of "3e Cuirassiers", the 4th DLM (10), and some "Corps-francs Motorisés" (about 25). Also the destroyed 1st, 2nd and 3rd DLM were reconstituted with a small number of tanks, the first two divisions received ten S 35s, the third twenty; S 35s further served with the "7e Cuirassiers" (25) and a platoon of three was present in the "3e RAM" of the "3e DLC". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2838334 | 1,008,031 |
1,379,786 | The illative case, denoting direction of movement, is now less common in the standard language but is common in the spoken language, especially in certain dialects. Its singular form, heard more often than the plural, appears in books, newspapers, etc. Most Lithuanian nouns can take the illative ending, indicating that from the descriptive point of view the illative still can be treated as a case in Lithuanian. Since the beginning of the 20th century it isn't included in the lists of standard Lithuanian cases in most grammar books and textbooks, and the prepositional construction į+accusative is more frequently used today to denote direction. The illative case was used extensively in older Lithuanian; the first Lithuanian grammar book, by Daniel Klein, mentions both illative and į+accusative but calls the usage of the illative "more elegant". Later, it has often appeared in the written texts of the authors who grew up in Dzukija or Eastern Aukštaitija, such as Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42837 | 1,379,024 |
71,918 | The U.S. Navy has ordered a total of 57 aircraft to replace its in-service EA-6B Prowlers, most of which are based at NAS Whidbey Island. The US DoD gave approval for the EA-18G program to begin low-rate initial production in 2007. The EA-18G was scheduled to finish flight testing in 2008. The Navy planned to buy approximately 85 aircraft in 2008. Approval for full-rate production was expected in the third quarter of 2009, and was given on 23 November 2009. Boeing planned to ramp up production to 20 aircraft per year. On 9 July 2009, General James Cartwright told the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services that the choice had been to continue the F/A-18 production line because the warfighting commanders needed more aerial electronic warfare capability that only the EA-18G could provide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=833647 | 71,891 |
312,581 | In Europe, Michel Foucault became one of the key theorists of the subject, especially of discourse, and wrote The Archaeology of Knowledge. In this context, the term 'discourse' no longer refers to formal linguistic aspects, but to institutionalized patterns of knowledge that become manifest in disciplinary structures and operate by the connection of knowledge and power. Since the 1970s, Foucault's works have had an increasing impact especially on discourse analysis in the field of social sciences. Thus, in modern European social sciences, one can find a wide range of different approaches working with Foucault's definition of discourse and his theoretical concepts. Apart from the original context in France, there is, since 2005, a broad discussion on socio-scientific discourse analysis in Germany. Here, for example, the sociologist Reiner Keller developed his widely recognized 'Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse (SKAD)'. Following the sociology of knowledge by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, Keller argues that our sense of reality in everyday life and thus the meaning of every object, action and event is the product of a permanent, routinized interaction. In this context, SKAD has been developed as a scientific perspective that is able to understand the processes of 'The Social Construction of Reality' on all levels of social life by combining the prementioned Michel Foucault's theories of discourse and power while also introducing the theory of knowledge by Berger/Luckmann. Whereas the latter primarily focus on the constitution and stabilization of knowledge on the level of interaction, Foucault's perspective concentrates on institutional contexts of the production and integration of knowledge, where the subject mainly appears to be determined by knowledge and power. Therefore, the 'Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse' can also be seen as an approach to deal with the vividly discussed micro–macro problem in sociology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=989128 | 312,413 |
630,936 | Starship develops and operates the last mile delivery robots. The electric-powered robots ride on sidewalks at a pedestrian speed, with a max speed of , can be remote-controlled if autonomous operation fails, and will only be used for relatively short-range local delivery. The robots use feature detection of edges and mapping techniques to determine the suitability of navigable terrain. The robot weighs unloaded, and can hold up to of deliveries. Their average battery life is 18 hours, and the typical robot can travel around 40km per day. The robots are equipped with a sensor suite that includes cameras, GPS inertial measurement unit, ultrasonic sensors, radar, and possibly also other sensors but notably no lidar. The robots have speakers, so they can communicate with humans they meet. Users order deliveries through Starship via the company’s iOS and Android applications. Once the robot arrives to make a delivery, the user receives an alert and can unlock the robot through the app once their identity has been verified through biometric authentication technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48478069 | 630,598 |
874,990 | Although the United States remained officially neutral until April 1917, it was increasingly throwing its support to the Allies through trade. To counter this, German ambassador Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff and Interior Ministry official Heinrich Albert were tasked with undermining American industry and maintaining public support for Germany. One of their agents was a former Bayer employee, Hugo Schweitzer. Schweitzer set up a contract for a front company called the Chemical Exchange Association to buy all of Edison's excess phenol. Much of the phenol would go to the German-owned Chemische Fabrik von Heyden's American subsidiary; Heyden was the supplier of Bayer's salicylic acid for aspirin manufacture. By July 1915, Edison's plants were selling about three tons of phenol per day to Schweitzer; Heyden's salicylic acid production was soon back on line, and in turn Bayer's aspirin plant was running as well. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16283254 | 874,528 |
1,717,177 | In recent years, using a VSP has become more popular in regards to reducing well placement risks as well as improving the monitoring of such wells. The advancement in technology for well monitoring has made VSPs more accurate and more precise with the use of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI). VLBI is an astronomical radio antenna technique that allows for high resolution imaging on a spatial scale. Therefore, using these techniques to create a seismic profile produces incredibly accurate images of wavelets and enhances determination of source wavelets. VSPs are more suitable than other seismic profiles to host the equipment for VLBI. The long vertical length required to create a borehole for a VSP allows for the equipment of a VLBI to analyze data within a larger region. VLBI can produce high resolution results within a region upwards of 50 km. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1920027 | 1,716,208 |
111,896 | Mies placed great importance on education of architects who could carry on his design principles. He devoted a great deal of time and effort leading the architecture program at IIT. Mies served on the initial Advisory Board of the Graham Foundation in Chicago. His own practice was based on intensive personal involvement in design efforts to create prototype solutions for building types (860 Lake Shore Drive, the Farnsworth House, Seagram Building, S. R. Crown Hall, The New National Gallery), then allowing his studio designers to develop derivative buildings under his supervision. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17897 | 111,851 |
1,953,278 | "Bushfires and Bushtucker" is cited in a wide range of closely-related scholarship including detailed studies of Aboriginal methods for using native species; identifying active compounds with medicinal properties in "Eremophila" (emu or native fuchsia bushes); and land management focused on local plants. It also stimulated research in more distant topics, such as describing new species of "Acacia" (wattles) in central and in northern savanna Australia. "Bushfires and Bushtucker" also encouraged research activities in arid zone fire and its effects on flora, and in the use and management of fire by local peoples. For example, detailed experiments were conducted to examine the effects of fire on floristics and dynamic boundaries of plant communities as a result of Peter Latz’ observations and comments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51378502 | 1,952,157 |
1,202,875 | In experiments where eyespots are removed from their tail feathers, also known as trains, there is a significant decline in mating success compared with a control group. This supports the hypothesis that the train elaboration evolved, at least in part, as a result of female choice. The most common explanation for this adaptation is that the females gain indirect benefits such as good genes for their offspring. Peafowl are lekking species and males provide no care to their offspring, therefore females do not gain any direct benefits from mating with a more elaborate male. However, conflicting evidence has been found that removal of a large number of eyespots (≤20) from a male's train does reduce his mating success, although this is outside the natural variation of eyespot loss. This shows that peafowl preference is more complex than originally thought. Takahashi et al., 2008, found no evidence that peahens expressed any preference for males with more elaborate trains. This shows that trains are not the universal target for female choice due to their small variance among males across populations. A peacock's train is also not a reliable indicator of the individual's condition. Although the train may be necessary for mating success, the females seem to be more affected by the males' behavioral characteristics during courtship. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292665 | 1,202,232 |
1,653,468 | At the 14th South African Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in 1997, Jefferson described how the modulation of steroid and other hormone levels by microbial glucuronidases and arylsulfatase profoundly impacted the performance of the composite entity. Following on work done isolating numerous and diverse glucuronidases from microbial samples of African animal feces, and their differential cleavage of hormones, he hypothesized that this phenomenon, microbially-mediated hormone modulation, could underlie evolution of disease and social behavior as well as the holobiont fitness and system resilience. In his lectures, Jefferson coined and defined the term ‘Ecotherapeutics’, referring to adjustment of the population structure of the microbial composition in plants and animals - the microbiome - and their support ecosystem to improve performance. In 2007, Jefferson followed with a series of posts on the logic of hologenome theory on Cambia's Science as Social Enterprise page. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34920670 | 1,652,536 |
895,622 | A plan was formulated for Barts to develop as a centre of excellence in cardiac care and cancer. The plan came under threat when it was announced that the works would be procured under a private finance initiative contract; the "Save Barts" campaign continued to protest. The opposition subsided and a new Barts Heart Centre and new cancer care facilities were created. The Queen Mary Wing was demolished and the façade of the George V building was retained within a new hospital building. A new main entrance was established on King Edward Street. The three James Gibbs blocks were refurbished and car parking was removed from the area. The works, which were designed by HOK and undertaken by Skanska at a cost of circa £500 million, were completed in early 2016. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1919470 | 895,151 |
1,935,405 | On the 24th of March 2009, The Cabinet passed a resolution granting NARIT permission to proceed with plans to construct a Regional Observatory for the Public in each of the following five provinces: Nakhon Ratchasima, Chachoengsao, Songkhla, Khon Kaen, and Phitsanulok. As of 2019, three locations have been opened to the public—Nakhon Ratchasima, Chachoengsao, and Songkhla. The other two, Khon Kaen and Phitsanulok, are currently under construction. All five observatories in this project are under the royal patronage of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn, who generously bestowed upon each the name “Regional Observatory for the Public in Honor of the King’s 7th Cycle Birthday” followed by the name of the province in which it is located. The Main Structures of the Regional Observatory consist of The Observatory a clamshell fibreglass dome 18 feet in diameter installed with a 0.7-meter reflecting telescope and a 180-degree retractable roof for panoramic observation with an adjacent roll-off roof observatory where smaller telescopes are installed, The Planetarium a dome equipped with a high-resolution digital star projector that serves as a planetarium service and an astronomy exhibition space and Outdoor Learning Area for planet walk. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27944385 | 1,934,297 |
181,754 | On Earth impact craters have resulted in useful minerals. Some of the ores produced from impact related effects on Earth include ores of iron, uranium, gold, copper, and nickel. It is estimated that the value of materials mined from impact structures is five billion dollars/year just for North America. The eventual usefulness of impact craters depends on several factors especially the nature of the materials that were impacted and when the materials were affected. In some cases the deposits were already in place and the impact brought them to the surface. These are called “progenetic economic deposits.” Others were created during the actual impact. The great energy involved caused melting. Useful minerals formed as a result of this energy are classified as “syngenetic deposits.” The third type, called “epigenetic deposits,” is caused by the creation of a basin from the impact. Many of the minerals that our modern lives depend on are associated with impacts in the past. The Vredeford Dome in the center of the Witwatersrand Basin is the largest goldfield in the world which has supplied about 40% of all the gold ever mined in an impact structure (though the gold did not come from the bolide). The asteroid that struck the region was wide. The Sudbury Basin was caused by an impacting body over in diameter. This basin is famous for its deposits of nickel, copper, and Platinum Group Elements. An impact was involved in making the Carswell structure in Saskatchewan, Canada; it contains uranium deposits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6416 | 181,658 |
1,187,049 | Early detection of "P. ramorum" on a landscape scale begins with the observation of symptoms on individual plants (and/or detecting "P. ramorum" propagules in watercourses; see below). Systematic ground-based monitoring has been difficult within the range of "P. ramorum" because most infected trees stand on a complex mosaic of lands with various ownerships. In some areas, targeted ground-based surveys have been conducted in areas of heavy recreation or visitor use such as parks, trailheads, and boat ramps. In California, when conducting ground-based detection, looking for symptoms on bay laurel is the most effective strategy, since "P. ramorum" infection of true oaks and tanoaks is almost always highly associated with bay laurel, the main epidemiological springboard for the pathogen. Moreover, on many sites in California (though not all), "P. ramorum" can typically be detected from infected bay laurel tissues via culturing techniques year-round; this is not the case for most other hosts, nor is it the case in Oregon, where tanoak is the most reliable host. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=589513 | 1,186,418 |
1,483,188 | Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid subfamily member 6 (TRPV6) is an epithelial Ca channel that belongs to the transient receptor potential family (TRP) of proteins. The TRP family is a group of channel proteins critical for ionic homeostasis and the perception of various physical and chemical stimuli. TRP channels can detect temperature, osmotic pressure, olfaction, taste, and mechanical forces. The human genome encodes for 28 TRP channels, which include six TRPV channels. The high Ca-selectivity of TRPV5 and TRPV6 makes these channels distinct from the other four TRPV channels (TRPV1-TRPV4). TRPV5 and TRPV6 are involved in Ca transport, whereas TRPV1 through TRPV3 are heat sensors with different temperature threshold for activation, and TRPV4 is involved in sensing osmolarity. Genetic defects in TRPV6 gene are linked to transient neonatal hyperparathyroidism and early-onset chronic pancreatitis. Dysregulation of TRPV6 is also involved in hypercalciuria, kidney stone formation, bone disorders, defects in keratinocyte differentiation, skeletal deformities, osteoarthritis, male sterility, Pendred syndrome, and certain sub-types of Cancer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4593642 | 1,482,352 |
1,010,827 | As of July 2022, the university offers 68 undergraduate and graduate programs. All programs are accredited by the Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities in the Philippines (AACCUP), with 28 earning the highest level of accreditation. Two of these programs, Journalism and Filipino, were granted Center of Development status by the Commission on Higher Education. In 2013, PUP ranked 300+ in the QS Asia University Rankings. In the same year, the QS World University Rankings Country File on the Philippines also placed PUP third in Life Science and Medicine, fifth in Natural Science (Chemistry), fourth in Economics and Econometrics, and fifth in Communication and Media Studies. A 2018 survey of 503 JobStreet employers ranked PUP as the top choice of employers in general, the top choice in the business process outsourcing (BPO) industry, and the second choice in the Manufacturing, IT, and Banking industries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19391805 | 1,010,306 |
1,162,606 | Initial economic development in the UAE during the 1950s and 1960s was based heavily on the oil and gas industry, since diversifying into manufacturing, construction and commerce. The oil and gas sector accounts for approximately two thirds of the UAE’s revenue, employing one percent of the work force while Trades and Repairs Services, Construction ad Manufacturing account for 50% of the work force. In the past decades, high population growth in the UAE has been accompanied by high economic growth. GDP growth rate averaged 4.51% from 2000 until 2017, reaching an all-time high of 9.80% in 2006. This has been followed with a greater standard of living, with the current Human Development Index (HDI) standing at 0.863, ranking the UAE 34th in the world. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60447339 | 1,161,989 |
745,910 | The first evidence of recognition that astronomical phenomena are periodic and of the application of mathematics to their prediction is Babylonian. Tablets dating back to the Old Babylonian period document the application of mathematics to the variation in the length of daylight over a solar year. Centuries of Babylonian observations of celestial phenomena are recorded in the series of cuneiform tablets known as the "Enūma Anu Enlil". The oldest significant astronomical text that we possess is Tablet 63 of the "Enūma Anu Enlil", the Venus tablet of Ammi-saduqa, which lists the first and last visible risings of Venus over a period of about 21 years and is the earliest evidence that the phenomena of a planet were recognized as periodic. The MUL.APIN, contains catalogues of stars and constellations as well as schemes for predicting heliacal risings and the settings of the planets, lengths of daylight measured by a water clock, gnomon, shadows, and intercalations. The Babylonian GU text arranges stars in 'strings' that lie along declination circles and thus measure right-ascensions or time-intervals, and also employs the stars of the zenith, which are also separated by given right-ascensional differences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14021 | 745,516 |
287,200 | Ancient and medieval Indian mathematical works, all composed in Sanskrit, usually consisted of a section of "sutras" in which a set of rules or problems were stated with great economy in verse in order to aid memorization by a student. This was followed by a second section consisting of a prose commentary (sometimes multiple commentaries by different scholars) that explained the problem in more detail and provided justification for the solution. In the prose section, the form (and therefore its memorization) was not considered so important as the ideas involved. All mathematical works were orally transmitted until approximately 500 BCE; thereafter, they were transmitted both orally and in manuscript form. The oldest extant mathematical "document" produced on the Indian subcontinent is the birch bark Bakhshali Manuscript, discovered in 1881 in the village of Bakhshali, near Peshawar (modern day Pakistan) and is likely from the 7th century CE. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1848052 | 287,045 |
234,618 | The conformation of milnacipran is an important part of its pharmacophore. Changing the SAR in milnacipran changes the stereochemistry of the compound and affects the norepinephrine and serotonin concentration. Milnacipran is marketed as a racemic mixture. Effects of milnacipran reside in the (1"S",2"R")-isomer and substitution of the phenyl group in the (1"S",2"R")-isomer has negative impact on norepinephrine concentration. Milnacipran has low molecular weight and low lipophilicity. Because of these properties, milnacipran exhibits almost ideal pharmacokinetics in humans such as high bioavailability, low inter-subject variability, limited liver enzyme interaction, moderate tissue distribution and a reasonably long elimination half-life. Milnacipran's lack of drug-drug interactions via cytochrome P450 enzymes is thought to be an attractive feature because many of the central nervous system drugs are highly lipophilic and are mainly eliminated by liver enzymes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=625632 | 234,499 |
1,590,326 | Groves arranged a meeting with Willis F. Harrington and Charles Stine from DuPont on 31 October and briefed them on the Manhattan Project. He arranged for a party of DuPont chemists and engineers, including Stine, Elmer Bolton, Roger Williams, Thomas H. Chilton and Crawford Greenewalt, to visit the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago on 4 November. On 10 November, Groves, Colonel Kenneth Nichols (the deputy chief engineer of the Manhattan District), Arthur H. Compton (the director of the Metallurgical Laboratory) and Norman Hilberry (Compton's deputy) went to DuPont's corporate headquarters in Wilmington, Delaware, where they met with the company's executive committee. Groves gave the President of DuPont, Walter S. Carpenter Jr., assurances the President of the United States, Franklin Roosevelt, the Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson, and the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, General George C. Marshall, regarded the Manhattan Project as being of the greatest importance to the war effort. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72002318 | 1,589,432 |
852,568 | If it is only important to know whether formula_37 for a given formula_24, it is logical to continue simulating until the statement formula_37 can be established to be true or false with a very low probability of error. Given a bound formula_40 on the admissible probability of error (the probability of finding that formula_41 when in fact formula_37 or vice versa), the question of how many permutations to generate can be seen as the question of when to stop generating permutations, based on the outcomes of the simulations so far, in order to guarantee that the conclusion (which is either formula_37 or formula_44) is correct with probability at least as large as formula_45. (formula_40 will typically be chosen to be extremely small, e.g. 1/1000.) Stopping rules to achieve this have been developed which can be incorporated with minimal additional computational cost. In fact, depending on the true underlying p-value it will often be found that the number of simulations required is remarkably small (e.g. as low as 5 and often not larger than 100) before a decision can be reached with virtual certainty. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2468117 | 852,114 |
1,025,017 | At its territorial height, the Roman Empire may have contained between 45 million and 120 million people. Historian Edward Gibbon estimated that the size of the Roman army "most probably formed a standing force of three hundred and seventy-five thousand men" at the empire's territorial peak in the time of the Roman emperor Hadrian (117–138). This estimate probably included only legionary and auxiliary troops of the Roman army. However, Gibbon states that it is "not... easy to define the size of the Roman military with any tolerable accuracy". In the late imperial period, when vast numbers of "foederati" were employed by the Romans, Antonio Santosuosso estimated the combined number of men in arms of the two Roman empires numbered closer to 700,000 in total (not all members of a standing army), drawing on data from the "Notitia Dignitatum". However, he notes that these figures were probably subject to inflation due to the practice of leaving dead soldiers "on the books" to continue to draw their wages and ration. Furthermore, it is irrespective of whether the troops were raised by the Romans or simply hired by them to fight on their behalf. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4921176 | 1,024,484 |
1,741,947 | In 2018, Harvard Business Publishing published "Macroeconomics Simulation: Econland". This 30-minute simulation brings economic policy making to life by allowing students to make monetary and fiscal policy decisions and consider their impact on the economy of a fictional country. Students manage the economy through a 7-year business cycle in an effort to maximize the approval rating from their population. Exploring the trade-offs of economic policy decision-making and the effects of the global economic environment on a country, students consolidate their understanding of core macroeconomic concepts, including GDP, unemployment, inflation, and budget deficit. At a deeper level, students develop critical thinking skills and learn about economic modeling and system dynamics. The simulation won a Silver Medal at the International Serious Play Awards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19133673 | 1,740,963 |
1,622,184 | At the end of 2015, the York Theatre Royal announced a new production of E.M. Forster's short story "The Machine Stops" featuring a brand new soundtrack composed by John Foxx and Benge. T Foxx said "The Machine Stops" “I’d read it in 1964 when I was at school and it had fascinated me then,” adding that his love of Yorkshire, where he lived as a lecturer at Leeds College of Art, was a further reason for his interest in the collaboration. The soundtrack was finalised in May 2016 and a one-off performance by Foxx and Benge called "The Bunker Experience", followed by a Q&A session was held in the York Cold War Bunker on 9 May. A digital-only EP of six tracks based on the soundtrack were made available on Bandcamp on 28 June, with the note that "A studio album by JF&TM of the complete soundtrack will be released by Metamatic Recordings in the next 12 months" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33545902 | 1,621,268 |
524,459 | Dong "et al." (1978) named "Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis" on the basis of CV 00215, a complete skull and skeleton which was collected from the Shangshaximiao Formation, near Yongchuan, Yongchuan District, Sichuan. It dates to the Oxfordian stage of the Late Jurassic period, about 161.2 to 157.3 million years ago. It was discovered in June 1977 by a construction worker during the construction of the Shangyou Reservoir Dam. A second species from the same locality, "Y. magnus", was named by Dong "et al." (1983) on the basis of CV 00216, another complete skull and skeleton. A detailed revision of tetanuran phylogeny by Carrano, Benson & Sampson (2012) revealed that both species are conspecific. Dong "et al." (1978) and Dong "et al." (1983) differentiated these species primarily on the basis of size. In addition, Dong "et al." (1983) noted that the maxilla of "Y. magnus" has an additional fenestra within the antorbital fossa, whereas "Y. shangyouensis" possessed only a fossa in this location. However, it is considered to be an intraspecific, possibly ontogenetic, variation. Furthermore, the apparent difference in cervical vertebral morphology can be explained by comparing different positions within the column. Hence, the holotypes of the two species of "Yangchuanosaurus" are effectively identical, and their codings are identical in Carrano "et al." (2012) matrix. Gregory S. Paul (1988) regarded this genus as a synonym of "Metriacanthosaurus", but this has not been supported. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2273968 | 524,187 |
1,197,777 | A major holist movement in the early twentieth century was gestalt psychology. The claim was that perception is not an aggregation of atomic sense data but a field, in which there is a figure and a ground. Background has holistic effects on the perceived figure. Gestalt psychologists included Wolfgang Koehler, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka. Koehler claimed the perceptual fields corresponded to electrical fields in the brain. Karl Lashley did experiments with gold foil pieces inserted in monkey brains purporting to show that such fields did not exist. However, many of the perceptual illusions and visual phenomena exhibited by the gestaltists were taken over (often without credit) by later perceptual psychologists. Gestalt psychology had influence on Fritz Perls' gestalt therapy, although some old-line gestaltists opposed the association with counter-cultural and New Age trends later associated with gestalt therapy. Gestalt theory was also influential on phenomenology. Aron Gurwitsch wrote on the role of the field of consciousness in gestalt theory in relation to phenomenology. Maurice Merleau-Ponty made much use of holistic psychologists such as work of Kurt Goldstein in his "Phenomenology of Perception." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1303219 | 1,197,136 |
1,920,267 | Placer mining of gold in the Caribbean did not have a major impact on the natural environment, but it did have a devastating impact on the indigenous populations. Europeans sought indigenous labor for placer mining to the exclusion of other activities, including tending crops. The Europeans initiated slave raiding elsewhere in the Caribbean. Venezuela and the islands of Cubagua and Margarita Island was found to have rich deposits of pearl oysters. Natives of the region had long harvested them, and traded them with Europeans. The Europeans’ demand for pearls increased and the careful and selective indigenous methods gave way to Spaniards’ wholesale destruction of the oyster beds with dredges. The Spanish crown intervened to try to prevent further destruction, banning dredges and attempting to keep the oyster fisheries sustainable. Unknown to them was the environmental conditions that pearl oysters needed for produce their treasure – proper salinity and temperature of the water and the optimal type of sea bottom. But the unsophisticated harvesting of pearls clearly destroyed the oyster beds’ sustainability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65056762 | 1,919,164 |
235,424 | Located two kilometres south of the North Campus, the South Campus is much larger in terms of land area. The two campuses are linked by Light Rail Transit. South Campus station is near Foote Field and the Saville Community Sports Centre, forming a natural gateway to the new campus architectural model, since 2009. Along with Health Sciences, University, and Enterprise Square stations, the LRT connects the U of A through four stations. In addition to educational facilities, the university is closely affiliated with six non-profit day care centres, many of which run partnered initiatives such as the Physical Literacy for Active Youth (PLAY) Program as an educational practical learning experience for University of Alberta students. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242057 | 235,305 |
491,376 | Maskin suggested that software patents inhibit innovation rather than stimulate progress. Software, semiconductor, and computer industries have been innovative despite historically weak patent protection, he argued. Innovation in those industries has been sequential and complementary, so competition can increase firms' future profits. In such a dynamic industry, "patent protection may reduce overall innovation and social welfare". A natural experiment occurred in the 1980s when patent protection was extended to software", wrote Maskin with co-author James Bessen. "Standard arguments would predict that R&D intensity and productivity should have increased among patenting firms. Consistent with our model, however, these increases did not occur". Other evidence supporting this model includes a distinctive pattern of cross-licensing and a positive relationship between rates of innovation and firm entry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11635366 | 491,122 |
188,774 | In 1716, Halley suggested a high-precision measurement of the distance between the Earth and the Sun by timing the transit of Venus. In doing so, he was following the method described by James Gregory in "Optica Promota" (in which the design of the Gregorian telescope is also described). It is reasonable to assume Halley possessed and had read this book given that the Gregorian design was the principal telescope design used in astronomy in Halley's day. It is not to Halley's credit that he failed to acknowledge Gregory's priority in this matter. In 1717–18 he discovered the proper motion of the "fixed" stars (publishing this in 1718) by comparing his astrometric measurements with those given in Ptolemy's "Almagest". Arcturus and Sirius were two noted to have moved significantly, the latter having progressed 30 arc minutes (about the diameter of the moon) southwards in 1800 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36858805 | 188,677 |
750,730 | One of the challenges in studying abiogenesis is that the system of reproduction and metabolism utilized by all extant life involves three distinct types of interdependent macromolecules (DNA, RNA, and protein). This suggests that life could not have arisen in its current form, which has led researchers to hypothesize mechanisms whereby the current system might have arisen from a simpler precursor system. American molecular biologist Alexander Rich was the first to posit a coherent hypothesis on the origin of nucleotides as precursors of life. In an article he contributed to a volume issued in honor of Nobel-laureate physiologist Albert Szent-Györgyi, he explained that the primitive Earth's environment could have produced RNA molecules (polynucleotide monomers) that eventually acquired enzymatic and self-replicating functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25765 | 750,332 |
1,876,932 | Hammes-Schiffer has also pioneered work in what she calls the Nuclear-electronic orbital method (NEO) which allows for a more accurate estimate of nuclear properties such as density, geometry, frequencies, electronic coupling, and nuclear motions. As described in her paper, "Incorporation of Nuclear Quantum effects in electronic structure," Radial basis function kernel, a gaussian algorithm used to support vector machines, is applied to determine electronic and molecular orbitals. The NEO approach is specifically applicable in determining the exact mechanisms of hydrogen transfer reactions while accounting for other variables such as quantum tunneling and zero point energy. Hammes-Schiffer claims that the NEO approach is significantly advantageous over other methods that incorporate nuclear quantum effects because of the method's ability to calculate vibrational states, its avoidance of Born–Oppenheimer approximation and its apparent and inherent incorporation of quantum effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39734872 | 1,875,854 |
1,504,876 | Thermal probe techniques have still not achieved the nanoscale spatial resolution that thermal expansion methods have attained though this is theoretically possible. For this, a robust thermal probe and a high intensity source is needed. Recently, the first images using a QCL and a thermal probe have been obtained by Reading "et al." A good signal to noise ratio enabled rapid imaging but sub-micron spatial resolution was not clearly demonstrated. Theory predicts improvements in spatial resolution could be achieved by confining data analysis to the early part of the thermal response to a step change increase in the intensity of the incident radiation. In this way pollution of the measurement from adjacent regions would be avoided, i.e. the measurement window could be confined to a suitable fraction of the time of flight of the thermal wave (using a Fourier analysis of the response could provide a similar outcome by using the high frequency components). This could be achieved by tapping the probe in synchrony with the laser. Similarly, lasers that provide very rapid modulations could further reduce thermal diffusion lengths. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44893854 | 1,504,030 |
1,726,817 | Edward Nairne was the first to note the existence of the exploding wire method in 1774 with silver and copper wire. Subsequently, Michael Faraday used EWM to deposit thin gold films through the solidification of vaporized metal on adjacent surfaces. Then, vapor deposits of metal gas as a result of EWM were studied by August Toepler during the 1800s. Spectrography investigation of the process, led by J.A. Anderson, became widespread in the 1900s. The spectrography experiments enabled a better understanding and subsequently the first glimpses of practical application. The mid 20th century saw experiments with EWM as a light source and for the production of nanoparticles in aluminum, uranium and plutonium wires. Congruently, Luis Álvarez and Lawrence H. Johnston of the Manhattan Project found use for EWM in the development of nuclear detonators. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44391001 | 1,725,846 |
795,063 | Ronald Ellwin Evans was born on November 10, 1933, in St. Francis, Kansas, the son of Clarence Ellwin (Jim) Evans and his wife Marie . He had two younger siblings, Larry Joe Evans and Jay Evans. He was active in the Boy Scouts of America where he achieved its second highest rank, Life Scout. He attended St Francis Elementary School. His father served in the United States Navy during World War II. Evans started his secondary education at St Francis High School, but only attended for two months before the family moved to Topeka, Kansas to seek medical treatment for his brother Larry, who was diagnosed with liver cancer. Larry died in 1951, and his parents separated. Evans attended Highland Park High School in Topeka, where he served on the Student Council, and was the president of the Science Club. He was a member of the school American football team, and was an All-Conference guard. His other brother, Dale, secured a football scholarship to Kansas State University where he played college football, and later played professionally for the Denver Broncos. Later Dale served two tours of duty in Vietnam with the United States Marine Corps. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=598426 | 794,638 |
939,766 | These biological chemicals can arise from a host of means, but there are two common classes: (a) moisture induced growth of mold colonies and (b) natural substances released into the air such as animal dander and plant pollen. Mold is always associated with moisture, and its growth can be inhibited by keeping humidity levels below 50%. Moisture buildup inside buildings may arise from water penetrating compromised areas of the building envelope or skin, from plumbing leaks, from condensation due to improper ventilation, or from ground moisture penetrating a building part. Even something as simple as drying clothes indoors on radiators can increase the risk of exposure to (amongst other things) Aspergillus – a highly dangerous mould that can be fatal for asthma sufferers and the elderly. In areas where cellulosic materials (paper and wood, including drywall) become moist and fail to dry within 48 hours, mold mildew can propagate and release allergenic spores into the air. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=219736 | 939,265 |
300,787 | There was speculation although not confirmed within criticality accident experts, that Fukushima 3 suffered a criticality accident. Based on incomplete information about the 2011 Fukushima I nuclear accidents, Dr. Ferenc Dalnoki-Veress speculates that transient criticalities may have occurred there. Noting that limited, uncontrolled chain reactions might occur at Fukushima I, a spokesman for the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) "emphasized that the nuclear reactors won't explode." By 23 March 2011, neutron beams had already been observed 13 times at the crippled Fukushima nuclear power plant. While a criticality accident was not believed to account for these beams, the beams could indicate nuclear fission is occurring. On 15 April, TEPCO reported that nuclear fuel had melted and fallen to the lower containment sections of three of the Fukushima I reactors, including reactor three. The melted material was not expected to breach one of the lower containers, which could cause a massive radioactivity release. Instead, the melted fuel is thought to have dispersed uniformly across the lower portions of the containers of reactors No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3, making the resumption of the fission process, known as a "recriticality", most unlikely. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=949651 | 300,626 |
1,468,805 | It was initially located at the Albert Dock Seamen's Hospital in the London Docklands. Just prior to this teaching in tropical medicine had been commenced in 1899 at the Extramural school at Edinburgh and even earlier at London's Livingstone College founded in 1893. Before giving lectures at St George's Hospital, London, in 1895, Livingstone College afforded Manson his first opportunity to teach courses in tropical medicine. Manson's early career was as a physician in the Far East. On his return to London, he was appointed Medical Advisor to the Colonial Office. He strongly believed that physicians should be trained in tropical medicine to treat British colonial administrators and others working throughout Britain's tropical empire. He also encouraged and mentored Ronald Ross during this period to uncover the correct etiology of malaria, which Ross subsequently discovered in 1897, winning the Nobel Prize for his efforts. The original school was established as part of the Seamen's Hospital Society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=531365 | 1,467,981 |
1,447,413 | A dipole can align to stabilize or destabilize the formation or loss of a charge, thereby decreasing (if stabilized) or increasing (if destabilized) the activation barrier to a chemical event. Field effects can therefore tune the acidity or basicity of bonds within their fields by donating or withdrawing charge density. With respect to acidity, a common trend to note is that, inductively, an electron-withdrawing substituent in the vicinity of an acidic proton will lower the pKa (i.e. increase the acidity) and, correspondingly, an electron-donating substituent will raise the pKa. The reorganization of charge due to field effects will have the same result. An electric dipole field propagated through the space around, or in the middle of, a molecule in the direction of an acidic proton will decrease the acidity, while a dipole pointed away will increase the acidity and concomitantly elongate the X-H bond. These effects can therefore help to tune the acidity/basicity of a molecule to protonate/deprotonate a specific compound, or enhance hydrogen bond-donor ability for molecular recognition or anion sensing applications. Field effects have also been shown in substituted arenes to dominate the electrostatic potential maps, which are maps of electron density used to explain intermolecular interactions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56824574 | 1,446,597 |
2,013,020 | The Strato-Lab flights culminated in a record-setting flight on May 4, 1961, by Commander Malcolm Ross and Lieutenant Commander Victor Prather (USN) to test the Navy's Mark IV full-pressure suit. The Mark IV suit overcame problems of weight, bulk, ventilation, air and water tightness, mobility, temperature control, and survival capabilities so well that NASA selected a modified version for use by the Project Mercury astronauts. The May 4 flight was the most severe test of the suits conducted. The flight set an altitude record of 113,740 feet (34.67 km), lasted 9 hours 54 minutes, and covered a horizontal distance of . The research goals of the flight were successful, but Victor Prather drowned during the helicopter recovery from the Gulf of Mexico. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13111913 | 2,011,863 |
1,865,875 | In 2003 Li Xing was employed by Aalborg University as an assistant professor. In 2006 he became associate professor and in 2012 he became professor. Starting in 2007 he made it possible to set up a study program in Chinese area studies at Aalborg University assisted by other colleagues. In 2012 he initiated and founded the double master’s degree in "China and International Relations" at Aalborg University in cooperation with University of International Relations in Beijing. He was manager of this joint master’s program until 2015. Besides he has had several administrative functions as chairman of the Board of Studies for International Affairs and member of the Department Council of Culture and Global Studies and member of the Academic Council of Social Science Faculty. Currently he is director at Research Center on Development and International Relations (DIR) at Aalborg University. Since 2012 he has also been Editor in Chief for "Journal of China and International Relations". In 2019 he was awarded ”Teacher of the Year” by the Study Board of International Affairs. In addition, he has been very often invited to play in different media settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67077412 | 1,864,802 |
291,206 | The continuing expansion of black education took place against a background of increased violence against blacks in the South, after Democrats regained power in state governments and imposed white supremacy in society. They instituted legal racial segregation and a variety of Jim Crow laws, after disfranchising most blacks by constitutional amendments and electoral rules from 1890 until 1964. Against this background, Washington's vision, as expressed in his "Atlanta Compromise" speech, became controversial and was challenged by new leaders, such as W.E.B. Du Bois, who argued that blacks should have opportunities for study in classical academic programs, as well as vocational institutes. In the early twentieth century, Du Bois envisioned the rise of "the Talented Tenth" to lead African Americans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=293288 | 291,048 |
8,195 | Existential psychology emphasizes the need to understand a client's total orientation towards the world. Existential psychology is opposed to reductionism, behaviorism, and other methods that objectify the individual. In the 1950s and 1960s, influenced by philosophers Søren Kierkegaard and Martin Heidegger, psychoanalytically trained American psychologist Rollo May helped to develop existential psychology. Existential psychotherapy, which follows from existential psychology, is a therapeutic approach that is based on the idea that a person's inner conflict arises from that individual's confrontation with the givens of existence. Swiss psychoanalyst Ludwig Binswanger and American psychologist George Kelly may also be said to belong to the existential school. Existential psychologists tend to differ from more "humanistic" psychologists in the former's relatively neutral view of human nature and relatively positive assessment of anxiety. Existential psychologists emphasized the humanistic themes of death, free will, and meaning, suggesting that meaning can be shaped by myths and narratives; meaning can be deepened by the acceptance of free will, which is requisite to living an authentic life, albeit often with anxiety with regard to death. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22921 | 8,192 |
1,849,621 | One of the biggest challenges in using pharmacogenomics to study cancer is the difficulty in conducting studies in humans. Drugs used for chemotherapy are too toxic to give to healthy individuals, which makes it difficult to perform genetic studies between related individuals. Furthermore, some mutations occur at high frequencies, whereas others occur at very low frequencies, so there is often a need to screen a large number of patients in order to identify those with a particular genetic marker. And, although genomic-driven analyses is effective for stratifying patients and identifying possible treatment options, it is often difficult for laboratories to get reimbursed for these genomic sequencing tests. Thus, tracking clinical outcomes for patients whom undergo sequencing is key to demonstrating both the clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenomics within cancer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63219240 | 1,848,563 |
1,416,610 | The skull of "Coelurosauravus" is the smallest of the weigeltisaurids, with a mature skull length of 3.5 cm around half those of other weigeltisaurids. The total combined head and torso length is , reaching a length of at least including the preserved length of the tail. Like other weigeltisaurids, the skull bones are covered in cranial ornamentation, consisting of low tubercles and spikes, including a horned frill present on the squamosal bone. In contrast to "Weigeltisaurus", only tubercles, rather than spikes, are present on the parietal bone, which is also shared with "Glaurung". The teeth are simple and conical in shape and packed into a dense row. The teeth sequentially decrease in size posteriorly. Compared to "Weigeltisaurus", "Coelourosauravus" has a shorter neck and longer thorax (which is also flattened), and like other weigeltisaurids the tail is elongate. Like other weigeltisaurdis, the penultimate phalanges are elongated, which in combination with their recurved unguals indicative of claws were likely an adaption to cling to tree bark. Approximately 29 pairs of long, rod-shaped bones project from the sides of the body, these are proposed to represent modified gastralia or a novel dermal ossification. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4392929 | 1,415,812 |
1,294,895 | The accompanying Nature paper is based on 137 ancient human genomes of the Eurasian steppe mainly from the time following the Bronze Age. They find the genetics of the mounted Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly diverse, consisting of several ethnicities of European and Asian origins despite its highly uniform culture. Later, Scythians admixed and were replaced by steppe nomads from the east coming out of the Xiongnu confederations of Mongolia and China, including the westward-expanding Huns (fourth–fifth century AD). These were later admixed and replaced by expanding East Asian groups including Genghis Khan in the Medieval period. Accordingly, the events transformed the Eurasian steppes from being inhabited by Indo-European speakers of largely West Eurasian ancestry to the mostly Turkic-speaking groups of the present day, who are primarily of East Asian ancestry. According to Willerslev, this was all due to the long-distance traveling enabled by domestication of the horse. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19136941 | 1,294,184 |
2,168,940 | On Sunday, the advancing athletes are split into 8 heats of 4, arranged in an order specified by the rulebook (page 74). The heats and subsequent rounds involve head-to-head racing of 4 boats on the course, where paddlers must navigate 2 upstream gates, a series of downstream gates and perform a complete eskimo roll. The athletes select their positions in the start ramp, with preference given in the order which they were seeded by the time trials. The highest two ranked athletes in each heat progress to the quarter finals, then to the semifinal and final. Whichever athlete is ranked first in the final is awarded gold. Athletes can be penalised in three ways in each round, by receiving a fault (FLT), being a ranked last finisher (RLF), or by not finishing (DNF). Faults are incurred for false starts, missing gates or failing to correctly perform a 360-degree roll. Athletes are ranked last (RLF) if they breach the safety requirements of the competition, such as by holding back another athlete with their hands or paddle, deliberately paddling over another athlete's boat, or by making dangerous contact with another athlete's head or body - all other non-dangerous contact is allowed. In each round athletes are ranked first by the order in which they cross the finish line, with those incurring penalties ranked in the following order: FLT, RLF, DNF, . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68825850 | 2,167,703 |
2,148,046 | On Sunday, the advancing athletes are split into 8 heats of 4, arranged in an order specified by the rulebook (page 74). The heats and subsequent rounds involve head-to-head racing of 4 boats on the course, where paddlers must navigate 2 upstream gates, a series of downstream gates and perform a complete eskimo roll. The athletes select their positions in the start ramp, with preference given in the order which they were seeded by the time trials. The highest two ranked athletes in each heat progress to the quarter finals, then to the semifinal and final. Whichever athlete is ranked first in the final is awarded gold. Athletes can be penalised in three ways in each round, by receiving a fault (FLT), being a ranked last finisher (RLF), or by not finishing (DNF). Faults are incurred for false starts, missing gates or failing to correctly perform a 360-degree roll. Athletes are ranked last (RLF) if they breach the safety requirements of the competition, such as by holding back another athlete with their hands or paddle, deliberately paddling over another athlete's boat, or by making dangerous contact with another athlete's head or body - all other non-dangerous contact is allowed. In each round athletes are ranked first by the order in which they cross the finish line, with those incurring penalties ranked in the following order: FLT, RLF, DNF, . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68833146 | 2,146,815 |
506,804 | "Helios" collected data about comets, observing the passage of C/1975 V1 (West) in 1976, C/1978 H1 (Meir) in November 1978 and C/1979 Y1 (Bradfield) in February 1980. During the last event, probe detected disturbances in solar wind later explained by a break in the comet's tail. The plasma analyzer showed that the acceleration phenomena of the high-speed solar wind were associated with the presence of coronal holes. This instrument also detected, for the first time, helium ions isolated in the solar wind. In 1981, during the peak of solar activity, the data collected by "Helios-A" at a short distance from the Sun helped to complete visual observations of coronal mass ejections performed from the Earth's orbit. Data collected by "Helios" magnetometers supplemented data collected by "Pioneer" and "Voyager" and were used to determine the direction of the magnetic field at staggered distances from the Sun. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=922604 | 506,540 |
354,133 | Major General Francis Tuker, whose 4th Indian Division would have the task of attacking Monastery Hill, had made his own appraisal of the situation. In the absence of detailed intelligence at Fifth Army HQ, he had found a book dated 1879 in a Naples bookshop giving details of the construction of the abbey. In his memorandum to Freyberg, he concluded that regardless of whether the monastery was currently occupied by the Germans, it should be demolished to prevent its effective occupation. He also pointed out that with high walls made of masonry at least thick, there were no practical means for field engineers to deal with the place and that bombing with "blockbuster" bombs would be the only solution since 1,000 pound bombs would be "next to useless". Tuker said he could not be induced to attack unless "the garrison was reduced to helpless lunacy by sheer unending pounding for days and nights by air and artillery". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33088 | 353,950 |
2,069,994 | Protocols regarding induced seismicity were developed in respect of different causes, from hydraulic fracturing to geothermal related causes. The main purpose of these regulations is to prevent and minimize potential damage of induced seismicity. In Alberta, different subsurface orders are required. According to Section 11.104 of the Oil and Gas Conservation Rules, subsurface orders are issued. For example, Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) issued subsurface No.2 to Duvernay formation. In Fox Creek, the two thresholds are M 2 and 4. If a seismic event had a magnitude larger than M4, immediate shut-down is required. In Red Deer, because the operations are closer to residents, two thresholds are M 1 and 3. In consideration of the dam integrity, subsurface No. 6 is published around the Brazeau Reservoir.The thresholds are M 1 and 2.5. BC Oil and Gas Commission has a similar protocol, where operations have to stop if the monitored seismicity is larger than M 4 within 3 km of the operation site. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56607693 | 2,068,803 |
981,270 | Fechner's work was studied and extended by Charles S. Peirce, who was aided by his student Joseph Jastrow, who soon became a distinguished experimental psychologist in his own right. Peirce and Jastrow largely confirmed Fechner's empirical findings, but not all. In particular, a classic experiment of Peirce and Jastrow rejected Fechner's estimation of a threshold of perception of weights. In their experiment, Peirce and Jastrow in fact invented randomized experiments: They randomly assigned volunteers to a blinded, repeated-measures design to evaluate their ability to discriminate weights. On the basis of their results they argued that the underlying functions were continuous, and that there is no threshold below which a difference in physical magnitude would be undetected. Peirce's experiment inspired other researchers in psychology and education, which developed a research tradition of randomized experiments in laboratories and specialized textbooks in the 1900s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=438004 | 980,758 |
909,958 | The high-lift devices gave the Lysander a short take off and landing (STOL) performance much appreciated by the Special Duties pilots such as Squadron Leader Hugh Verity. The wings were equipped with automatic slats which lifted away from the leading edge as the airspeed decreased towards stalling speed. These slats controlled automatic flaps. Slow speed flight was therefore greatly simplified, "and it was possible to bring a Lysander down to land, if not like a lift, at least like an escalator". The inboard slats were connected to the flaps and to an air damper in the port wing which governed the speed at which the slats operated. The outboard slats operated independently and were not connected and each was fitted with an air damper. On a normal approach, the inboard slats and the flaps would begin to open when the airspeed has dropped to about and be approximately half down at . The only control that the pilot has is a locking lever which he can set to lock the flaps down once they have been lowered automatically. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=559595 | 909,479 |
164,639 | Swallowed amniotic fluid (in later stages of development) creates urine and contributes to the formation of meconium. Amniotic fluid protects the developing baby by cushioning against blows to the mother's abdomen, allowing for easier fetal movement and promoting muscular/skeletal development. Amniotic fluid swallowed by the fetus helps in the formation of the gastrointestinal tract. It also protects the fetus from mechanical jerks and shocks. The fetus, which develops within a fluid-filled amniotic sac, relies on the placenta for respiratory gas exchange rather than the lungs. While not involved in fetal oxygenation, nevertheless have an important role in lung growth and in development of respiratory muscles and neural regulation. FBM are regulated differently in many respects than postnatal respiration, which results from the unique intrauterine environment. At birth, the transition to continuous postnatal respiration involves a fall in temperature, gaseous distention of the lungs, activation of the Hering-Breuer reflex, and functional connectivity of afferent O2 chemoreceptor activity with respiratory motoneurons and arousal centers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=977752 | 164,554 |
991,302 | The first attempted human liver transplant was performed in 1963 by Thomas Starzl, although the pediatric patient died intraoperatively due to uncontrolled bleeding. Multiple subsequent attempts by various surgeons remained unsuccessful until 1967, when Starzl transplanted a 19-month-old girl with hepatoblastoma who was able to survive for over one year before dying of metastatic disease. Despite the development of viable surgical techniques, liver transplantation remained experimental through the 1970s, with one year patient survival in the vicinity of 25%. The introduction of ciclosporin by Sir Roy Calne, Professor of Surgery Cambridge, markedly improved patient outcomes, and the 1980s saw recognition of liver transplantation as a standard clinical treatment for both adult and pediatric patients with appropriate indications. Liver transplantation is now performed at over one hundred centers in the US, as well as numerous centres in Europe and elsewhere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=517879 | 990,785 |
1,445,193 | After delivering one last load of fuel, at the end of October "Akademik Fedorov" returned to Tromsø. From this point on, the natural drift carried "Polarstern" and its network of research stations across the North Pole region. On 24 February 2020, the Polarstern has broken a record: during the drift she reaches 88°36' North, just 156 kilometres from the North Pole. In summer 2020, the ship reached the Fram Strait. On 13 August, after a last big refueling and personnel rotation, Polarstern started steaming towards the Central Arctic to study the onset and early freezing phase of the sea ice. On 19 August, the ship reached the North Pole. The journey from the northern Fram Strait to the Pole only took six days to complete. After a short search, the MOSAiC team found a new ice floe. The so-called MOSAiC floe 2.0 was discovered eleven nautical miles from the route that the original floe took in January 2020. Polarstern left the MOSAiC floe 2.0 on 20 September 2020, one year after the start of the expedition. On 12 October 2020, the Polarstern returned to her homeport in Bremerhaven. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59728348 | 1,444,377 |
187,334 | The first drilling of the Messinian salt at the deeper parts of the Mediterranean Sea came in the summer of 1970, when geologists aboard the "Glomar Challenger" brought up drill cores containing arroyo gravels and red and green floodplain silts; and gypsum, anhydrite, rock salt, and various other evaporite minerals that often form from drying of brine or seawater, including in a few places potash, left where the last bitter, mineral-rich waters dried up. One drill core contained a wind-blown cross-bedded deposit of deep-sea foraminiferal ooze that had dried into dust and been blown about on the hot dry abyssal plain by sandstorms, mixed with quartz sand blown in from nearby continents, and ended up in a brine lake interbedded between two layers of halite. These layers alternated with layers containing marine fossils, indicating a succession of drying and flooding periods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1870896 | 187,237 |
983,501 | The basement and floors up to (and including) floor 40 are used for educational purposes, although most floors above 36 house the building's mechanical equipment. These floors include theaters, computer laboratories, language laboratories, classrooms, and departmental offices. The basement contains a black box theater and the ground floor contains computer labs, language labs, classrooms, and the Cathedral Café food court. The lobby, comprising the first through third floors, contains a massive gothic Commons Room that is used as a general study area and for special events and is ringed by three floors of classrooms, including, on the first and third floors, the 31 Nationality Rooms designed by members of Pittsburgh's ethnic communities in the styles of different nations and ethnic groups. Twenty-nine of these serve as functional classrooms while more conventional classrooms are located on the second floor and elsewhere throughout the building. The first floor also serves as the home to the offices of the Chancellor, Executive Vice Chancellor, and other administration offices, as well as the Nationality Rooms Gift Shop. The fourth floor, which was previously home to the main stacks of the university's library and the McCarl Center for Nontraditional Student Success, now houses a mix of interdisciplinary studies programs. The fifth floor originally housed the main borrowing, reference, and reading rooms of the university library, and now houses the Department of English. The Pitt Humanities Center is housed on the sixth floor. The University Honors College is located on the 35th and 36th floors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=768929 | 982,987 |
1,623,222 | Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine also have significant G-M406 populations though small sample sizes make broad conclusions difficult. In one study, 4 of 5 Palestinian G samples have the distinctive DYS390=21 value. In Lebanon, at least 10 of 37 G samples have G-M406 features and are found among all the major religions there. In Jordan, 7 of 15 available G samples have 21 at marker DYS390. None of the G samples among the Druze peoples in these locations have STR marker values typical of G-M406 persons according to recent studies. However, recent testing on Family TreeDNA points to some families whose origins lie in Palestine/Israel, but who have moved to Lebanon or Syria prior to the 1500-1700 period who happen to be carrying around 50-60% of the Druze among the Haplogroup G population in Druze. There is initially reasonable assurance the samples are within the DYS459=8 subgroup (that is also negative for its own DYS392=12 subgroup). Overall, these sets of related subgroups make up a major part of G-M406 men and are negative for the L14 and L645 SNP-defined subgroups. The sample has a few marker values that are a little different and the Druze samples have 22 at DYS390 compared to the more typical 21 in the majority of G-M406 samples. So this is good indirect evidence that at least half of the G among the Druze is G-M406. In Syria, G-M406 seems less common than in the countries closer to the Mediterranean. Only 3 of 17 G samples there have the 21 value discussed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25065792 | 1,622,306 |
407,636 | Active marker systems can further be refined by strobing one marker on at a time, or tracking multiple markers over time and modulating the amplitude or pulse width to provide marker ID. 12 megapixel spatial resolution modulated systems show more subtle movements than 4 megapixel optical systems by having both higher spatial and temporal resolution. Directors can see the actors performance in real time, and watch the results on the motion capture driven CG character. The unique marker IDs reduce the turnaround, by eliminating marker swapping and providing much cleaner data than other technologies. LEDs with onboard processing and a radio synchronization allow motion capture outdoors in direct sunlight, while capturing at 120 to 960 frames per second due to a high speed electronic shutter. Computer processing of modulated IDs allows less hand cleanup or filtered results for lower operational costs. This higher accuracy and resolution requires more processing than passive technologies, but the additional processing is done at the camera to improve resolution via a subpixel or centroid processing, providing both high resolution and high speed. These motion capture systems are typically $20,000 for an eight camera, 12 megapixel spatial resolution 120 hertz system with one actor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=396968 | 407,435 |
387,323 | There is growing concern about a rapidly growing epidemic in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where an estimated 1.23–3.7 million people were infected as of December 2011, though the adult (15–49) prevalence rate is low (1.1%). The rate of HIV infections began to grow rapidly from the mid-1990s, due to social and economic collapse, increased levels of intravenous drug use and increased numbers of sex workers. By 2010 the number of reported cases in Russia was over 450,000 according to the World Health Organization, up from 15,000 in 1995 and 190,000 in 2002. In June 2021, there are over 1.1 million people in Russia living with HIV. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2340554 | 387,128 |
1,932,880 | Gas temperature is a controlled input that should be monitored for accuracy prior to initiating the welding process. Hot gas temperatures are selected at values above the material's melting or glass transition temperature. Sufficient temperature is required to overcome a materials activation energy, resulting in a reduction of the viscosity and an increase in flowability to support diffusion across the weld interface. Prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures exceeding material manufacturer's recommendations can result in oxidation, distortion, or molecular deterioration, which can lead to joint failure. Calibration and verification of the output should be performed after the gas temperature has stabilized in the welding gun. Speed tip nozzles focus heat directly on the joint in a specific region, resulting in effective heat transfer to the weld surfaces. If sufficient weld travel speed is not maintained, recommended welding temperatures above the glass or melting temperature of the material in these weld regions can be exceeded and lead to defects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56305886 | 1,931,772 |
1,137,729 | An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either "global", covering the entire Earth, or "regional" ("limited-area"), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5444216 | 1,137,136 |
668,140 | Quantum mechanics: Solid conductors and insulators contain charges at more than one discrete level of atomic orbit energy, while the water in one region of a pipe can only have a single value of pressure. For this reason there is no hydraulic explanation for such things as a battery's charge pumping ability, a diode's depletion layer and voltage drop, solar cell functions, Peltier effect, etc., however equivalent devices can be designed which exhibit similar responses, although some of the mechanisms would only serve to regulate the flow curves rather than to contribute to the component's primary function. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1643583 | 667,791 |
1,139,350 | The approach relies on a combination of companion crops to be planted around and among maize or sorghum. Both domestic and wild grasses can help to protect the crops by attracting and trapping the stemborers. The grasses are planted in the border around the maize and sorghum fields where invading adult moths become attracted to chemicals emitted by the grasses themselves. Instead of landing on the maize or sorghum plants, the insects head for what appears to be a tastier meal. These grasses provide the "pull" in the "push–pull" strategy. They also serve as a haven for the borers' natural enemies. Good trap crops include well-known grasses such as Napier grass ("Pennisetum purpureum"), Signal grass ("Brachiaria brizantha"), and Sudan grass ("Sorghum vulgare sudanense"). Napier grass produces significantly higher levels of attractive volatile compounds (green leaf volatiles), cues used by gravid stemborer females to locate host plants, than maize or sorghum. There is also an increase of approximately 100-fold in the total amounts of these compounds produced in the first hour of nightfall by Napier grass (scotophase), the period at which stemborer moths seek host plants for laying eggs, causing the differential oviposition preference. However, many of the stemborer larvae, about 80%, do not survive, as Napier grass tissues produce sticky sap in response to feeding by the larvae, which traps them, causing the death of about 80% of larvae. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5444788 | 1,138,757 |
1,742,368 | USACIMT is the Core Function Lead for TRADOC for all initial entry training. This provides a process that aligns the development of competencies (knowledge, skills, abilities, and attributes) and behaviors in civilian volunteers in order for them to become Soldiers who are physically ready, grounded in Army Values, and competent in their skills so they are able to contribute as leaders or members upon arrival at their first unit of assignment. Initial Military Training includes the developing baseline proficiency on warrior tasks, battle drills, and critical skills associated with their Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) or officer basic branch. USACIMT is the official command component responsible Army's Initial Entry Training (IET), which is commonly referred to as "Basic Training" or BCT for enlisted soldiers (the term "Boot Camp" pertains to the United States Marine Corps). USACIMT develops policies to improve and standardize training for Basic Combat Training (BCT), Advanced Individual Training (AIT), One Station Unit Training (OSUT) and the second phase of the Basic Officer Leadership Course (BOLC). Besides physical fitness and basic soldiering skills, the larger goal is to transform a recruit or draftee from a civilian to a military mindset. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25729645 | 1,741,384 |
535,127 | Australians were not always successful however, suffering a number of heavy losses late in the war. On 12 June 1901, the 5th Victorian Mounted Rifles lost 19 killed and 42 wounded at Wilmansrust, near Middleburg after poor security allowed a force of 150 Boers to surprise them. On 30 October 1901, Victorians of the Scottish Horse Regiment also suffered heavy casualties at Gun Hill, although 60 Boers were also killed in the engagement. Meanwhile, at Onverwacht on 4 January 1902, the 5th Queensland Imperial Bushmen lost 13 killed and 17 wounded. Ultimately the Boers were defeated, and the war ended on 31 May 1902. In all 16,175 Australians served in South Africa, and perhaps another 10,000 enlisted as individuals in Imperial units; casualties included 251 killed in action, 267 died of disease and 43 missing in action, while a further 735 were wounded. Six Australians were awarded the Victoria Cross. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1323516 | 534,848 |
1,676,088 | Gender differences in STEM education participation are already visible in early childhood care and education in science- and math-related play, and become more pronounced at higher levels of education. Girls appear to lose interest in STEM subjects with age, particularly between early and late adolescence. This decreased interest affects participation in advanced studies at the secondary level and in higher education. Female students represent 35% of all students enrolled in STEM-related fields of study at this level globally. Differences are also observed by disciplines, with female enrollment lowest in engineering, manufacturing and construction, natural science, mathematics and statistics and ICT fields. Significant regional and country differences in female representation in STEM studies can be observed, though, suggesting the presence of contextual factors affecting girls’ and women's engagement in these fields. Women leave STEM disciplines in disproportionate numbers during their higher education studies, in their transition to the world of work and even in their career cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55234564 | 1,675,146 |
2,031,752 | The Ge-detector determines the pulse-shape of the γ-ray which contains the information about the three-dimensional position of each individual interaction within the detector with the released energy in the interactions. The efficiency of the tracking array depends on these data. We must be able to compare the pulse-shapes to the respective shapes produced by charges each point to extract the position of the interaction. This is done experimentally using tightly collimated γ-ray sources with an external collimated detector for the Compton scattered coincidence. The conductivity of the Ge-detector influences the magnitude of the drift velocities and the angle between the electric field vector and the drift velocity. As a result the shape of the signal is directly influence because the Ge crystal is anisotropic with respect to the crystallographic axis direction. To determine the position of the interaction of the γ-ray one needs to consider the shapes of the induced real and mirror signals. The electrodes of the segment in which an interaction takes place are used to measure the real signals while mirror signals are measured on the neighboring segments where no interaction takes place. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31918680 | 2,030,582 |
252,723 | There is archeological evidence that humans have attempted to replace missing teeth with root form implants for thousands of years. Remains from ancient China (dating 4000 years ago) have carved bamboo pegs, tapped into the bone, to replace lost teeth, and 2000-year-old remains from ancient Egypt have similarly shaped pegs made of precious metals. Some Egyptian mummies were found to have transplanted human teeth, and in other instances, teeth made of ivory. Etruscans produced the first pontics using single gold bands as early as 630 BC and perhaps earlier. Wilson Popenoe and his wife in 1931, at a site in Honduras dating back to 600 AD, found the lower mandible of a young Mayan woman, with three missing incisors replaced by pieces of sea shells, shaped to resemble teeth. Bone growth around two of the implants, and the formation of calculus, indicates that they were functional as well as esthetic. The fragment is currently part of the Osteological Collection of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1118041 | 252,590 |
313,424 | Gutenberg and his associates developed oil-based inks ideally suited to printing with a press on paper, and the first Latin typefaces. His method of casting type may have differed from the hand-mould used in subsequent decades. Detailed analysis of the type used in his 42-line Bible has revealed irregularities in some of the characters that cannot be attributed to ink spread or type wear under the pressure of the press. Scholars conjecture that the type pieces may have been cast from a series of matrices made with a series of individual stroke punches, producing many different versions of the same glyph. It has also been suggested that the method used by Gutenberg involved using a single punch to make a mould, but the mould was such that the process of taking the type out disturbed the casting, causing variants and anomalies, and that the punch-matrix system came into use possibly around the 1470s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47300 | 313,255 |
1,247,944 | In response to the anomaly, NASA and SpaceX jointly formed the CRS-1 Post-Flight Investigation Board. Preliminary information from the post-flight review board indicates that the Engine no. 1 fuel dome, above the nozzle, ruptured but did not explode. The burning fuel that exited before the engine was shut down caused the fairing rupture, as seen in the flight video recordings. Subsequent investigations revealed in a Congressional hearing pinpointed the issue as a result of an undetected material flaw in the engine chamber jacket, likely introduced during engine production. During flight, the data suggests this material flaw ultimately developed into a breach in the main combustion chamber. This breach released a jet of hot gas and fuel in the direction of the main fuel line causing a secondary leak and ultimately a rapid drop in engine pressure. As a result, the flight computer commanded shutdown of Engine no. 1 and Falcon 9 continued on its path to ensure Dragon's entry into orbit for subsequent rendezvous and berthing with the ISS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29971322 | 1,247,268 |
553,960 | Signs and symptoms of CSWS include large amounts of urination (polyuria, defined as over three liters of urine output over 24 hours in an adult), high amounts of sodium in the urine, low blood sodium concentration, excessive thirst (polydipsia), extreme salt cravings, dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (dysautonomia), and dehydration. Patients often self-medicate by consuming high amounts of sodium and by dramatically increasing their water intake. Advanced symptoms include muscle cramps, lightheadedness, dizziness or vertigo, feelings of anxiety or panic, increased heart rate or slowed heart rate, low blood pressure and orthostatic hypotension which can result in fainting. Other symptoms frequently associated with dysautonomia include headaches, pallor, malaise, facial flushing, constipation or diarrhea, nausea, acid reflux, visual disturbances, numbness, nerve pain, trouble breathing, chest pain, loss of consciousness, and seizures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1311134 | 553,671 |
69,367 | The Bohr model worked well for hydrogen and ionized single electron Helium which impressed Einstein, but could not explain more complex elements. By 1919, Bohr was moving away from the idea that electrons orbited the nucleus and developed heuristics to describe them. The rare-earth elements posed a particular classification problem for chemists, because they were so chemically similar. An important development came in 1924 with Wolfgang Pauli's discovery of the Pauli exclusion principle, which put Bohr's models on a firm theoretical footing. Bohr was then able to declare that the as-yet-undiscovered element 72 was not a rare-earth element, but an element with chemical properties similar to those of zirconium. (Elements had been predicted and discovered since 1871 by chemical properties) and Bohr was immediately challenged by the French chemist Georges Urbain, who claimed to have discovered a rare-earth element 72, which he called "celtium". At the Institute in Copenhagen, Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy took up the challenge of proving Bohr right and Urbain wrong. Starting with a clear idea of the chemical properties of the unknown element greatly simplified the search process. They went through samples from Copenhagen's Museum of Mineralogy looking for a zirconium-like element and soon found it. The element, which they named hafnium ("Hafnia" being the Latin name for Copenhagen) turned out to be more common than gold. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21210 | 69,340 |
1,880,913 | The complete list of countries that have been affected by "Ditylenchus destructor" include Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, South Africa, Canada, Mexico, United States, Haiti, Ecuador, Peru, Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Span, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11890008 | 1,879,832 |
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