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1,359,344 | In 1976, workers' pay averaged between $11 and $18 per hour, depending on the position. With workweeks averaging between 70 and 84 hours per week, the problem for many workers became what to do with so much extra money. Teamster Jerry Thornhill, a typical worker, wrote to "Money" magazine, asking for advice. Thornhill detailed a pay rate of $57,000 per year at a time when members of Congress earned $42,500 annually, professional football players averaged $40,000, and U.S. vice president Nelson Rockefeller earned $62,500. The large amounts of money in the pipeline camps and a lack of entertainment caused frequent gambling games that sometimes involved tens of thousands of dollars. Instead of gambling, other workers saved their money for monthlong vacations to Hawaii or other warm climates, then returned to work with no money remaining. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24084810 | 1,358,593 |
1,352,926 | Meyer's importance to the introduction and development of American psychoanalysis is discussed and interpreted in: John C. Burnham, "Psychoanalysis and American Medicine, 1894–1917: Medicine, Science, and Culture ("New York: International Universities Press, 1967); John Gach, "Culture & Complex: On the Early History of Psychoanalysis in America" (pages 135–160) in "Essays in the History of Psychiatry", edited by Edwin R. Wallace IV and Lucius Pressley (Columbia, SC: William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute, 1980); Nathan Hale, "Freud and the Americans: The Beginnings of Psychoanalysis in the United States" (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); and Chapter Six of S. D. Lamb, "Pathologist of the Mind: Adolf Meyer and the Origins of American Psychiatry" (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014); Ruth Leys, "Meyer's Dealings With Jones: A Chapter in the History of the American Response to Psychoanalysis," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 17 (1981): pages 445-465; Ruth Leys, "Meyer, Jung, and the Limits of Association," "Bulletin of the History of Medicine" 59 (1985): pages 345-360; Scull, Andrew, and Jay Schulkin, "Psychobiology, Psychiatry, and Psychoanalysis: The Intersecting Careers of Adolf Meyer, Phyllis Greenacre, and Curt Richter." "Medical History" (National Institute of Health, Jan. 2009). Web. 22 Feb. 2015. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2452836 | 1,352,179 |
1,563,642 | The historical approach in ethnomusicology is a trend that believes in understanding the past in order to understand the present. It has been long recognized as an important part of ethnomusicology, but is now an increasingly important subfield. Viewing music as data reveals that due to new technology, huge amounts of musical data are available through recordings on video phones, social media, and digital collections on the internet such as the International Library of African Music (ILAM). The ILAM is a repository of thousands of recordings made since 1929, recordings which are mostly open access online. Historical research made using this resource is published in ""African Music: Journal of the International Library of African Music"" and includes titles such as, for example, ""A failed showcase of empire? The gold coast police band, colonial record keeping, and a 1947 tour of Great Britain"". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65721530 | 1,562,755 |
1,171,410 | The Boeing-Eastman Kodak proposal was announced by NASA on 20 December 1963. The main bus of the Lunar Orbiter had the general shape of a truncated cone, tall and in diameter at the base. The spacecraft was composed of three decks supported by trusses and an arch. The equipment deck at the base of the craft held the battery, transponder, flight programmer, inertial reference unit (IRU), Canopus star tracker, command decoder, multiplex encoder, traveling-wave tube amplifier (TWTA), and the photographic system. Four solar panels were mounted to extend out from this deck with a total span across of . Also extending out from the base of the spacecraft were a high gain antenna on a boom and a low-gain antenna on a boom. Above the equipment deck, the middle deck held the velocity control engine, propellant, oxidizer, and pressurization tanks, Sun sensors, and micrometeoroid detectors. The third deck consisted of a heat shield to protect the spacecraft from the firing of the velocity control engine. The nozzle of the engine protruded through the center of the shield. Mounted on the perimeter of the top deck were four attitude control thrusters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=99492 | 1,170,791 |
306,324 | He left his regiment in 1921 to continue his studies at the Frunze Military Academy, from which he graduated in 1925. On account of his excellent academic performance, Chuikov was invited to stay at the Frunze Military Academy for another year to study Chinese language and history in the Orient Studies Department. In the fall of 1926, Chuikov joined a Soviet diplomatic delegation that toured Harbin, Changchun, Port Arthur, Dalian, Tianjin and Beijing, cities in northeastern and northern China. After completing his studies in the fall of 1927, Chuikov was dispatched to China as a military attaché. Chuikov traveled extensively in southern China and Sichuan, became fluent in Chinese, and gained a deeper understanding of Chinese politics and culture. In 1929, during the China Eastern Railway Incident, Chuikov was forced to leave China after the Soviet Union broke diplomatic relations with the Republic of China on 13 July. Chuikov was assigned to the newly formed Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army in Khabarovsk and worked on military intelligence, reporting to Vasily Blyukher, the commander of the Far Eastern Army. The Soviet Far Eastern Army defeated the Northeastern Army of Zhang Xueliang, and Chuikov participated in negotiations that restored Soviet control of the China Eastern Railway. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=580776 | 306,160 |
777,498 | Proponents, such as the Minister without Portfolio Moshe Arens, advocated that the Lavi was a high prestige program, asserting Israeli technological capabilities and would work to the nation's economic advantage. A failure to proceed with the development could lead to significant job losses and possibly contribute to emigration; the Israeli State Comptroller argued the resulting unemployment was negligible. Arens was keen to promote potential partnerships and technology exchanges in regards to the Lavi. Perhaps optimistically, IAI had projected export sales of the Lavi to be as many as 407 units to customers including South Africa, Chile, Taiwan, and Argentina; there were reports of significant South African interest and involvement during the early development of the Lavi. In later development, however, Israel had given the U.S. explicit guarantees that the Lavi would not be made available to export. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1254910 | 777,081 |
1,644,602 | The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers, known for short by the initials for the last part of its name, STM, is an international trade association organised and run for the benefit of scholarly, scientific, technical, medical and professional publishers. It was conceived as the STM Group at the Frankfurt Book Fair of 1969 following discussions at the 1968 meeting of the International Publishers Association. It obtained its current name and was registered in Amsterdam as a foundation in 1994. The association currently has two offices, located in the Hague and in Oxford. As of 2015 it had over 100 members who publish more than 60% of the annually published journals literature and tens of thousands of monographs and references works. Its chief executive officer, Ian Moss, joined the organization in 2019, following the retirement of predecessor Michael Mabe (CEO 2006–2019). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10920903 | 1,643,675 |
1,689,273 | The incomplete form of X-linked congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB2) is caused by mutations in the CACNA1F gene, which encodes the voltage-gated calcium channel Ca1.4 expressed heavily in retina. One of the important properties of this channel is that it inactivates at an extremely low rate. This allows it to produce sustained Ca entry upon depolarization. As photoreceptors depolarize in the absence of light, Ca1.4 channels operate to provide sustained neurotransmitter release upon depolarization. This has been demonstrated in CACNA1F mutant mice that have markedly reduced photoreceptor calcium signals. There are currently 55 mutations in CACNA1F located throughout the channel, Table 2 and Figure 1. While most of these mutations result in truncated and, likely, non-functional channels, it is expected that they prevent the ability of light to hyperpolarize photoreceptors. Of the mutations with known functional consequences, 4 produce channels that are either completely non-functional, and two that result in channels which open at far more hyperpolarized potentials than wild-type. This will result in photoreceptors that continue to release neurotransmitter even after light-induced hyperpolarization. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8159922 | 1,688,327 |
557,260 | Oliphant's group at Birmingham worked on developing two promising devices, the klystron and the magnetron. Working with James Sayers, Oliphant managed to produce an improved version of the klystron capable of generating 400W. Meanwhile, two more members of his Birmingham team, John Randall and Harry Boot, worked on a radical new design, a cavity magnetron. By February 1940, they had an output of 400W with a wavelength of , just the kind of short wavelengths needed for good airborne radars. The magnetron's power was soon increased a hundred-fold, and Birmingham concentrated on magnetron development. The first operational magnetrons were delivered in August 1941. This invention was one of the key scientific breakthroughs during the war and played a major part in defeating the German U-boats, intercepting enemy bombers, and in directing Allied bombers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=315710 | 556,971 |
67,488 | Due to their penetrating nature, gamma rays require large amounts of shielding mass to reduce them to levels which are not harmful to living cells, in contrast to alpha particles, which can be stopped by paper or skin, and beta particles, which can be shielded by thin aluminium. Gamma rays are best absorbed by materials with high atomic numbers ("Z") and high density, which contribute to the total stopping power. Because of this, a lead (high "Z") shield is 20–30% better as a gamma shield than an equal mass of another low-"Z" shielding material, such as aluminium, concrete, water, or soil; lead's major advantage is not in lower weight, but rather its compactness due to its higher density. Protective clothing, goggles and respirators can protect from internal contact with or ingestion of alpha or beta emitting particles, but provide no protection from gamma radiation from external sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18616290 | 67,462 |
980,700 | The "Redut" was first field tested in October 1939, at a site near Sevastopol, a port in Ukraine on the coast of the Black Sea. This testing was in part to show the NKKF (Soviet Navy) the value of early-warning radio-location for protecting strategic ports. With the equipment on a cliff about 160 meters above sea level, a flying boat was detected at ranges up to 150 km. The Yagi antennas were spaced about 1,000 meters; thus, close coordination was required to aim them in synchronization. An improved version of the Redut, the Redut-K, was developed by Aksel Berg in 1940 and placed aboard the light cruiser "Molotov" in April 1941. "Molotov" became the first Soviet warship equipped with radar. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1280053 | 980,188 |
750,812 | A legislative bill, H.R.2508 of the 117th Congress, also known as the NO EMITS act, has been proposed to amend the Food Security Act of 1985, that was introduced by Representative Rodney Davis of Illinois. Davis is a member of the House Committee on Agriculture. This bill proposes suggestions for offsetting emissions that are focused in agricultural means, doing so by implementing new strategies such as minimal tillage or no tillage. H.R.2508 is currently under reference by the House Committee of Agriculture. H.R.2508 is also backed by two other representatives from high agricultural states, Rep. Eric A. Crawford of Arkansas and Rep. Don Bacon of Nebraska. H.R.2508 is proposing to set up incentive programs to provide financial and mechanical assistance to farmers and agriculture plots that transition their production processes, as well as providing contacts to lower risk for producers. Funding has also been proposed for Conservation Innovation Trails. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=674489 | 750,414 |
764,601 | Tamarack Aerospace Group, a company founded in 2010 by aerospace structural engineer Nicholas Guida, has patented an Active Technology Load Alleviation System (ATLAS), a modified version of a wingtip device. The system uses Tamarack Active Camber Surfaces (TACS) to aerodynamically "switch off" the effects of the wingtip device when the aircraft is experiencing high-g events such as large gusts or severe pull-ups. TACS are movable panels, similar to flaps or ailerons, on the trailing edge of the wing extension. The system is controlled by the aircraft's electrical system and a high-speed servo which is activated when the aircraft senses an oncoming stress event, essentially simulating an actuating wingtip. However, the wingtip itself is fixed and the TACS are the only moving part of the wingtip system. Tamarack first introduced ATLAS for the Cessna Citation family aircraft, and it has been certified for use by the Federal Aviation Administration and European Union Aviation Safety Agency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=313398 | 764,191 |
1,138,915 | Social and environmental issues are given a new explanation, drawing upon biological phenomena and the interactivity of groups and individuals with their built environment. The new discipline of biophilia developed by E. O. Wilson plays a major role in explaining the human need for intimate contact with natural forms and living beings. This insight into the connection between human beings and the biological environment provides a new understanding for the need for ecological design. An extension of the biophilic phenomenon into artificial environments suggests a corresponding need for built structures that embody the same precepts as biological structures. These mathematical qualities include fractal forms, scaling, multiple symmetries, etc.. Applications and extensions of Wilson's original idea are now carried out by Stephen R. Kellert in the Biophilia hypothesis, and in by Nikos Salingaros and others in the book "Biophilic Design". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17102646 | 1,138,322 |
1,345,215 | Three German siege guns survived to the end of World War I. Two were surrendered to the United States and the third, the final "Gamma-Gerät", was disassembled and hidden from Allied inspectors in Krupp's Meppen facilities. In 1937, at the request of the new German Army, the gun was reassembled for use in the development of concrete-penetrating shells. When World War II began, this surviving "Gamma-Gerät" was put back into military service. In 1940, it was used to bombard the fortresses of Liège and the Fortified Sector of the Sarre, a portion of the Maginot Line. The "Gamma-Gerät" was placed in storage after the fall of France until early 1942, when it was sent to bomb the fortresses of Sevastopol, which it shelled from February until exhausting its munitions on 13 June. It was also deployed at Kronstadt in 1942, but did not fire a single shot there. In 1944, the "Gamma-Gerät" was removed from active service and returned to Germany. Its post-war fate is unknown. Production of 42 cm shells was resumed to supply the "Gamma-Gerät" and continued to as late as July 1944. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19189421 | 1,344,477 |
1,913,028 | These are small or medium-sized (1.5 mm.-10 mm.) flies with slender bodies. They are yellow to reddish, brown or black in colour. The head is spherical with (relatively) small eyes and the face is often slanted backward. The antennae are small, with the third antennal segment conspicuously elongated. The arista has a short or long pubescence. The postvertical bristles are divergent or absent. Ocelli and ocellar bristles are present. Vibrissae are always absent. Up to two pairs of frontal bristles and scattered interfrontal setulae are present. The costa is interrupted at some distance from R1 and only the basal part of the subcosta is developed. The vein bordering the anal cell is straight on the outer side. Crossvein BM-Cu is present and the cell cup is closed. The wing is usually clear to slightly tinged, but in some cases along the costa, the wing tip or the cross-veins there are dark bands. The wing has a transverse weakening in the basal half. Tibiae are without a dorsal preapical bristle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4671031 | 1,911,929 |
575,951 | In 1956, Norman Phillips developed a mathematical model that could realistically depict monthly and seasonal patterns in the troposphere. It became the first successful climate model. Following Phillips's work, several groups began working to create GCMs. The first to combine both oceanic and atmospheric processes was developed in the late 1960s at the NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. By the early 1980s, the United States' National Center for Atmospheric Research had developed the Community Atmosphere Model; this model has been continuously refined. In 1996, efforts began to model soil and vegetation types. Later the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research's HadCM3 model coupled ocean-atmosphere elements. The role of gravity waves was added in the mid-1980s. Gravity waves are required to simulate regional and global scale circulations accurately. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=164600 | 575,657 |
1,378,282 | Apart from its function as a research centre, the HFR is a large producer of radioactive material for the purpose of medical diagnosis and the treatment of cancer and contrast agents (Radiopharmaceuticals). The nuclear facility supplies 60% of the European demand for medical isotopes. Also at the high flux reactor, one of the neutron beam channels, which was originally installed for performing fundamental research, has been specially modified for the direct irradiation of patients. This allows use of neutrons for the treatment of tumors after saturation of these tumors with a pharmaceutical containing boron. When hit by a weak neutron beam, boron will locally emit radiation that will destroy the tumor. This technique is mainly suitable for the treatment of brain tumors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1807298 | 1,377,520 |
60,814 | The passenger version, named "747-8 Intercontinental" or 747-8I was formally launched on November 14, 2005, by Boeing. It can carry up to 467 passengers in a typical three-class configuration over a range of at Mach 0.855. The 747-8I can carry 51 more passengers and two more freight pallets with 26% more cargo volume than the . Despite initial plans for a shorter stretch than the freighter model, the two variants were designed with the same length, increasing passenger capacity. New engine technology and aerodynamic modifications allow longer range. Boeing has stated that compared to the , the -8I is to be 30% quieter, 16% more fuel-efficient, and have 13% lower seat-mile costs with nearly the same cost per trip. Boeing states that the 747-8I is the world's fastest commercial jet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3166708 | 60,789 |
975,107 | In November 2011, it was announced that the MEADS Multifunction Fire Control Radar had been integrated with a MEADS TOC and launcher at Pratica di Mare Air Force Base. The objectives of the integration test series were to demonstrate that the MEADS TOC could control the MEADS MFCR in coordination with the MEADS Launcher as initial operational proof of the plug-and-fight capability. The MFCR demonstrated key functionalities including 360-degree target acquisition and track using both dedicated flights and other air traffic. Then, at White Sands Missile Range, MEADS demonstrated a first-ever over-the-shoulder launch of the PAC-3 MSE missile against a simulated target attacking from behind. It required a unique sideways maneuver, demonstrating a 360-degree capability. The missile executed a planned self-destruct sequence at the end of the mission after successfully engaging the simulated threat. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1034730 | 974,596 |
765,765 | F-14s from VF-2, VF-31, VF-32, VF-154, and VF-213 participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom. The F-14s flew 2,547 combat sorties and dropped 1,452 GBU, JDAM, and MK-82 bombs with just one lost jet (from engine failure). F-14s led strikes on Baghdad, attacking targets such as the Iraqi Ministry of Information's Salman Pak radio relay transmitter facility at Al Hurriyah (southwest of central Baghdad) with JDAM bombs. Another notable mission involved TARPS-equipped F-14Ds dropping four Mark 82 bombs on Saddam Hussein's Presidential yacht "Al-Mansur" (The Victor). F-14s also supported ground troops during the war and acted as Forward Air Controllers for other aircraft. An aircrew from VF-32 was involved in the worst friendly-fire incident in the war when the crew attacked a U.S. Special Forces convoy in northern Iraq, believing they were Iraqi forces. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5827657 | 765,355 |
140,376 | In this final chapter, Hawking summarises the efforts made by humans through their history to understand the Universe and their place in it: starting from the belief in anthropomorphic spirits controlling nature, followed by the recognition of regular patterns in nature, and finally with the scientific advancement in recent centuries, the inner workings of the universe have become far better understood. He recalls the suggestion of the nineteenth-century French mathematician Laplace that the Universe's structure and evolution could eventually be precisely explained by a set of laws whose origin is left in God's domain. However, Hawking states that the uncertainty principle introduced by the quantum theory in the twentieth century has set limits to the predictive accuracy of future laws to be discovered. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67227 | 140,319 |
678,212 | When B cells are produced in the bone marrow, the genes that encode the antibodies undergo random genetic recombination (V(D)J recombination), which results in every mature B cell producing antibodies that differ in their amino acid sequence in the antigen-binding region. Therefore, every B cell produces antibodies that bind specifically to different antigens. A strong diversity in the antibody repertoire allows the immune system to recognize a plethora of pathogens which can come in all different forms and sizes. During an infection only antibodies that bind to the pathogenic antigen with high affinity are produced. This is achieved by clonal selection of a single B cell clone: B cells are recruited to the site of infection by sensing interferons that are released by the infected cells as part of the innate immune response. B cells display B-cell receptors on their cell surface, which is just the antibody anchored to the cell membrane. When the B-cell receptor binds to its cognate antigen with high affinity, an intracellular signalling cascade is triggered. In addition to binding to an antigen, B cells need to be stimulated by cytokines produced by T helper cells as part of the cellular response of the immune system against the pathogen. Once a B cell is fully activated, it rapidly proliferates and differentiates into plasma cells. Plasma cells then secrete the antigen-specific antibody in large quantities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23484901 | 677,858 |
1,342,596 | Crisanti earned his Master of Medicine and Surgery degree in Italy at Sapienza University of Rome. At the Basel Institute for Immunology, while studying for his PhD, Crisanti discovered the IL2 receptor of immature thymocytes. Crisanti served as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) at the University of Heidelberg. In 1994, Crisanti became a lecturer at Imperial College, before being appointed Professor in 2000. He is also the director of the Centre of Functional Genomics at the University of Perugia. He is an author of over 100 scientific publications in leading scientific journals, including "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "The EMBO Journal", "Cell", "Science" and "Nature". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45492721 | 1,341,862 |
1,770,460 | Transmission electron microscopy successfully provides general information about structure but struggles to differentiate more detailed parts of a virus or cell. Immunoelectron microscopy assists with the ability to diagnose viral infections and locate viral antigens in vaccines. Immunoelectron microscopy can sufficiently diagnose diseases and identify pathogens. One example is its ability to depict myelin destruction on the basement membrane. This damage can be associated with slower nerve impulses, resulting in an extensive range of cognitive and physical issues. Another example includes the identification of cutaneous lesions. In this case, scientists discovered insufficient anchoring fibrils in the basement membrane, which caused the skin to be more fragile. In both instances, scientists identified a specific antigen to target in order to use immune electron microscopy to discover and learn more about these diseases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58623750 | 1,769,465 |
163,632 | CBRN defense units in Turkey are the mainly CBRN Defense Battalion ("Kimyasal Biyolojik Radyolojik Nükleer (KBRN) Savunma Tabur") of Turkish Armed Forces including CBRN Defense Special Response Unit ("KBRN Savunma Özel Müdahale Birliği") and CBRN School and Training Center Command ("KBRN Okul ve Eğitim Merkezi") Gendarmerie General Command has also unit with in self Gendarmerie Search and Rescue Battalion Command has CBRN units. Ministry of the Interior's associated Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency "AFAD" Working in coordination with law enforcement units to intervene in the events of any CBRN accident. Apart from these, Turkey mostly makes its own CBRN protective clothing and equipment. Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation's Maksam factory mainly covers the needs of respirators for the NATO and neighboring countries. Main products such as SR6 and SR6M NBC Respirator licensed United Kingdom production. MAKSAM Panoramic Mask MKE NEFES (breath) CBRN Gas Mask SR10 and SR10 ST Masks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=645951 | 163,547 |
215,304 | Among the recommendations of the Baker Board, established in the wake of the Air Mail scandal, was that the proposals of the Drum Board be adopted: an increase in strength to 2,320 aircraft and establishment of GHQ Air Force as a permanent peacetime tactical organization, both to ameliorate the pressures for a separate air force and to exploit emerging capabilities in airpower. In the absence of a general headquarters (i.e. peacetime), GHQ Air Force would report to the General Staff. The War Plans Division of the Army reacted to the recommendations of the Baker Board by insisting that men and modern equipment for seven army divisions be procured before any increase in the Air Corps was begun, and opposed any immediate attempt to bring the Air Corps up to the 1,800 plane-strength first authorized in 1926, for fear of antagonizing the Navy. President Roosevelt approved an open-ended program to increase strength to 2,320 aircraft (albeit without any proviso for funding) in August 1934, and Secretary Dern approved the activation of GHQ Air Force in December 1934. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23869026 | 215,196 |
1,335,378 | A follow-on satellite, STARS-II, was a satellite designed to fly a electrodynamic tether made from ultra-thin wires of stainless steel and aluminium. One objective of this program was to demonstrate possible technology for de-orbiting space debris. The mission launched on 27 February 2014 as a secondary payload aboard an H-2A rocket, and re-entered two months later, on 26 April 2014. The experiment was only partially successful, and tether deployment could not be confirmed. The orbit decayed from to in 50 days, considerably faster than the other CubeSats launched on the same mission, an indirect indication that its tether deployed, increasing the drag. However, telescopic photography of the satellite from the ground showed the satellite as a single point, rather than two objects. The experimenters suggest that this may have been due to the tether extending, but being tangled by rebound. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31386739 | 1,334,648 |
411,480 | A metal-matrix composite with discrete inclusions of low-melting material is another option; the inclusions either melt before the jet reaches the well casing, weakening the material, or serve as crack nucleation sites, and the slug breaks up on impact. The dispersion of the second phase can be achieved also with castable alloys (e.g., copper) with a low-melting-point metal insoluble in copper, such as bismuth, 1–5% lithium, or up to 50% (usually 15–30%) lead; the size of inclusions can be adjusted by thermal treatment. Non-homogeneous distribution of the inclusions can also be achieved. Other additives can modify the alloy properties; tin (4–8%), nickel (up to 30% and often together with tin), up to 8% aluminium, phosphorus (forming brittle phosphides) or 1–5% silicon form brittle inclusions serving as crack initiation sites. Up to 30% zinc can be added to lower the material cost and to form additional brittle phases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37515 | 411,278 |
1,790,983 | Well established applications of laser-ultrasonics are composite inspections for the aerospace industry and on-line hot tube thickness measurements for the metallurgical industry. Optical generation and detection of ultrasound offers scanning techniques to produce ultrasonic images known as B- and C-scans, and for TOFD (time-of-flight-diffraction) studies. One of the first demonstrations on small defects (as small as 3mm x 3mm) in composites was demonstrated by Dewhurst and Shan in 1993, for which they were awarded an outstanding paper award by the American Society for Non-Destructive Testing in 1994. This was also the time when significant developments on composite examinations were developed from the National Research Council of Canada and elsewhere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2520153 | 1,789,976 |
632,332 | In the 1950s, Har Gobind Khorana and co-workers developed a phosphodiester method where 3’-"O"-acetylnucleoside-5’-"O"-phosphate 2 (Scheme 3) was activated with "N","N"-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride (Ts-Cl). The activated species were reacted with a 5’-"O"-protected nucleoside 1 to give a protected dinucleoside monophosphate 3. Upon the removal of 3’-"O"-acetyl group using base-catalyzed hydrolysis, further chain elongation was carried out. Following this methodology, sets of tri- and tetradeoxyribonucleotides were synthesized and were enzymatically converted to longer oligonucleotides, which allowed elucidation of the genetic code. The major limitation of the phosphodiester method consisted in the formation of pyrophosphate oligomers and oligonucleotides branched at the internucleosidic phosphate. The method seems to be a step back from the more selective chemistry described earlier; however, at that time, most phosphate-protecting groups available now had not yet been introduced. The lack of the convenient protection strategy necessitated taking a retreat to a slower and less selective chemistry to achieve the ultimate goal of the study. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10663351 | 631,994 |
1,199,521 | By way of contrast, load-following power plants usually run during the day and early evening, and are operated in direct response to changing demand for power supply. They either shut down or greatly curtail output during the night and early morning, when the demand for electricity is the lowest. The exact hours of operation depend on numerous factors. One of the most important factors for a particular plant is how efficiently it can convert fuel into electricity. The most efficient plants, which are almost invariably the least costly to run per kilowatt-hour produced, are brought online first. As demand increases, the next most efficient plants are brought on line and so on. The status of the electrical grid in that region, especially how much base load generating capacity it has, and the variation in demand are also very important. An additional factor for operational variability is that demand does not vary just between night and day. There are also significant variations in the time of year and day of the week. A region that has large variations in demand will require a large load following or peaking power plant capacity because base load power plants can only cover the capacity equal to that needed during times of lowest demand. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9028960 | 1,198,880 |
2,191,736 | Due to their invasive nature, and their potentially disruptive production of ncRNAs, most transposons are dangerous to plants and metazoans alike. Given the lack of distinction between germ-line and somatic cells in the plant kingdom, this is doubly so, since alterations to the genetic and epigenetic code will be more easily inherited. While transposable elements may affect any number of different cell-types in an animal, be a skin cell, a liver cell, a brain cell, these changes are not heritable, due to the fact that an animal inherits only a parents gametic genetic code. In plants, however, there is no such distinction; a flower develops from a meristem, which is a form of somatic cell, and which will pass down to the flower, and thus to the offspring, any genetic or epigenetic alteration. Since each meristem will have developed differently, each different flower from each meristem of the same plant will potentially possess different modifications. In contrast to animals, however, plants do not undergo chromatin remodeling between generations, making the maintenance and inheritance of silencing an entirely different process. There are distinct and identifiable mechanisms on the maintenance of transposon inactivation in plants but, unfortunately, there is significantly less information on initiation of said inactivation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42671200 | 2,190,487 |
1,387,790 | BPA has major effects on the behavior of vertebrates, especially in their sensory processing systems. In zebrafish BPA can disrupt the signaling in the endocrine system and affect auditory development and function. Similar to a human ear, the zebrafish have a sensory organ called the lateral line that detects different forms of vibration. The hair cells within the lateral line are very sensitive to the toxic effects of BPA and are most commonly killed from BPA; fish are able to regrow hair cells but BPA has decreased their ability to reproduce them as efficiently. Fish without a fully functioning lateral line have behavioral changes such as: higher risk of predation, lowered prey detection and possible reproduction abilities. Unlike fish, mammals have a threat to go deaf if exposed directly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57552333 | 1,387,023 |
1,710,016 | Unless a horse has severe EIPH, with blood present at the nostrils (known as epistaxis), the main sign is usually poor athletic performance; other signs are generally subtle and not easy to detect. Frequent swallowing and coughing in the immediate post-exercise recovery period, and poor appetite post-performance may be suggestive of EIPH. A definitive diagnosis can only be made by endoscopic examination of the trachea. In the case where no blood is visible in the trachea, EIPH in the small airways may still be present and can be confirmed by a bronchoalveolar lavage. Impaired arterial blood gas (oxygen) tensions during intense exercise, increased blood lactate, and rarely death have been noted (likely due to ruptured chordae tendinae or a different mechanism of lung hemorrhage). Epistaxis is diagnosed when blood is visible at either or both nostrils during or following exercise. To confirm whether the blood is coming from the upper or lower airway requires further examination by endoscopy, although in some cases it is not possible to determine the location. In the majority of epistaxis cases, the blood originates from the lung. Epistaxis during or following exercise can less commonly occur as a result of upper airway hemorrhage, for example following head trauma, subepiglottic cysts, atrial fibrillation, or guttural pouch mycoses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5984845 | 1,709,057 |
648,340 | Central sensitization of the dorsal horn neurons that is evoked from C fiber activity is responsible for temporal summation of "second pain" (TSSP). This event is called ‘windup’ and relies on a frequency greater or equal to 0.33Hz of the stimulus. Windup is associated with chronic pain and central sensitization. This minimum frequency was determined experimentally by comparing healthy patient fMRI's when subjected to varying frequencies of heat pulses. The fMRI maps show common areas activated by the TSSP responses which include contralateral thalamus (THAL), S1, bilateral S2, anterior and posterior insula (INS), mid-anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and supplemental motor areas (SMA). TSSP events are also associated with other regions of the brain that process functions such as somatosensory processing, pain perception and modulation, cognition, pre-motor activity in the cortex. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11747471 | 647,999 |
274,714 | In 1945, the original order to specification N.22/43 was reduced to 100 aircraft; as a result, the manufacturing agreement with Boulton-Paul was ended and all work on the Sea Fury was transferred to Hawker Aircraft's facilities at Kingston. This included the construction of what was intended to be a Boulton-Paul built Sea Fury prototype, "VB857", which was transported to Kingston in January 1945; this aircraft, built to the same standard as "SR666", first flew on 31 January 1946. Immediately upon completion of the first three airframes, the flight testing programme began at Kingston. It was soon discovered that the early Centaurus engine suffered frequent crankshaft failure due to a poorly designed lubrication system, which led to incidents of the engine seizing while in mid-flight. The problem was resolved when Bristol's improved Centaurus 18 engine replaced the earlier engine variant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=594681 | 274,566 |
22,581 | By balancing and stimulated emission with spontaneous emission, it is possible to construct a relation between excitation temperature and density. Moreover, since the transitional levels of ammonia can be approximated by a 2-level system at low temperatures, this calculation is fairly simple. This premise can be applied to dark clouds, regions suspected of having extremely low temperatures and possible sites for future star formation. Detections of ammonia in dark clouds show very narrow linesindicative not only of low temperatures, but also of a low level of inner-cloud turbulence. Line ratio calculations provide a measurement of cloud temperature that is independent of previous CO observations. The ammonia observations were consistent with CO measurements of rotation temperatures of ≈10 K. With this, densities can be determined, and have been calculated to range between 10 and 10 cm in dark clouds. Mapping of gives typical clouds sizes of 0.1 pc and masses near 1 solar mass. These cold, dense cores are the sites of future star formation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 | 22,572 |
1,249,149 | Most of the skeleton is preserved, the bones still attached to each other in their original anatomical position. The tail, hind feet, and hind portion of the pelvis had eroded away before the mummy was discovered. Fossils often become flattened during fossilization, but AMNH 5060 is preserved three-dimensionally, without significant deformation. The specimen was found lying on its back, with head and neck twisted upwards, backwards, and to the right side of the body. Both knees are drawn forwards, while the forelimbs are outstretched. Although the tail curves upwards and forwards over the body in many dinosaur skeletons, it was probably straight in the mummy as movement would have been restricted by . Almost two-thirds of the total skin area is preserved, often with excellent preservation. The skin impressions are pressed tightly onto the bones, and are partially drawn into the body in between the bones. When discovered, skin impressions probably encased the whole skeleton, but were partially destroyed while freeing it from the surrounding rocks. Skin impressions are preserved on the forelimbs, neck and throat, and the chest, as well as on the right side of the trunk. As well as the skin impressions, Sternberg noted the preservation of muscle impressions. In 2007, paleontologist Kenneth Carpenter suggested that even impressions of inner organs are possibly preserved; this cannot be evaluated without detailed computer tomography and x-ray analyses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9726532 | 1,248,473 |
343,686 | During the 1980s and 1990s, cognitive developmentalists were influenced by "neo-nativist" and evolutionary psychology ideas. These ideas de-emphasized domain general theories and emphasized domain specificity or modularity of mind. Modularity implies that different cognitive faculties may be largely independent of one another, and thus develop according to quite different timetables, which are "influenced by real world experiences". In this vein, some cognitive developmentalists argued that, rather than being domain general learners, children come equipped with domain specific theories, sometimes referred to as "core knowledge," which allows them to break into learning within that domain. For example, even young infants appear to be sensitive to some predictable regularities in the movement and interactions of objects (for example, an object cannot pass through another object), or in human behavior (for example, a hand repeatedly reaching for an object has that object, not just a particular path of motion), as it becomes the building block of which more elaborate knowledge is constructed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1058599 | 343,505 |
469,487 | Another characteristic feature of the genus is its parallel photosynthetic lamellae on the upper surfaces of the leaves. The leaves of most mosses are simply a single plate of cells, but those of "Polytrichum" have more highly differentiated photosynthetic tissue. This is an example of a xeromorphic adaption, an adaptation for dry conditions. Moist air is trapped in between the rows of lamellae, while the larger terminal cells act to contain moisture and protect the photosynthetic cells. This minimises water loss as relatively little tissue is directly exposed to the environment, but allows for enough gas exchange for photosynthesis to take place. The microenvironment between the lamellae can host a number of microscopic organisms such as parasitic fungi and rotifers. Additionally, the leaves will curve and then twist around the stem when conditions become too dry, this being another xeromorphic adaptation. It is speculated that the teeth along the leaf's edge may aid in this process, or perhaps also that they help discourage small invertebrates from attacking the leaves. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15792172 | 469,251 |
1,551,878 | Furthermore, much like the subordinate processing cells, increasing illumination in a particular region elicited stronger responses (i.e. spatial summation). However, this summation was confined to stimuli of a limited size. Extending beyond a specific length, the response would become progressively weaker. This phenomenon is termed end-stopping, and it is the defining property of hypercomplex cells. Hubel and Wiesel characterize these receptive fields as containing activating and antagonistic regions (similar to excitatory/inhibitory regions). For example, the left half of a receptive field can be the activating region, while the antagonistic region lies on the right. Accordingly, the hypercomplex cell will respond, with spatial summation, to stimuli on the left side (within the activating region) insofar as it does not extend further into the right side (antagonistic region). This receptive field would be described as stopped at one end (i.e. the right). Similarly, hypercomplex receptive fields can be stopped at both ends. In this case, a stimulus that extends too far in either direction (e.g. too far left or too far right) will begin to stimulate the antagonistic region and reduce the strength of the cell’s signal. Note that hypercomplex cells are also selective to orientation, motion, and direction. In fact, the activating region will have the same orientation selectivity as the antagonistic region. Thus, only a line that extends into the antagonistic region will decrease response strength, rather than another differently oriented line. One possible scheme for the wiring of hypercomplex cells could comprise excitatory input from a complex cell within the activating region and inhibitory input by complex cells in the outlying antagonistic regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13678563 | 1,550,997 |
1,146,647 | After back to back losing seasons in 2014–15 and 2015–16, Ohio State had their first 20 win season and NCAA Tournament berth in 8 years. Led by forwards Nick Schilkey and Mason Jobst, the Buckeyes had the second ranked offense in college hockey and a historically great power play. Ohio State finished third in the Big Ten, their highest finish in the league's four-year history. Despite the successful season, Ohio State did not clinch a tournament berth until Penn State defeated Wisconsin in the 2017 Big Ten tournament, giving the Buckeyes the final at large berth and the 4 seed in the West Regional in Fargo, North Dakota. The Buckeyes faced off against the #2 overall seed, the Minnesota-Duluth Bulldogs in the 1st round. A third period comeback sent the game to overtime with the score tied at two. The Bulldogs ended the Buckeyes season on a goal from Willie Raskob at 11:58 of the first overtime. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22283358 | 1,146,043 |
2,244,441 | Eurybia radula, commonly known as the low rough aster or rough wood aster, is an herbaceous perennial in the family Asteraceae. It is native to eastern North America where it is present from Newfoundland and Labrador in the far northeast of Canada, west to Ontario and south to Kentucky and Virginia in the United States. The low rough aster is also present on the French overseas territory of St. Pierre and Miquelon just south of Newfoundland. It typically grows in wet soils in a wide variety of habitats from bogs and fens to creek shores to ditches. Although it is not considered threatened over most of its distribution, it is imperiled or possibly extirpated over much of its range in the United States. Its flower heads emerge in the late summer to early fall and show pale blue-violet rays with yellow centres. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12169137 | 2,243,170 |
922,664 | Scaffolds are materials that have been engineered to cause desirable cellular interactions to contribute to the formation of new functional tissues for medical purposes. Cells are often 'seeded' into these structures capable of supporting three-dimensional tissue formation. Scaffolds mimic the extracellular matrix of the native tissue, recapitulating the "in vivo" milieu and allowing cells to influence their own microenvironments. They usually serve at least one of the following purposes: allow cell attachment and migration, deliver and retain cells and biochemical factors, enable diffusion of vital cell nutrients and expressed products, exert certain mechanical and biological influences to modify the behaviour of the cell phase. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=307065 | 922,178 |
851,693 | The third type of gathering, the convention ( or "conventio"), was an unofficial forum for communication where citizens gathered to hear public announcements and arguments debated in speeches as well to witness the examination or execution of criminals. In contrast to the formal assembly or council, no legal decisions were made by the convention. Voters met in conventions to deliberate prior to meeting in assemblies or councils to vote. These "contiones" were very common and served as means for politicians to engage with the public and receive feedback on their proposals, although only from whatever crowd that appeared on the day of the "contio", which might bear no resemblance to the different crowd which voted on the final proposal. A substantial amount of public business also was expected to be conducted in public and in view of the people, forcing regular "contiones" for affairs ranging from reading decrees of the senate to renouncing provinces. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12170961 | 851,240 |
316,689 | The Taylor Family Digital Library (TFDL) is a convergence of libraries, historical archives, arts museum, scholarly publishing, and student academic support services. The TFDL was officially launched on October 20, 2011. The TFDL allows the full re-engineering of the university's library system, creating more and better space for teaching and learning resources, while moving the majority of the University of Calgary's growing collection off campus to a high-density library. In addition, The TFDL offers books and online resources, a large Learning Commons with café, workrooms, film and audio rooms, editing and recording suites, multimedia labs, quiet study areas, and seminar and consultation space for academic growth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89668 | 316,520 |
1,717,740 | By comparison, the payroll for the 330,000 soldiers in 6 AD is 68 million silver denarii (1000 per lb. of gold) but the total cost with retirement benefits and equipment and supplies was 124 million denarii – or 206 and 375 denarii respectively per soldier averaged or 131,250 lbs. of gold. The figures given mid-second century are 387,000 soldiers and 98 million denarii and total costs 181 million and is 253 and 432 denarii per soldier. The figures for AD 230 230 million denarii in pay and 438 total costs at 525 and 1,100 denarii respectively per soldier however with debased denarii with half the silver content of early 2nd century coins. By comparison Elton estimates the pay expenses of the Roman Army of 600,000 from 350-400 AD at 63,250 lbs. gold (63,250 million denarii) and total cost at 125,000 lbs. of gold (125,000 million denarii) which is only 105 denarii and 210 respectively. At the time the Empire had a sound gold coin, the solidus, tariffed at 72 to the pound from 309. The mid-fourth century figures are virtually the same as the Augustan figures of 6 A.D. for 330,000 in 350. The discrepancy may be the result of lower pay scales, greater quantity for equipment needs as seen in the establishment of over 100 imperial armories and clothing mills, cost-cutting measures, the expenses associated with frequent troop movements and costs other than payrolls, animals and other easily quantifiable expenses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16058452 | 1,716,770 |
41,728 | Schumacher came back after his suspension for the European Grand Prix, which he won by about 25 seconds, to take a lead of 5 points into the penultimate round in Japan. The race in Japan was held in torrential rain, with Hill managing to win the restarted race, by three seconds on aggregate over Schumacher who finished second. Going into the final round at Adelaide, Schumacher led Hill by a single point. Mansell took pole for Williams but had a poor start which let Hill and Schumacher through to fight for the lead and the 1994 title. Midway through the race, Schumacher's perceived need for a low downforce setup cost him, as he lost control and clipped the outside wall at the 5th corner (out of sight of Hill). As Schumacher recovered, Hill came around the corner and attempted to overtake into the next corner. Schumacher turned in and the resulting contact (Schumacher in the wall and Hill retiring with bent suspension), meant Schumacher was the champion. This collision has been controversial. Some, such as Williams's Patrick Head, have suggested that this was a deliberate attempt by Schumacher to take Hill out of the race. Others, such as then BBC commentator Murray Walker, defended Schumacher, calling the accident a "racing incident". Meanwhile, Nigel Mansell won the last Grand Prix of his career here, driving the second Williams car. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34104 | 41,713 |
1,899,426 | Ellen Evert Hopman (born July 31, 1952, in Salzburg, Austria) is an author of both fiction and non-fiction, an herbalist, a lay homeopath, a lecturer, and a Mental Health Counselor who lives and works in Western Massachusetts. She is the author of several books and audio tapes on Paganism and Druidry, and three novels. She is a certified writing teacher with Amherst Writers and Artists and a multiple recipient of the Golden Oak Award. She was formerly a Professor of Wortcunning at the Grey School of Wizardry, where she taught herbalism, Celtic Neopaganism, Celtic history and Celtic lore. She is a professional member of the American Herbalist Guild. and a member of the Grey Council of Mages and Sages. She has taught Druidry and herbalism in the United States, Scotland, Ireland and Canada, and has been a speaker and workshop leader at numerous Neopagan and New Age events, and a subject of articles in "The New York Times". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6870025 | 1,898,341 |
327,025 | At Cambridge, Rutherford started to work with J. J. Thomson on the conductive effects of X-rays on gases, work which led to the discovery of the electron which Thomson presented to the world in 1897. Hearing of Becquerel's experience with uranium, Rutherford started to explore its radioactivity, discovering two types that differed from X-rays in their penetrating power. Continuing his research in Canada, he coined the terms alpha ray and beta ray in 1899 to describe the two distinct types of radiation. He then discovered that thorium gave off a gas which produced an emanation which was itself radioactive and would coat other substances. He found that a sample of this radioactive material of any size invariably took the same amount of time for half the sample to decay – its "half-life" (11 minutes in this case). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9603 | 326,851 |
900,101 | A pulse detonation engine (PDE) is a type of propulsion system that uses detonation waves to combust the fuel and oxidizer mixture. The engine is pulsed because the mixture must be renewed in the combustion chamber between each detonation wave and the next. Theoretically, a PDE can operate from subsonic up to a hypersonic flight speed of roughly Mach 5. An ideal PDE design can have a thermodynamic efficiency higher than other designs like turbojets and turbofans because a detonation wave rapidly compresses the mixture and adds heat at constant volume. Consequently, moving parts like compressor spools are not necessarily required in the engine, which could significantly reduce overall weight and cost. PDEs have been considered for propulsion since 1940. Key issues for further development include fast and efficient mixing of the fuel and oxidizer, the prevention of autoignition, and integration with an inlet and nozzle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233071 | 899,626 |
307,450 | The introduction of refrigeration and evolution of additional technologies drastically changed agriculture in the United States. During the beginning of the 20th century, farming was a common occupation and lifestyle for United States citizens, as most farmers actually lived on their farm. In 1935, there were 6.8 million farms in the United States and a population of 127 million. Yet, while the United States population has continued to climb, citizens pursuing agriculture continue to decline. Based on the 2007 US Census, less than one percent of a population of 310 million people claim farming as an occupation today. However, the increasing population has led to an increasing demand for agricultural products, which is met through a greater variety of crops, fertilizers, pesticides, and improved technology. Improved technology has decreased the risk and time involved for agricultural management and allows larger farms to increase their output per person to meet society's demand. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46238 | 307,285 |
1,713,100 | Barbara F. Atkinson was hired by UNLV as the Planning Dean on May 19, 2014. The school was officially founded on August 22, 2014 when the Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE) Board of Regents approved a two year budget, and the school submitted its accreditation application to the LCME on September 29, 2014. A joint legislative budget subcommittee approved an initial $1.2 million for FY2016 and $7.1 million for FY2017 to fund development on May 7, 2015. An additional $5.9 million for FY2016 and $12.5 million for FY2017 were added from the General Fund upon final adoption of SB514 on June 11, 2015. Barbara Atkinson was promoted from Planning Dean to Founding Dean on November 10, 2015. The LCME transitioned the school from applicant to candidate status on February 11, 2016 and the school received preliminary accreditation by the LCME on October 18, 2016. In August 2016, the ACGME approved the transfer to UNLV of all Las Vegas based residencies and fellowships previously associated with the University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, effective July 1, 2017. The first White Coat Ceremony was conducted on August 25, 2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48356554 | 1,712,134 |
350,292 | On July 21, 1961, Grissom was pilot of the second Project Mercury flight, Mercury-Redstone 4. Grissom's spacecraft, which he named "Liberty Bell 7", was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, a sub-orbital flight that lasted 15 minutes and 37 seconds. After splashdown in the Atlantic Ocean, the "Liberty Bell 7"s emergency explosive bolts unexpectedly fired, blowing off the hatch and causing water to flood into the spacecraft. Grissom quickly exited through the open hatch and into the ocean. While waiting for recovery helicopters from to pick him up, Grissom struggled to keep from drowning after his spacesuit began losing buoyancy due to an open air inlet. Grissom managed to stay afloat until he was pulled from the water by a helicopter and taken to the U.S. Navy ship. In the meantime another recovery helicopter tried to lift and retrieve the "Liberty Bell 7", but the flooding spacecraft became too heavy, forcing the recovery crew to cut it loose, and it ultimately sank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36592 | 350,109 |
150,877 | Later, an additional threat to the ozone was hypothesized as a result of the exhaust's nitrogen oxides, a threat that was, in 1974, seemingly validated by MIT. However, while many purely theoretical models were indicating the potential for large ozone losses from SST nitrogen oxides (NOx), other scientists in the paper ""Nitrogen Oxides, Nuclear Weapon Testing, Concorde and Stratospheric Ozone"" turned to historical ozone monitoring and atmospheric nuclear testing to serve as a guide and means of comparison, observing that no detectable ozone loss was evident from approximately 213 megatons of explosive energy being released in 1962, so therefore the equivalent amount of NOx from "1047" Concordes flying "10 hours a day", would likewise, not be unprecedented. In 1981 models and observations were still irreconcilable. More recent computer models in 1995 by David W. Fahey, an atmospheric scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and others, suggest that the drop in ozone would be at most, "no more" than 1 to 2% if a fleet of 500 supersonic aircraft was operated. Fahey expressed that this would not be a fatal obstacle for an advanced SST development – while "a big caution flag...[it] should not be a showstopper for advanced SST development" because ""removing the sulfur in the fuel of the [Concorde]" would essentially eliminate the hypothesized 1%–2% ozone-destruction-reaction-pathway. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=215930 | 150,809 |
521,619 | The dentition is another featured trait in therizinosaurids which differs from all theropod groups. At least two different tooth morphologies are observed among therizinosaurids; the first is represented by relatively homodont, oval to lanceolate-shaped teeth with moderate coarse denticles (serrations) on the crowns (upper exposed part). This type of dentition is better represented by the complete, three-dimensional holotype skull of "Erlikosaurus" which features the mentioned characters. Two isolated teeth are known from "Nothronychus" and they are lanceolate-shaped, symmetrical, have moderate denticles, and strongly resemble those of "Erlikosaurus". Furthermore, they seem to derive from the dentary based on comparisons with the latter. The preserved holotype dentary tip of "Neimongosaurus" preserves an erupted tooth that is lanceolate-shaped with small coarse serrations, falling within this type of dentition. Another type of dental morphology is the one seen on the highly specialized "Segnosaurus". In this taxon, the teeth are very heterodont, leaf-shaped with relatively less denticles that are prominently developed being bigger than in the previous therizinosaurids. These denticles are composed of numerous folded carinae (cutting edges) with denticulated front edges, creating a roughened and shredding surface near the base of the tooth crowns. Most therizinosaurids appear to have had a low tooth replacement rate or not able to loose them at all. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3812410 | 521,348 |
1,177,042 | OnSSET is the OpeN Source Spatial Electrification Toolkit. OnSSET is being developed by the division of Energy Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. The software is used to examine areas not served by grid-based electricity and identify the technology options and investment requirements that will provide least-cost access to electricity services. OnSSET is designed to support the United Nations' SDG7: the provision of affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. The toolkit is known as OnSSET and was released on 26November 2016. OnSSET does not ship with data, but suitable datasets are available from energydata.info. The project maintains a website and runs a mailing list. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38803848 | 1,176,419 |
2,153,454 | Since 2012, Boykin has been a senior researcher in the Australian Research Council Plant Energy Biology group at the University of Western Australia. She became interested in Africa as whiteflies native to the continent represent the base of their evolutionary tree, and after attending a Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation workshop that visited a smallholding farm in Kenya seriously impacted by them. She works with African researchers to use genomics and supercomputers to improve their ability to understand and tackle insect outbreaks. The portable DNA sequencing devices that she introduced to Africa have been helping fight crop disease since 2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61288020 | 2,152,223 |
925,866 | Because channels underlie the nerve impulse and because "transmitter-activated" channels mediate conduction across the synapses, channels are especially prominent components of the nervous system. Indeed, numerous toxins that organisms have evolved for shutting down the nervous systems of predators and prey (e.g., the venoms produced by spiders, scorpions, snakes, fish, bees, sea snails, and others) work by modulating ion channel conductance and/or kinetics. In addition, ion channels are key components in a wide variety of biological processes that involve rapid changes in cells, such as cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle contraction, epithelial transport of nutrients and ions, T-cell activation, and pancreatic beta-cell insulin release. In the search for new drugs, ion channels are a frequent target. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15303 | 925,380 |
533,910 | Risk factors of schizophrenia include many genetic and environmental phenomena. The prevailing model of schizophrenia is that of a special neurodevelopmental disorder with no precise boundary or single cause (i.e. arises from multiple mechanisms). Schizophrenia is thought to develop from very complex gene–environment interactions with vulnerability factors. The interactions of these risk factors are intricate, as numerous and diverse medical insults from conception to adulthood can be involved. The combination of genetic and environmental factors leads to deficits in the neural circuits that affect sensory input and cognitive functions. Historically, this theory has been broadly accepted but impossible to prove given ethical limitations. The first definitive proof that schizophrenia arises from multiple biological changes in the brain was recently established in human tissue grown from patient stem cells, where the complexity of disease was found to be "even more complex than currently accepted" due to cell-by-cell encoding of schizophrenia-related neuropathology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11304934 | 533,631 |
400,748 | With the outbreak of the Korean War, "Belfast" became part of the United Nations naval forces. Originally part of the US Navy's Task Force 77, "Belfast" was detached in order to operate independently on 5 July 1950. During July and early August 1950, "Belfast" undertook coastal patrols and was based at Sasebo in Japan's Nagasaki Prefecture. From 19 July "Belfast" supported troops fighting around Yongdok, accompanied by . That day "Belfast" fired an accurate 350-round bombardment from her 6-inch guns, and was praised by an American admiral as a "straight-shooting ship". On 6 August she sailed for the UK for a short (but needed) refit, after which she again set sail for the far east and arrived back at Sasebo on 31 January 1951. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209815 | 400,549 |
1,505,588 | As a graduate student in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Goldstone noted a persistent pattern: in the decades leading up to major historical outbreaks of political instability, such as the string of revolutions in France, the Netherlands, and America in the late 18th century or the Taiping Rebellion in China (1850–1864), the societies in question had experienced substantial population growth, leading to a 'youth bulge' and to rapid urbanization. This association had been noted by a number of historians, but had not yet been systematically explored in the context of global demography and the history of revolutions and civil war. The structural-demographic theory emerged from his attempts to apply the insights of political demography to the study of revolutions in world history. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59359901 | 1,504,742 |
760,235 | Under the right conditions, the normal vertical temperature gradient is inverted so that the air is colder near the surface of the Earth. This can occur when, for example, a warmer, less-dense air mass moves over a cooler, denser air mass. This type of inversion occurs in the vicinity of warm fronts, and also in areas of oceanic upwelling such as along the California coast in the United States. With sufficient humidity in the cooler layer, fog is typically present below the inversion cap. An inversion is also produced whenever radiation from the surface of the earth exceeds the amount of radiation received from the sun, which commonly occurs at night, or during the winter when the sun is very low in the sky. This effect is virtually confined to land regions as the ocean retains heat far longer. In the polar regions during winter, inversions are nearly always present over land. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52141 | 759,829 |
323,673 | VoIP allows both voice and data communications to be run over a single network, which can significantly reduce infrastructure costs. The prices of extensions on VoIP are lower than for PBX and key systems. VoIP switches may run on commodity hardware, such as personal computers. Rather than closed architectures, these devices rely on standard interfaces. VoIP devices have simple, intuitive user interfaces, so users can often make simple system configuration changes. Dual-mode phones enable users to continue their conversations as they move between an outside cellular service and an internal Wi-Fi network, so that it is no longer necessary to carry both a desktop phone and a cell phone. Maintenance becomes simpler as there are fewer devices to oversee. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=75028 | 323,501 |
1,237,665 | The Navstar Global Positioning System was the most widely known space system used during the war. The first five operational Block I spacecraft were launched on a Delta II rocket in 1989, joining the prototypes in orbit. The Gulf War accelerated the program, and by 22 August 1990, the constellation consisted of fourteen satellites (six Block I prototypes and eight Block II operational satellites). Launches of two Block II satellites on 2 October and 26 November increased the constellation to 16 satellites right before the commencement of Operation Desert Storm. Army Space Command had purchased 500 demonstration GPS trackers, providing them to fielded forces in August. The Army soon realized the critical navigation capability they provided to its ground forces, and put in an emergency requisition for 1,000 GPS receivers and 300 vehicle installation kits. Later, in December, they requested 7,178 GPS receivers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66185637 | 1,237,000 |
671,514 | This was the 18th appearance of the women's individual all-around. The first individual all-around competition was held at the 1952 Summer Olympics, and has been held at every edition since. Defending champion Simone Biles of the United States was aiming to become the first woman to defend their Olympic title since Věra Čáslavská did so in 1964 and 1968. However, she withdrew after the first rotation of the women's team final on 26 July after an issue on vault. During the post-meet press conference, Biles cited mental health reasons as the reason she did not continue the competition. The following day, USA Gymnastics confirmed that following "further medical evaluation," Biles also would not be competing in the women's individual all-around final. Ellie Black of Canada re-injured her ankle during training the day before the individual women's all around final, and subsequently announced her withdrawal. They were replaced by Jade Carey and Lieke Wevers in the final. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58499002 | 671,162 |
279,568 | Hydrology is the study of the hydrosphere and the movement of water on Earth. It emphasizes the study of how humans use and interact with freshwater supplies. Study of water's movement is closely related to geomorphology and other branches of Earth science. Applied hydrology involves engineering to maintain aquatic environments and distribute water supplies. Subdisciplines of hydrology include oceanography, hydrogeology, ecohydrology, and glaciology. Oceanography is the study of oceans. Hydrogeology is the study of groundwater. It includes the mapping of groundwater supplies and the analysis of groundwater contaminants. Applied hydrogeology seeks to prevent contamination of groundwater and mineral springs and make it available as drinking water. The earliest exploitation of groundwater resources dates back to 3000 BC, and hydrogeology as a science was developed by hydrologists beginning in the 17th century. Ecohydrology is the study of ecological systems in the hydrosphere. It can be divided into the physical study of aquatic ecosystems and the biological study of aquatic organisms. Ecohydrology includes the effects that organisms and aquatic ecosystems have on one another as well as how these ecoystems are affected by humans. Glaciology is the study of the cryosphere, including glaciers and coverage of the Earth by ice and snow. Concerns of glaciology include access to glacial freshwater, mitigation of glacial hazards, obtaining resources that exist beneath frozen land, and addressing the effects of climate change on the cryosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20653168 | 279,418 |
1,374,150 | During the 1980s and 1990s, there was significant international interest in the development of reusable launch platforms and reusable spacecraft, particularly in respect to spaceplanes, perhaps the most high-profile examples of these being the American Space Shuttle and Soviet Buran programmes. The national space agencies of European nations, such as France's Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES) and Germany's German Aerospace Center (DLR), worked on their own designs during this era, the most prominent of these to emerge being the Hermes spaceplane. Development of the Hermes programme, which was backed by the European Space Agency (ESA) for several years, was ultimately terminated in 1992 prior to any flights being performed in favour of a partnership arrangement with the Russian Aviation and Space Agency (RKA) to use the existing Soyuz spacecraft instead. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4410085 | 1,373,392 |
219,026 | The various species of "Amelanchier" grow to 0.2–20 m tall; some are small trees, some are multistemmed, clump-forming shrubs, and yet others form extensive low shrubby patches (clones). The bark is gray or less often brown, and in tree species smooth or fissuring when older. The leaves are deciduous, cauline, alternate, simple, lanceolate to elliptic to orbiculate, 0.5–10 x 0.5–5.5 cm, thin to coriaceous, with surfaces above glabrous or densely tomentose at flowering, and glabrous or more or less hairy beneath at maturity. The inflorescences are terminal, with 1–20 flowers, erect or drooping, either in clusters of one to four flowers, or in racemes with 4–20 flowers. The flowers have five white (rarely somewhat pink, yellow, or streaked with red), linear to orbiculate petals, 2.6–25 mm long, with the petals in one species ("A. nantucketensis") often andropetalous (bearing apical microsporangia adaxially). The flowers appear in early spring, "when the shad run" according to North-American tradition (leading to names such as "shadbush"). The fruit is a berry-like pome, red to purple to nearly black at maturity, 5–15 mm diameter, insipid to delectably sweet, maturing in summer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171225 | 218,917 |
2,192,090 | The Huskers opened the post season against Michigan State. They nearly completed one of the biggest comebacks in program history but a leaping catch by Michigan State second baseman Ryan Jones on a line drive off the bat of Pat Kelly secured a 10–9 win for the Spartans at Huntington Park. The Huskers entered the bottom of the ninth inning down 10–2, but five two-out runs had the Huskers in position to tie the game. They got sent to the losers bracket and played Penn State in game 2 and the Huskers responded with 12–3 victory racking up 18 hits as Stock extended his hitting streak to 20 games. Along with Michael Prichard's 25-game hitting streak earlier this season, it marks the first time in school history that a pair of teammates have each produced hitting streaks of 20 game or more in the same season. Nebraska was then set up to play Ohio State in an elimination game. The Buckeyes ended the Huskers season with a 6–2 win. The Huskers out hit the Buckeyes, 9–8, but NU stranded 10 runners on the afternoon and committed three errors in the field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34630986 | 2,190,840 |
15,426 | Conversely, some multidisciplinary research suggests that recent human evolution may be a driving force in the rise of a number of medical conditions in recent human populations, including autism. Studies in evolutionary medicine indicate that as biological evolution becomes outpaced by cultural evolution, disorders linked to bodily dysfunction increase in prevalence due to a lack of contact with pathogens and negative environmental conditions that once widely affected ancestral populations. Because natural selection primarily favors reproduction over health and longevity, the lack of this impetus to adapt to certain harmful circumstances creates a tendency for genes in descendant populations to over-express themselves, which may cause a wide array of maladies, ranging from mental disorders to autoimmune diseases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29113700 | 15,421 |
1,418,783 | A highly robust and ubiquitous fungus, "E. nigrum" has an almost global spread, occurring in the Americas, Asia, and Europe. Spores of "E. nigrum" have been cultured from a variety of environments, predominantly soil (i.e. peat, forest floor, raw humus, compost, tundra, sewage) and sand (e.g., dunes, saline sands). It is a saprophytic fungus, forming pustules (composed of sporodochia and conidia) on dead and dying plants. This species is commonly found growing on cereals and seeds, as well as other crops including corn, beans, potatoes, peas and peaches. It has been found to grow colonies on leaves submersed in water as cold as , and is considered a facultative marine fungus. It is capable of colonizing algae and marsh grasses. In indoor environments, "E. nigrum" has been found on paintings and wallpaper, cotton and textiles, in dust, and in air. It is tolerant of changes in water availability, and hyphal growth has been found to resume within an hour of exposure to water. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47843349 | 1,417,984 |
382,129 | Nobel laureate Paul Sabatier worked in the late 1890s to develop the chemistry of hydrogenation, which enabled the margarine, oil hydrogenation, and synthetic methanol industries. Whereas Sabatier considered hydrogenation of only vapors, the German chemist Wilhelm Normann showed in 1901 that liquid oils could be hydrogenated, and patented the process in 1902. During the years 1905–1910, Normann built a fat-hardening facility in the Herford company. At the same time, the invention was extended to a large-scale plant in Warrington, England, at Joseph Crosfield & Sons, Limited. It took only two years until the hardened fat could be successfully produced in the plant in Warrington, commencing production in the autumn of 1909. The initial year's production totalled nearly 3,000 tonnes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65161632 | 381,934 |
327,801 | Evolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could form new species, and questioned if Darwin's gradualism was sufficient without sudden leaps to cause speciation. Huxley wanted science to be secular, without religious interference, and his article in the April 1860 "Westminster Review" promoted scientific naturalism over natural theology, praising Darwin for "extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has, as yet, hardly penetrated" and coining the term "Darwinism" as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science. Huxley gained influence, and initiated the X Club, which used the journal "Nature" to promote evolution and naturalism, shaping much of late-Victorian science. Later, the German morphologist Ernst Haeckel would convince Huxley that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29932 | 327,627 |
1,169,776 | WiTricity's technology allows wireless power transfer over distance via magnetic resonance. Alternating current (AC) electricity runs through an electromagnetic coil within a charging station to form an oscillating electromagnetic field. Another coil resonating at the same frequency captures the field's energy and a rectifier delivers direct current (DC) current to a battery management system. The technology works through various materials, such as stone, cement, asphalt or wood, and has an energy conversion efficiency end-to-end above 90 percent, equivalent to plugging in. By 2013–2014, electric power output had reached 10 W for mobile devices, 6 kW for passenger vehicles, and 25 kW for fleets and buses. WiTricity's EV has charging rates from 3.6 to 11 kW, and the technology scales up to hundreds of kilowatts for heavy duty vehicles such as buses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11657097 | 1,169,157 |
519,196 | On 15 October 1904, "Knyaz Suvorov", flagship of Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky, commander of the 2nd Pacific Squadron, and the other three "Borodino"-class battleships set sail for Port Arthur from Libau along with the other vessels of the squadron. Rozhestvensky had received numerous reports of Japanese agents and torpedo boats disguised as fishing vessels before sailing and he ordered maximum alertness after coaling at Skagen, Denmark on 7 October. Early on the evening of the following day, when the squadron was near the Dogger Bank, the auxiliary repair ship "Kamchatka" reported that she was under attack by torpedo boats in the rain. About four hours later, the squadron encountered British fishing trawlers working the Dogger Bank in the fog and opened fire on them at very short range. One trawler was sunk and at least three others were damaged; several fishermen were killed and others wounded. The battleships also fired upon and damaged the cruisers and in the confusion. The incident enraged the British population and caused a diplomatic incident with the British that nearly led to war until Russia apologized and agreed to pay reparations on 29 October. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2621431 | 518,927 |
1,045,357 | Houston and Bates planned the expedition as a lightweight one, incorporating many elements of what would later become known as the Alpine style. There were practical reasons for this as well as stylistic ones. Since partition, the Indian Sherpas who had traditionally served as porters on Himalayan expeditions were unwelcome in Pakistan, and few of the Hunza porters who would replace them had genuine mountaineering skills. Given the technical difficulty of the Abruzzi Spur it was therefore impractical to use porters to carry loads high on the mountain, so it was planned to use them only as far as Camp II. Additionally the steepness of the Abruzzi Spur meant there was limited flat space for tents, and camp sites to accommodate large numbers of climbers would be difficult to find. Houston and Bates therefore planned to assemble a small team of eight climbers and no high-altitude porters. The size of the team ruled out the use of supplemental oxygen as there would not be enough manpower to carry the extra weight up the mountain, but Houston was confident from his own wartime experiments, as well as the experience of the pre-war British Everest expeditions, that it would be possible to climb K2 without it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16666308 | 1,044,812 |
942,531 | The first to stress the importance of reproducibility in science was the Irish chemist Robert Boyle, in England in the 17th century. Boyle's air pump was designed to generate and study vacuum, which at the time was a very controversial concept. Indeed, distinguished philosophers such as René Descartes and Thomas Hobbes denied the very possibility of vacuum existence. Historians of science Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, in their 1985 book "Leviathan and the Air-Pump", describe the debate between Boyle and Hobbes, ostensibly over the nature of vacuum, as fundamentally an argument about how useful knowledge should be gained. Boyle, a pioneer of the experimental method, maintained that the foundations of knowledge should be constituted by experimentally produced facts, which can be made believable to a scientific community by their reproducibility. By repeating the same experiment over and over again, Boyle argued, the certainty of fact will emerge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47651 | 942,029 |
374,610 | Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by "Trypanosoma cruzi". It is spread mostly by insects in the subfamily "Triatominae", known as "kissing bugs". The symptoms change over the course of the infection. In the early stage, symptoms are typically either not present or mild, and may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, or swelling at the site of the bite. After four to eight weeks, untreated individuals enter the chronic phase of disease, which in most cases does not result in further symptoms. Up to 45% of people with chronic infections develop heart disease 10–30 years after the initial illness, which can lead to heart failure. Digestive complications, including an enlarged esophagus or an enlarged colon, may also occur in up to 21% of people, and up to 10% of people may experience nerve damage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7012 | 374,415 |
9,664 | The original 1980 paper describing the crater suggested that it was created by an asteroid around in diameter. Two papers published in 1984 proposed the impactor to be a comet originating from the Oort cloud, and it was proposed in 1992 that tidal disruption of comets could potentially increase impact rates. In February 2021, four independent laboratories reported elevated concentrations of iridium in the crater's peak ring, further corroborating the asteroid impact hypothesis. In the same month, Avi Loeb and a colleague published a study in "Scientific Reports" suggesting the impactor was a fragment from a disrupted comet, rather than an asteroid—the long-standing leading candidate among scientists. This was followed by a rebuttal published in "Astronomy & Geophysics" that June, which charged that the paper ignored the fact that the mass of iridium deposited across the globe by the impact (estimated to be approximately 2.0–2.8 × 10 grams), was too large to be created by a comet impactor the size required to create the crater, and that Loeb et al. had overestimated likely comet impact rates. They found that an asteroid impactor was strongly favored by all available evidence, and that a comet impactor could be effectively ruled out. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=174609 | 9,660 |
533,745 | Modern-day zoogeography also places a reliance on GIS to integrate a more precise understanding and predictive model of the past, current, and future population dynamics of animal species both on land and in the ocean. Through employment of GIS technology, linkages between abiotic factors of habitat such as topography, latitude, longitude, temperatures, and sea level can serve to explain the distribution of species populations through geologic time. Understanding correlations of habitat formation and the migration patterns of organisms at an ecological level allows for explanations of speciation events that may have arisen due to physical geographic isolation events or the incorporation of new refugia to survive unfavorable environmental conditions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1750882 | 533,466 |
1,776,406 | The Congress believes that the Plan of Action formulated by the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment at Stockholm in 1972 will influence forestry development throughout the world in the years to come. Recognizing that in many countries declared forest policies are not in accord with new knowledge, new preoccupations and new aspirations, the Congress considers it is now urgent to redefine forest policies in view of these new circumstances. The Congress firmly believes that, whatever the political objectives, whatever the form of economic organization, whatever the present pattern of forest land tenure, governments are responsible for planning the continuous flow of the productive, protective and social goods and services from the forest, ensuring that the physical output and environmental benefits of the forests are available for the general welfare of their peoples now and for all time. Since we live in one world, and since the forest resources of the world are unevenly distributed, national policies and plans must take account of the international context. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22990616 | 1,775,407 |
2,127,075 | In early June, "R. R. Cuyler" departed New York City under the command of Captain Francis B. Ellison. On the 9th, she arrived at Key West, Florida, whence she proceeded north for blockade duty off Tampa, Florida. Although plagued by the presence of smallpox among her crew, "R. R. Cuyler" participated in the capture and burning of "Finland" in Apalachicola Bay on 26 August. On 22 November, while operating near and in the Mississippi River, she intercepted and assisted in the capture of the steamers "A. J. View" and "Henry Lewis". In December, the sloops "Advocate", "Express", and "Osceola" and the schooners "Delight" and "Olive" met a similar fate. On 20 January 1863, off Mobile Bar, "R. R. Cuyler" seized the schooner "J. W. Wilder". Two months later, she captured the schooner "Grace E. Baker" off Cuba, and on 3 May, the schooner "Jane" at sea. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1553813 | 2,125,854 |
111,624 | SHA-1 was developed as part of the U.S. Government's Capstone project. The original specification of the algorithm was published in 1993 under the title "Secure Hash Standard", FIPS PUB 180, by U.S. government standards agency NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). This version is now often named "SHA-0". It was withdrawn by the NSA shortly after publication and was superseded by the revised version, published in 1995 in FIPS PUB 180-1 and commonly designated "SHA-1". SHA-1 differs from SHA-0 only by a single bitwise rotation in the message schedule of its compression function. According to the NSA, this was done to correct a flaw in the original algorithm which reduced its cryptographic security, but they did not provide any further explanation. Publicly available techniques did indeed demonstrate a compromise of SHA-0, in 2004, before SHA-1 in 2017 ("see §Attacks"). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26672 | 111,579 |
984,097 | To achieve the high performance needed for mathematically intensive tasks, such as decoding/encoding MPEG streams, generating or transforming three-dimensional data, or undertaking Fourier analysis of data, the Cell processor marries the SPEs and the PPE via EIB to give access, via fully cache coherent DMA (direct memory access), to both main memory and to other external data storage. To make the best of EIB, and to overlap computation and data transfer, each of the nine processing elements (PPE and SPEs) is equipped with a DMA engine. Since the SPE's load/store instructions can only access its own local scratchpad memory, each SPE entirely depends on DMAs to transfer data to and from the main memory and other SPEs' local memories. A DMA operation can transfer either a single block area of size up to 16KB, or a list of 2 to 2048 such blocks. One of the major design decisions in the architecture of Cell is the use of DMAs as a central means of intra-chip data transfer, with a view to enabling maximal asynchrony and concurrency in data processing inside a chip. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=803950 | 983,583 |
312,294 | In machine learning, kernel machines are a class of algorithms for pattern analysis, whose best known member is the support-vector machine (SVM). The general task of pattern analysis is to find and study general types of relations (for example clusters, rankings, principal components, correlations, classifications) in datasets. For many algorithms that solve these tasks, the data in raw representation have to be explicitly transformed into feature vector representations via a user-specified "feature map": in contrast, kernel methods require only a user-specified "kernel", i.e., a similarity function over all pairs of data points computed using Inner products. The feature map in kernel machines is infinite dimensional but only requires a finite dimensional matrix from user-input according to the Representer theorem. Kernel machines are slow to compute for datasets larger than a couple of thousand examples without parallel processing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3424576 | 312,126 |
1,215,459 | The dean of this department was Alexander Rodchenko, who was appointed in February 1922. Rodchenko's department was more expansive than its name would suggest, concentrating on abstract and concrete examples of product design. In a report to the rector of 1923, Rodchenko listed the following subjects as being offered: higher mathematics, descriptive geometry, theoretical mechanics, physics, the history of art and political literacy. Theoretical tasks included graphic design and "volumetric and spatial discipline"; while practical experience was given in foundry work, minting, engraving and electrotyping. Students were also given internships in factories. Rodchenko's approach effectively combined art and technology, and he was offered the deanship of Vkhutein in 1928, although he refused. El Lissitzky was also a member of the faculty. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3014315 | 1,214,807 |
1,043,048 | In December 1841, Bain in conjunction with Lieutenant Thomas Wright RN, patented a method for helping to control railway trains with the use of electricity. The most significant idea incorporated in the patent was his plan for inverting the needle telegraph earlier developed by Ampere, Wheatstone and others: instead of making signals by a pivoted magnetic needle under the influence of an electromagnet, he made them by suspending a movable coil between the poles of a fixed magnet. A similar concept appears in Sir William Thomson's siphon recorder. Bain also proposed to make the coil record messages by printing them, an idea he developed further in a subsequent patent. Bain's telegraph was first used in December 1845 on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway which had opened in 1842. In January 1846 he convinced the directors of the Stockton and Darlington Railway to install his telegraph between the north and south ends of their Shildon tunnel. These instruments remained in use until September 1865. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1341253 | 1,042,504 |
1,104,223 | After the restoration of independence, the Estonian Basketball Association rejoined FIBA in 1991. The team successfully qualified for EuroBasket 1993, held in Germany. Despite missing star players Martin Müürsepp and Tiit Sokk, the team, coached by Jaak Salumets won their group in the preliminary round, finishing ahead of Slovenia, Belgium, and hosts and eventual champions Germany. In the second round, Estonia finished third in their group and advanced to the quarter-finals, where the team lost to Russia 61–82 to be eliminated. In the classification rounds, Estonia defeated Bosnia and Herzegovina 99–91 and lost to Spain 80–119, finishing the championship in sixth place with a (6–5) record. Aivar Kuusmaa was the team's scoring leader with 19.9 points per game. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2859830 | 1,103,660 |
691,016 | Purple bacteria use bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoids to obtain the light energy for photosynthesis. Electron transfer and photosynthetic reactions occur at the cell membrane in the photosynthetic unit which is composed by the light-harvesting complexes LHI and LHII and the photosynthetic reaction centre where the charge separation reaction occurs. These structures are located in the intracytoplasmic membrane, areas of the cytoplasmic membrane invaginated to form vesicle sacs, tubules, or single-paired or stacked lamellar sheets which have increased surface to maximize light absorption. Light-harvesting complexes are involved in the energy transfer to the reaction centre. These are integral membrane protein complexes consisting of monomers of α- and β-apoproteins, each one binding molecules of bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoids non-covalently. LHI is directly associated with the reaction centre forming a polymeric ring-like structure around it. LHI has an absorption maximum at 870 nm and it contains most of the bacteriochlorophyll of the photosynthetic unit. LHII contains less bacteriochlorophylls, has lower absorption maximum (850 nm) and is not present in all purple bacteria. Moreover, the photosynthetic unit in Purple Bacteria shows great plasticity, being able to adapt to the constantly changing light conditions. In fact these microorganisms are able to rearrange the composition and the concentration of the pigments, and consequently the absorption spectrum, in response to light variation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1354861 | 690,653 |
932,052 | Okabe started taking electric organ lessons as a child, covering contemporary pop and film music. Although he did not learn from teachers, he would develop his musical skills through joining a band and recording music. He has cited Henry Mancini, Ennio Morricone, and Ryuichi Sakamoto as being some of his musical influences. After graduating from Kobe Design University, he joined Namco in 1994, with his first work being a handful of tracks for medal game "Spiral Fall". He would also work on titles such as "Air Combat 22", along with some arrangements for the PS1 version of "Tekken 2". This would lead to him scoring "Tekken 3" along with fellow Namco composer Nobuyoshi Sano. Both composers chose to make big beat music for the game as it both fitted the atmosphere of the game and had not been done in video games before. He and Sano would also work on "Tekken Tag Tournament" with other composers in 1999. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62706175 | 931,560 |
1,156,658 | In principle RIXS can probe a very broad class of intrinsic excitations of the system under study—as long as the excitations are overall charge neutral. This constraint arises from the fact that in RIXS the scattered photons do not add or remove charge from the system under study. This implies that, in principle RIXS has a finite cross section for probing the energy, momentum and polarization dependence of any type of electron-hole excitation: for instance the electron-hole continuum and excitons in band metals and semiconductors, charge transfer and crystal field excitations in strongly correlated materials, lattice excitations (phonons), orbital excitations, and so on. In addition magnetic excitations are also symmetry-allowed in RIXS, because the angular momentum that the photons carry can in principle be transferred to the electron's spin moment. Moreover, it has been theoretically shown that RIXS can probe Bogoliubov quasiparticles in high-temperature superconductors, and shed light on the nature and symmetry of the electron-electron pairing of the superconducting state. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25472865 | 1,156,048 |
1,483,064 | Meyer was born on April 13, 1963, in North Tarrytown, New York. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree, summa cum laude, in 1985, from Yale College. He received a Juris Doctor in 1989 from Yale Law School. From 1989 to 1990, he clerked for Judge James L. Oakes of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. From 1991 to 1992, he clerked for Justice Harry A. Blackmun of the United States Supreme Court. Between 1992 and 1995, he worked first at the Washington, D.C. law firm of Shearman & Sterling and then at Kellogg, Huber, Hansen, Todd, Evans & Figel, and then as a staff attorney for Vermont Legal Aid. He served as an Assistant United States Attorney in the District of Connecticut from 1995 to 2004, serving as Appeals Chief from 2000 to 2004. He served as senior counsel to the Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil for Food Program in Iraq from 2004 to 2005. Since 2006, he has been a professor of law at Quinnipiac University School of Law and a visiting professor of law at Yale Law School since 2010. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39610864 | 1,482,228 |
1,457,894 | Measurement is usually made on a 3.15 kHz (or sometimes 3 kHz) tone, a frequency chosen because it is high enough to give good resolution, but low enough not to be affected by drop-outs and high-frequency losses. Ideally, flutter should be measured using a pre-recorded tone free from flutter. Record-replay flutter will then be around twice as high as pre-recorded, because worst case variations will add during recording and playback. When a recording is played back on the same machine it was made on, a very slow change from low to high flutter will often be observed, because any cyclic flutter caused by capstan rotation may go from adding to cancelling as the tape slips slightly out of synchronism. A good technique is to stop the tape from time to time and start it again. This will often result in different readings as the correlation between record and playback flutter shifts. On well maintained, precise machines, it may be difficult to procure a reference tape with higher tolerances. Therefore, a record-playback test using the stop-start technique, can be, for practical purposes, the best that can be accomplished. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3970341 | 1,457,074 |
1,710,681 | Millican is best known for his research on David Hume, notably on the development of Hume's philosophy, and on the interpretation of his writings on induction and causation. In a 1995 paper, Millican gave a detailed analysis of Hume's famous argument concerning induction, aiming to reconcile its apparent sceptical thrust with Hume's clear endorsement of inductive science: the previous interpretations that he was attacking had either condemned Hume as an inconsistent sceptic, or denied the scepticism entirely. His 2002 collection included a paper refining his analysis, and arguing against recent revisionary non-sceptical interpretations (particularly those proposed by Don Garrett and David Owen)—this debate is still ongoing in his 2012 paper. The collection also emphasised the distinctive importance of Hume's work in the 1748 "Enquiry", with the controversial implication that the "Enquiry", rather than the "Treatise", should be taken as presenting Hume's definitive perspective on the main topics that it covers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24993687 | 1,709,721 |
623,752 | In 1038, Ibn al-Haytham described the first non-Ptolemaic configuration in "The Model of the Motions". His reform was not concerned with cosmology, as he developed a systematic study of celestial kinematics that was completely geometric. This in turn led to innovative developments in infinitesimal geometry. His reformed model was the first to reject the equant and eccentrics, separate natural philosophy from astronomy, free celestial kinematics from cosmology, and reduce physical entities to geometrical entities. The model also propounded the Earth's rotation about its axis, and the centres of motion were geometrical points without any physical significance, like Johannes Kepler's model centuries later. Ibn al-Haytham also describes an early version of Occam's razor, where he employs only minimal hypotheses regarding the properties that characterize astronomical motions, as he attempts to eliminate from his planetary model the cosmological hypotheses that cannot be observed from Earth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6012554 | 623,420 |
832,698 | While preference learning can instill hard-to-specify behaviors, it requires extensive datasets or human interaction to capture the full breadth of human values. Machine ethics provides a complementary approach: instilling AI systems with moral values. For instance, machine ethics aims to teach the systems about normative factors in human morality, such as wellbeing, equality and impartiality; not intending harm; avoiding falsehoods; and honoring promises. Unlike specifying the objective for a specific task, machine ethics seeks to teach AI systems broad moral values that could apply in many situations. This approach carries conceptual challenges of its own; machine ethicists have noted the necessity to clarify what alignment aims to accomplish: having AIs follow the programmer’s literal instructions, the programmers' implicit intentions, the programmers' revealed preferences, the preferences the programmers "would" have if they were more informed or rational, the programmers' "objective" interests, or objective moral standards. Further challenges include aggregating the preferences of different stakeholders and avoiding "value lock-in"—the indefinite preservation of the values of the first highly capable AI systems, which are unlikely to be fully representative. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50785023 | 832,249 |
1,940,160 | The crystal structures of many boron-rich borides can be attributed to certain types including MgAlB, YB, REBSi, BC and other, more complex types such as REBCSi. Some of these formulas, for example BC, YB and MgAlB, historically reflect the idealistic structures, whereas the experimentally determined composition is nonstoichiometric and corresponds to fractional indexes. Boron-rich borides are usually characterized by large and complex unit cells, which can contain more than 1500 atomic sites and feature extended structures shaped as "tubes" and large modular polyhedra ("superpolyhedra"). Many of those sites have partial occupancy, meaning that the probability to find them occupied with a certain atom is smaller than one and thus that only some of them are filled with atoms. Scandium is distinguished among the rare-earth elements by that it forms numerous borides with uncommon structure types; this property of scandium is attributed to its relatively small atomic and ionic radii. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28574607 | 1,939,050 |
338,171 | The arms of "H. habilis" and australopithecines have generally been considered to have been proportionally long and so adapted for climbing and swinging. In 2004, anthropologists Martin Haeusler and Henry McHenry argued that, because the humerus to femur ratio of OH 62 is within the range of variation for modern humans, and KNM-ER 3735 is close to the modern human average, it is unsafe to assume apelike proportions. Nonetheless, the humerus of OH 62 measured long and the ulna (forearm) , which is closer to the proportion seen in chimpanzees. The hand bones of OH 7 suggest precision gripping, important in dexterity, as well as adaptations for climbing. In regard to the femur, traditionally comparisons with the "A. afarensis" specimen AL 288-1 have been used to reconstruct stout legs for "H. habilis", but Haeusler and McHenry suggested the more gracile OH 24 femur (either belonging to "H. ergaster" / "H. erectus" or "P. boisei") may be a more apt comparison. In this instance, "H. habilis" would have had longer, humanlike legs and have been effective long-distance travellers as is assumed to have been the case in "H. ergaster". However, estimating the unpreserved length of a fossil is highly problematic. The thickness of the limb bones in OH 62 is more similar to chimpanzees than "H. ergaster" / "H. erectus" and modern humans, which may indicate different load bearing capabilities more suitable for arboreality in "H. habilis". The strong fibula of OH 35 (though this may belong to "P. boisei") is more like that of non-human apes, and consistent with arboreality and vertical climbing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14348 | 337,991 |
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