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708,128 | Reconsolidation experiments are more difficult to run than typical consolidation experiments as disruption of a previously consolidated memory must be shown to be specific to the reactivation of the original memory trace. Furthermore, it is important to demonstrate that the vulnerability of reactivation occurs in a limited time frame, which can be assessed by delaying infusion till six hours after reactivation. It is also useful to show that the behavioral measure used to assess disruption of memory is not just due to task impairment caused by the procedure, which can be demonstrated by testing control groups in absence of the original learning. Finally, it is important to rule out alternative explanations, such as extinction learning by lengthening the reactivation phase. There have also been concerns about the use of reconsolidation research to justify psychotherapy treatments, and the generalizability of basic reconsolidation research into the therapy room | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21312297 | 707,759 |
514,058 | Frequent bad weather and increased air traffic congestion at Wright-Patterson often prevented students from completing their course work on time. In addition, most USAAF airplanes were by then being manufactured and tested by contractors on the West Coast of the United States. For these and other reasons, Col. Boyd began the transfer of all flight test operations, including the test pilot school, to Muroc Army Air Field. next to Rogers Dry Lake in the desert of southern California. The school continued operations at Patterson Field, and 1947, had the first United States Air Force class and the first class to fly jets. The Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star would provide jet performance training at the school until 1954. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=610257 | 513,792 |
465,732 | In the table below is cited the most extensive study (2012) until now on the population in Croatia. It is a national reference DNA database of 17 loci system which acquired Y-STR haplotypes were predicted in estimated (over 90% probability) Y-SNP haplogroups. The sub-populations were divided in five regions which sub-populations showed strong similarity and homogeneity of paternal genetic contribution, all clustering together, with exception of sub-population from southern Croatia who showed a mild difference. In addition to high degree of overall homogeneity, there are gradient similarities to a central European cluster (Germanic, Slavic, Hungarian), and a southern European cluster (Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Romanian, Albanian, South Italian), going from north to south (and east to west). Out of the neighboring countries and ethnic peoples are closest to them Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosniaks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50378092 | 465,500 |
701,191 | Non-moving objects at a fixed distance from the antenna always return a signal after the same delay. This would appear as a fixed spot on the display, making detection of other targets in the area more difficult. Early radars simply aimed their beams away from the ground to avoid the majority of this "clutter". This was not an ideal situation; it required careful aiming, which was difficult for smaller mobile radars, and did not remove other sources of clutter-like reflections from features like prominent hills, and in the worst case would allow low-flying enemy aircraft to literally fly "under the radar". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=197673 | 700,826 |
65,425 | Transhumanists do not necessarily rule out specific restrictions on emerging technologies so as to lessen the prospect of existential risk. Generally, however, they counter that proposals based on the precautionary principle are often unrealistic and sometimes even counter-productive as opposed to the technogaian current of transhumanism, which they claim is both realistic and productive. In his television series "Connections", science historian James Burke dissects several views on technological change, including precautionism and the restriction of open inquiry. Burke questions the practicality of some of these views, but concludes that maintaining the "status quo" of inquiry and development poses hazards of its own, such as a disorienting rate of change and the depletion of our planet's resources. The common transhumanist position is a pragmatic one where society takes deliberate action to ensure the early arrival of the benefits of safe, clean, alternative technology, rather than fostering what it considers to be anti-scientific views and technophobia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30299 | 65,400 |
493,526 | SODIS may alternatively be implemented using plastic bags. SODIS bags have been found to yield as much as 74% higher treatment efficiencies than SODIS bottles, which may be because the bags are able to reach elevated temperatures that cause accelerated treatment. SODIS bags with a water layer of approximately 1 cm to 6 cm reach higher temperatures more easily than SODIS bottles, and treat Vibrio cholerae more effectively. It is assumed this is because of the improved surface area to volume ratio in SODIS bags. In remote regions plastic bottles are not locally available and need to be shipped in from urban centers which may be expensive and inefficient since bottles cannot be packed very tightly. Bags can be packed more densely than bottles, and can be shipped at lower cost, representing an economically preferable alternative to SODIS bottles in remote communities. The disadvantages of using bags are that they can give the water a plastic smell, they are more difficult to handle when filled with water, and they typically require that the water be transferred to a second container for drinking. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30863822 | 493,271 |
2,015,525 | Maritime Security Risk Analysis Model (MSRAM) is a process and model that supports the U.S. Coast Guard's mission to understand and mitigate the risk of terrorist attacks on targets in U.S. ports and waterways. MSRAM began as a Captain of the Port-level risk analysis tool developed shortly after 9/11/2001. In 2005, the USCG began development and implementation of MSRAM in order to take advantage of lessons learned with the initial effort and to apply a risk approach that can be applied at both the field and headquarter levels. To develop this program, USCG HQ invited representatives from headquarters, and all levels of command to define requirements and identify milestones. This led to an action plan that fielded the first MSRAM system in 2006. Since the first MSRAM rollout, USCG is in the third iteration of MSRAM as of 2008. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17022966 | 2,014,365 |
870,338 | A 1983 study on hypovirulence had shown that chestnut blight infected with hypovirus produced less oxalic acid when attacking the cambium. Meanwhile, a plant pathologist, Dr. William Powell, had been trying to figure out how to transfer all of the Asian chestnut's resistance genetics to its American relatives. In the 1990s, he had the idea to give up on the more complicated and larger job, and instead look around for a single gene elsewhere. (In related work, in 2001 Liang, Mayard, Allen, and Powell successfully inserted an oxalate oxidase (OxO) gene from wheat into "Populus × euramericana" ("Ogy") for "Septoria musiva" resistance. This enzyme breaks down the oxalic acid secreted by the fungus into carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide.) In 2007 Welch, Stipanovic, Maynard, and Powell showed that transgenic "C. dentata" expressing a wheat OxO did indeed have lower lignin degradation by OA, and suggested this was the path to take. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67741 | 869,878 |
890,451 | The High Value engine family from General Motors is a group of cam-in-block or "overhead valve" V6 engines. They use the same 60° vee bank as the 60° V6 family they are based on, but the new bore required offsetting the bores by away from the engine centerline. These engines (aside from the LX9) are the first cam in block engines to implement variable valve timing, and won the 2006 Breakthrough Award from "Popular Mechanics" for this innovation. For the 2007 model year, the 3900 engine features optional displacement on demand or "Active Fuel Management" which deactivates a bank of cylinders under light load to increase highway fuel economy. It was rumored GM would produce a 3-valve design, but that never came to be. These engines were produced primarily at the GM factory in Tonawanda, New York and at the Ramos Arizpe engine plant in Mexico. The assembly line for this engine was manufactured by Hirata Corporation at their powertrain facility in Kumamoto, Japan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=904331 | 889,982 |
1,159,338 | Implicit in the decision to develop atomic bombs was the need to test them. The preferred site was the American Pacific Proving Grounds. As a fallback, sites in Canada and Australia were considered. In September 1950, the Admiralty suggested that the Monte Bello Islands in Australia might be suitable, so Attlee sent a request to the Prime Minister of Australia, Robert Menzies, for permission to send a survey party to have a look at the islands. Menzies agreed, and in November 1950, a three-man party headed by Air Vice Marshal E. D. Davis was sent out to the islands. The Australian government formally agreed to the islands being used in May 1951, and in December 1951 the new British government under Winston Churchill confirmed the choice of test site. On 26 February 1952 Churchill announced in the House of Commons that the first British atomic bomb test would occur in Australia before the end of the year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52573493 | 1,158,723 |
2,203,340 | Since 2016-17, the GSA is pleading for a seat on the U of S Board of Governors. The Board is responsible for overseeing matters on management, administration and control of the university's property and financial affairs. Currently, the U of S is the only university in the U15 group that doesn't have a seat for graduate students on the Board. Although changes on the composition of the Board depends on University of Saskatchewan Act's amendments (within the scope of the Provincial Legislature), recent support by the University Council is an indication that not only the graduate students consider this an important cause. In 2021, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the GSA and the PSAC Local 40004 — which represents U of S graduate students who work as teaching, research and student assistants — created a petition to oppose the tuition increase proposed by the U of S. Another increase to the differential rate of 14.6%, from 1.58 to 1.81, will affect more the international student. The projected tuition for this group will rise from $2,243 to $2,698.71 — a difference of about 20%. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56942898 | 2,202,086 |
1,241,559 | Even though Tanzania had eight public institutions of higher education and a plethora of private institutions in 2015, fewer than half of secondary school-leavers who qualify for entry obtain a place at university. The establishment of the Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology in Arusha in 2011 should augment Tanzania’s academic capacity considerably. This university has been designed as a research-intensive institution with postgraduate programmes in science, engineering and technology. Life sciences and bio-engineering are some of the initial niche areas, taking advantage of the immense biodiversity in the region. Together with its sister institution set up in Abuja (Nigeria) in 2007, it forms the vanguard of a planned pan-African network of such institutes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53930887 | 1,240,888 |
2,019,383 | Colella received his bachelor's degree in 1974, Master's degree in 1976, and Ph.D. in 1979 degree from the University of California, Berkeley, all in applied mathematics. He received the Ph.D. degree under the supervision of Alexandre Chorin. He began his research career at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, California. His primary area of research involves the development of high-resolution schemes and adaptive mesh refinement methods for the solution of partial differential equations. He has also applied computational methods in a variety of scientific and engineering fields, including low-speed incompressible flows, shock wave theory, combustion, magnetohydrodynamics, and astrophysical flows. Colella has also been the leader of a project in NASA's Computational Technologies for Earth and Space Sciences, called "Block-Structured Adaptive Mesh Refinement Methods for Multiphase Microgravity Flows and Star Formation". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24924923 | 2,018,220 |
2,168,990 | In the 1910 report of the Marquis of Bath's event for the governing Committees of the Bath Centre of the St. John Ambulance Association and of the Bath Humane Society, when first aid (first responder) services were given their awards, Morris was on the platform with the Chairman of the St John Ambulance Association, General A. Terry. He praised the value of the ambulance service to the community in preventing suffering and saving lives at the Bath Pageant, and made a call for "men and women ... for ambulance and nursing work in connection with the great Territorial Army scheme." When Dr. Morris seconded the vote of thanks to General Terry, he noted it was the first time he had ever been formally thanked by a woman. However, there was a footnote reported in the press (not attributed), which said: "You a doctor! Why, nobody in their senses would employ you!" And the reply was reported as: "Perhaps not; but I'm going to be a doctor to lunatics." The following year, with Dr. Morris as leader, the Bath St John's Ambulance team were at Windsor Park ( in "D" camp hospital, at the right-hand side by Queen Anne's Gate) a very large event, with a reported 15,000 participants for the Review by the King. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66453936 | 2,167,753 |
950,891 | Mary Edwards Walker was born in the Town of Oswego, New York, on November 26, 1832, the daughter of Alvah (father) and Vesta (mother) Walker. She was the youngest of seven children: she had five sisters and one brother. Alvah and Vesta raised both their son and their daughters in a progressive manner that was revolutionary for the time. Their nontraditional parenting nurtured Mary's spirit of independence and sense of justice that she actively demonstrated throughout her life. While they were devoted Christians, the Walkers were "free thinkers" who raised their children to question the regulations and restrictions of various denominations. The Walker parents also demonstrated non-traditional gender roles to their children regarding sharing work around the farm: Vesta often participated in heavy labor while Alvah took part in general household chores. Walker worked on her family farm as a child. She did not wear women's clothing during farm labor because she considered it too restricting. Her mother reinforced her views that corsets and tight lacings were unhealthy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=796125 | 950,387 |
1,196,707 | Kerwin retired from the Navy, left NASA, and joined Lockheed in 1987. At Lockheed, he managed the Extravehicular Systems Project, providing hardware for Space Station "Freedom", from 1988 to 1990; with Paul Cottingham and Ted Christian invented the Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue (SAFER), first tested for use by space walking astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) during Space Shuttle flight STS-64. He then served on the Assured Crew Return Vehicle team, and served as Study Manager on the Human Transportation Study, a NASA review of future space transportation architectures. In 1994–95 he led the Houston liaison group for Lockheed Martin's FGB contract, the procurement of the Russian "space tug" which has become the first element of the ISS. He served on the NASA Advisory Council from 1990 to 1993. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=606188 | 1,196,067 |
466,748 | The Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept (HAWC, pronounced Hawk) is a scramjet powered air-launched hypersonic cruise missile without a warhead that is being developed by DARPA and uses its own kinetic energy upon impact to destroy the target. It was first successfully tested in September 2021. Another successful test was carried out in mid-March 2022 amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine but further details were kept secret to avoid escalating tensions with Russia only to be leaked by an unnamed Pentagon official in early April. The missile was successfully launched from a B-52 strategic bomber off the west coast and flew above 65,000 feet for more than 300 miles (483 km). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4841481 | 466,515 |
1,381,420 | At a resting state for the cell, a protein called mitofusin 2 (MFN2) is known to interact with MAVS, preventing MAVS from binding to the cytosolic proteins, such as RIG-I and MDA5. Upon recognition of the virus in the cytosol, mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAM) and mitochondria will become physically tethered by MFN2 and RIG-I binds to a second RIG-I protein to form a protein complex. This complex binds to TRIM25 and molecular chaperone 14-3-3e to form a complex termed “translocon”. The translocon travels to the mitochondria where it binds to the CARD region on MAVS, leading to activation of MAVS. Subsequently, MAVS proteins bind to each other through the CARD and TM domain to recruit several downstream signaling factors to form the MAVS signaling complex. The formation of this MAVS signaling complex is aided by augmented levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS), independent of the RNA sensing. The MAVS signaling complex interacts with TANK binding kinase 1 and/or protein kinases IKKA (CHUK) and IKKB (IKBKB), which leads to the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3. Although MAVS signal transduction and regulation is not fully understood, activated MAVS proteins in the mitochondria, ER, and peroxisome are needed to maximize the antiviral innate immune response. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14797606 | 1,380,657 |
347,552 | Bounded by Lumpkin Street to the west and East Campus Road to the east, Central Campus was developed on the remaining woodland area between the larger and older North and South Campuses. Development began in 1910 with Memorial Hall which remained unfinished until 1925 due to financial constraints. Originally envisioned as a student athletic facility and constructed with a swimming pool and gymnasium, Memorial Hall has served a wide variety of purposes before becoming home to the offices of the vice president of student affairs and several other administrative offices. Several former athletic facilities were located in this area before they were replaced by newer academic buildings, student life centers, and residence halls. Of these athletic facilities, only Sanford Stadium remains and continues to dominate Central Campus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=378232 | 347,371 |
1,986,860 | In 1839 he was engaged in preparing schemes for a railway between Exeter and Plymouth, running over Dartmoor. At the time sufficient funds could not be raised, but an alternative coastal line was afterwards carried out by I. K. Brunel. In 1843 he made plans for docks at Birkenhead, which he defended before parliamentary committees against hostile local influence. The contest was long protracted, and the incessant labour served to shorten Rendel's life; his published evidence forms a valuable record of engineering practice of the period. In 1844–53 he constructed docks at Grimsby; in 1848–53 extensions of the docks at Leith; in 1850–53 docks at Garston on the Mersey, with extensions of the East and West India and the London docks. As constructor of the Grimsby docks he was one of the first to apply W. G. Armstrong's system of hydraulic machinery for working the lock gates, sluices, cranes, etc. For this work he received a grand medal of honour at the Paris Exhibition of 1855. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3685434 | 1,985,718 |
1,830,580 | Morris studied English at Oxford University before proceeding to study music at the University of York, until he finally decided to go into archaeology as an academic vocation. His first book, "Cathedrals and Abbeys of England and Wales", was published in 1979, and would be followed by two others on the same subject over the following decade, "The Church in British Archaeology" (1983) and "Churches in the Landscape" (1989). Morris then published three books on the role of the Royal Air Force in the Second World War, "Guy Gibson" (1994), "Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire VC OM" (2000) and "Breaching the German Dams" (co-authored with Robert Owen, 2008), before returning to the topic of landscape archaeology with "Time's Anvil: England, Archaeology and the Imagination" (2012) and "The Archaeology of English Battlefields: Conflict in the Pre-industrial Landscape" (co-authored with Glenn Foard, 2012). "Time's Anvil" was longlisted for the Samuel Johnson Prize in 2013. He is currently chair of The Blackden Trust, a charitable organisation involved in historical and archaeological investigation of Blackden, the late-medieval home of novelist Alan Garner, in Cheshire. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33536084 | 1,829,534 |
401,585 | RPI has a competitive Division I hockey team who won NCAA national titles in 1954 and 1985. Depending on how the rules are interpreted, the RPI men's ice hockey team may have the longest winning streak on record for a Division I team; in the 1984–85 season it was undefeated for 30 games, but one game was against the University of Toronto, a non-NCAA team. Continuing into the 1985–86 season, RPI continued undefeated over 38 games, including two wins over Toronto. The streak ended at Boston University against the Terriers. Adam Oates and Daren Puppa, two players during that time, both went on to become stars in the NHL. Joé Juneau, who played from 1987 to 1991, and Brian Pothier, who played from 1996 to 2000, also spent many years in the NHL. Graeme Townshend, who also played in the late 1980s, had a brief NHL career. He is the first man of Jamaican ancestry to play in the National Hockey League. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=194026 | 401,386 |
1,193,235 | PTSD Coach is an application developed by the US Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) National Center for PTSD (NCPTSD) and the US Department of Defense Center for Telehealth Technology. PTSD Coach was designed for service members and veterans and as a public health resource for any individuals impacted by trauma. Many studies support the feasibility and effectiveness of PTSD Coach as a mobile health intervention for self-management care of PTSD symptoms. One study found that most users accessed the app to manage symptoms through the use of a coping tool (e.g., cognitive restructuring). It was found that PTSD Coach has been positively received by the general public, who found the app helpful in reducing momentary distress. The broad dissemination to the general public for PTSD Coach has continued to be supported with an average usage of three times across three separate days with a duration of 18 minutes of use. One study compared the mobile app version of PTSD Coach to the web-based version, PTSD Coach Online, and found lower attrition rates on the mobile app compared to the web-based version. The use of human support yielded better outcomes than self-management alone, as participants were guided through structured weekly sessions. Another study also highlighted that clinician support increases the effectiveness of PTSD Coach for mobile app engagement. Because of the increased access to smartphones, one study examined the global use of PTSD Coach in Australia, Canada, The Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and Denmark. There is potential for PTSD Coach to address a global unmet need for care; however, there is still much work for disseminating PTSD Coach for areas where resources are nonexistent. For community trauma survivors, PTSD Coach was found to be a feasible intervention for learning about PTSD, self-management symptoms, and symptom monitoring. The examination of PTSD Coach for efficacy was not clear compared to the waitlist condition; however, the study condition using PTSD Coach had a significant reduction in symptoms, and the waitlist did not. Therefore, it is encouraged to continue to explore the efficacy of PTSD Coach for community trauma survivors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33410103 | 1,192,599 |
947,907 | SpaceShipTwo is a low-aspect-ratio passenger spaceplane. Its capacity will be eight people — six passengers and two pilots. The apogee of the new craft was designed to be approximately in the lower thermosphere, higher than the Kármán line but as of July 2021, the maximum height reached was 89.9 km. The predecessor craft, SpaceShipOne's target was also 100 km but the last flight reached an altitude of . SpaceShipTwo was designed to reach , using a single hybrid rocket engine — the RocketMotorTwo. It launches from its mother ship, White Knight Two, at an altitude of , and reaches supersonic speed within 8 seconds. After 70 seconds, the rocket engine cuts out and the spacecraft will coast to its peak altitude. SpaceShipTwo's crew cabin is long and in diameter. The wing span is , the length is and the tail height is . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1311283 | 947,403 |
1,968,549 | However, there are several areas where peptides has advantages over CNTs. As mentioned in the background section, one advantage that peptides has over carbon as nanosize building blocks is that they have almost limitless chemical functionality compared with the very chemical interactions that carbons can perform due to their nonreactiveness. Furthermore, CNTs exhibits strong hydrophobicity which results in a tendency to clump in aqueous solutions and therefore has limited solubility; their electrical properties are also affected by humidity, and the presence of oxygen, NO and NH. It is also difficult for to produce CNTs with uniform properties and this pose serious drawbacks as for commercial purposes the reproducibility of precise structural properties is a key concern. Lastly, CNTs are expensive with prices in the range of hundreds of dollars per gram, rendering most applications of them commercially unviable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24648049 | 1,967,416 |
95,498 | The distinction between external and internal environments, however, is an abstraction parsing life and environment into units or facts that are inseparable in reality. There is an interpenetration of cause and effect between the environment and life. The laws of thermodynamics, for example, apply to ecology by means of its physical state. With an understanding of metabolic and thermodynamic principles, a complete accounting of energy and material flow can be traced through an ecosystem. In this way, the environmental and ecological relations are studied through reference to conceptually manageable and isolated material parts. After the effective environmental components are understood through reference to their causes; however, they conceptually link back together as an integrated whole, or "holocoenotic" system as it was once called. This is known as the dialectical approach to ecology. The dialectical approach examines the parts but integrates the organism and the environment into a dynamic whole (or umwelt). Change in one ecological or environmental factor can concurrently affect the dynamic state of an entire ecosystem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9630 | 95,457 |
717,941 | There has been some suggestion that the formation of NFTs does not have a causal relationship with disease. Rather that NFTs may be produced in response to a variety of conditions and may in fact be a compensatory response against oxidative stress and serves a protective function. Several points are made to argue the position that NFTs are perhaps protective instead of harmful. First there appears to be a dispute as to the impact of neurofibrillary tangles on neuronal viability because some neurons containing NFTs survive for decades. Furthermore, NFTs have been found in apparently healthy individuals, indicating that NFTs are not directly related to neural degeneration. It has been proposed that the formation of NFTs is part of a multifaceted compensatory response where oxidative insult activates several kinases, which are then capable of phosphorylating tau. This then prompts the early formation of NFTs, which reduce oxidative damage and prolong the function of the neuron. While the theory is intriguing, scientists have not come to a firm conclusion as to what role NFTs play in neurodegenerative diseases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2374961 | 717,562 |
1,586,451 | Brian Lawrence Frye (born c. 1970) is an American independent filmmaker, artist, and law professor. His work includes "Our Nixon", for which he served as a producer with his ex-wife, Penny Lane. His film "Oona's Veil" is included in the permanent collection of the Whitney Museum of Art, and his writings on film and art have appeared in "The New Republic", "Film Comment", "Cineaste", "Millennium Film Journal", and "The Village Voice". "Filmmaker Magazine" listed him as one of the 25 New Faces of Independent Film 2012. He currently is the Spears-Gilbert Associate Professor of Law at the University of Kentucky College of Law, where he teaches courses on civil procedure, intellectual property, copyright, and nonprofit organizations. He is a vocal critic of the bar exams and refers to his course on professional responsibility as "Managing the Legal Cartel" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67086468 | 1,585,557 |
823,550 | where formula_2 denotes the finite central density and formula_3 the core radius. This provides a good fit to most rotation curve data. However, it cannot be a complete description, as the enclosed mass fails to converge to a finite value as the radius tends to infinity. The isothermal model is, at best, an approximation. Many effects may cause deviations from the profile predicted by this simple model. For example, (i) collapse may never reach an equilibrium state in the outer region of a dark matter halo, (ii) non-radial motion may be important, and (iii) mergers associated with the (hierarchical) formation of a halo may render the spherical-collapse model invalid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1539785 | 823,107 |
36,571 | The rocks collected from the Moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on Earth, as measured by radiometric dating techniques. They range in age from about 3.2 billion years for the basaltic samples derived from the lunar maria, to about 4.6 billion years for samples derived from the highlands crust. As such, they represent samples from a very early period in the development of the Solar System, that are largely absent on Earth. One important rock found during the Apollo Program is dubbed the Genesis Rock, retrieved by astronauts David Scott and James Irwin during the Apollo 15 mission. This anorthosite rock is composed almost exclusively of the calcium-rich feldspar mineral anorthite, and is believed to be representative of the highland crust. A geochemical component called KREEP was discovered by Apollo 12, which has no known terrestrial counterpart. KREEP and the anorthositic samples have been used to infer that the outer portion of the Moon was once completely molten (see lunar magma ocean). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1461 | 36,559 |
833,614 | Proton donors and acceptors, i.e. acids and base may donate and accept protons in order to stabilize developing charges in the transition state. This is related to the overall principle of catalysis, that of reducing energy barriers, since in general transition states are high energy states, and by stabilizing them this high energy is reduced, lowering the barrier. A key feature of enzyme catalysis over many non-biological catalysis, is that both acid and base catalysis can be combined in the same reaction. In many abiotic systems, acids (large [H+]) or bases ( large concentration H+ sinks, or species with electron pairs) can increase the rate of the reaction; but of course the environment can only have one overall pH (measure of acidity or basicity (alkalinity)). However, since enzymes are large molecules, they can position both acid groups and basic groups in their active site to interact with their substrates, and employ both modes independent of the bulk pH. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7137983 | 833,165 |
1,391,229 | "Pseudallescheria boydii" is a saprotrophic fungus with broad hyphae growing up to 2–5 μm in width. Colonies change in colour from white to pale brown and develop a cottony texture with maturity. After a 2–3 week incubation period, cleistothecia may form containing asci filled with eight fusiform, one-celled ascospores measuring 12–18 × 9–13 μm in diameter. This fungus grows on most standard media, maturing in 7 days. Its primary nutrients are the sugars xylose, arabinose, glucose, sucrose, ribitol, xylitol and L-arabinitol. It cannot assimilate maltose or lactose; however, it is able to assimilate urea, asparagine, potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate. The optimal temperature for growth is and the fungus is generally considered to be mesophilic, although it can grow at higher temperatures (up to ) as well. Asexual reproduction manifests in one of two forms: the "Scedosporium" type (the most common type) and the "Graphium" type. "Scedosporium apiospermum" forms greyish-white colonies with a grey-black reverse. The conidia are single-celled, pale brown and oval in form. Their size ranges from 4–9 x 6–10 μm and their development is annellidic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18557449 | 1,390,458 |
1,198,209 | Before the penetrant can be applied to the surface of the material in question one must ensure that the surface is free of any contamination such as paint, oil, dirt, or scale that may fill a defect or falsely indicate a flaw. Chemical treatment with solvents or reactive agents can be used to rid the surface of undesired contaminants and ensure good penetration when the penetrant is applied. Sometimes also drying at up to 100° C in the oven and cooling down to 40° C. Sandblasting to remove paint from a surface prior to the FPI process may mask (smear material over) cracks making the penetrant not effective. Even if the part has already been through a previous FPI operation it is imperative that it is cleaned again. Most penetrants are not compatible and therefore will thwart any attempt to identify defects that are already penetrated by any other penetrant. This process of cleaning is critical because if the surface of the part is not properly prepared to receive the penetrant, defective product may be moved on for further processing. This can cause lost time and money in reworking, over-processing, or even scrapping a finished part at final inspection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21087564 | 1,197,568 |
2,145,714 | Following a recommendation made during the 18th session of the General Conference of UNESCO in Paris in 1974, the creation of CIMPA was decided during the 19th session of the General Conference of UNESCO in Nairobi in 1976. On the initiative of the French Government and a group of founding members (J.P. Aubin, J. Céa, P. Deheuvels, F. Dress, C. Godbillon, H. Hogbe Nlend, J.L. Lions, J.L. Koszul, E.J. Picard, A. Revuz, P. Sabourin), the International Center for Pure and Applied Mathematics was formally created as an association of the law of 1901, on 30 October 1978. According to its statutes, its mission is the training of mathematicians coming in priority from developing countries, by means of study visits during the university academic year and of summer schools, and with the help of the development of means of documentations. The seat of CIMPA is fixed at Nice, and its host university is the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50319899 | 2,144,483 |
1,598,590 | The event began on the afternoon of Friday 5 August with the 72-arrow ranking round. Choi topped the leaderboard with a score of 669 points out of a maximum of 720, beating teammates Chang Hye-jin and Ki Bo-bae, who ranked second and third with 666 and 663 points respectively. By earning the top three seeds for the elimination rounds the trio delayed any potential intra-team match-ups until the semi-finals at the earliest. Choi had begun the round strongly and was on course to surpass Lina Herasymenko's twenty-year-old Olympic record of 673 points. Breezy conditions however intervened mid-way through the round, affecting her aiming and halting her progress. Speaking afterwards Choi commented that despite the weather she was happy with the performances of both herself and her teammates, saying "[w]e have the best players, we have talent and skill. It’s so windy that people can get overwhelmed, but we (did) well in the end." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45521589 | 1,597,690 |
2,114,490 | The first major scientific milestones for the project are the development of an open source data architecture for large scale neuroscience collaboration and the replication of the behavior across all experimental labs. In late 2019, the IBL released the behavioral data, containing close to 3 million mouse choices. The subsequent milestone involves the assembly of a brain-wide map of activity. This map of activity is being obtained with Neuropixels probes, which allow recording up to 300-1000 neurons simultaneously. Other recording technologies, such as calcium imaging, will be used in the second phase. These data will then be analyzed and integrated to produce the brain-wide model of decision making. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55283033 | 2,113,275 |
65,414 | A different response comes from transhumanist personhood theorists who object to what they characterize as the anthropomorphobia fueling some criticisms of this research, which science fiction writer Isaac Asimov termed the "Frankenstein complex". For example, Woody Evans argues that, provided they are self-aware, human clones, human-animal chimeras and uplifted animals would all be unique persons deserving of respect, dignity, rights, responsibilities, and citizenship. They conclude that the coming ethical issue is not the creation of so-called monsters, but what they characterize as the "yuck factor" and "human-racism", that would judge and treat these creations as monstrous. In book 3 of his "Corrupting the Image" series, Dr. Douglas Hamp goes so far as to suggest that the Beast of John's Apocalypse is himself a hybrid who will induce humanity to take "the mark of the Beast," in the hopes of obtaining perfection and immortality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30299 | 65,389 |
285,731 | The outer surface bears usually eight comb rows, called swimming-plates, which are used for swimming. The rows are oriented to run from near the mouth (the "oral pole") to the opposite end (the "aboral pole"), and are spaced more or less evenly around the body, although spacing patterns vary by species and in most species the comb rows extend only part of the distance from the aboral pole towards the mouth. The "combs" (also called "ctenes" or "comb plates") run across each row, and each consists of thousands of unusually long cilia, up to . Unlike conventional cilia and flagella, which has a filament structure arranged in a 9 + 2 pattern, these cilia are arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern, where the extra compact filament is suspected to have a supporting function. These normally beat so that the propulsion stroke is away from the mouth, although they can also reverse direction. Hence ctenophores usually swim in the direction in which the mouth is eating, unlike jellyfish. When trying to escape predators, one species can accelerate to six times its normal speed; some other species reverse direction as part of their escape behavior, by reversing the power stroke of the comb plate cilia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62251 | 285,577 |
1,704,994 | Later historians, including Douglas Southall Freeman, have frequently dismissed allegations that Howe attempted to defect, believing them to have been fabrications used by Joel to ingratiate himself with the Patriot government. The only full-length book treatment of Howe's life discusses the allegations of attempted treason in a single page. On the other hand, Freeman's judgment was based primarily on Washington's assessment of the allegations, but Washington did not have access to the potentially corroborating evidence in William Smith's diary. Another possibility is that Howe had merely attempted to spread word among the British of his possible treason in order to conceal his management of the vast spy network at his control; this tactic was utilized by other spymasters in Continental employ such as Philip Schuyler. Philip Ranlet, an American historian who studied Howe's career and motivations, has contrasted Schuyler's otherwise shining reputation with Howe's record of failures and draws the conclusion that Howe likely was attempting to defect. To date, no firm evidence exists which either absolves Howe or proves him guilty of attempted treason. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=691304 | 1,704,038 |
174,046 | The DCS largely came about due to the increased availability of microcomputers and the proliferation of microprocessors in the world of process control. Computers had already been applied to process automation for some time in the form of both direct digital control (DDC) and setpoint control. In the early 1970s Taylor Instrument Company, (now part of ABB) developed the 1010 system, Foxboro the FOX1 system, Fisher Controls the DC system and Bailey Controls the 1055 systems. All of these were DDC applications implemented within minicomputers (DEC PDP-11, Varian Data Machines, MODCOMP etc.) and connected to proprietary Input/Output hardware. Sophisticated (for the time) continuous as well as batch control was implemented in this way. A more conservative approach was setpoint control, where process computers supervised clusters of analog process controllers. A workstation provided visibility into the process using text and crude character graphics. Availability of a fully functional graphical user interface was a way away. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=274816 | 173,955 |
24,358 | "Spearhead", released May 2010, allowed players to play games with a greater emphasis on armoured and mechanised forces. The most notable change to the game is the inclusion of special "Spearhead Formations;" and greater flexibility in force organisation. "Spearhead Formations" represent a new and altogether optional addition to the force organisation system standard to "Warhammer 40,000". Players now have the ability to use all, part or none of the standard force organisation. "Spearhead" also includes new deployment options and game scenarios. This expansion was being released jointly through the Games Workshop website, as a free download, and through the company's monthly hobby magazine "White Dwarf". The Spearhead rules were never updated for 8th or 9th editions and are no longer compatible with the current iteration of the game, though the loosened force organization introduced in 8th edition makes them somewhat superfluous. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89633 | 24,349 |
1,862,336 | Prasad, who presented over 50 research papers at various medical conferences, was a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (1964), American Academy of Pediatrics (1964) and the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (1974). A former vice president of the National Academy of Medical Sciences, Prasad was appointed as the Professor Emeritus of the Patna Medical College and Hospital in 1974. The same year, the Government of India included him the Republic Day honours list for the civilian honour of Padma Shri. He died on 22 April 2009 at his Patna residence at the age of 95, leaving behind five sons and three daughters, his wife Sakuntala Devi preceding him in death. A healthcare centre in his honour has been established in Patna under the name, Dr. Lala Suraj Nandan Prasad Memorial Clinic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46915854 | 1,861,267 |
200,035 | On July 4, 2012, physicists working at CERN's Large Hadron Collider announced that they had discovered a new subatomic particle greatly resembling the Higgs boson, a potential key to an understanding of why elementary particles have mass and indeed to the existence of diversity and life in the universe. For now, some physicists are calling it a "Higgslike" particle. Joe Incandela, of the University of California, Santa Barbara, said, "It's something that may, in the end, be one of the biggest observations of any new phenomena in our field in the last 30 or 40 years, going way back to the discovery of quarks, for example." Michael Turner, a cosmologist at the University of Chicago and the chairman of the physics center board, said: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13758 | 199,932 |
936,492 | Continuous casting is a refinement of the casting process for the continuous, high-volume production of metal sections with a constant cross-section. It's primarily used to produce a semi-finished products for further processing. Molten metal is poured into an open-ended, water-cooled mold, which allows a 'skin' of solid metal to form over the still-liquid center, gradually solidifying the metal from the outside in. After solidification, the strand, as it is sometimes called, is continuously withdrawn from the mold. Predetermined lengths of the strand can be cut off by either mechanical shears or traveling oxyacetylene torches and transferred to further forming processes, or to a stockpile. Cast sizes can range from strip (a few millimeters thick by about five meters wide) to billets (90 to 160 mm square) to slabs (1.25 m wide by 230 mm thick). Sometimes, the strand may undergo an initial hot rolling process before being cut. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53601 | 935,996 |
576,843 | Radiosurgery is indicated primarily for the therapy of tumors, vascular lesions and functional disorders. Significant clinical judgment must be used with this technique and considerations must include lesion type, pathology if available, size, location and age and general health of the patient. General contraindications to radiosurgery include excessively large size of the target lesion, or lesions too numerous for practical treatment. Patients can be treated within one to five days as outpatients. By comparison, the average hospital stay for a craniotomy (conventional neurosurgery, requiring the opening of the skull) is about 15 days. The radiosurgery outcome may not be evident until months after the treatment. Since radiosurgery does not remove the tumor but inactivates it biologically, lack of growth of the lesion is normally considered to be treatment success. General indications for radiosurgery include many kinds of brain tumors, such as acoustic neuromas, germinomas, meningiomas, metastases, trigeminal neuralgia, arteriovenous malformations, and skull base tumors, among others. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1172094 | 576,547 |
658,349 | The flight director, known as FLIGHT, was ultimate supervisor of the Mission Control Center, and gave the final orbit entrance/exit, and, in emergencies, mission abort decisions. During Mercury missions, this position was held by Christopher Kraft, with John Hodge, an Englishman who came to NASA after the cancellation of the Canadian Avro Arrow project, joining the flight director ranks for the 22-orbit Mercury 9, requiring Kraft to divide Mission Control into two shifts. The flight director's console was also the only position in the Cape MCC to have a television monitor, allowing him to see the rocket lift off from the pad. The NETWORK controller, an Air Force officer, served as the "switchboard" between the MCC, the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland (as on-site real-time computing did not exist), and the worldwide tracking station and ship network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19578379 | 658,004 |
496,486 | In the context of ISRU water is most often sought directly as fuel or as feedstock for fuel production. Applications include its use in life support either directly by drinking, for growing food, producing oxygen, or numerous other industrial processes, all of which require a ready supply of water in the environment and the equipment to extract it. Such extraterrestrial water has been discovered in a variety of forms throughout the solar system, and a number of potential water extraction technologies have been investigated. For water that is chemically bound to regolith, solid ice, or some manner of permafrost, sufficient heating can recover the water. However this is not as easy as it appears because ice and permafrost can often be harder than plain rock, necessitating laborious mining operations. Where there is some level of atmosphere, such as on Mars, water can be extracted directly from the air using a simple process such as WAVAR. Another possible source of water is deep aquifers kept warm by Mars's latent geological heat, which can be tapped to provide both water and geothermal power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5333892 | 496,230 |
1,152,042 | Experimental analysis of proteins typically requires expression and purification of proteins. Expression is achieved by manipulating DNA that encodes the protein(s) of interest. Hence, protein analysis usually requires DNA methods, especially cloning. Some examples of genetic methods include conceptual translation, Site-directed mutagenesis, using a fusion protein, and matching allele with disease states. Some proteins have never been directly sequenced, however by translating codons from known mRNA sequences into amino acids by a method known as conceptual translation. (See genetic code.) Site-directed mutagenesis selectively introduces mutations that change the structure of a protein. The function of parts of proteins can be better understood by studying the change in phenotype as a result of this change. Fusion proteins are made by inserting protein tags, such as the His-tag, to produce a modified protein that is easier to track. An example of this would be GFP-Snf2H which consists of a protein bound to a green fluorescent protein to form a hybrid protein. By analyzing DNA alleles can be identified as being associated with disease states, such as in calculation of LOD scores. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2634439 | 1,151,433 |
811,272 | The term "Euarchonta" (meaning "true rulers") appeared in 1999, when molecular evidence suggested that the morphology-based Archonta should be trimmed down to exclude Chiroptera. Further DNA sequence analyses supported the Euarchonta hypothesis. Despite multiple papers pointing out that some mitochondrial sequences showed unusual properties (particularly murid rodents and hedgehogs) and were likely distorting the overall tree, and despite earlier studies showing near total congruence of mtDNA-based and nuclear-based trees when such sequences were excluded, some authors continued to produce misleading trees. A study investigating retrotransposon presence/absence data has claimed strong support for Euarchonta. Some interpretations of the molecular data link Primates and Dermoptera in a clade (mirorder) known as Primatomorpha, which is the sister of Scandentia. In some, the Dermoptera are a member of the primates rather than a sister group. Other interpretations link the Dermoptera and Scandentia together in a group called Sundatheria as the sister group of the primates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=649586 | 810,840 |
277,822 | The Japanese also deployed a limited number of 447mm rocket launchers, termed 45 cm Rocket Mortars by United States personnel who test-fired them at the close of the war. Their projectiles consisted of a 1,500 lb cylinder filled with propellant and ballistite sticks detonated by black powder, which produced a blast crater approximately the size of an American 1,000 lb bomb. In effect, this made the 447mm projectile a type of surface-to-surface barrel bomb. While these latter weapons were captured at Luzon and proved effective in subsequent testing, it is not clear that they were ever used against American troops, in contrast to the more common 20 and 40 cm types, which clearly contributed to the 37,870 American casualties sustained at Luzon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3358976 | 277,672 |
1,473,442 | Not all researchers of the mental lexicon agree that syntax forms a component thereof: Michael T. Ullman proposes in his declarative/procedural model of language that the mental grammar is a distinct entity from the mental lexicon, and that it is the mental grammar, rather than any part of the lexicon, which encodes and processes syntactic (as well as some morphological) information. In this theory, the mental grammar forms the part of the language faculty that utilizes procedural memory, which is tied to computational tasks and fine motor skills and which is stored in the frontal lobe and basal ganglia. The lexicon, in turn, is the part that uses declarative memory, which is more strongly oriented towards rote memorization and which is stored in the temporal lobe. Ullman's argument for such a separation hinges around the claim that association between meaning and form is arbitrary, therefore the acquisition of such associations must be done through memorization; meanwhile grammatical rules can be intuitively derived from knowledge that has already been learned. Furthermore, Ullman posits that whereas phonology, orthography, and semantics, as well as syntax, are largely confined to their respective memory systems, morphology overlaps between both declarative and procedural memory systems — for example, in regular affixation, the morphological component would be procedural, but for irregular conjugations of verbs (e.g. "teach/taught") it is the declarative memory that would be accessed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33963629 | 1,472,611 |
1,205,507 | The Romans were already familiar with the ability of a prism to generate a rainbow of colors. Newton is traditionally regarded as the founder of spectroscopy, but he was not the first scientist who studied and reported on the solar spectrum. The works of Athanasius Kircher (1646), Jan Marek Marci (1648), Robert Boyle (1664), and Francesco Maria Grimaldi (1665), predate Newton's optics experiments (1666–1672). Newton published his experiments and theoretical explanations of dispersion of light in his "Opticks". His experiments demonstrated that white light could be split up into component colors by means of a prism and that these components could be recombined to generate white light. He demonstrated that the prism is not imparting or creating the colors but rather separating constituent parts of the white light. Newton's corpuscular theory of light was gradually succeeded by the wave theory. It was not until the 19th century that the quantitative measurement of dispersed light was recognized and standardized. As with many subsequent spectroscopy experiments, Newton's sources of white light included flames and stars, including the Sun. Subsequent studies of the nature of light include those of Hooke, Huygens, Young. Subsequent experiments with prisms provided the first indications that spectra were associated uniquely with chemical constituents. Scientists observed the emission of distinct patterns of colour when salts were added to alcohol flames. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35980148 | 1,204,862 |
144,728 | In 1940, neptunium and plutonium were the first transuranic elements to be discovered; they were placed in sequence beneath rhenium and osmium, respectively. However, preliminary investigations of their chemistry suggested a greater similarity to uranium than to lighter transition metals, challenging their placement in the periodic table. During his Manhattan Project research in 1943, American chemist Glenn T. Seaborg experienced unexpected difficulties in isolating the elements americium and curium, as they were believed to be part of a fourth series of transition metals. Seaborg wondered if these elements belonged to a different series, which would explain why their chemical properties, in particular the instability of higher oxidation states, were different from predictions. In 1945, against the advice of colleagues, he proposed a significant change to Mendeleev's table: the actinide series. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=619795 | 144,670 |
1,101,688 | Most fields of studies have a founding father, such as Newton in physics and Lavoisier in chemistry. Materials science on the other hand has no central figure that set in motion materials studies. In the 1940s, wartime collaborations of multiple fields of study to produce technological advances became a structure to the future field of study that would become known as material science and engineering. During the Cold War in the 1950s, US President Science Advisory Committee (PSAC) made materials a priority, when it realized that materials were the limiting factor for advances in space and military technology. The Department of defense signed a contract with five universities (Harvard, MIT, Brown, Stanford, and Chicago) providing over $13 million for material research. Several institutions departments changed titles from "metallurgy" to "metallurgy and materials science" in the 1960s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1688179 | 1,101,127 |
673,622 | On March 1, 2018, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) announced their new Biostasis program under the direction of Dr. Tristan McClure-Begley. The aim of the Biostasis program is to develop new possibilities for extending the golden hour in patients who suffered a traumatic injury by slowing down the human body at the cellular level, addressing the need for additional time in continuously operating biological systems faced with catastrophic, life-threatening events. By leveraging molecular biology, the program aims to control the speed at which living systems operate and figure out a way to "slow life to save life." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42940 | 673,270 |
685,437 | A network is called a small-world network by analogy with the small-world phenomenon (popularly known as six degrees of separation). The small world hypothesis, which was first described by the Hungarian writer Frigyes Karinthy in 1929, and tested experimentally by Stanley Milgram (1967), is the idea that two arbitrary people are connected by only six degrees of separation, i.e. the diameter of the corresponding graph of social connections is not much larger than six. In 1998, Duncan J. Watts and Steven Strogatz published the first small-world network model, which through a single parameter smoothly interpolates between a random graph and a lattice. Their model demonstrated that with the addition of only a small number of long-range links, a regular graph, in which the diameter is proportional to the size of the network, can be transformed into a "small world" in which the average number of edges between any two vertices is very small (mathematically, it should grow as the logarithm of the size of the network), while the clustering coefficient stays large. It is known that a wide variety of abstract graphs exhibit the small-world property, e.g., random graphs and scale-free networks. Further, real world networks such as the World Wide Web and the metabolic network also exhibit this property. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1704711 | 685,080 |
1,967,714 | As the Union expanded, the governance of the Union was updated to introduce sabbatical officers. During the 1970s, the Students' Union began to become more involved with the community and more concerned with having a say in the running of the University and of the UK Government's policy towards the University. In the 1970/71 academic year the union held a free concert in the summer term to involve the community and provide some community service which was seen as a success. Towards the end of the 1970s the University faced financial difficulties and students faced hardship due to a plan by the government to increase tuition fees however the Union were prevented from making political donations or campaigning due to its status as an education charity. In response, the Union formed the 'Union Club' in 1979 as an independent body which rented a room in the Union building for £1 a year within which it installed pinball tables, football machines and a jukebox to raise funds. These funds were unrestricted and it was up to the members what the funds could be spent on; by November 1979 it has raised £900. The club existed right into the 21st century with the policy underpinning it only lapsing in 2014. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13484007 | 1,966,584 |
569,185 | Later, in early 1980s, listening tests were carried out on synthetic speech stripped of acoustic cues to assess their significance. Time-varying formant frequencies and amplitudes derived by linear predictive coding were synthesized additively as pure tone whistles. This method is called sinewave synthesis. Also the composite sinusoidal modeling (CSM) used on a singing speech synthesis feature on Yamaha CX5M (1984), is known to use a similar approach which was independently developed during 1966–1979. These methods are characterized by extraction and recomposition of a set of significant spectral peaks corresponding to the several resonance modes occurred in the oral cavity and nasal cavity, in a viewpoint of acoustics. This principle was also utilized on a physical modeling synthesis method, called modal synthesis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2218 | 568,895 |
2,140,762 | Vollhardt is one of the founders of the Dynamical Mean-Field Theory (DMFT) for strongly correlated materials such as transition metals (e.g. iron or vanadium) and their oxides, i.e. materials with electrons in open d- and f-shells. The properties of these systems are determined by the Coulomb repulsion between the electrons which makes these electrons strongly correlated. The repulsion has the tendency to localize electrons. This leads to a multitude of phenomena such as the Mott-Hubbard metal insulator transition. Conventional band theory or density functional theory cannot describe these systems adequately. In 1989 Vollhardt and his doctoral student Walter Metzner introduced electronic models with local interaction (Hubbard model) on a lattice with infinitely many nearest neighbors, which Gabriel Kotliar and Antoine Georges then developed into the DMFT. The DMFT may be viewed as a self-consistent, field-theoretical generalization of a quantum impurity model by Philip W. Anderson, where the mean-field describes the coupling of the impurity to an "electronic bath". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40694021 | 2,139,532 |
250,990 | For example, it is still widely perceived that gastric bypass works by mechanical means, i.e. food restriction and/or malabsorption. Recent clinical and animal studies, however, have indicated that these long-held inferences about the mechanisms of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) may not be correct. A growing body of evidence suggests that profound changes in body weight and metabolism resulting from RYGB cannot be explained by simple mechanical restriction or malabsorption. One study in rats found that RYGB induced a 19% increase in total and a 31% increase in resting energy expenditure, an effect not exhibited in vertical sleeve gastrectomy rats. In addition, pair-fed rats lost only 47% as much weight as their RYGB counterparts. Changes in food intake after RYGB only partially account for the RYGB-induced weight loss, and there is no evidence of clinically significant malabsorption of calories contributing to weight loss. Thus, it appears RYGB affects weight loss by altering the physiology of weight regulation and eating behavior rather than by simple mechanical restriction or malabsorption. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=781984 | 250,857 |
3,453 | In just over a decade, Edison's Menlo Park laboratory had expanded to occupy two city blocks. Edison said he wanted the lab to have "a stock of almost every conceivable material". A newspaper article printed in 1887 reveals the seriousness of his claim, stating the lab contained "eight thousand kinds of chemicals, every kind of screw made, every size of needle, every kind of cord or wire, hair of humans, horses, hogs, cows, rabbits, goats, minx, camels ... silk in every texture, cocoons, various kinds of hoofs, shark's teeth, deer horns, tortoise shell ... cork, resin, varnish and oil, ostrich feathers, a peacock's tail, jet, amber, rubber, all ores ..." and the list goes on. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29778 | 3,453 |
1,064,585 | In physics, the zitterbewegung ("jittery motion" in German, ) is the predicted rapid oscillatory motion of elementary particles that obey relativistic wave equations. The existence of such motion was first discussed by Gregory Breit in 1928 and later by Erwin Schrödinger in 1930 as a result of analysis of the wave packet solutions of the Dirac equation for relativistic electrons in free space, in which an interference between positive and negative energy states produces what appears to be a fluctuation (up to the speed of light) of the position of an electron around the median, with an angular frequency of , or approximately radians per second. For the hydrogen atom, zitterbewegung can be invoked as a heuristic way to derive the Darwin term, a small correction of the energy level of the s-orbitals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1850013 | 1,064,031 |
2,025,959 | It collected questionnaire and physical data and blood samples on 510,000 men and women aged between 30 and 79 from 10 regions in China between 2004-2008 with the aim of investigating chronic diseases (e.g. heart attack, stroke, diabetes, and cancer). Participants have been linked to mortality registers and nationwide health systems and a sub-group of 25,000 are retested every few years. It is a joint venture by the University of Oxford’s Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit and the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58624580 | 2,024,793 |
557,063 | Starting with his tenure at Allegheny Observatory in the Pittsburgh area in the late 1860s, Langley was a major player in the development of astronomically derived and regulated time distribution services in America through the later half of the 19th century. His work with the railroads in this area is often cited as central to the establishment of the Standard Time Zones system. His very successful and profitable time sales to the Pennsylvania Railroad stood out among the many non-government-based observatories of the day who were largely subsidizing their research by time-service sales to regional railroads and the cities they served. The United States Naval Observatory's increasing dominance in this field threatened these regional observatories' livelihoods and Langley became a leader in efforts to preserve the viability of their commercial programs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93840 | 556,774 |
1,901,176 | In 2011, P. Sass and co-workers performed a research focusing in the interaction and function of ADEPs and ClpP. They induced ADEP into "Bacillus subtilis", "Staphylococcus aureus" and "Streptococcus pneumoniae" to identify how ADEP leads to the death of bacteria. The results demonstrated that ADEP is perturbing bacterial cell division. To identify the reason why ADEP inhibited cell division, researchers monitored septum formation and nucleoid segregation in ADEP "B. subtilis" and ADEP "S. aureus". The "S. aureus" and "B. subtilis" samples gave equivalent results. This part showed the importance of wild type of ClpP and inhibition of septum formation is by direct interference of ADEP with the cell division components. Localization studies by GFP-labeled cell divisions proteins demonstrated that ADEP causes delocalization of Ftsz and inhibition of Z-Ring assembly in both species. The impact of ADEP in ∆clpX mutant indicated that ADEP is affecting cell division and that it also inhibits Z-ring assembly. Finally researchers repeat the experiment with ∆ClpP mutant to confirm that the presence of ADEP decreases abundance of FtsZ through ClpP degradation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42911578 | 1,900,087 |
1,658,009 | For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving with the First Battalion, Fifth Marines, First Marine Division, during action against enemy Japanese forces on Peleliu Island, Palau Group, September 15, 1944. Valiantly placing himself at the head of his squad, Corporal Bausell led the charge forward against a hostile pillbox which was covering a vital sector of the beach and, as the first to reach the emplacement, immediately started firing his automatic into the aperture while the remainder of his men closed in on the enemy. Swift to act as a Japanese grenade was hurled into their midst, Corporal Bausell threw himself on the deadly weapon, taking the full blast of the explosion and sacrificing his own life to save his men. His unwavering loyalty and inspiring courage reflect the highest credit upon Corporal Bausell and the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4523352 | 1,657,076 |
1,808,831 | The Academy for Gifted Children, also known as P.A.C.E. (Programming for Academic and Creative Excellence), was founded in 1993 by former Earl Haig Secondary School teachers Dennis Reynolds & Barbara Rosenberg. It started off as an elementary school for grades 1-8 with 25 students, and has increased in admission since its inception. It currently has 330 students from Grade 1 through 12. P.A.C.E. used to have SK and a bigger building, and is planning to bring back SK and bring back the old version of the building in 2022. Rosenberg remained as the "director" (the term used for the principal) until the end of the 2018–2019 school year, when the vice-principal at the time, Janice Gruchy replaced Rosenberg as the director. Gruchy's role as the vice-principal was replaced by the former science teacher and head teacher, Caroline Corbit. The current school grounds was the former location of the Our Lady of the Annunciation Elementary School which moved to its new location east of Yonge Street in the early 1990s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38313948 | 1,807,810 |
748,323 | Some people find they must make adjustments to their diet after having an ileostomy. It is important for individuals to consult with their healthcare providers. Tough or high-fiber foods (for example: potato skins, tomato skins, and raw vegetables) are hard to digest in the small intestine and may cause blockages or discomfort when passing through the stoma. Chewing food thoroughly can reduce such problems. Some people find that certain foods cause annoying gas or diarrhea. Many foods can change the color of the intestinal output, causing alarm; beetroot, for instance, produces a red output that may appear to be blood. Nevertheless, people who have an ileostomy as treatment for inflammatory bowel disease typically find they can enjoy a more "normal" diet than they could before surgery. Correct dietary advice is essential in combination with the patient's gastroenterologist and hospital-approved dietician. Supplementary foods may be prescribed and liquid intake and output monitored to correct and control output. If the output contains blood, an ileostomate (patient) is advised to visit an emergency department. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1396421 | 747,925 |
1,990,045 | A synthetic polymer may be non-degradable or degradable. For the purpose of neural tissue engineering degradable materials are preferred whenever possible, because long-term effects such as inflammation and scar could severely damage nerve function. The degradation rate is dependent on the molecular weight of the polymer, its crystallinity, and the ratio of glycolic acid to lactic acid subunits. Because of a methyl group, lactic acid is more hydrophobic than glycolic acid causing its hydrolysis to be slower. Synthetic polymers have more wieldy mechanical properties and degradation rates that can be controlled over a wide range, and they eliminate the concern for immunogenicity. There are many different synthetic polymers currently being used in neural tissue engineering. However, the drawbacks of many of these polymers include a lack of biocompatibility and bioactivity, which prevents these polymers from promoting cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Synthetic conduits have only been clinically successful for the repair of very short nerve lesion gaps less than 1–2 cm. Furthermore, nerve regeneration with these conduits has yet to reach the level of functional recovery seen with nerve autografts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11088829 | 1,988,902 |
1,906,607 | IoT forensics evidence presentation is not as simple as traditional forensic cases, in particular for finding a proper human readable representation of the evidence itself that is usually under abstract forms. Depending on legal systems it could be needed to present the collected evidence in front of the jurors in the courtroom, most probably having a very restricted knowledge of network/cloud forensics, based often on their personal experience with IoT devices. This introduces challenges for the investigator organizing the evidences in order to produce an evidence report to be easily understandable for non experts. The investigator should moreover pay particular attention in the processing phase, especially when using analytic functions, because the procedure could modify the structure of the data and alter its meaning, hence invalidating the full process. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71200488 | 1,905,511 |
2,160,017 | Radioactive nanoparticles present special challenges in operational health physics and internal dosimetry that are not present for other substances, as the nanoparticles' toxicokinetics depend on their physical and chemical properties including size, shape, and surface chemistry. For example, inhaled nanoparticles will deposit in different locations in the lungs, and will be metabolized and transported through the body differently, than vapors or larger particles. There may also be hazards from associated processes such as strong magnetic fields and cryogens used in imaging equipment, and handling of lab animals in experimental studies. Effective risk assessment and communication is important, as both nanotechnology and radiation have unique considerations with public perception. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54492223 | 2,158,785 |
362,140 | The validity of forensic fingerprint evidence has been challenged by academics, judges and the media. In the United States fingerprint examiners have not developed uniform standards for the identification of an individual based on matching fingerprints. In some countries where fingerprints are also used in criminal investigations, fingerprint examiners are required to match a number of "identification points" before a match is accepted. In England 16 identification points are required and in France 12, to match two fingerprints and identify an individual. Point-counting methods have been challenged by some fingerprint examiners because they focus solely on the location of particular characteristics in fingerprints that are to be matched. Fingerprint examiners may also uphold the "one dissimilarity doctrine", which holds that if there is one dissimilarity between two fingerprints, the fingerprints are not from the same finger. Furthermore, academics have argued that the error rate in matching fingerprints has not been adequately studied. And it has been argued that fingerprint evidence has no secure statistical foundation. Research has been conducted into whether experts can objectively focus on feature information in fingerprints without being misled by extraneous information, such as context. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=84777 | 361,950 |
2,139,549 | Acetivibrio thermocellus is an anaerobic, thermophilic bacterium. "A. thermocellusm" has garnered research interest due to its cellulolytic and ethanologenic abilities, being capable of directly converting a cellulosic substrate into ethanol by consolidated bioprocessing. This makes it useful in converting biomass into a usable energy source. The degradation of the cellulose is carried out in the bacterium by a large extracellular cellulase system called a cellulosome, which contains nearly 20 catalytic subunits. The cellulase system of the bacterium significantly differs from fungal cellulases due to its high activity on crystalline cellulose, being able to completely solubilize crystalline sources of cellulose, such as cotton. However, there are some shortfalls in applying the organism to practical applications due to it having low ethanol yield, at least partially due to branched fermentation pathways that produce acetate, formate, and lactate along with ethanol. There is also evidence of inhibition due to the presence of hydrogen and due to agitation. Some recent research has been directed to optimizing the ethanol-producing metabolic pathway in hopes of creating more efficient biomass conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10316684 | 2,138,319 |
1,909,326 | The phonological loop is used by working memory to acquire and associate new vocabulary with existing vocabulary knowledge. Use of non-word repetition to measure the phonological loop has proven a strong predictor of learning disabilities in children learning language. These standardized language tests may pose more problems for children coming from Low SES families than children from Normal to High SES. Parent interaction, or the role of a caregiver in the home are of utmost important when developing vocabulary knowledge and strengthening the phonological loop. Typically, in low SES homes parent interaction, extracurriculars and social environment are limited, this slows the child's development of vocabulary compared to children of normal to high SES. Working memory involves the memory system, which actively attends to gathering and organizing new information. It is a constant running memory system that aids memory storage and association. Learning languages makes use of the working memory, however the strength of the working memory does not determine one's ability for vocabulary knowledge. To distinguish children's scores between assessments, which study vocabulary, and those that study working memory, studies have had cohorts from both low SES and high SES families complete a battery of working memory measures. Indeed, measurements of children's vocabulary knowledge reinforced past research on the impact a child's environment can have on their language learning. Measurements for non-word repetition and digit recall however showed no difference among scores between children of either High or Low SES. These findings dictate that measurements purely involved in working memory and not associated with vocabulary are free of socioeconomic influence. Working memory is unaffected by SES, however learning disabilities are still largely associated with Low SES. Researchers can assume that working memory measurements are not biased to SES and can properly assess language development and other learning problems. The applicability of this knowledge proves especially useful in determining needs for early intervention in children's learning environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44390130 | 1,908,228 |
360,265 | Raw mature fava beans are 11% water, 58% carbohydrates, 26% protein, and 2% fat. A 100-gram reference amount supplies of food energy and numerous essential nutrients in high content (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV). Folate (106% DV), and dietary minerals, such as manganese, phosphorus, magnesium, and iron (range of 52 to 77% DV), have considerable content. B vitamins have moderate to rich content (19 to 48% DV). Fava beans present the highest protein-to-carbohydrate ratio among other popular pulse crops, such as chickpea, pea and lentil. Moreover, their consumption is recommended along with cereals as both foods are complementary in supplying all essential amino acids. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=264501 | 360,078 |
117,254 | Dry air in the atmosphere of Earth contains roughly (by volume) 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.039% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases including methane. Lovelock originally speculated that concentrations of oxygen above about 25% would increase the frequency of wildfires and conflagration of forests. This mechanism, however, would not raise oxygen levels if they became too low. If plants can be shown to robustly over-produce O then perhaps only the high oxygen forest fires regulator is necessary. Recent work on the findings of fire-caused charcoal in Carboniferous and Cretaceous coal measures, in geologic periods when O did exceed 25%, has supported Lovelock's contention. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 | 117,209 |
135,417 | Maternal depression has been shown to influence the mothers' interaction with her child. When communicating with their child, depressed mothers fail to make changes to their vocal behaviour, and tend use unstructured vocal behaviours. Furthermore, when infants interact with depressed mothers they show signs of stress, such as increased pulse and raised cortisol levels, and make more use of avoidance behaviours, for example looking away, compared to those interacting with healthy mothers. The effect of mother-infant interaction at 2 months has been shown to affect the child's cognitive performance at 5 years. Recent studies have begun to identify that other forms of psychopathology that may or may not be co-morbidly occurring with maternal depression can independently influence infants' and toddlers' subsequent social-emotional development through effects on regulatory processes within the child-parent attachment. Maternal interpersonal violence-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), for example, has been associated with subsequent dysregulation of emotion and aggression by ages 4–7 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9627698 | 135,362 |
1,906,688 | If untreated, femoral malrotation can cause considerable gait disturbance and abnormal hip joint pressures. Malrotation of the femur in the setting of a mid-shaft fracture has an impact on the axis of the entire leg, which shifts the centre of force in the knee away from its neutral position. Consequently, femoral malrotation has significant impacts on the mechanical axis and force vectors within the knee. This can cause pain in the hip and knee, and patients may be limited in their movement, which can impair their function, especially in physically demanding activities such as walking up stairs and running. This can impact a person's satisfaction in life, as they may be physically unable to do things they want and need to, such as for laborious work, leisure activities, or raising a family, which can have significant impacts on their psychological health. Femoral malrotation can also cause an abnormally rotated foot, as the angle of a person's foot is directly related to the angle of the femur. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60722451 | 1,905,592 |
471,299 | Major issues were raised in the verification of bioequivalence when multiple generic versions of FDA-approved generic drug were found not to be equivalent in efficacy and side effect profiles. In 2007, two providers of consumer information on nutritional products and supplements, ConsumerLab.com and The People's Pharmacy, released the results of comparative tests of different brands of bupropion. The People's Pharmacy received multiple reports of increased side effects and decreased efficacy of generic bupropion, which prompted it to ask ConsumerLab.com to test the products in question. The tests showed that some generic versions of Wellbutrin XL 300 mg didn't perform the same as the brand-name pill in laboratory tests. The FDA investigated these complaints and concluded that the generic version is equivalent to Wellbutrin XL in regard to bioavailability of bupropion and its main active metabolite hydroxybupropion. The FDA also said that coincidental natural mood variation is the most likely explanation for the apparent worsening of depression after the switch from Wellbutrin XL to Budeprion XL. After several years of denying patient reports, in 2012 the FDA reversed this opinion, announcing that "Budeprion XL 300 mg fails to demonstrate therapeutic equivalence to Wellbutrin XL 300 mg." The FDA did not test the bioequivalence of any of the other generic versions of Wellbutrin XL 300 mg, but requested that the four manufacturers submit data on this question to the FDA by March 2013. As of October 2013, the FDA has made determinations on the formulations from some manufacturers not being bioequivalent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=998103 | 471,063 |
1,683,105 | In regards of program the most known alumni was man named Dr. James Gavin III quoted " It has been an immeasurable honor to play a part in realizing the Harold Amos program’s goal of building and developing a cadre of brilliant young physicians and dentists who go on to make significant contributions to the field of academic medicine. Our scholars and alumni make up one of the richest endowments of human capital with which I have ever been affiliated. Being part of that for three decades has helped fulfill my commitment to develop programs that create sustainable, positive change." By the help of this program Dr. Gavin believed that this committee helped him establish a great relationship between him and the facility that was able to advocate the workforce for many minorities that were capable to be a part of the growing medical regime. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30797508 | 1,682,162 |
1,007,786 | Edgar Frank Codd was born in Fortuneswell, on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. After attending Poole Grammar School, he studied mathematics and chemistry at Exeter College, Oxford, before serving as a pilot in the RAF Coastal Command during the Second World War, flying Sunderlands. In 1948, he moved to New York to work for IBM as a mathematical programmer. In 1953, angered by Senator Joseph McCarthy, Codd moved to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. In 1957 he returned to the US working for IBM and from 1961 to 1965 pursuing his doctorate in computer science at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Two years later he moved to San Jose, California, to work at IBM's San Jose Research Laboratory, where he continued to work until the 1980s. He was appointed IBM Fellow in 1976. During the 1990s, his health deteriorated and he ceased work. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93548 | 1,007,266 |
2,116,563 | In his design for the docks at Devonport, Dummer sought to arrange the buildings as efficiently as possible to eliminate the "great abuses committed in their Majesties' yards" such as "the tedious and expensive practices of carrying all things afloat for expediting of ship works, and which are many times very remote from the places where materials are kept, and workmen resort". This led to time-wasting and obstruction and presented opportunities for embezzling ships' stores. Because of the innumerable abuses, "too many to be named, and some too subtle to be discovered", Dummer ensured that men and materials were placed close together under the constant eye of command, saving time and costs. The thirteen officers' dwelling houses were similarly sited "on the most eminent spot of ground in the yard, for the officers' better observance of things abroad, and readier communication and conference with one another, on all occasions". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24510735 | 2,115,346 |
919,310 | The Asian flu was a category 2 flu pandemic outbreak caused by a strain of H2N2 that originated in China in early 1957, lasting until 1958. The virus originated from a mutation in wild ducks combining with a pre-existing human strain. The virus was first identified in Guizhou in late February; by mid-March it had spread across the entire mainland. It was not until the virus had reached Hong Kong in April, however, that the world was alerted to the unusual situation, when the international press began to report on the outbreak. The World Health Organization was officially informed when the virus arrived in Singapore, which operated the only influenza surveillance laboratory in Southeast Asia, in early May. From that point on, as the virus continued to sweep the region, the WHO remained attuned to the developing outbreak and helped coordinate the global response for the duration of the pandemic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2888063 | 918,825 |
411,015 | In work that later won them the Nobel prize in chemistry, the HK theorem was further developed by Walter Kohn and Lu Jeu Sham to produce Kohn–Sham DFT (KS DFT). Within this framework, the intractable many-body problem of interacting electrons in a static external potential is reduced to a tractable problem of noninteracting electrons moving in an effective potential. The effective potential includes the external potential and the effects of the Coulomb interactions between the electrons, e.g., the exchange and correlation interactions. Modeling the latter two interactions becomes the difficulty within KS DFT. The simplest approximation is the local-density approximation (LDA), which is based upon exact exchange energy for a uniform electron gas, which can be obtained from the Thomas–Fermi model, and from fits to the correlation energy for a uniform electron gas. Non-interacting systems are relatively easy to solve, as the wavefunction can be represented as a Slater determinant of orbitals. Further, the kinetic energy functional of such a system is known exactly. The exchange–correlation part of the total energy functional remains unknown and must be approximated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209874 | 410,813 |
928,168 | Prior to "Rosetta" deep space hibernation period, two of the spacecraft's four reaction wheels began exhibiting increased levels of "bearing friction noise". Increased friction levels in Reaction Wheel Assembly (RWA) B were noted after its September 2008 encounter with asteroid Šteins. Two attempts were made to relubricate the RWA using an on-board oil reservoir, but in each case noise levels were only temporarily lowered, and the RWA was turned off in mid-2010 after the flyby of asteroid Lutetia to avoid possible failure. Shortly after this, RWA C also began showing evidence of elevated friction. Relubrication was also performed on this RWA, and methods were found to temporarily increase its operating temperature to better improve the transfer of oil from its reservoir. In addition, the reaction wheel's speed range was decreased to limit lifetime accumulated rotations. These changes resulted in RWA C performance stabilising. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=179100 | 927,680 |
1,967,559 | It took Diesel several months to figure the problem. He started designing a new combustion process in May 1893 titled „Schlußfolgerungen über die definitiv f. d. Praxis zu wählende Arbeitsmethode des Motors“ (conclusion of the operating principle that definitely has to be chosen for a practical engine); it took until September the same year. By 16 June 1893, before he started the experiments with his engine at the Maschinenfabrik Augsburg, he had realised that the Carnot cycle is practically not possible and that he, therefore, has to change the way his motor works: "″Despite my older contrary statement, the question has to be answered, whether or not combustion processes other than the isothermal process would result in a bigger diagram″" (=actual engine work). Thus, Diesel eventually abandoned his idea of isothermic-adiabatic compression, he later made a note in his journal: "″We must not compress the air in a combined isothermal-adiabatic way, instead, we must only compress it adiabatically″". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59706535 | 1,966,429 |
232,923 | When Congress reconvened in late 1905, Roosevelt asked Senator Jonathan P. Dolliver of Iowa to introduce a bill that would incorporate Roosevelt's railroad regulatory proposals, and set about mobilizing public and congressional support for the bill. The bill was also taken up in the House, where it became known as the Hepburn Bill, named after Congressman William Peters Hepburn. While the bill passed the House with relative ease, the Senate, dominated by conservative Republicans like Nelson Aldrich, posed a greater challenge. Seeking to defeat reform efforts, Aldrich arranged it so that Democrat Benjamin Tillman, a Southern senator who Roosevelt despised, was left in charge of the bill. Because railroad regulation was widely popular, opponents of the Hepburn Bill focused on the role of courts in reviewing the ICC's rate-setting. Roosevelt and progressives wanted to limit judicial review to issues of procedural fairness, while conservatives favored "broad review" that would allow judges to determine whether the rates themselves were fair. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3520221 | 232,804 |
557,699 | Gestures could be efficiently used as a means of detecting a particular emotional state of the user, especially when used in conjunction with speech and face recognition. Depending on the specific action, gestures could be simple reflexive responses, like lifting your shoulders when you don't know the answer to a question, or they could be complex and meaningful as when communicating with sign language. Without making use of any object or surrounding environment, we can wave our hands, clap or beckon. On the other hand, when using objects, we can point at them, move, touch or handle these. A computer should be able to recognize these, analyze the context and respond in a meaningful way, in order to be efficiently used for Human–Computer Interaction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233942 | 557,410 |
225,444 | The identification of middle-range theories or "intermediate provisions", as defined by Rinzivillo (2019), is typical of the specification that passes through functional analysis, developed by Merton in the course of his research on the relationship between theory and empirical research. Unlike the functionalist theorisation proposed by Parsons, Merton proposes a choice that puts in particular evidence the relationship that the researcher should assume in the direction of a pragmatic choice of the instruments and methodology it uses. In this way, the theory can be addressed for heuristic purposes and the empirical research results in the operative aspect of the analysis, where the sociologist is obliged to choose to represent always, not the universe of the variables in play, but a reduction of the field of scientific interest. A strategy, in short, in favor of the "survey". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=230600 | 225,328 |
1,431,319 | The main problem with direct methods is the great computational complexity associated with the estimation and inversion of matrices formed from many degrees of freedom (large number of elements and or pulses). In addition, for methods where formula_9 must be estimated using data samples, the number of samples required to achieve a particular error is heavily dependent on the dimensionality of the interference covariance matrix. As a result, for high dimensional systems, this may require an unachievable number of unambiguous range cells. Further, these adjacent data cells must contain stationary statistics as a function of range which is rarely a good assumption for the large number of cells required (formula_25 for 3 dB SINR degradation from optimal, clairvoyant STAP). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5534218 | 1,430,515 |
1,641,543 | Transcription factors control gene expression by interacting with enhancer sequences. The transcription factors pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 ("PDX1"), "Neurogenin-3" (NEUROG3), and V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A ("MAFA") are required for beta cell growth and differentiation. "NEUROG3" governs islet differentiation and restoration and is expressed in endocrine progenitor cells. "PDX1" is required for the formation of exocrine and endocrine cells in the pancreas, especially beta cells. PDX1 also attaches to regulatory regions, causing insulin gene transcription to rise. Similarly, "MAFA" binds to the insulin gene's enhancer/promoter region and stimulates insulin production in response to glucose. "PDX1", "NEUROG3", and/or "MAFA" have been effectively used to convert numerous cell types into insulin-producing cells in vitro and in vivo, including pancreatic exocrine cells, hepatocytes, and pluripotent stem cells, in addition to their natural roles in beta cell formation and maturation. In this paper, we look at the biological features of "PDX1", "NEUROG3", and "MAFA", as well as their applications and limitations in beta cell regeneration. A PubMed search for papers published between 1990 and 2017 was used to find the primary source literature for this review. Diabetes, insulin, trans-differentiation, stem cells, and regenerative medicine are all search phrases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25921835 | 1,640,616 |
517,967 | Marin Mersenne, OM (also known as Marinus Mersennus or "le Père" Mersenne; ; 8 September 1588 – 1 September 1648) was a French polymath whose works touched a wide variety of fields. He is perhaps best known today among mathematicians for Mersenne prime numbers, those which can be written in the form for some integer . He also developed Mersenne's laws, which describe the harmonics of a vibrating string (such as may be found on guitars and pianos), and his seminal work on music theory, "Harmonie universelle", for which he is referred to as the "father of acoustics". Mersenne, an ordained Catholic priest, had many contacts in the scientific world and has been called "the center of the world of science and mathematics during the first half of the 1600s" and, because of his ability to make connections between people and ideas, "the post-box of Europe". He was also a member of the Minim religious order and wrote and lectured on theology and philosophy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72947 | 517,698 |
123,275 | This vertical stratification, with warmer layers above and cooler layers below, makes the stratosphere dynamically stable: there is no regular convection and associated turbulence in this part of the atmosphere. However, exceptionally energetic convection processes, such as volcanic eruption columns and overshooting tops in severe supercell thunderstorms, may carry convection into the stratosphere on a very local and temporary basis. Overall, the attenuation of solar UV at wavelengths that damage DNA by the ozone layer allows life to exist on the surface of the planet outside of the ocean. All air entering the stratosphere must pass through the tropopause, the temperature minimum that divides the troposphere and stratosphere. The rising air is literally freeze dried; the stratosphere is a very dry place. The top of the stratosphere is called the stratopause, above which the temperature decreases with height. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47454 | 123,226 |
500,170 | In preclinical mouse models of prostate cancer, α-(alpha)-amanitin conjugated to an antibody directed against prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA; FOLH1; GCPII) showed high antitumoral activity and caused complete remission at single i.v. doses of 150 μg/kg of toxin, with no more than marginal weight loss in treated animals. Also, amanitin-based antibody-drug conjugates using an anti-Her2 antibody such as trastuzumab showed high antitumor activity in a series of models of preclinical oncology designed to establish efficacy of the trial drug in the treatment of HER2+ breast cancer. Alpha-amanitin is highly active in drug-resistant cells, independent of the status of expression of multi-drug resistant transporters because of its hydrophilic structure. Inhibition of RNA polymerase II caused by amanitin binding not only leads to apoptosis of dividing cells, but also of slowly growing cells – which are often observed in prostate cancer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=301785 | 499,913 |
1,456,800 | On November 9, 2007, Malenchenko performed his fourth career spacewalk. He and Expedition 16 commander, Peggy Whitson, in US EMUs ventured into space from the station's "Quest" airlock at 09:54 UTC. Malenchenko's suit was all white, and the purpose of the spacewalk was to prepare for the relocation of Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA-2) and the subsequent move of the "Harmony" node to its permanent location. As the first task, the two spacewalkers disconnected the Station to Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS) cables between the "Destiny" laboratory and PMA-2. Next they disconnected eight other cables between PMA-2 and the "Destiny". Malenchenko removed and replaced a failed electrical circuit box and together with Whitson removed the active Common Berthing Mechanism cover that was located at the outboard end of "Harmony". Next, Malenchenko moved back behind the Z1 truss to reconfigure a power system, removing an electrical jumper. The spacewalk ended at 16.49 UTC when the two spacewalkers returned to the ISS. The spacewalk lasted 6 hours and 55 minutes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=405400 | 1,455,980 |
1,837,187 | In the field of drug discovery, retrometabolic drug design is a strategy for the design of safer drugs either using predictable metabolism to an inactive moiety or using targeted drug delivery approaches. The phrase retrometabolic drug design was coined by Nicholas Bodor. The method is analogous to retrosynthetic analysis where the synthesis of a target molecule is planned backwards. In retrometabolic drug design, metabolic reaction information of drugs is used to design parent drugs whose metabolism and distribution can be controlled to target and eliminate the drug to increase efficacy and minimize undesirable side effects. The new drugs thus designed achieve selective organ and/or therapeutic site drug targeting and produce safe therapeutic agents and safe environmental chemicals. These approaches represent systematic methodologies that thoroughly integrate structure-activity (SAR) and structure-metabolism (SMR) relationships and are aimed at designing safe, locally active compounds with improved therapeutic index (ratio of benefit vs. side effect). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40287988 | 1,836,138 |
437,320 | New criteria by the ABPA Complicated Asthma ISHAM Working Group suggests a 6-stage criteria for the diagnosis of ABPA, though this is yet to be formalised into official guidelines. This would replace the current gold standard staging protocol devised by Patterson and colleagues. Stage 0 would represent an asymptomatic form of ABPA, with controlled asthma but still fulfilling the fundamental diagnostic requirements of a positive skin test with elevated total IgE (>1000 IU/mL). Stage 6 is an advanced ABPA, with the presence of type II respiratory failure or pulmonary heart disease, with radiological evidence of severe fibrosis consistent with ABPA on a high-resolution CT scan. It must be diagnosed after excluding the other, reversible causes of acute respiratory failure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4922861 | 437,106 |
2,008,268 | The Inglis Bridge was designed so that all of its components could be moved by manpower alone; moreover, it could be erected with few tools in a short span of time – a troop of 40 sappers could erect a bridge in 12 hours. The design was composed of a series of Warren truss bays made from tubular steel sections, to a maximum span of six bays (). The design went through three revisions, with the Mark II replacing the original design's variable-length tubes with identical-length ones and, during the Second World War, the Mark III using higher strength steel but smaller tube diameters, increasing the carrying capacity to . In addition to his bridge design, during the war's course he developed the similar Inglis Tubular Observation Tower. Inglis received a US Patent for his bridge on 25 April 1916 and for the type of joints used in it on 26 June 1917. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16975609 | 2,007,116 |
145,901 | "Cosmos" was produced in 1978 and 1979 by Los Angeles PBS member station KCET on a roughly $6.3 million budget, with over $2 million additionally allocated to promotion. The program's format is similar to earlier BBC documentaries such as Kenneth Clark's "Civilisation", Jacob Bronowski's "The Ascent of Man", and David Attenborough's "Life on Earth". However, unlike those series, which were shot entirely on film, "Cosmos" used videotape for interior scenes and special effects, with film being used for exteriors and location shooting (this film-video hybrid format was common in British scripted television at the time, but less so in documentary productions). The BBC—a co-producer of "Cosmos"—later screened the series, but the episodes were cut to fit 50-minute slots. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=146424 | 145,843 |
592,083 | In post–World War II Czechoslovakia, Freund was assigned by the communist government the task of identifying among military conscripts men who were falsely declaring themselves to be gay to avoid the draft. "Freund (1957) developed the first device, which measured penile volume changes... to distinguish heterosexual and homosexual males for the Czechoslovakian army." When he escaped Europe for Canada, Freund was able to pursue his research using phallometry for the assessment of sexual offenders. At that time, attempts to develop methods of changing homosexual men into heterosexual men were being made by many sexologists, including John Bancroft, Albert Ellis, and William Masters of the Masters and Johnson Institute. Because phallometry showed that such methods were failures, Freund was among the first sexologists to declare that such attempts were unethical. Based primarily on Freund's studies, decriminalization of homosexuality took place in Czechoslovakia in 1961. (See also LGBT rights in the Czech Republic.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=410384 | 591,781 |
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