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83,925 | Theoretical computer science includes areas of discrete mathematics relevant to computing. It draws heavily on graph theory and mathematical logic. Included within theoretical computer science is the study of algorithms and data structures. Computability studies what can be computed in principle, and has close ties to logic, while complexity studies the time, space, and other resources taken by computations. Automata theory and formal language theory are closely related to computability. Petri nets and process algebras are used to model computer systems, and methods from discrete mathematics are used in analyzing VLSI electronic circuits. Computational geometry applies algorithms to geometrical problems and representations of geometrical objects, while computer image analysis applies them to representations of images. Theoretical computer science also includes the study of various continuous computational topics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8492 | 83,891 |
1,263,549 | From 1949 to 1959, the number of courses increased from six to 64 and the number of students from 49 to 800. ENAC benefited from the postwar development of aviation, and a number of students came from foreign countries or (in particular) overseas territories which later became independent. During the early 1960s, the university began to accept its first students from foreign civil-aviation authorities. Along with enrollment growth, courses were created to keep pace with new ratings. The navigation-instructor rating was introduced in 1956, and corresponding training began. Courses were sometimes introduced to meet a need, such as a speaking-technique course for instructors that year. The first civilian engineering students were also admitted in 1956. In 1958, the airline-pilot theoretical training course began. Students took an annual trip from ENAC Orly, and were received (in full uniform) by local authorities on their arrival. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2008318 | 1,262,861 |
1,207,623 | There is debate concerning the interpretation of some observed spatial and temporal variations of b-values. The most frequently cited factors to explain these variations are: the stress applied to the material, the depth, the focal mechanism, the strength heterogeneity of the material, and the proximity of macro-failure. The "b"-value decrease observed prior to the failure of samples deformed in the laboratory has led to the suggestion that this is a precursor to major macro-failure. Statistical physics provides a theoretical framework for explaining both the steadiness of the Gutenberg–Richter law for large catalogs and its evolution when the macro-failure is approached, but application to earthquake forecasting is currently out of reach. Alternatively, a b-value significantly different from 1.0 may suggest a problem with the data set; e.g. it is incomplete or contains errors in calculating magnitude. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4903968 | 1,206,977 |
1,863,507 | MFB of the breast is a mass that in women may be first detected on routine breast self-examination or other screening methods such as mammography. Men with breast MFB generally present with a palpable breast mass. While diagnosed in individuals 25 to 87 years old, mammary MFB is most common in post-menopausal women and older (60–70 years) men. It has been associated with taking estrogens and, in men, gynecomastia. MFB often develops in tissues derived from embryonic milk lines, i.e. two lines of embryonic tissues that give rise to post-embryonic tissues that extend from the mid-axillae to the medial groins. Milk line MLB tumors occur in areas around the arm pit, anus, vulva, and testicules. While MFB tumors in these sites do not have breast tissue they, like normal breast tissue, have fibroblastic and/or myofibroblastic cells that may be predisposed to form MFB tumors. Milk-line tumors located outside of the immediate breast areas and lymph nodes draining these areas (including axillary lymph nodes) are here regarded as extramammary MFB. Breast MFB has also been reported to develop at a surgical scar left after treatment for breast cancer and in patients with a history of prostate, kidney, and pancreatic cancer. This tumor typically presents as a single, firm, mobile, painless mass; presentation as multiple masses is extremely rare. It lacks a capsule and generally is smaller than 4 cm although some have been recorded to be as large as 35.2 cm. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33873016 | 1,862,437 |
239,203 | There are methods by which to check for outliers in the discipline of statistics and statistical analysis. Outliers could be a result from a shift in the location (mean) or in the scale (variability) of the process of interest. Outliers could also be evidence of a sample population that has a non-normal distribution or of a contaminated population data set. Consequently, as is the basic idea of descriptive statistics, when encountering an outlier, we have to explain this value by further analysis of the cause or origin of the outlier. In cases of extreme observations, which are not an infrequent occurrence, the typical values must be analyzed. In the case of quartiles, the Interquartile Range (IQR) may be used to characterize the data when there may be extremities that skew the data; the interquartile range is a relatively robust statistic (also sometimes called "resistance") compared to the range and standard deviation. There is also a mathematical method to check for outliers and determining "fences", upper and lower limits from which to check for outliers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25170 | 239,083 |
1,973,286 | "Thermoplasma volcanium" was isolated from acidic hydrothermal vents off the shores of the beaches of Vulcano, Italy by Segerer "et al." in 1988. Segerer "et al." took 20 aerobic samples and 110 anaerobic samples from solfataric fields in Italy, Iceland, the United States, and Java, Indonesia. The collected samples from both aerobic and anaerobic environments contained multiple samples within the genus "Thermoplasma", while rod-shaped eubacteria were only observed in aerobic samples. The pH at which they collected the samples was between 0.5-6.5, with the temperature ranging from 25 °C and 102 °C. "Thermoplasma volcanium" were cultivated at 57 °C via modified Darland medium (composed of 0.05% MgSO, 0.02% (NH)SO, 0.025% CaCl*2HO, and 0.1% yeast extract) with a reduced glucose concentration. Segerer "et al." established both aerobic and anaerobic conditions to grow all possible microbes taken from the solfatara fields, depending on each microbe’s particular metabolic functioning. The medium was attached to an air cooler in a glycerol shaker for microbes utilizing aerobic respiration for metabolic processing. The anaerobic media contained trace amounts of sulfur with a 4:1 ratio of nitrogen and carbon dioxide gases. Within certain anaerobic samples, isolated microbes demonstrating similar morphology to known "Thermoplasma" microbes were observable after anywhere from 2 days to 3 weeks of growth. Additionally, these cultures also showed growth on aerobic medium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40484685 | 1,972,151 |
793,092 | Although most injury responses include a calcium influx signaling to promote resealing of severed parts, axonal injuries initially lead to acute axonal degeneration (AAD), which is rapid separation of the proximal (the part nearer the cell body) and distal ends within 30 minutes of injury. After separation, dystrophic bulb structures form at both terminals and the transected membranes are sealed. A brief latency phase occurs in the distal segment during which it remains electrically excitable and structurally intact. Degeneration follows with swelling of the axolemma, and eventually the formation of bead-like axonal spheroids. The process takes roughly 24 hours in the PNS, and longer in the CNS. The signaling pathways leading to axolemma degeneration are currently poorly understood. However, research has shown that this AAD process is calcium–independent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1037544 | 792,667 |
473,095 | Silicon carbon composite anodes were first reported in 2002 by Yoshio. Studies of these composite materials have shown that the capacities are a weighted average of the two end members (graphite and silicon). On cycling, electronic isolation of the silicon particles tends to occur with the capacity falling off to the capacity of the graphite component. This effect has been tempered using alternative synthetic methodologies or morphologies that can be created to help maintain contact with the current collector. This has been identified in studies involving grown silicon nanowires that are chemical bonded to the metal current collector by alloy formation. Sample production of batteries using a silicon nanowire-graphite composite electrode were produced by Amprius in 2014. The same company claims to have sold several hundred thousand of these batteries as of 2014. In 2016, Stanford University researchers presented a method of encapsulating silicon microparticles in a graphene shell, which confines fractured particles and also acts as a stable solid electrolyte interphase layer. These microparticles reached an energy density of 3,300 mAh/g. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47270052 | 472,859 |
1,717,593 | Interferometers are seen by most astronomers as very specialized instruments, as they are capable of a very limited range of observations. It is often said that an interferometer achieves the effect of a telescope the size of the distance between the apertures; this is only true in the limited sense of angular resolution. The combined effects of limited aperture area and atmospheric turbulence generally limit interferometers to observations of comparatively bright stars and active galactic nuclei. However, they have proven useful for making very high precision measurements of simple stellar parameters such as size and position (astrometry) and for imaging the nearest giant stars. For details of individual instruments, see the list of astronomical interferometers at visible and infrared wavelengths. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17143110 | 1,716,624 |
1,771,918 | The Cray T3E was Cray Research's second-generation massively parallel supercomputer architecture, launched in late November 1995. The first T3E was installed at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center in 1996. Like the previous Cray T3D, it was a fully distributed memory machine using a 3D torus topology interconnection network. The T3E initially used the DEC Alpha 21164 (EV5) microprocessor and was designed to scale from 8 to 2,176 "Processing Elements" (PEs). Each PE had between 64 MB and 2 GB of DRAM and a 6-way interconnect router with a payload bandwidth of 480 MB/s in each direction. Unlike many other MPP systems, including the T3D, the T3E was fully self-hosted and ran the UNICOS/mk distributed operating system with a "GigaRing" I/O subsystem integrated into the torus for network, disk and tape I/O. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2662030 | 1,770,921 |
1,579,411 | Agrawal introduced several firsts in the arena of separations using distillation. For multicomponent separations, he introduced a new class of satellite column arrangements and a new superstructure that completed the set of basic column configurations available for distillation. He discovered a solution to the long-standing problem of making highly energy efficient thermally coupled columns operable by making vapor flow between columns unidirectional. Agrawal presented a generalized framework to convert classical two-way thermal coupling to one-way liquid only transfer, thereby eliminating the challenge involved with the intercolumn vapor transfer between the thermally coupled distillation columns. This enabled the creation of multi-effect distillation analogs of thermally-coupled distillation columns resulting in a further potential for up to 50% reduction in the energy consumption of the already efficient thermally coupled configuration. Contrary to the assumption that fully thermally coupled systems are the most energy efficient among the basic configurations, Agrawal showed that the thermodynamic efficiency of this system can often be worse than the other configurations. In 2001, for process intensification, he introduced a number of dividing wall column schemes including ones for side rectifier and side stripper configurations. In 2003, Agrawal extended the concept of using dividing wall columns for batch distillation. Later his team introduced a new class of dividing wall columns and a generalized method to draw the corresponding dividing wall column for any given thermally coupled configuration. First, he led the development of the Shah and Agrawal method to elucidate all feasible basic n-1 distillation column configurations for the separation of an n-component non-azeotropic mixture with n greater than 3, and then in collaboration with professor Mohit Tawarmalani, developed optimization methods to rank-list these thousands to millions of configurations according to their heat duty, exergy, and cost. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39216247 | 1,578,521 |
317,171 | A control loop is permanently monitoring the signal of one or more knock sensors (commonly piezoelectric sensor which are able to translate vibrations into an electric signal). If the characteristic pressure peak of a knocking combustion is detected the ignition timing is retarded by steps of a few degrees. If the signal normalizes indicating a controlled combustion the ignition timing is advanced again in the same fashion keeping the engine at its best possible operating point - the so-called ″knock limit″. Modern knock control-loop systems are able to adjust ignition timings for every cylinder individually. Depending on the specific engine the boost pressure is regulated simultaneously. This way performance is kept at its optimum while mostly eliminating the risk of engine damage caused by knock e.g. when running on low octane fuel. An early example of this is in turbocharged Saab H engines, where a system called Automatic Performance Control was used to reduce boost pressure if it caused the engine to knock. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=228468 | 317,002 |
182,582 | TCRs have two parts, usually an alpha and a beta chain. (Some TCRs have a gamma and a delta chain. They are inherent to act against stress and form part of the epithelial barrier). Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow migrate into the thymus, where they undergo V(D)J recombination of their beta-chain TCR DNA to form a developmental form of the TCR protein, known as pre-TCR. If that rearrangement is successful, the cells then rearrange their alpha-chain TCR DNA to create a functional alpha-beta TCR complex. This highly-variable genetic rearrangement product in the TCR genes helps create millions of different T cells with different TCRs, helping the body's immune system respond to virtually any protein of an invader. The vast majority of T cells express alpha-beta TCRs (αβ T cells), but some T cells in epithelial tissues (like the gut) express gamma-delta TCRs (gamma delta T cells), which recognize non-protein antigens. The latter are characterised by their ability to recognise antigens that are not presented. In addition, they can recognise microbial toxic shock proteins and self-cell stress proteins. T γδ cells possess a wide functional plasticity after recognising infected or transformed cells, as they are able to produce cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17) and chemokines (IP-10, lymphotactin), trigger cytolysis of target cells (perforins, granzymes...), and interact with other cells, such as epithelial cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils and B cells. In some infections, such as human cytomegalovirus, there is a clonal expansion of peripheral γδ T cells that have specific TCRs, indicating the adaptive nature of the immune response mediated by these cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=211947 | 182,486 |
446,893 | The most significant adoption of academic tenure occurred after 1945, when the influx of returning GIs returning to school led to quickly expanding universities with severe professorial faculty shortages. These shortages dogged the academy for ten years, and that is when the majority of universities started offering formal tenure as a side benefit. The rate of tenure (percent of tenured university faculty) increased to 52 percent. In fact, the demand for professors was so high in the 1950s that the American Council of Learned Societies held a conference in Cuba noting the too-few doctoral candidates to fill positions in English departments. During the McCarthy era, loyalty oaths were required of many state employees, and neither formal academic tenure nor the Constitutional principles of freedom of speech and association were protection from dismissal. Some professors were dismissed for their political affiliations. During the 1960s, many professors supported the anti-war movement against the Vietnam War, and more than 20 state legislatures passed resolutions calling for specific professorial dismissals and a change to the academic tenure system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=314951 | 446,677 |
1,138,979 | On 14 May 2018, Brown signed a two-year contract with League Two side Port Vale, a club recommended to him by Gareth Ainsworth. Manager Neil Aspin stated that Brown's experience would help with organising the Vale's young defenders on the pitch. He started the 2018–19 season in good form, which he credited to his settled home life and the goalkeeping coaching of Ronnie Sinclair. Speaking in January though he said that the state of the Vale Park pitch was "unacceptable for a professional football club in League Two". On 9 March, he saved a first-half penalty from Mansfield Town's Nicky Ajose to inspire a 2–1 win, in what was John Askey's first victory as "Valiants" boss. He went on to save a Kieran Agard penalty at Milton Keynes Dons on 20 April – his fifth penalty save of the campaign – and then saved the striker's shot from the rebound to help secure a 1–1 draw. He won all four of the club's Player of the Year awards for the 2018–19 season after keeping a total of 16 clean sheets in a struggling team and signed a one-year contract extension in May. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12777959 | 1,138,386 |
1,795,706 | Access to water ice would also be central to scientific investigations on the surface of Mars that are led by future human explorers. Such explorers may one day core, sample, and analyze the ice to better understand the record of climatic and geologic change on Mars and its astrobiological potential, which could be revealed through signs of preserved ancient microbial life or even the possibility of living organisms, if Mars ever harbored life. Ice is also a critical natural resource that could eventually supply hydrogen and oxygen for fuel. These elements could also provide resources for backup life support, civil engineering, mining, manufacturing, and, eventually, agriculture on Mars. Transporting water from Earth to deep space is extremely costly, so a local resource is essential to sustainable surface exploration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64768088 | 1,794,697 |
1,692,712 | The Department of Health and Human Services, Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), in its role as Coordinator of Emergency Support Function#8 (ESF-8), Public Health and Medical Services, of the National Response Framework (NRF), employs the NDMS to provide patient care, patient movement, and definitive care, as well as veterinary services, and fatality management support when requested by authorities from States, localities, Tribes and Territories, or other federal departments. Some common missions for NDMS include: augmenting a hospital in a disaster area to decompress the overtaxed emergency department; providing veterinary services to federal working animals during National Security Special Events, such as the Presidential Inauguration; and, supporting the National Transportation Safety Board and affected localities with fatality management services following major transportation disasters. Although NDMS is primarily a domestic disaster response capability, NDMS teams and personnel have also responded to disasters internationally, such as in Iran and Haiti following devastating earthquakes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3352183 | 1,691,761 |
431,374 | In 1999 he collaborated with composers Julia Wolfe and Michael Gordon and librettist/illustrator Ben Katchor on the composition of the "comic strip opera" "The Carbon Copy Building". The production won an Obie Award for Best New American Production. Lang, Wolfe and Gordon subsequently collaborated with librettist Deborah Artman on the 'oratorio' "Lost Objects", the recording of which was released in summer 2001 (Teldec New Line). Their next collaborative project was "Shelter", a multi-media work also with librettist Deborah Artman, for the Scandinavian vocal group Trio Mediaeval and the German ensemble musikFabrik, which was performed in Germany and the U.S. in 2005. In 2017 Chinese singer Gong Linna premiered "Cloud River Mountain," written by the three Bang on a Can composers in addition to Lao Luo. They also premiere "Road Trip," a celebration of Bang on a Can's 30-year journey, together at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in October 2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2317894 | 431,162 |
1,794,702 | While most acoustic tweezers are able to manipulate a large number of objects collectively, a complementary function is to be able to manipulate a single particle within a cluster without moving adjacent objects. To achieve this goal, the acoustic trap must be localized spacially. A first approach consists in using highly focused acoustic beams. Since many particles of interest are attracted to the nodes of an acoustic field and thus expelled from the focus point, some specific wave structures combining strong focalization but with a minimum of the pressure amplitude at the focal point (surrounded by a ring of intensity to create the trap) are required to trap this type of particle. These specific conditions are met by Bessel beams of topological order larger than zero, also called "acoustical vortices". With this kind of wave structures, the 2D and 3D selective manipulation of particles has been demonstrated with an array of transducers driven by programmable electronics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42287747 | 1,793,693 |
560,399 | Michael Schumacher has often been listed as one of the greatest drivers in the history of Formula One and the "most dominant driver in the history of the sport". He is statistically the best driver, holding many records including the most world championships, most fastest laps, most points, and formerly held the record for most pole positions and most wins (both surpassed by Lewis Hamilton). He won an unprecedented seven world championship titles, firstly in 1994 and then his second in 1995. Those titles came while Schumacher was a driver for Benetton but in 1996 he left to join Ferrari, a team who were, at the time, in disarray and without a champion driver since 1979. Over the next few seasons Schumacher and Ferrari saw some success and some controversy, including his disqualification from the 1997 season. However, the combination eventually proved highly successful and Schumacher won five consecutive championships between 2000 and 2004. Many of Schumacher's records are believed unlikely to ever be surpassed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36929021 | 560,110 |
1,252,791 | The United States Food and Drug Administration has stated that it has "no reason to believe that there is any immediate or short term danger presented by 4-MeI at levels expected in food from the use of caramel coloring". The Agency describes the NTP carcinogenicity study as having been conducted at doses that "far exceed" current estimates of human exposure from the consumption of caramel coloring in foods and soft drinks. The Agency has stated that it is reviewing current exposure levels but does not recommend consumers change their diets based on concerns about 4-MeI. In response to statements by the Center for Science in the Public Interest that levels of 4-MeI in soft drinks "needlessly expose consumers to a chemical that causes cancer", an FDA spokesperson stated "[a] person would have to drink more than a thousand cans of soda in a day to match the doses administered in studies that showed links to cancer in rodents." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34345543 | 1,252,112 |
1,326,153 | A modular view of sentence processing assumes that each factor involved in sentence processing is computed in its own module, which has limited means of communication with the other modules. For example, syntactic analysis creation takes place without input from semantic analysis or context-dependent information, which are processed separately. A common assumption of modular accounts is a "feed-forward" architecture in which the output of one processing step is passed on to the next step without feedback mechanisms that would allow the output of the first module to be corrected. Syntactic processing is usually taken to be the most basic analysis step, which feeds into semantic processing and the inclusion of other information. A separate mental module parses sentences and lexical access happens first. Then, one syntactic hypothesis is considered at a time. There is no initial influence of meaning, or semantic. Sentence processing is supported by a temporo-frontal network. Within the network, temporal regions subserve aspects of identification and frontal regions the building of syntactic and semantic relations. Temporal analyses of brain activation within this network support syntax-first models because they reveal that building of syntactic structure precedes semantic processes and that these interact only during a later stage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9736729 | 1,325,426 |
696,800 | Based on this potential solution to the air defense problem, the Army Staff, supported by the Army Air Defense Artillery School at Fort Bliss, started a new study under the direction of Lieutenant Colonel Edward Hirsch. Known as the "Interim Field Army Air Defense Study", it called for a multi-layer system consisting of an adapted Sidewinder as a missile component known as the MIM-72 Chaparral, a short-range gun component using the M61 Vulcan known as the M163 VADS, and the separate AN/MPQ-49 Forward Area Alerting Radar that would support both by sending digital information to displays in those platforms. All of these would be further supported by the FIM-43 Redeye shoulder-launched missile. Although the resulting composite system would not be nearly as capable as Mauler, it could be in service much sooner and provide some cover while a more capable system developed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19633685 | 696,436 |
854,549 | The Electra communications package is a UHF software-defined radio (SDR) that provides a flexible platform for evolving relay capabilities. It is designed to communicate with other spacecraft as they approach, land, and operate on Mars. In addition to protocol controlled inter-spacecraft data links of 1 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s, Electra also provides Doppler data collection, open loop recording and a highly accurate timing service based on a 5e−13 ultra-stable oscillator. Doppler information for approaching vehicles can be used for final descent targeting or descent and landing trajectory recreation. Doppler information on landed vehicles will also enable scientists to accurately determine the surface location of Mars landers and rovers. The two Mars Exploration Rover spacecraft currently on Mars utilize an earlier generation UHF relay radio providing similar functions through the Mars Odyssey orbiter. The Electra radio has proven its functionality by relaying information to and from the MER spacecraft, "Phoenix" Mars lander and "Curiosity" Rover. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=453326 | 854,094 |
1,151,578 | Partly due to low awareness among the general population and prohibitive equipment costs, the number of licensed amateur radio operators did not increase significantly over the next two decades, numbering fewer than a thousand by 1970. CW (Morse code) and AM were the predominant modes at that time. The electronic equipment was mostly valve-based, obtained from Indian army surpluses. During the mid-1960s, the modes of operation saw a change from Amplitude Modulation to Single Side Band (SSB) as the preferred communication mode. By 1980, the number of amateur radio operators had risen to 1,500. In 1984, then Indian Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi, waived the import duty for wireless equipment. After this, the number of operators rose steadily, and by 2000 there were 10,000 licensed ham operators. As of 2007, there are more than 17,000 licensed users in India. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13547404 | 1,150,970 |
1,184,619 | The first time "Dvukratnye izyskanija" was translated to English in 1945 by famous British polar explorer Frank Debenham and was published in two volumes at the Hakluyt Society publishing house. In 2010, a facsimile edition was released. In 2008, the publishing house "" published a series of sources on the Russian Antarctic expedition. Besides the Bellingshausen's "Dvukratnye izyskanija", summary publication included Lazarev's letter addressed to N. Shestakov, diary of sailor Kiselev, abridged Simonov' notes and his "Word on success" (), and also "From the notes of marine officer" () by Novosilsky. Bulkeley published a review on this summary where he criticized its concept – it was only a repetition of Soviet publications and did not have any new critical standpoint. Bulkeley also pointed out many limitations of the publication, such as lack of Bellingshausen and Lazarev' biographies, summary map of the expedition, recount of dates following the Julian calendar, and obsolete measures, scientific bibliography, and other things). Thus, even in the 21st century, there is no published contemporary scientific volume with primary sources on the Bellingshausen and Lazarev expedition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40880361 | 1,183,991 |
443,861 | On 18 September 1992, Kawasaki was appointed by the Ministry of Defense to produce the OH-1, an indigenously designed armed observation and light attack helicopter. It was responsible for manufacturing 50 per cent of the airframe, as well as coordinating development of its rotor system; the remaining airframe elements were manufactured by Mitsubishi and Fuji. During June 1998, after finalising a production contract and receipt of an initial order earlier that year, series production of the OH-1 officially commenced. By the late 1990s, the JGSDF had announced that its plans to eventually procure between 150 and 250 OH-Xs to meet its requirements. Kawasaki has proposed multiple derivatives of the OH-1, including a utility variant intended to replace the JGSDF's fleet of Fuji-built Bell UH-1J Iroquois helicopters, and an attack-oriented version tentatively designated as the "AH-2". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16593309 | 443,646 |
1,538,461 | Achilefu is a fellow of the National Academy of Inventors as well as many professional societies, including the Royal Society of Chemistry, American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Optical Society of America, the International Society for Optics and Photonics Engineers (SPIE), the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, and the St. Louis Academy of Science. A member of the National Advisory Council for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NACBIB) and the Scientific Advisory Board of the National Cancer Institute’s intramural Molecular Imaging Program, he also serves as Editor-in-Chief of Current Analytical Chemistry and an editorial board member of many scientific publications. Dr. Achilefu is a former trustee of Loma Linda University in California. He was a member of the College of Reviewers for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and served as a member and chair of grant review panels for the NIH, the Department of Defense (DoD), and the Susan G. Komen Foundation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49003283 | 1,537,588 |
1,142,648 | He was survived by his daughter, Edith Zerbin-Rüdin, who became a psychiatric geneticist and eugenicist herself. In 1996, Zerbin-Rüdin, along with Kenneth S. Kendler, published a series of articles on his work which were criticised by others for whitewashing his racist and later Nazi ideologies and activities (Elliot S. Gershon also notes that Zerbin-Rüdin acted as defender and apologist for her father in private conversation and in a transcribed interview published in 1988). Kendler and other leading psychiatric genetic authors have been accused as recently as 2013 of producing revisionist historical accounts of Rüdin and his 'Munich School'. Three types of account have been identified: "(A) those who write about German psychiatric genetics in the Nazi period, but either fail to mention Rüdin at all, or cast him in a favorable light; (B) those who acknowledge that Rüdin helped promote eugenic sterilization and/or may have worked with the Nazis, but generally paint a positive picture of Rüdin's research and fail to mention his participation in the "euthanasia" killing program; and (C) those who have written that Rüdin committed and supported unspeakable atrocities." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814598 | 1,142,053 |
1,079,501 | In field hockey, each player carries a stick and cannot take part in the game without it. The stick for an adult is usually in the range 89–95 cm (35–38 in) long. A maximum length of 105 cm (41.3") was stipulated from 2015. The maximum permitted weight is 737 grams. The majority of players use a stick in the range 19 oz to 22 oz (538 g - 623 g). Traditionally hockey sticks were made of hickory, ash or mulberry wood with the head of the sticks being hand carved and therefore required skilled craftsmen to produce. Sticks made of wood continue to be made but the higher grade sticks are now manufactured from composite materials which were first permitted after 1992. These sticks usually contain a combination of fibreglass, aramid fiber and carbon fibre in varying proportions according to the characteristics (flexibility; stiffness; resistance to impact and abrasion) required. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7099893 | 1,078,946 |
1,612,653 | Particularly, XG is focused on the development of dynamic spectrum access (DSA) demonstration and capability as well as the evaluation of three fundamental principles, namely: the principle of "Do No Harm"; "Add Value" principle; and, DSA devices development that provide equivalent reliability and service. The first principle involves the design of DSA radios in a way that does not interfere with viable links while the second maintains that DSA radios offer positive benefit after all the overhead costs and resources are considered. In the Wireless World Research Forum of 27 October 2003, Preston Marshall, program manager of DARPA XG Program, said "The primary product of the XG program is not a new radio, but a set of advanced technologies for dynamic spectrum access." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3568143 | 1,611,748 |
206,522 | Several different Polynesian equivalents to Aquila as a whole are known. On the island of Futuna, it was called "Kau-amonga", meaning "Suspended Burden". Its name references the Futunan name for Orion's belt and sword, "Amonga". In Hawaii, Altair was called "Humu", translated to English as "to sew, to bind together parts of a fishhook." "Humu" also refers to the hole by which parts of a hook are bound together. "Humu-ma" was said to influence the astrologers. "Pao-toa" was the name for the entire constellation in the Marquesas Islands; the name meant "Fatigued Warrior". Also, Polynesian constellations incorporated the stars of modern Aquila. The Pukapuka constellation "Tolu", meaning "three", was made up of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Aquilae. Altair was commonly named among Polynesian peoples, as well. The people of Hawaii called it "Humu", the people of the Tuamotus called it "Tukituki" ("Pound with a hammer") - they named Beta Aquilae "Nga Tangata" ("The Men") - and the people of Pukapuka called Altair "Turu" and used it as a navigational star. The Māori people named Altair "Poutu-te-rangi", "Pillar of the Sky", because of its important position in their cosmology. It was used differently in different Māori calendars, being the star of February and March in one version and March and April in the other. Altair was also the star that ruled the annual sweet potato harvest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=269002 | 206,415 |
94,511 | Later research has focused on trying to bridge the disconnect between the two main views of hippocampal function as being split between memory and spatial cognition. In some studies, these areas have been expanded to the point of near convergence. In an attempt to reconcile the two disparate views, it is suggested that a broader view of the hippocampal function is taken and seen to have a role that encompasses both the organisation of experience (mental mapping, as per Tolman's original concept in 1948) and the directional behaviour seen as being involved in all areas of cognition, so that the function of the hippocampus can be viewed as a broader system that incorporates both the memory and the spatial perspectives in its role that involves the use of a wide scope of cognitive maps. This relates to the purposive behaviorism born of Tolman's original goal of identifying the complex cognitive mechanisms and purposes that guided behaviour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53948 | 94,470 |
1,706,211 | Figure 2. "A basic algorithm applying the Euler method to an individual-based model. See text for discussion. The algorithm, represented in pseudocode, begins with invocation of procedure formula_16, which uses the data structures to carry out the simulation according to the numbered steps described at the right. It repeatedly invokes function formula_17, which returns its parameter perturbed by a random number drawn from a uniform distribution with standard deviation defined by the variable formula_18. (The square root of 12 appears because the standard deviation of a uniform distribution includes that factor.) Function formula_19 in the algorithm is assumed to return a uniformly distributed random number formula_20. The data are assumed to be reset to their initial values on each invocation of formula_16." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42397902 | 1,705,253 |
782,521 | Individual genetic advantage fails to explain certain social behaviors as a result of gene-centred selection. E.O. Wilson argued that evolution may also act upon groups. The mechanisms responsible for group selection employ paradigms and population statistics borrowed from evolutionary game theory. Altruism is defined as "a concern for the welfare of others". If altruism is genetically determined, then altruistic individuals must reproduce their own altruistic genetic traits for altruism to survive, but when altruists lavish their resources on non-altruists at the expense of their own kind, the altruists tend to die out and the others tend to increase. An extreme example is a soldier losing his life trying to help a fellow soldier. This example raises the question of how altruistic genes can be passed on if this soldier dies without having any children. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27919 | 782,102 |
1,802,551 | Free-radical polymerization, where radicals are the chain carriers in the propagation of the process, accounted for 40 billion of the 110 billion pounds of polymers produced in the United States in 2001. Captodative olefins have a specific advantage of being responsive to solvent effects without the effect of destabilizing the radical. They have also shown to undergo their radical transformation spontaneously which allows them to be useful in polymerization mechanism elucidation and better understood through NMR Studies. Furthermore, captodative ethanes are initiators with unique properties giving higher molecular weight distribution and forming block copolymers through the known radical mechanisms. The polymers obtained from captodatively substituted starting materials exhibit "desirable" properties such as optical activity, differences in polarity, solvent affinity, thermal and mechanical stabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7498075 | 1,801,538 |
1,648,145 | Đikić's research focuses on deciphering molecular mechanisms of cellular signaling pathways, which have a high relevance to human diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and inflammation. Early on, he started to focus on ubiquitin to understand how this modification controls multiple cellular functions, and managed to prove a concept of ubiquitin signal recognition by specialized domains serving as specific receptors. More recently, his team has revealed the functions of linear ubiquitin chains in pathogen defense and overall immune response. He expanded his research to the field of selective autophagy, recognizing the enormous impact of the LC3/GABARAP signaling network displaying striking mechanistic similarities to ubiquitin. One major focus is on the crosstalk between autophagy and endocytic machineries, and in this context he has gained fundamental insight in autophagic processes at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER-phagy). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36871282 | 1,647,213 |
2,122,289 | The Hoosiers were joined in the 1999 men's soccer College Cup by their long-time rival and semifinal opponent, UCLA, as well as Connecticut and Santa Clara. The UCLA Bruins had stunned Indiana in exactly the same stage of the 1997 College Cup in overtime, when the Hoosiers were 23–0 and bidding for an undefeated season. And just as 1997 provided a classic game, the 1999 matchup was even more dramatic. Two second-half goals by Noonan and Lavrinenko staked the Hoosiers to a seemingly comfortable 2–0 lead, but the Bruins came storming back to tie the match. The Hoosiers surrendered their first goal of the NCAA tournament with 14 minutes left in the match, which cut their lead in half. The Bruins then knotted the match at 2–2 with 8 minutes remaining. The teams battled through the first three overtime periods, with UCLA having the better of the chances. The Bruins nearly ended the match in the third overtime when a header bounced off the post and out of the Hoosiers' goal. In the 142nd minute, and just 8 minutes from a penalty shootout, the Hoosiers finally broke through on a goal by Ryan Mack. Mack's left footed blast from the top of the 18-yard box ended the game and sent the Hoosiers to their tenth NCAA Championship match. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36858811 | 2,121,070 |
1,607,565 | Patch-clamp automation instrumentation became commercially available in 2003. Due to the initial high cost this near to 20 years old technology was originally intended to serve the biotech and pharmaceutical industries but for the last years its presence has been growing in academia and nonprofit settings, given its increasing proven technical reliability and relative accessibility in cost. A growing number of universities and other academic institutions now have laboratories and core facilities equipped with patch-clamp automated apparatuses in connection and coexisting with other associated or complementary technologies and methods. The acceptance and recognition of automation patch-clamp electrophysiology is reflected in the exponential growth of scientific literature published with results obtained with this revolutionary new technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37688150 | 1,606,660 |
240,083 | Another hypothesis suggests a more environmentally focused cause for the megafaunal extinction in Pleistocene Africa, ""The current lack of evidence (for hominin attributed extinction)" "does not preclude it from being produced in the future, though we are not optimistic that it will be. Looking to the last ∼100,000 years-a time interval encompassing massive demographic and technological change among human populations-it is clear that African megafaunal extinctions are readily explained by environmental changes (Faith, 2014). In particular, grassland herbivores disappeared following alterations in the structure, distribution, or productivity of their habitats (Faith, 2014), consistent with broader changes in herbivore community composition spanning the last 1 Myr (Faith et al., 2019)"". Environmental factors implicated in this explanation include structure, distribution and biological productivity of the environment. This explanation minimizes human impact and emphasizes environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1128035 | 239,963 |
275,557 | The view of the NCI, however, was that even this route was not practical. The group of Robert A. Holton had also pursued a practical semisynthetic production route; by late 1989, Holton's group had developed a semisynthetic route to paclitaxel with twice the yield of the Potier process. Florida State University, where Holton worked, signed a deal with Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) to license their semisynthesis and future patents. In 1992, Holton patented an improved process with an 80% yield, and BMS took the process in-house and started to manufacture paclitaxel in Ireland from 10-deacetylbaccatin isolated from the needles of the European yew. In early 1993, BMS announced that it would cease reliance on Pacific yew bark by the end of 1995, effectively terminating ecological controversy over its use. This announcement also made good their commitment to develop an alternative supply route, made to the NCI in their cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) application of 1989. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36796 | 275,408 |
1,471,708 | With this Soviet cybernetics began its journey towards legitimisation. Academician Aksel Berg, at the time Deputy Minister of Defence, authored secret reports beleaguering the deficient state of information science in the USSR, pointing towards the suppression of cybernetics as the prime culprit. Party officials allowed a small Soviet delegation to be sent to the First International Congress on Cybernetics in June 1956, who informed the Party of the extent to which USSR was "lagging behind the developed countries" in computer technology. Unfavorable descriptions of cybernetics were removed from official literature, and in 1958, the first Russian translations of Wiener were published. The first Soviet journal on cybernetics, "Проблемы кибернетики" ["Problems of Cybernetics"], was published with Lyapunov as its editor. For the 1960 First International Federation of Automatic Control, Wiener came to Russia to lecture on cybernetics at the Polytechnic Museum. He arrived to see the booked hall swarmed with scientists eager to hear his lecture, some of whom sat on aisles and stairs to hear him speak; several Soviet publications, including the formerly anti-cybernetic "Voprosy Filosofii", crammed in to get interviews from Wiener. In the Krushchev Thaw, Soviet cybernetics had not only been legitimised as a science, but had entered the vogue in Soviet academia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54974049 | 1,470,879 |
1,535,227 | The method was pioneered by John Walton in 1928 as a method to derive serial thin-sections without the time, expense and lost material incurred by dissolving the rock. An improvement on the method, using gelatine (with glycerin and formalin) instead of cellulose, was reported in 1930, and is especially suitable for larger samples. This solution-based method was largely superseded by the use of pre-formed sheets of film, similar to those used in overhead transparencies; cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate can be used, although the latter is preferable. By wetting the reverse surface of the film with acetate, the film becomes more labile and makes a better contact with the material. The peel can be washed in acid to remove any remaining matrix before mounting onto a slide with resin for further study. The method is somewhat destructive, as the acid etching used to remove the rock matrix can also destroy some finer detail; the fizzing caused by the reaction of the acid with the matrix breaks up less-robust cellular material. A second peel without further etching, a "rip peel", will remove any cell walls that are parallel to the surface, and would otherwise be destroyed when subjected to acid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65029937 | 1,534,359 |
32,225 | Instructions are also embedded in fonts to tell the operating system how to properly output different character sequences. A simple solution to the placement of combining marks or diacritics is assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left sidebearing (depending on the direction of the script they are intended to be used with). A mark handled this way will appear over whatever character precedes it, but will not adjust its position relative to the width or height of the base glyph; it may be visually awkward and it may overlap some glyphs. Real stacking is impossible, but can be approximated in limited cases (for example, Thai top-combining vowels and tone marks can just be at different heights to start with). Generally this approach is only effective in monospaced fonts, but may be used as a fallback rendering method when more complex methods fail. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31742 | 32,213 |
2,153,108 | Wang was born in October 1962. He received his bachelor's degree and doctor's degree from Hangzhou University in 1984 and 1990, respectively. After graduating, he joined the faculty of the university and was promoted to professor in 1992. He was director of Department of Psychology between 1994 and 1998. In 1996 he was a visiting professor at New York State University. In 1999 he joined the Microsoft Research Asia. In September 2008 he was offered a position as chief architect of Alibaba Group. In August 2012 he became chief technology officer. In October 2019, Hurun Report listed him as the 1008th richest person in China with an estimated wealth of 4.1 billion yuan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62884404 | 2,151,877 |
798,153 | The most popular caliber for automatic grenade launchers in Western nations has been 40mm. The Soviet Union successfully fielded a 30mm grenade launcher, the AGS-17, during its war in Afghanistan. In 2002, Russia introduced a successor weapon, the AGS-30, and in 2017, the AGS-40 Balkan. Traditional munitions for automatic grenade launchers include high explosive, fragmentation, and shaped charge for attacking light armored vehicles. Less lethal rounds, like tear gas and sponge grenades for crowd control, have also been made. In the 21st century, AGLs have been made with integrated sight/range systems which can set a fused round to detonate precisely on, above, or behind a designated target. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7086377 | 797,728 |
1,765,125 | The use of exogenous DNA to transform cells has spawned the discipline of transgenesis: the use of recombinant DNA techniques to introduce new characters into organisms, mainly through transgenes. A transgene is an introduced DNA segment that be used to encode a gene in its host animal. Biologists uses transgenesis as a tool to breed genetically modified, or transgenic animals that provide a wide range of uses. These include the study of developmental genetics, disease processes and gene regulation. For example, transgenic farm animals can produce human pharmaceuticals alongside increased milk or meat production. Tissues and organs from transgenic animals can also be used in transfusions and transplants with a lesser chance of immune rejection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5398797 | 1,764,132 |
1,020,556 | Classical formulation of continuous Hopfield Networks can be understood as a special limiting case of the modern Hopfield networks with one hidden layer. Continuous Hopfield Networks for neurons with graded response are typically described by the dynamical equations and the energy function where formula_103, and formula_104 is the inverse of the activation function formula_105. This model is a special limit of the class of models that is called models A, with the following choice of the Lagrangian functions that, according to the definition (), leads to the activation functions If we integrate out the hidden neurons the system of equations () reduces to the equations on the feature neurons () with formula_106, and the general expression for the energy () reduces to the effective energy While the first two terms in equation () are the same as those in equation (), the third terms look superficially different. In equation () it is a Legendre transform of the Lagrangian for the feature neurons, while in () the third term is an integral of the inverse activation function. Nevertheless, these two expressions are in fact equivalent, since the derivatives of a function and its Legendre transform are inverse functions of each other. The easiest way to see that these two terms are equal explicitly is to differentiate each one with respect to formula_107. The results of these differentiations for both expressions are equal to formula_108. Thus, the two expressions are equal up to an additive constant. This completes the proof that the classical Hopfield Network with continuous states is a special limiting case of the modern Hopfield network () with energy (). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1170097 | 1,020,029 |
1,888,425 | In the women's race, Sarah Haskins led the women's field coming out of the water with Helen Jenkins next, down 20 seconds, and Paula Findlay a minute behind. Haskins and Jenkins broke away on the bike but were unable to sustain a 40-second first lap lead before being caught on the fourth lap by a chase group of 19. On the run, the race came down to Findlay, Jenkins and Sarah Groff with Jenkins losing out to Findlay once again, finishing second. With the win, Findlay became the most successful woman in the series' three-year history with five wins. It was the Canadian's third consecutive win on the 2011 series. Elsewhere, Emma Moffatt, who fell behind the lead group on the bike, caught up to the field on the run to finish fourth. Ai Ueda had a strong run performance, passing most of the field en route to seventh-place finish. In the overall standings, Findlay had a perfect score and was approximately 500 points ahead of Díaz, Hewitt, Bennett and Jenkins who rounded out the top five. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29804819 | 1,887,342 |
1,214,328 | Since the middle of the 2000s, a series of studies has been conducted by French researchers of Paris 13 University to propose a new approach to hypoventilation training. Dr Xavier Woorons and his team hypothesized that if breath holdings were carried out with the lungs half-full of air, rather than full of air as performed so far, it would be possible to significantly reduce body oxygenation. The results that were published confirmed the hypotheses. They demonstrated that through hypoventilation at low lung volume, that is the exhale-hold technique, it was possible, without leaving sea level, to decrease O concentrations in the blood and in the muscles at levels corresponding to altitudes above 2000 m. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41621156 | 1,213,676 |
142,543 | A similar concern arose during the Chernobyl disaster: after the reactor was destroyed, a liquid corium mass from the melting core began to breach the concrete floor of the reactor vessel, which was situated above the bubbler pool (a large water reservoir for emergency pumps, also designed to safely contain steam pipe ruptures). The RBMK-type reactor had no allowance or planning for core meltdowns, and the imminent interaction of the core mass with the bubbler pool would have produced a considerable steam explosion, increasing the spread and magnitude of the radioactive plume. It was therefore necessary to drain the bubbler pool before the corium reached it. The initial explosion, however, had broken the control circuitry which allowed the pool to be emptied. Three station workers volunteered to manually operate the valves necessary to drain this pool, and later images of the corium mass in the pipes of the bubbler pool's basement reinforced the prudence of their actions. (Despite the extreme risk of their mission, all three workers long outlived the incident: one died in 2005 of heart failure, and the other two remained alive as of 2015.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=162498 | 142,485 |
2,239,043 | The International Atomic Energy Agency was founded in 1957 as nuclear energy was continuing to be developed, and governments and their people had growing concerns about the potential of nuclear energy threats around the world. The headquarters were installed in Vienna, Austria. Since 1957 the IAEA has implemented additional offices in Toronto, Canada, Tokyo, Japan, New York City, United States of America, and Geneva, Switzerland. The goal of the International Atomic Energy Agency is to maintain nuclear technology around the world in a safe, controlled and peaceful manner. The organization works alongside the United Nations to meet their goals and maintain their desired level of security. The database, known as the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Information System (NFCIS) is also maintained by the IAEA. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6728636 | 2,237,772 |
1,062,905 | Eugène Viollet-le-Duc advocated different architectural forms for different materials. This is especially important in space architecture. The mass constraints with launching push engineers to find ever lighter materials with adequate material properties. Moreover, challenges unique to the orbital space environment, such as rapid thermal expansion due to abrupt changes in solar exposure, and corrosion caused by particle and atomic oxygen bombardment, require unique materials solutions. Just as the industrial age produced new materials and opened up new architectural possibilities, advances in materials technology will change the prospects of space architecture. Carbon-fiber is already being incorporated into space hardware because of its high strength-to-weight ratio. Investigations are underway to see whether carbon-fiber or other composite materials will be adopted for major structural components in space. The architectural principle that champions using the most appropriate materials and leaving their nature unadorned is called truth to materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23516569 | 1,062,351 |
781,974 | The segmental gears described in "The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices", published by Al-Jazari shortly before his death in 1206, appeared 100 years later in the most advanced European clocks. Al-Jazari also published instructions on the construction of humanoid automata. The first water clocks modeled on Arabic designs were constructed in Europe about 1000 CE, possibly on the basis of the information that was transmitted during Muslim-Christian contact in Sicily and Spain. Among the first recorded European water clocks is that of Gerbert of Aurillac, built in 985 CE. Hero's works on automata were translated into Latin amid the 12th century Renaissance. The early 13th-century artist-engineer Villard de Honnecourt sketched plans for several automata. At the end of the 13th century, Robert II, Count of Artois, built a pleasure garden at his castle at Hesdin that incorporated a number of robots, humanoid and animal. Automated bellstrikers, called jacquemart, became popular in Europe in the 14th century alongside mechanical clocks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13946920 | 781,555 |
1,366,951 | The first stage of the filtration process extracts physical properties for all stimuli in parallel manner. The second stage was claimed to be of limited capacity, and so this is where the selective filter was believed to reside in order to protect from a sensory processing overload. Based upon the physical properties extracted at the initial stage, the filter would allow only those stimuli possessing certain criterion features (e.g., pitch, loudness, location) to pass through. According to Broadbent, any information not being attended to would be filtered out, and should be processed only insofar as the physical qualities necessitated by the filter. Since selection was sensitive to physical properties alone, this was thought to be the reason why people possessed so little knowledge regarding the contents of an unattended message. All higher level processing, such as the extraction of meaning, happens post-filter. Thus, information on the unattended channel should not be comprehended. As a consequence, events such as hearing one's own name when not paying attention should be an impossibility since this information should be filtered out before you can process its meaning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33980253 | 1,366,195 |
2,010,208 | The most important field is Yangbajain Geothermal Field, with eight double flash units for a total capacity of 24 MW, fueled from a water dominated shallow reservoir at 140 °C – 160 °C with 18 wells of average depth 200 m. The field extension is only 4 km, although there are clear indications of a total thermal anomaly of 15 km. The annual energy production is approximately 100 GW·h, about 30% of the needs of the Tibetan capital, Lhasa. A deep reservoir has been discovered beneath the shallow Yangbajing field. It is characterized by high temperatures (250–330 °C has been measured at 1,500–1,800 m depth). The field potential is estimated at about 50–90 MW. It is still un-exploited. A 2,500 m deep well has been drilled in 2004, reaching the deep reservoir at 1,000–1,300 m. Its evaluation is ongoing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20199345 | 2,009,056 |
86,542 | Neon is a chemical element with the symbol Ne and atomic number 10. It is a noble gas. Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions, with about two-thirds the density of air. It was discovered (along with krypton and xenon) in 1898 as one of the three residual rare inert elements remaining in dry air, after nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide were removed. Neon was the second of these three rare gases to be discovered and was immediately recognized as a new element from its bright red emission spectrum. The name neon is derived from the Greek word, , neuter singular form of (), meaning 'new'. Neon is chemically inert, and no uncharged neon compounds are known. The compounds of neon currently known include ionic molecules, molecules held together by van der Waals forces and clathrates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21273 | 86,508 |
1,454,358 | When trying to find out whether two square matrices "A" and "B" are similar, one approach is to try, for each of them, to decompose the vector space as far as possible into a direct sum of stable subspaces, and compare the respective actions on these subspaces. For instance if both are diagonalizable, then one can take the decomposition into eigenspaces (for which the action is as simple as it can get, namely by a scalar), and then similarity can be decided by comparing eigenvalues and their multiplicities. While in practice this is often a quite insightful approach, there are various drawbacks this has as a general method. First, it requires finding all eigenvalues, say as roots of the characteristic polynomial, but it may not be possible to give an explicit expression for them. Second, a complete set of eigenvalues might exist only in an extension of the field one is working over, and then one does not get a proof of similarity over the original field. Finally "A" and "B" might not be diagonalizable even over this larger field, in which case one must instead use a decomposition into generalized eigenspaces, and possibly into Jordan blocks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1087818 | 1,453,538 |
1,687,646 | On February 26, 2006, the Trine Prospective Chapter was disbanded for a second time due to low membership numbers. Also in February of that year, the Kappa Chapter was deactivated due to waning membership. The 2006 Convention was held jointly with Sigma Phi Delta Engineering Fraternity in Chicago, IL. During that convention the IEB structure was changed again to modify the duties of the Vice President to include outreach to other Greek and Engineering Organizations and learning the duties of the President, to transfer the Vice President duty of expansion to the Director of Expansion, and to add the Director of Publications to oversee all of the Sorority’s publications including the website, newsletter, and standardization of materials. Regions and Regional Advisors were added to the Interchapter Relations Officer’s (ICR) realm of responsibility. Each Chapter was placed into a region to be overseen directly by a Regional Advisor (RA), with RAs reporting directly to the ICR. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6800233 | 1,686,700 |
301,673 | Aquaponic systems do not typically discharge or exchange water under normal operation, but instead, recirculate and reuse water very effectively. The system relies on the relationship between the animals and the plants to maintain a stable aquatic environment that experience a minimum of fluctuation in ambient nutrient and oxygen levels. Plants are able to recover dissolved nutrients from the circulating water, meaning that less water is discharged and the water exchange rate can be minimized. Water is added only to replace water loss from absorption and transpiration by plants, evaporation into the air from surface water, overflow from the system from rainfall, and removal of biomass such as settled solid wastes from the system. As a result, aquaponics uses approximately 2% of the water that a conventionally irrigated farm requires for the same vegetable production. This allows for aquaponic production of both crops and fish in areas where water or fertile land is scarce. Aquaponic systems can also be used to replicate controlled wetland conditions. Constructed wetlands can be useful for biofiltration and treatment of typical household sewage. The nutrient-filled overflow water can be accumulated in catchment tanks, and reused to accelerate growth of crops planted in soil, or it may be pumped back into the aquaponic system to top up the water level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=466801 | 301,512 |
1,798,283 | In order to address the shortcomings of the Type 88 75 mm AA gun, the Army Technical Bureau developed a larger version with superior range, designated the Type 3. It was one of the few weapons in the Japanese inventory capable of reaching the USAAF B-29 Superfortress bombers that were attacking cities and other targets in the Japanese home islands. However, despite its superior range and firepower, the Type 3 gun could not be produced in sufficient quantities to be truly effective, due to costs, lack of raw materials and damage to Japan's industrial infrastructure by Allied air raids. Only 120 units were completed before production was discontinued, although the units produced continued to be used until the surrender of Japan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1845208 | 1,797,274 |
319,600 | Diagnostic tests in nuclear medicine exploit the way that the body handles substances differently when there is disease or pathology present. The radionuclide introduced into the body is often chemically bound to a complex that acts characteristically within the body; this is commonly known as a tracer. In the presence of disease, a tracer will often be distributed around the body and/or processed differently. For example, the ligand methylene-diphosphonate (MDP) can be preferentially taken up by bone. By chemically attaching technetium-99m to MDP, radioactivity can be transported and attached to bone via the hydroxyapatite for imaging. Any increased physiological function, such as due to a fracture in the bone, will usually mean increased concentration of the tracer. This often results in the appearance of a "hot spot", which is a focal increase in radio accumulation or a general increase in radio accumulation throughout the physiological system. Some disease processes result in the exclusion of a tracer, resulting in the appearance of a "cold spot". Many tracer complexes have been developed to image or treat many different organs, glands, and physiological processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=347838 | 319,428 |
1,000,953 | In 1927 at Bell Labs, Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer fired slow moving electrons at a crystalline nickel target. The angular dependence of the reflected electron intensity was measured and was determined to have the same diffraction pattern as those predicted by Bragg for X-rays. At the same time George Paget Thomson independently demonstrated the same effect firing electrons through metal films to produce a diffraction pattern, and Davisson and Thomson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1937. The Davisson–Germer experiment confirmed the de Broglie hypothesis that matter has wave-like behavior. This, in combination with the Compton effect discovered by Arthur Compton (who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1927), established the wave–particle duality hypothesis which was a fundamental step in quantum theory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1828131 | 1,000,435 |
884,742 | The black HRSI tiles provided protection against temperatures up to . There were 20,548 HRSI tiles which covered the landing gear doors, external tank umbilical connection doors, and the rest of the orbiter's under surfaces. They were also used in areas on the upper forward fuselage, parts of the orbital maneuvering system pods, vertical stabilizer leading edge, elevon trailing edges, and upper body flap surface. They varied in thickness from , depending upon the heat load encountered during reentry. Except for closeout areas, these tiles were normally square. The HRSI tile was composed of high purity silica fibers. Ninety percent of the volume of the tile was empty space, giving it a very low density () making it light enough for spaceflight. The uncoated tiles were bright white in appearance and looked more like a solid ceramic than the foam-like material that they were. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2230989 | 884,278 |
494,088 | Medical writing as a function became established in the pharmaceutical, medical device industry and Contract Research Organizations (CROs) because the industry recognized that it requires special skill to produce well-structured documents that present information clearly and concisely. All new drugs go through the increasingly complex process of clinical trials and regulatory procedures that lead to market approval. This demand for the clear articulation of medical science, drives the demand for well written, standards-compliant documents that medical professionals can easily and quickly read and understand. Similarly, medical institutions engage in translational research, and some medical writers have experience offering writing support to the principal investigators for grant applications and specialized publications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3045072 | 493,833 |
1,053,543 | In printing, type metal refers to the metal alloys used in traditional typefounding and hot metal typesetting. Historically, type metal was an alloy of lead, tin and antimony in different proportions depending on the application, be it individual character mechanical casting for hand setting, mechanical line casting or individual character mechanical typesetting and stereo plate casting. The proportions used are in the range: lead 50‒86%, antimony 11‒30% and tin 3‒20%. Antimony and tin are added to lead for durability while reducing the difference between the coefficients of expansion of the matrix and the alloy. Apart from durability, the general requirements for type-metal are that it should produce a true and sharp cast, and retain correct dimensions and form after cooling down. It should also be easy to cast, at reasonable low melting temperature, iron should not dissolve in the molten metal, and mould and nozzles should stay clean and easy to maintain. Today, Monotype machines can utilize a wide range of different alloys. Mechanical linecasting equipment uses alloys that are close to eutectic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=159441 | 1,052,997 |
525,810 | In 1975 in the US, the Federal Judicial Center started the COURTRAN project for the electronic recording of court records. This was initially used for criminal cases, but later was adapted for managing civil cases. COURTRAN was replaced by the Integrated Case Management System in the mid 1980s. The Legal Information Institute was set up in 1992, at Cornell University with the aim of making law more accessible, and began providing access to US supreme court decisions. Development of the PACER to nationwide access to court records, began in 1990 and by the mid 1990s, 180 federal courts were offering fee based access to court records via dial-up internet access. The E-Government Act of 2002 limited the fees to only the extent necessary. The Open Courts Act of 2020 set out a plan to make PACER free to use by 2025. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46550108 | 525,537 |
732,545 | In the 1980s, the Dutch government began introducing proxy species in the Oostvaardersplassen nature reserve, an area covering over , in order to recreate a grassland ecology. This happened in line with Vera's proposal that grazing animals played a significant role in the shaping of European landscapes before the Neolithic, the wood-pasture hypothesis. Though not explicitly referred to as rewilding, nevertheless many of the goals and intentions of the project were in line with those of rewilding. The reserve is considered somewhat controversial due to the lack of predators and other native megafauna such as wolves, bears, lynx, elk, boar, and wisent. Between 800 and 1150 Konik ponies live in the Oostvaardersplassen. The horses were reintroduced together with Heck cattle and red deer to keep the landscape open by natural grazing. This provided habitat for geese who are key species in the wetlands of the area. The grazing of geese made it possible for reedbeds to remain and therefore conserved many protected birds species. This is a prime example how water and land ecosystems are connected and how reintroducing keystone species can conserve other protected species. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20690782 | 732,158 |
14,145 | In April 1966, Feynman delivered an address to the National Science Teachers Association, in which he suggested how students could be made to think like scientists, be open-minded, curious, and especially, to doubt. In the course of the lecture, he gave a definition of science, which he said came about by several stages. The evolution of intelligent life on planet Earth—creatures such as cats that play and learn from experience. The evolution of humans, who came to use language to pass knowledge from one individual to the next, so that the knowledge was not lost when an individual died. Unfortunately, incorrect knowledge could be passed down as well as correct knowledge, so another step was needed. Galileo and others started doubting the truth of what was passed down and to investigate "ab initio", from experience, what the true situation was—this was science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25523 | 14,140 |
958,373 | Many electrical properties of networks of components (inductors, capacitors, resistors) may be expressed using S-parameters, such as gain, return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), reflection coefficient and amplifier stability. The term 'scattering' is more common to optical engineering than RF engineering, referring to the effect observed when a plane electromagnetic wave is incident on an obstruction or passes across dissimilar dielectric media. In the context of S-parameters, scattering refers to the way in which the traveling currents and voltages in a transmission line are affected when they meet a discontinuity caused by the insertion of a network into the transmission line. This is equivalent to the wave meeting an impedance differing from the line's characteristic impedance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972332 | 957,867 |
350,303 | Before Apollo 1's planned launch on February 21, 1967, the Command Module interior caught fire and burned on January 27, 1967, during a pre-launch test on Launch Pad 34 at Cape Kennedy. Astronauts Grissom, White, and Chaffee, who were working inside the closed Command Module, were asphyxiated. The fire's ignition source was found to be damaged wiring. Their deaths were attributed to a wide range of lethal hazards in the early CSM design and conditions of the test, including a pressurized 100 percent oxygen prelaunch atmosphere, wiring and plumbing flaws, flammable materials used in the cockpit and in the astronauts' flight suits, and an inward-opening hatch that could not be opened quickly in an emergency and not at all with full internal pressure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36592 | 350,120 |
1,723,062 | Lyme disease is the most common tickborne disease throughout the United States and Europe with an estimated 476,000 cases in Europe and 200,000 cases in the United States per year. Recently, studies have concluded that there is an increased risk of Lyme disease in Southern Canada due to the home range expansion of the tick vector "Ixodes scapularis," which is responsible for carrying the disease. Climate change creates milder winters and extended Spring and Autumn seasons. This creates hospitable habitats for ticks thrive at higher latitudes (where they are normally not found). Human infections of Lyme disease have been increasingly prominent in certain southern parts of Canadian provinces such as Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, and Nova Scotia. According to Canadian published studies, other environmental factors are contributing to the expansion of the "Ixodes scapularis" home range which include the introduction of the vector through migratory birds and density of deer populations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59716835 | 1,722,092 |
1,342,514 | MIT added $25,000 in support in 1912 from the estate of Edward and Caroline Whitney to build a more permanent facility. The first instruments were housed in a cellar next to the Volcano House called the Whitney Laboratory of Seismology. Inmates from a nearby prison camp had excavated through of volcanic ash. Massive reinforced concrete walls supported a small building built on top of the structure. Professor Fusakichi Omori of Japan, now best known for his study of aftershocks, designed the original seismometers. This seismograph vault (building number 29 on a site inventory) is state historic site 10-52-5506, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 24, 1974 as site 74000292. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=885243 | 1,341,780 |
660,896 | Related explorations go on in virtual realities (VR), which make extensive use of patchwork heuristics to crudely simulate immersive and convincing physical environments, albeit at a maximal speed of seventeen times slower than "real" time, limited by the optical crystal computing technology used at the time of the story. Larger VR environments, covering a greater internal volume in greater detail, are cost-prohibitive even though VR worlds are computed selectively for inhabitants, reducing redundancy and extraneous objects and places to the minimal details required to provide a convincing experience to those inhabitants; for example, a mirror not being looked at would be reduced to a reflection value, with details being "filled in" as necessary if its owner were to turn their model-of-a-head towards it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=272323 | 660,551 |
810,823 | Loomis and DuBridge recruited physicists for the new laboratory at an Applied Nuclear Physics conference at MIT in October 1940. Among those who volunteered was Rabi. His assignment was to study the magnetron, which was so secret that it had to be kept in a safe. The Radiation Laboratory scientists set their sights on producing a microwave radar set by January 6, 1941, and having a prototype installed in a Douglas A-20 Havoc by March. This was done; the technological obstacles were gradually overcome, and a working US microwave radar set was produced. The magnetron was further developed on both sides of the Atlantic to permit a reduction in wavelength from 150 cm to 10 cm, and then to 3 cm. The laboratory went on to develop air-to-surface radar to detect submarines, the SCR-584 radar for fire control, and LORAN, a long-range radio navigation system. At Rabi's instigation, a branch of the Radiation Laboratory was located at Columbia, with Rabi in charge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=196999 | 810,391 |
1,976,219 | While at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Majumder joined HealthMap, a team of researchers, epidemiologists, and software developers at Boston Children's Hospital that utilizes freely available electronic data to perform real-time disease outbreak monitoring and surveillance. There, she used local news reports to track epidemics such as measles and mumps and modeling the effects of vaccination rates on their spread, using a combination of mathematical modeling and surveillance data. In 2015, she published a report that found that linked the ongoing measles outbreak in Anaheim, California, which started some time in December 2014, to a lack of vaccination. She reported that the vaccination rate was somewhere between 50 and 86 percent—well below the ideal rate of 96 percent needed to confer herd immunity to the population. In 2016, she used reporting by the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette to track the August 2016 mumps outbreak in Arkansas. She and her colleagues estimated that the vaccination rate of the MMR vaccine may have been as low as 70 percent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63513670 | 1,975,081 |
449,679 | Stereotype threat may contribute to the under-representation of women in engineering. Because engineering is a traditionally male-dominated field, women may be less confident about their abilities, even when performing equally. At a young age, girls do not express the same level of interest in engineering as boys, possibly due in part to gender stereotypes. There is also significant evidence of the remaining presence of implicit bias against female engineers, due to the belief that men are mathematically superior and better suited to engineering jobs. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) shows that people subconsciously connect men with science and women with art, according to the results from over half a million people around the world between 1998 and 2010. This unconscious stereotype also has negative impact on the performance for women. Women who persist are able to overcome these difficulties, enabling them to find fulfilling and rewarding experiences in the engineering profession. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35424118 | 449,460 |
1,969,858 | The crystal structure has been determined for the biotin carboxylase (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) of "Escherichia coli", but the eukaryotic B.C. is difficult to obtain info on as it is catalytically inactive in solution. "E. coli" biotin carboxylase is composed of two homogenous dimers made up of 3 domains: A, B, and C. It is believed that the B domain of each monomer is essential to the function of this enzyme, as there is extreme flexibility of this domain seen in the crystal structure. Upon binding of the ATP substrate, a conformational change occurs where the B domain essentially closes over the active site. While this change is thought to bring ATP within close enough proximity for the reaction to occur, the active site was still solvent exposed. Because of this anomaly in the crystal structure, it is believed that the attachment of biotin to BCCP aids in this reaction pathway, essentially covering biotin within the active site, as evidence shows free biotin is not as great of a substrate for this enzyme when compared to biotin-BCCP. A C-terminal conserved domain within this enzyme contains most of the active site residues. The Glu and Arg are highly conserved residues among this subclass of enzymes, and work to stabilize the reaction intermediates and keep them within the active site pocket until the carboxylation is complete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14285702 | 1,968,724 |
1,361,643 | From 2001 to the present day, British cycling has greatly improved its standing in world track cycling and is now considered a dominant force in cycling. In 2001, two key members of staff were appointed, with Dave Brailsford becoming Performance Director for the World Class Performance Programme and Heiko Salzwedel joining as National Track Manager. In July 2002 the Talent Team programme was launched, which aimed to discover new riders through working with schools: riders identified through the initiative who have enjoyed success at the highest level include Dani Rowe, Laura Kenny, Peter Kennaugh, Elinor Barker and Lizzie Deignan. After a disappointing performance at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, the squad bounced back at the Track World Championships, where they finished second in the medal table with three gold medals. That year also saw the appointment of Shane Sutton in Manchester, having previously been Welsh national coach. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1052782 | 1,360,890 |
1,895,446 | For his work, Vince has received recognition from several avenues. He was elected as the Fellow of AAAS by The American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2000. He was inducted into the Medicinal Chemistry Hall of Fame of the American Chemical Society in 2007. Vince was awarded Honorary Doctorate of Science Degree by his alma mater SUNY Buffalo, and the prestigious Imbach Townsend Award by the International Society for Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids, in 2010. The same year, Minnesota Inventor’s Congress inducted him into Minnesota Inventors Hall of Fame, along with Nobel laureate Dr. Norman Borlaug (posthumously). In 2011, he was inducted into Minnesota Science & Technology Hall of Fame. In 2017, the New York State Senate adopted a legislative resolution commending him upon the occasion of his designation as a 2017 Inductee into the Auburn Alumni Hall of Distinction. He was honored at the National Academy of Inventors (NAI) Annual Conference as an NAI Fellow in 2018, and recently was selected for the Innovation Impact Case Award (2022). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43940531 | 1,894,362 |
1,849,450 | In the social tagging case, as long as users share a similar understanding of the contents of the information resources, the fact that the information value of tag-document decreases (that humans have more words in their languages) does not imply that it will always be harder to find relevant information (similarly, the fact that there are an increasing number words in human languages does not mean that communication becomes less effective). However, it does point to the notion that one needs to effectively present these semantic structures in the information system so that people can effectively interpret the semantics of the tagged documents. Intelligent techniques based on statistical models of language, such as latent semantic analysis and the probabilistic topics model, could potentially overcome this vocabulary problem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24574814 | 1,848,392 |
709,891 | The characteristic of placentas being very evolutionary distinct organs between different species has been suggested to result from the co-option of ERV enhancers. Regulatory mutations, instead of mutations in genes that encode for hormones and growth factors, support the known evolution of placental morphology, especially since the majority of hormone and growth factor genes are expressed in response to pregnancy, not during placental development. Researchers studied the regulatory landscape of placental development between the rat and mouse, two closely related species. This was done by mapping all regulatory elements of the rat trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) and comparing them to their orthologs in mouse TSCs. TSCs were observed because they reflect the initial cells that develop in the fetal placenta. Regardless of their tangible similarities, enhancer and repressed regions were mostly species-specific. However, most promoter sequences were conserved between mouse and rat. In conclusion to their study, researchers proposed that ERVs influenced species-specific placental evolution through mediation of placental growth, immunosuppression, and cell fusion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311903 | 709,520 |
851,479 | When Mawson finally made it back to Cape Denison, the ship "Aurora" had left only a few hours before. It was recalled by wireless communication, only to have bad weather thwart the rescue effort. Mawson and six men who had remained behind to look for him wintered a second year until December 1913. In Mawson's book "Home of the Blizzard", he describes his experiences. His party, and those at the Western Base, had explored large areas of the Antarctic coast, describing its geology, biology and meteorology, and more closely defining the location of the South Magnetic Pole. In 1915, the Royal Geographical Society awarded him their Founder's Medal and in 1916 the American Geographical Society awarded him the David Livingstone Centenary Medal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60005 | 851,026 |
396,176 | Chapter 6 contains a famous digression in which Aristotle appears to question his "friends" who "introduced the forms". This is understood to be referring to Plato and his school, famous for what is now known as the Theory of Forms. Aristotle says that while both "the truth and one's friends" are loved, "it is a sacred thing to give the highest honor to the truth". The section is yet another explanation of why the "Ethics" will not start from first principles, which would mean starting out by trying to discuss "The Good" as a universal thing that all things called good have in common. Aristotle says that while all the different things called good do not seem to have the same name by chance, it is perhaps better to "let go for now" because this attempt at precision "would be more at home in another type of philosophic inquiry", and would not seem to be helpful for discussing how particular humans should act, in the same way that doctors do not need to philosophize over the definition of health in order to treat each case. In other words, Aristotle is insisting on the importance of his distinction between theoretical and practical philosophy, and the Nicomachean Ethics is practical. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=591767 | 395,981 |
1,554,048 | Although usually presenting with no visual or physical symptoms, some patients do experience numbness, paresthesia, burning, or tingling. This may be due to the invasive nature of MACs, which can burrow deep into underlying tissues and nerves in the face. MAC is very difficult to recognize and differentiate from other conditions. Specialists may suggest a series of tests including a biopsy, an MRI, or a CT scan. The average tumor size is less than 2 cm, however cases have been documented where tumor size exceeds 7.9 cm. While death is rare among MAC patients, it can occasionally metastasize to local lymph nodes. The 10 year overall survival rate is 86.4%, however this is exceedingly close to many 10 year survival rates of populations without MACs present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23256435 | 1,553,167 |
751,976 | The Hungarian biologist George Klein worked as a secretary for the Hungarian Jewish Council in Síp Street, Budapest, when he was a teenager. In late May or early June 1944, his boss, Dr. Zoltán Kohn, showed him a carbon copy of the Vrba–Wetzler report in Hungarian and said he should tell only close family and friends. Klein had heard Jews mention the term "Vernichtungslager" (extermination camp), but it had seemed like a myth. "I immediately believed the report because it made sense," he wrote in 2011. " ... The dry, factual, nearly scientific language, the dates, the numbers, the maps and the logic of the narrative coalesced into a solid and inexorable structure." Klein told his uncle, who asked how Klein could believe such nonsense: "I and others in the building in Síp Street must have lost our minds under the pressure." It was the same with other relatives and friends: middle-aged men with property and family did not believe it, while the younger ones wanted to act. In October that year, when the time came for Klein to board a train to Auschwitz, he ran instead. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5043162 | 751,574 |
1,946,894 | Seward was born in Lancaster. His first education was at Lancaster Grammar School and he then went on to St John's College, Cambridge, intending to fulfil parents' wish that he would dedicate his life to the Church. His boyhood interest in botany and zoology soon resurfaced, helped along by inspiring lectures from William Crawford Williamson. His aptitude soon became apparent and he was appointed lecturer in botany at Cambridge University in 1890, later becoming a tutor at Emmanuel, and still later succeeding Harry Marshall Ward as Professor of Botany, Cambridge University from 1906 to 1936. There, he became a founding member of the University of Cambridge Eugenics Society, eventually becoming its Chairman. He was joint editor (with Francis Darwin) of "More letters of Charles Darwin" (1903). He was elected as fellow of the Royal Society in 1898 and was awarded the Murchison Medal of the Geological Society of London in 1908. In 1931 Seward dismissed the notion of a biological origin of stromatolites. This rejection became known as "Seward's folly". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3232465 | 1,945,781 |
2,227,429 | sRNA162, sRNA154, sRNA41 are small non-coding RNA (sRNA) identified together with 248 other sRNA candidates by RNA sequencing in methanogenic archaeon "Methanosarcina mazei" Gö1. These sRNAs were further characterised. It was shown that sRNA162 can interact with both, a "cis-" and a "trans"-encoded mRNAs using two distinct domains. The sRNA overlaps the 5′UTR of the MM2442 mRNA and acts as a cis-encoded antisense RNA, and it also regulates MM2441 expression as a trans-encoded sRNA. It exhibits a regulatory role in the metabolic switch between methanol and trimethylamine as carbon and energy source. sRNA154, exclusively expressed under nitrogen deficiency, has a central regulatory role in nitrogen metabolism affecting nitrogenase and glutamine synthetase by masking the ribosome binding site or positively affecting transcript stability. sRNA41, highly expressed during nitrogen sufficiency, is capable to bind several ribosome binding sites independently within a polycistronic mRNA. It was proposed to inhibits translation initiation of all ACDS (acetyl-CoA decarbonylase/synthase complex) genes in N-dependent manner. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55486640 | 2,226,165 |
617,875 | Radon gas in homes is the largest source of radiation dose for most individuals and it is generally advised that the concentration be kept below 150 Bq/m³ (4 pCi/L). A recent retrospective case-control study of lung cancer risk showed substantial cancer rate reduction between 50 and 123 Bq per cubic meter relative to a group at zero to 25 Bq per cubic meter. This study is cited as evidence for hormesis, but a single study all by itself cannot be regarded as definitive. Other studies into the effects of domestic radon exposure have not reported a hormetic effect; including for example the respected "Iowa Radon Lung Cancer Study" of Field et al. (2000), which also used sophisticated radon exposure dosimetry. In addition, Darby et al. (2005) argue that radon exposure is negatively correlated with the tendency to smoke and environmental studies need to accurately control for this; people living in urban areas where smoking rates are higher usually have lower levels of radon exposure due to the increased prevalence of multi-story dwellings. When doing so, they found a significant increase in lung cancer amongst smokers exposed to radon at doses as low as 100 to 199 Bq m and warned that smoking greatly increases the risk posed by radon exposure "i.e." reducing the prevalence of smoking would decrease deaths caused by radon. However, the discussion about the opposite experimental results is still going on, especially the popular US and German studies have found some hormetic effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1106101 | 617,561 |
261,993 | The holographic principle is an axiom in string theories and a supposed property of quantum gravity that states that the description of a volume of space can be thought of as encoded on a lower-dimensional boundary to the region — such as a light-like boundary like a gravitational horizon. First proposed by Gerard 't Hooft, it was given a precise string-theory interpretation by Leonard Susskind, who combined his ideas with previous ones of 't Hooft and Charles Thorn. Leonard Susskind said, “The three-dimensional world of ordinary experience––the universe filled with galaxies, stars, planets, houses, boulders, and people––is a hologram, an image of reality coded on a distant two-dimensional surface." As pointed out by Raphael Bousso, Thorn observed in 1978 that string theory admits a lower-dimensional description in which gravity emerges from it in what would now be called a holographic way. The prime example of holography is the AdS/CFT correspondence. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14286 | 261,854 |
175,652 | Although the press conference did not receive much media attention because of a terrorist bombing elsewhere in the city, the computer received much more publicity at Boston University's Personal Computer Fair two days later. A front-page Associated Press article discussed the novelty of a large consumer-electronics company selling a home computer that could "do a payroll for up to 15 people in a small business, teach children mathematics, store your favorite recipes or keep track of an investment portfolio. It can also play cards." Six sacks of mail arrived at Tandy headquarters asking about the computer, over 15,000 people called to purchase a TRS-80—paralyzing the company switchboard—and 250,000 joined the waiting list with a $100 deposit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747 | 175,560 |
1,424,388 | Since ITT makes a causal claim that perceived threat causes prejudice, studies using an experimental design are necessary. Some researchers have taken on this task to experimentally manipulate types of realistic and perceived threat in order to examine if they cause prejudice. For example, Esses and colleagues (1998) and Esses and colleagues (2001) carried out research studies in which they manipulated the research participants’ understanding of economic threat posed by immigrants. Esses and colleagues (1998) had Canadian undergraduate student participants read one of two editorials that were written for the study. One editorial discussed a new group of immigrants with no mention of the job market while the other editorial discussed the same group and emphasized their success in finding jobs despite the scarcity of jobs in Canada. They then studied the effects of perception of economic threat, a type of realistic threat, on attitudes about immigrants and reported willingness to help immigrants. Results showed that participants that read the editorial that emphasized competition had less favorable attitudes towards immigrants and were less likely to approve of programs to empower immigrants Esses and colleagues (2001) carried out similar experiments with very similar editorials. Their results showed that participants that read articles that emphasized the tough job market had more negative attitudes towards the immigrants, were less supportive of their immigration into Canada, and were less supportive of programs to empower immigrants. The data from these research studies provide some support for the causal influence of realistic threat on prejudice against immigrants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42338264 | 1,423,586 |
42,331 | In the 1950s, the United States Navy sought a long-range, high-endurance interceptor aircraft to protect its carrier battle groups against long-range anti-ship missiles launched from Soviet jet bombers and submarines. The Navy needed a fleet air defense (FAD) fighter with a more powerful radar, and longer range missiles than the F-4 Phantom II to intercept both enemy bombers and missiles. Seeking a FAD fighter, the Navy started with the subsonic, straight-winged aircraft, the Douglas F6D Missileer in the late 1950s. The Missileer was designed to carry six long-range missiles and loiter for five hours, but would be defenseless after firing its missiles. The program was formally canceled in 1961. The Navy had tried variable geometry wings with the XF10F Jaguar, but abandoned it in the early 1950s. It was NASA's simplification which made the variable geometry wings practical. By 1960, increases in aircraft weights required improved high-lift devices, such as variable geometry wings. Variable geometry offered high speeds, and maneuverability with heavier payloads, long range, and the ability to take off and land in shorter distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=202894 | 42,316 |
742,185 | From the minute a widow maker heart attack hits, survival time ranges from minutes to several hours. Rapidly progressing symptoms should signal the need for immediate attention. Symptoms of initial onset may include nausea, shortness of breath, pain in the head, jaw, arms or chest, numbness in fingers, often of a novel but imprecise sensation which builds with irregular heart beat. Early symptoms may be mistaken for food poisoning, flu or general malaise until they intensify. A widow maker cannot kill instantly but induces cardiac arrest which may do so within 10 to 20 minutes of no circulation. A victim with no pulse or breath is still alive, living off oxygen stored in the blood and may be able to be rescued if treatment is begun promptly within this window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7193171 | 741,793 |
4,320 | Dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates of the Mesozoic Era, especially the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Other groups of animals were restricted in size and niches; mammals, for example, rarely exceeded the size of a domestic cat, and were generally rodent-sized carnivores of small prey. They have always been recognized as an extremely varied group of animals; over 900 non-avian dinosaur genera have been identified with certainty as of 2018, and the total number of genera preserved in the fossil record has been estimated at around 1850, nearly 75% of which remain to be discovered, and 1124 species by 2016. A 1995 study predicted that about 3,400 dinosaur genera ever existed, including many that would not have been preserved in the fossil record. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8311 | 4,318 |
1,010,835 | In 1962, Dr. Nemesio E. Prudente was appointed as president. He implemented numerous initiatives that greatly benefits the students such as student loans and the inclusion of the student council in the policy-making body of the college. Three years later, President Diosdado Macapagal proclaimed that the Pandacan site of the Bureau of Animal Industry (which is a slaughterhouse) to be reserved for the exclusive use of the college. In 1968, the college offered social science courses related to business education. Also, the college was granted to use and dispose the A. Mabini Campus in Santa Mesa, Manila adjoining the former site of National Development Corporation, which will eventually become the main and flagship campus of the institution. It was also awarded the title lot for its S.H. Loyola (Lepanto) Campus. As a hotbed of student activism, a handful of its students participated in the First Quarter Storm, one of the factors leading up to the declaration of Martial Law in 1972. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19391805 | 1,010,314 |
230,953 | The game's popularity spawned several variants and expansions to the core system, including "CityTech" which fleshed out urban operations, infantry, and vehicle combat, "AeroTech" which focused on air and space-based operations, and "BattleSpace" which detailed large spacecraft combat. FASA also published numerous sourcebooks, known as Technical Readouts, which featured specifications for new combat units that players could select from. However, despite the large number of such pre-designed BattleMechs, vehicles, aerospace units and other military hardware, the creators also established a system of custom design rules, enabling players to generate their own units and field them in combat. In addition to game rule books, FASA published several background books detailing the history, political and social structures of various factions in the game, including all five Great Houses of the inner sphere, ComStar, the Periphery States and the fallen Star League. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=206330 | 230,835 |
1,581,891 | In interactive multicast at the data link or network layer, such as IP multicast, Ethernet multicast or MBMS service over cellular network, receivers may join and leave the group using an interaction channel. Only one copy of the data is sent from the source, and multiple copies are created and then sent to the desired recipient by the network infrastructure nodes. In for example IP multicast, a multicast group is identified by a class D IP address. A host enters or exits a group using IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol). A message sent via multicast is sent to all nodes on the network, but only the intended nodes accept the multicast frames. Multicasting is useful in situations such as video conferencing and online gaming. Multicast was used originally in LANs, with Ethernet being the best example. A problem with multicast communication is that it is difficult to guarantee that only designated receivers receive the data being sent. This is largely because multicast groups are always changing; users come and go at any time. A solution to the problem of ensuring that only the chosen recipient obtains the data is known as multicast encryption. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31679498 | 1,581,001 |
293,067 | A 2010 study on rats found that bradykinin plays a key role in the development of DOMS, using HOE 140, a bradykinin receptor B2 antagonist. Bradykinin is an inflammatory peptide released during exercise, and is involved in upregulating via B2 receptors nerve growth factor, which the study found served to maintain the pain by sensitizing muscular thin-fiber afferents, the majority of which were Group C nerve fibers. The development of muscular mechanical hyperalgesia was completely suppressed when administering HOE 140 into the extensor digitorum longus muscles of the rats' hindlimbs shortly before eccentric exercise, but was unaffected when the antagonist was given two days after. Bradykinin receptor B1 antagonists failed to suppress the hyperalgesia at all. Similarly, a dose of 10 μg of anti-NGF antibodies injected intramuscularly six hours after eccentric exercise prevented DOMS, but did not reverse it when given two days after. However, a triple dose reversed existing hyperalgesia by about 70% in three to four hours. Notably, injecting bradykinin into the EDL muscle alone and without concentric exercise did not induce hyperalgesia, suggesting that bradykinin is essential, yet not satisfactory, for NGF upregulation and persistent hyperalgesia after eccentric exercise. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=805912 | 292,909 |
632,726 | Stress causes alterations of cerebral circulation, increasing blood flow in the supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus of the parietal lobe, the frontal lobe, and the superior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere. Also, an increase in cardiac activity and change in the tonus of the heart vessels occurs, which is an elementary indication of stress development. In patients with normal stress, an adaptive fight-or-flight response is usually triggered by sympathetic nervous system activation. Hypokinesia patients experience these typical stress symptoms on a regular basis because of damage to the basal ganglia system. Therefore, when a hypokinesia victim is under stress, he or she does not display a typical fight-or-flight response, placing the patient under greater danger from potentially harmful stimuli. Low-impact exercise, elimination of drug and alcohol use, and regular meditation can help to restore normal stress responses in hypokinesia patients. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2264507 | 632,388 |
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