doc_id int32 18 2.25M | text stringlengths 245 2.96k | source stringlengths 38 44 | __index_level_0__ int64 18 2.25M |
|---|---|---|---|
94,168 | In Big Bang cosmology the cosmic microwave background (CMB, CMBR) is electromagnetic radiation that is a remnant from an early stage of the universe, also known as "relic radiation". The CMB is faint cosmic background radiation filling all space. It is an important source of data on the early universe because it is the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7376 | 94,127 |
1,518,738 | As with all the labs of DRDO, DMRL started its operations as a part of the Ordnance Factory Board at its Metal & Steel Factory in Calcutta in the year 1951 as the Technical Development Establishment (Metals), later to be upgraded as DMRL in 1956. DMRL was shifted to Hyderabad in 1963. Since then, it has developed compe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14080274 | 1,517,880 |
1,049,260 | Burmese amber, also known as Burmite or Kachin amber, is amber from the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. The amber is dated to around 100 million years ago, during the latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian ages of the mid-Cretaceous period. The amber is of significant palaeontological interest due to the diversity of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48679019 | 1,048,715 |
1,072,262 | In all, 318 cases of Ebola were identified in Zaire, and 280 resulted in death. An additional 284 cases and 151 deaths occurred in nearby South Sudan in an unrelated outbreak. Yambuku Mission Hospital was closed after 11 of its 17 staff members died. Belgian nuns serving the community were also infected, and two of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64307401 | 1,071,708 |
2,006,723 | Infrared and ultraviolet light are also useful tools to understand the intrinsic details of certain objects. However, X-rays tend to be more useful for denser objects. The benefit of radiography is that it is not intrusive. Radiography does expose the object to radiation, but these levels are low. In fact, they are muc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48048697 | 2,005,573 |
534,409 | Advanced degrees were not a criterion for professorships at most colleges. This began to change in the mid-19th century, as thousands of the more ambitious scholars at major schools went to Germany for one to three years to obtain a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the sciences or the humanities. Graduate schools slowly e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44440652 | 534,130 |
107,311 | Two different valvetrains are present on this engine series. The L12A, L13A and L15A use (), or “intelligent Dual & Sequential Ignition”. i-DSI utilizes two spark plugs per cylinder which fire at different intervals during the combustion process to achieve a more complete burn of the gasoline. This process allows the e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3878763 | 107,266 |
1,714,283 | Mathematical Grammar School has built a reputation as an elite school throughout its 45 years of existence, with significant world stage highlights at the end of 1980s and during the 1990s, which led to increased number of candidates applying every year. Eventually the number of applicants far outnumbered the number of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8358106 | 1,713,317 |
919,757 | On April 12, 2007, LGBT rights group Soulforce selected PHC as one of the targets of its annual "Equality Ride" to protest the stance of conservative Christian colleges concerning homosexuality. Patrick Henry College officials did not allow Soulforce to enter the university premises but did suggest that student represe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1025788 | 919,271 |
1,844,461 | The institute was named Institute for Research on Learning (IRL) and founded in 1988. Its first director was George Pake, a physicist from PARC. Its staff was composed of an inter-disciplinary group of researchers: recruited in part from PARC and from Stanford and UC Berkeley. Researchers came from the disciplines of e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25504703 | 1,843,407 |
446,498 | PATH uses behavior change communication techniques to encourage healthy behaviors for HIV prevention. One of the best-known examples is PATH's work with "magnet theater" in Kenya, India, Vietnam, and other developing countries. Named because of its natural pulling power, this interactive street theater draws people in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8271030 | 446,282 |
1,357,764 | There is no cure for canine cognitive dysfunction, but there are medical aids to help mask the symptoms attributed to the disease as it progresses. Therapies are a major form of symptom masking, such as exercise increase, new toys, and learning new commands have shown increases in memory. Changing the dog's diet is als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41726017 | 1,357,014 |
910,066 | Methods for spacing may be: manual, using various tools, including power saws, brush saws, and clippers; mechanical, using choppersand mulchers; chemical; or combinations of several methods. One treatment has had notable success in spacing massively overstocked (<100 000 stems/ha) natural regeneration of spruce and fir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1031149 | 909,587 |
1,945,266 | In 1983, classification for cerebral palsy competitors in this sport was done by the Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association. The classification used the classification system designed for field athletics events. In 1983, there were five cerebral palsy classifications. Going into the 2000 Summer ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36583561 | 1,944,154 |
1,585,193 | An algae bloom is the enhanced growth of photosynthetic organisms in a water system, which manifests itself as a clear change of water color. Algal blooms are often caused by a local enrichment of the water system with nutrients, which temporarily remove the limiting growth factor of photosynthetic organisms like cyano... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67696353 | 1,584,302 |
202,031 | In 1926 at the age of 39, Austrian theoretical physicist Erwin Schrödinger produced the papers that gave the foundations of quantum wave mechanics. In those papers he described his partial differential equation that is the basic equation of quantum mechanics and bears the same relation to the mechanics of the atom as N... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1416046 | 201,928 |
1,015,984 | It is now accepted that the giant squid has a maximum mass of several hundred kilograms, but the literature is rife with claims of much greater weights. Clarke (1966), for example, put the mass of the largest giant squid specimens at around . Similarly, Richard Ellis wrote: "Where [giant] squid carcasses have actually ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8375147 | 1,015,461 |
1,551,480 | Shortly after the ISOLDE experimental program started, some major improvements for SC were planned. In 1972 the SC shut down to upgrade its beam intensity by changing its radiofrequency system. The SC improvement program increased the primary proton beam intensity by about a factor of 100. To be able to handle this hig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2050029 | 1,550,599 |
1,564,672 | Although these plastics can still be recycled, they will also decompose into a waxy substance in less than a year, provided they are exposed to environmental conditions such as sunlight, air and water. Ecotoxicity tests have shown that this intermediary wax is "non-harmful for contact with soil, plants and the aquatic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66122548 | 1,563,785 |
1,926,367 | Amebiasis has been observed in saurian, ophidian, and chelonian reptiles and is shown to result in a mortality rate of approximately 100%. Several scientists have noted that reptiles native to lower temperature climates tend to be carriers of the parasite, while those species who live in warmer temperatures usually dev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44779596 | 1,925,263 |
762,093 | Heterotrimeric G proteins located within the cell are activated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that span the cell membrane. Signaling molecules bind to a domain of the GPCR located outside the cell, and an intracellular GPCR domain then in turn activates a particular G protein. Some active-state GPCRs have also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12841 | 761,685 |
1,979,492 | "M. caliginosus" is used in Europe in the biological control of whitefly in tomato crops in greenhouses. It can survive for some time on its host plants in the absence of insect prey, can feed on pests other than whitefly, and has the additional advantage of being able to move freely from plant to plant. Due to a taxon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47271901 | 1,978,354 |
1,980,938 | In the effort to improve the impact of his results on discrete radio sources, Bolton chose to refine his source positions and eliminate any systematic uncertainties. Bolton and Stanley did this via an expedition to New Zealand, conducting sea-cliff interferometric observations from both New Zealand and Australia. These... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=840442 | 1,979,800 |
862,856 | Quotas prompt foreign suppliers to raise their prices toward the domestic level of the importing country. That relieves some of the competitive pressure on domestic suppliers, and both they and the foreign suppliers gain at the expense of a loss to consumers, and to the domestic economy, in addition to which there is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1700209 | 862,396 |
2,188,894 | Born on 23 August 1864, Robert Elliot was educated at Bedford School and at the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital. He entered the Indian Medical Service and was gazetted surgeon-lieutenant on 30 January 1892. He served on the North West Frontier, between 1892 and 1893, and was Superintendent of the Governmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43797696 | 2,187,645 |
30,359 | After the first batches of Rubik's Cubes were released in May 1980, initial sales were modest, but Ideal began a television advertising campaign in the middle of the year which it supplemented with newspaper advertisements. At the end of 1980, Rubik's Cube won a German Game of the Year special award and won similar awa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25971 | 30,349 |
1,395,562 | There is some debate within the field about what the ERN reflects (see especially Burle, et al.) Some researchers maintain that the ERN is generated during the detection of or response to errors. Others argue that the ERN is generated by a comparison process or a conflict monitoring system, and not specific to errors. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27318965 | 1,394,791 |
62,081 | The German inventor Christian Hülsmeyer was the first to use radio waves to detect "the presence of distant metallic objects". In 1904, he demonstrated the feasibility of detecting a ship in dense fog, but not its distance from the transmitter. He obtained a patent for his detection device in April 1904 and later a pat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25676 | 62,056 |
441,385 | During the Apollo 13 crisis, Lunney played a key role. Coming on shift an hour after the oxygen tank explosion that put the crew's lives in jeopardy, Lunney and his team faced the unprecedented challenge of having to power up the Lunar Module on an extremely tight timeline, while transferring guidance and navigation da... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6393260 | 441,170 |
852,721 | Several assumptions were made in the formulation of these equations: First, an individual in the population must be considered as having an equal probability as every other individual of contracting the disease with a rate of formula_111, which is considered the contact or infection rate of the disease. Therefore, an i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16981683 | 852,267 |
1,573,822 | Nutritional stress can change bacterial morphology. A common shape alteration is filamentation which can be triggered by a limited availability of one or more substrates, nutrients or electron acceptors. Since the filament can increase a cell's uptake–surface area without significantly changing its volume appreciably. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35547268 | 1,572,933 |
111,092 | The foundations of MOSFET technology were laid down by the work of William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain. Shockley independently envisioned the FET concept in 1945, but he was unable to build a working device. The next year Bardeen explained his failure in terms of surface states. Bardeen applied the theor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41228216 | 111,047 |
921,270 | The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fair amount of morphological diversity despite genetic similarity. Common characteri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=167883 | 920,784 |
701,706 | Following the end of the Space Race, spaceflight has been characterized by greater international co-operation, cheaper access to low Earth orbit and an expansion of commercial ventures. Interplanetary probes have visited all of the planets in the Solar System, and humans have remained in orbit for long periods aboard s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6949369 | 701,341 |
1,972,027 | Nixon's renunciation is often overlooked in discussions about his presidency and his presidential legacy. Books about Nixon devote little space to the act and those centered on the topic of arms-control, even less. The abandonment of an entire class of weapons remains unrepeated in U.S. history. In addition, Melvin Lai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20791072 | 1,970,893 |
794,905 | Previously, autoland systems have been so expensive that they were rarely used on small aircraft. However, as display technology has developed the addition of a head up display (HUD) allows for a trained pilot to manually fly the aircraft using guidance cues from the flight guidance system. This significantly reduces t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1841031 | 794,480 |
1,879,902 | The removal of heat from nuclear reactors is an essential step in the generation of energy from nuclear reactions. In nuclear engineering there are a number of empirical or semi-empirical relations used for quantifying the process of removing heat from a nuclear reactor core so that the reactor operates in the projecte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55608661 | 1,878,821 |
112,238 | The Mars Odyssey spacecraft carries an instrument, the Mars Radiation Environment Experiment (MARIE), to measure the radiation. MARIE found that radiation levels in orbit above Mars are 2.5 times higher than at the International Space Station. The average daily dose was about —equivalent to 0.08 Gy per year. A three-ye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1744360 | 112,193 |
833,372 | The university began as Morehead Normal School, which opened its doors in 1887. One student appeared on the first day of class in October 1887, in a little, rented cottage where the Adron Doran University Center now stands. The private school closed in the spring of 1922 when the Kentucky General Assembly established M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=192826 | 832,923 |
1,527,342 | Under neutral or slightly acidic conditions (in the presence of silica gel, for instance), oxidation occurs by an initial hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl group and the oxoammonium nitrogen, followed by concerted proton transfer and hydride abstraction. The need for hydrogen bonding is supported by the low reactivity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27669623 | 1,526,478 |
666,803 | Rutherford died and the search committee named Lawrence Bragg as next in the line of the Cavendish Professors who direct the Cavendish Laboratory. The Laboratory had an eminent history in atomic physics and some members were wary of a crystallographer, which Bragg surmounted by even-handed administration. He worked on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=303544 | 666,455 |
133,250 | The earliest Greek philosophers, known as the pre-Socratics, provided competing answers to the question found in the myths of their neighbors: "How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?" The pre-Socratic philosopher Thales (640–546 BCE) of Miletus, identified by later authors such as Aristotle as the firs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14400 | 133,197 |
1,631,751 | Because of the implications to human health, sEH has been pursued as a pharmaceutical target and several sEH inhibitors have been developed in the private and public sectors. One such inhibitor, UC1153 (AR9281), was taken to a phase IIA clinal trial for treatment of hypertension by Arête Therapeutics. However, UC1153 f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34520195 | 1,630,829 |
1,571,109 | According to the Scriptures, Jubal was the father of harpists and organists (Gen. 4:20–21). The harp was among the chief instruments and the favorite of David, and it is referred to more than fifty times in the Bible. It was used at both joyful and mournful ceremonies, and its use was "raised to its highest perfection ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49646776 | 1,570,221 |
923,563 | In 2000 Max Tegmark claimed that any quantum coherent system in the brain would undergo effective wave function collapse due to environmental interaction long before it could influence neural processes (the "warm, wet and noisy" argument, as it was later came to be known). He determined the decoherence timescale of mic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=712245 | 923,077 |
2,116,971 | American scientific journals "Science" and "Nature" have both reported in recent years that China's stem cell programs hold potential, and in 2004 a delegation from Britain's Department of Trade and Industry concluded more emphatically that Chinese research in the field was already world-class. Funding for stem cell re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22511846 | 2,115,753 |
2,005,097 | The pathogenesis of BPF is not well established but it is thought that patients become pharyngeal or conjunctival carriers of "H. aegyptius", which is followed by spreading to the bloodstream. This hypothesis is supported by the isolation of from both the conjunctiva and oropharynx of documented BPF cases with "H. aegy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3070675 | 2,003,948 |
663,029 | Antibodies are produced by B cells in two ways: (i) randomly, and (ii) in response to a foreign protein or substance within the body. Initially, one B cell produces one specific kind of antibody. In either case, the B cell is allowed to proliferate or is killed off through a process called clonal deletion. Normally, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2016069 | 662,684 |
740,034 | Research into the natural product chemistry of "Coprinellus micaceus" has revealed the presence of several chemical compounds unique to the species. Micaceol is a sterol with "modest" antibacterial activity against the pathogens "Corynebacterium xerosis" and "Staphylococcus aureus". The compound (Z,Z)-4-oxo-2,5-heptadi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22449893 | 739,642 |
1,659,836 | Assuming sorted data, L-estimators involving only a few points can be calculated with far fewer mathematical operations than efficient estimates. Before the advent of electronic calculators and computers, these provided a useful way to extract much of the information from a sample with minimal labour. These remained in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17398955 | 1,658,903 |
1,015,656 | In September 2013, Northrop Grumman revealed the development of a company-funded Directional Infrared Counter Measures system in anticipation of a requirement to protect the F-35 from heat-seeking missiles. A laser jammer is expected to be part of the F-35 Block 5 upgrade; it must meet low-observability (LO) requiremen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54719700 | 1,015,133 |
1,556,910 | Zero- to ultralow-field (ZULF) NMR is the acquisition of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of chemicals with magnetically active nuclei (spins 1/2 and greater) in an environment carefully screened from magnetic fields (including from the Earth's field). ZULF NMR experiments typically involve the use of passive o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11801199 | 1,556,025 |
956,259 | Haldane took Indian citizenship; he was interested in Hinduism and became a vegetarian. In 1961, Haldane described India as "the closest approximation to the Free World." Jerzy Neyman objected that "India has its fair share of scoundrels and a tremendous amount of poor unthinking and disgustingly subservient individual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62417 | 955,754 |
1,936,772 | Page's research centers around cosmic background radiation (CMB), which is the electromagnetic radiation from the Big Bang. In 1991, Page, together with David Todd Wilkinson, Norman Jarosik and Edward J. Wollack, conceived of a satellite designed to specifically detect CMB. They eventually partnered with Johns Hopkins ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10744404 | 1,935,664 |
95,872 | Meanwhile, Alice characterized the atmosphere, both by emissions of atmospheric molecules (airglow), and by dimming of background stars as they pass behind Pluto (occultation). During and after closest approach, SWAP and PEPSSI sampled the high atmosphere and its effects on the solar wind. VBSDC searched for dust, infe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=390905 | 95,831 |
1,020,426 | According to some definitions, covalent hydrides cover all other compounds containing hydrogen. Some definitions limit hydrides to hydrogen centres that formally react as hydrides, i.e. are nucleophilic, and hydrogen atoms bound to metal centers. These hydrides are formed by all the true non-metals (except zero group e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=142100 | 1,019,899 |
740,903 | Development of technologies will result in technical solutions that improve thrust levels, Isp, power, specific mass, (or specific power), volume, system mass, system complexity, operational complexity, commonality with other spacecraft systems, manufacturability, durability, and cost. These types of improvements will ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28506 | 740,511 |
1,010,575 | Experiments have been performed to test precisely how the glycocalyx can be altered or damaged. One particular study used an isolated perfused heart model designed to facilitate detection of the state of the vascular barrier portion, and sought to cause insult-induced shedding of the glycocalyx to ascertain the cause-a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=961291 | 1,010,054 |
1,733,173 | Inappropriate IT infrastructure likely limits healthcare analytics findings and their impact on clinical practice. Establishing standards ensures IT infrastructure capable of housing big data balanced with addressing accessibility, ownership, and privacy. New possibilities could be explored such as private clouds and “... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44317101 | 1,732,197 |
1,947,122 | Systemic lupus erythematosus is the most common form of lupus and is a condition in which the immune system attacks healthy bodily tissue causing wide-spread inflammation and tissue damage across many organ systems. Hypomethylation is observed across the epigenome in those with systemic lupus. The promoter regions of m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70058191 | 1,946,009 |
1,725,654 | The cranium includes the face, much of the frontal bone, parts of the midvault and the base anterior to the foramen magnum. The cranial length, width and height are 21 cm (8.3 in), 15.87 cm (6.2 in) and 19.05 cm (7.5 in) respectively. Researchers have suggested that Bodo butchered animals because Acheulean hand axes an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37326923 | 1,724,683 |
554,583 | It is not altogether clear what is meant by 'solving' a set of differential equations. A problem is regarded as solved when the particles coordinates at time "t" are expressed as simple functions of "t" and of parameters defining the initial positions and velocities. However, 'simple function' is not a well-defined con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=454450 | 554,294 |
1,701,115 | Evans was born on March 22, 1932 in Manhattan, the son of Bella (Shotl) and Harry Evans. His family was Jewish. He learned much about the game by playing for ten cents an hour on 42nd Street in New York City, quickly becoming a rising star. At age 14, he tied for 4th–5th place in the Marshall Chess Club championship. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1047985 | 1,700,161 |
1,223,248 | The wettest periods in this century have been from 1973 to 1976, peaking in 1974, all La Niña years. The drought in 1979–83 is regarded as the worst of the twentieth century for short-term rainfall deficiencies of up to one year and their over-all impact. An El Niño event brought severe dust storms in north-western Vic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=69348495 | 1,222,588 |
1,590,794 | In prehistoric times the coastline of Somerset was very different from the present one, the sea level at the last glacial maximum being several hundred feet lower than today so that the Bristol Channel was almost non-existent. The Bristol Channel has one of the largest tidal ranges in the world, up to at Burnham-on-Sea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3407122 | 1,589,900 |
696,070 | Working under the supervision of Seymour Papert, she developed a child-friendly version of the educational robotics language LOGO, called TORTIS ("Toddler's Own Recursive Turtle Interpreter System"). During research performed in 1974–76, young children—the youngest aged 3½ years, programmed a LOGO educational robot cal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4236111 | 695,706 |
1,536,779 | Weaknesses: One of the biggest drawbacks of micro-MRI is its cost. Depending on the magnetic strength (which determines resolution), systems used for animal imaging between 1.5 and 14 teslas in magnetic flux density range from $1 million to over $6 million, with most systems costing around $2 million. Furthermore, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26065582 | 1,535,911 |
729,831 | Fresnel's next lens was a rotating apparatus with eight "bull's-eye" panels, made in annular arcs by Saint-Gobain, giving eight rotating beams – to be seen by mariners as a periodic flash. Above and behind each main panel was a smaller, sloping bull's-eye panel of trapezoidal outline with trapezoidal elements. This ref... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1141 | 729,447 |
491,472 | Maunsell initiated trials with Urie N15 No. 442 in 1924, and proved that better performance could be obtained by altering the steam circuit, valve travel and draughting arrangements. As a result, Clayton reduced the N15 cylinder diameter to and replaced the safety valves with Ross pop valves set to boiler pressure. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1326400 | 491,218 |
1,427,707 | "A. pisum" and "Buchnera" were the first insect-endosymbiont pair to have the genomes of both partners sequenced. This has provided researchers with a great deal of information about the evolutionary and molecular interactions of this endosymbiosis. The "A. pisum" and "Buchnera" genomes have experienced unique modifica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30160421 | 1,426,903 |
671,507 | Following the independence of Finland from Russia in 1917 and the defeat of the Finnish Red Guard during the Finnish Civil War, Finland began the process of replacing its obsolete Russian armament. The efforts to modernize Finland's arsenal included the replacement of Russian Nagant M1895 revolvers with the Spanish Rub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5117885 | 671,155 |
903,343 | Soon after World War II, Rickover was assigned to the Bureau of Ships in September 1947 and received training in nuclear power at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. In February 1949 he received an assignment to the Division of Reactor Development, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and then assumed control of the United States Navy's ef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=942255 | 902,867 |
929,758 | Questions have been raised about the reporting reliability of the "Journal" report by David Isenberg, an independent Washington, D.C.-based analyst and Cato Institute Adjunct Scholar, specifically saying that Mr. Roome is denying the quotes attributed to him and that he, Isenberg, also had similar complaints with one o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=454995 | 929,267 |
1,393,471 | Additive manufacturing is defined as a material joining process, whereby a product can be directly fabricated from its 3D model, usually layer upon layer. Comparing to traditional manufacturing technologies such as CNC machining or casting, AM processes have several unique capabilities. It enables the fabrication of pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51500017 | 1,392,700 |
1,146,512 | At the time settlers first came to the United States, the predominant medical system was humoral theory, or the idea that diseases are caused by an imbalance of bodily fluids. Settlers initially believed that they should only use medicines that fit in this medical system and were made out of "such things only as grown ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38600542 | 1,145,908 |
27,773 | In 1510 or 1512 Copernicus moved to Frombork, a town to the northwest at the Vistula Lagoon on the Baltic Sea coast. There, in April 1512, he participated in the election of Fabian of Lossainen as Prince-Bishop of Warmia. It was only in early June 1512 that the chapter gave Copernicus an "external curia"—a house outsid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=323592 | 27,763 |
1,955,447 | In 1965, the modern era of IOERT began in Japan at Kyoto University where patients were treated with electrons generated by a betatron Compared with other forms of IORT such as orthovoltage X-ray beams, electron beams improved IOERT dose distributions, limited penetration beyond the tumor, and delivered the required do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13524515 | 1,954,325 |
2,115,870 | Regulation in the USA started in 1906 with the Food and Drugs Act and further USA regulation came in 1938 with the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act following the deaths due to Elixir sulfanilamide in 1937. Further tragedies resulted from the use of Thalidomide that was marketed in 1957, Germany, without adequate te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53033516 | 2,114,653 |
392,682 | Solubility is a property of interest in many aspects of science, including but not limited to: environmental predictions, biochemistry, pharmacy, drug-design, agrochemical design, and protein ligand binding. Aqueous solubility is of fundamental interest owing to the vital biological and transportation functions played ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59497 | 392,487 |
505,842 | Conventional linguistic anthropology also has implications for sociology and self-organization of peoples. Study of the Penan people, for instance, reveals that their language employs six different and distinct words whose best English translation is "we". Anthropological linguistics studies these distinctions, and rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=320063 | 505,579 |
48,158 | The earliest integrated circuits were packaged in ceramic flat packs, which continued to be used by the military for their reliability and small size for many years. Commercial circuit packaging quickly moved to the dual in-line package (DIP), first in ceramic and later in plastic, which is commonly cresol-formaldehyde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15150 | 48,138 |
1,289,964 | Elevated expression of FGFR1 protein was detected in 10 of 10 human Rhabdomyosarcoma tumors and 4 of 4 human cell lines derived from rhabdomyocarcoma. The tumor cases included 6 cases of Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, 2 cases of Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, and 2 cases of pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma. Rhabdomyosarcoma is a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11485159 | 1,289,254 |
2,021,451 | Caution should be taken while refining some of the parameters simultaneously (i.e. formula_2 or formula_9, multipole populations and thermal parameters), as they may correlate strongly, resulting in an unstable refinement or unphysical parameter values. Applying additional constraints resulting from local symmetry for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53264410 | 2,020,288 |
2,134,082 | In 1994, Phillips co-founded and became CTO of Boston-based SpeechWorks, which became one of the leading US-based vendors of speech recognition technology at the time, alongside Nuance Communications and IBM. The startup developed interactive voice response systems, including call-center interfaces for clients includin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49177971 | 2,132,857 |
169,270 | Though reduced sexual dimorphism has often been cited historically as one of the radical differences between "H. ergaster" and earlier "Homo" and australopithecines, it is unclear whether australopithecines were significantly more sexually diamorphic than "H. ergaster" or modern humans. Skeletal evidence suggests that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=276745 | 169,180 |
1,940,938 | Three teams, the Netherlands, Ukraine and India, continued their victorious runs and scored their fifth match win. After closely defeating the first seeds Russia in the previous round, Ukraine beat another strong opponent in the name of the reigning Olympic champions China by 2½-1½. The only decisive game in the match ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51472590 | 1,939,827 |
1,529,656 | As the concept of adaptive memory is a relatively recent development in memory research, there is still much research to be done in this field. One important consideration for further research in this field is adopting of a functional perspective of memory, leading to the important goal of further empirical findings an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31058472 | 1,528,792 |
1,370,595 | Cocrystal engineering is relevant to production of energetic materials, pharmaceuticals, and other compounds. Of these, the most widely studied and used application is in drug development and more specifically, the formation, design, and implementation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Changing the structure ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30031679 | 1,369,839 |
261,393 | The Air Council decided on 7 July 1960 that Project E weapons would be phased out by December 1962, by which time it was anticipated that there would be sufficient British megaton weapons to equip the entire strategic bomber force. Project E weapons were replaced by British Yellow Sun bombs. Problems encountered in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2095669 | 261,254 |
897,653 | The Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA and WPA2) security protocols were later created to address the problems with WEP. If a weak password, such as a dictionary word or short character string is used, WPA and WPA2 can be cracked. Using a long enough random password (e.g. 14 random letters) or passphrase (e.g. 5 randomly chos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2681135 | 897,180 |
211,059 | In 1897, after taking his "Abitur", Hahn began to study chemistry at the University of Marburg. His subsidiary subjects were mathematics, physics, mineralogy and philosophy. Hahn joined the Students' Association of Natural Sciences and Medicine, a student fraternity and a forerunner of today's "Landsmannschaft Nibelung... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46825 | 210,952 |
1,928,737 | Monitoring of population changes through genetic means can be done retrospectively, through analysis of 'historical' DNA recovered from museum-archived species and comparison with contemporary DNA of that species. It can also be used as a tool for evaluating ongoing changes in the status and persistence of current popu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22237707 | 1,927,632 |
800,209 | From the tables of stars on the ceiling of the tombs of Rameses VI and Rameses IX it seems that for fixing the hours of the night a man seated on the ground faced the Astrologer in such a position that the line of observation of the pole star passed over the middle of his head. On the different days of the year each ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16847243 | 799,783 |
745,932 | From the tables of stars on the ceiling of the tombs of Rameses VI and Rameses IX it seems that for fixing the hours of the night a man seated on the ground faced the Astrologer in such a position that the line of observation of the pole star passed over the middle of his head. On the different days of the year each ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14021 | 745,538 |
898,721 | The treated ore is introduced to a water-filled aeration tank containing surfactant such as methylisobutyl carbinol (MIBC). Air is constantly forced through the slurry and the air bubbles attach to the hydrophobic copper sulfide particles, which are conducted to the surface, where they form a froth and are skimmed off.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=828834 | 898,246 |
1,652,854 | The rubber muscles contract when inflated and extend when exhausted. This results in a more reliable and robust engineering design. The body stands on the ground within the chassis of the machine, which incorporates a lower body exoskeleton connecting it to the robot. Encoders on the hip joints provides the data that w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1378166 | 1,651,922 |
130,719 | The armored tub, ranging from thickness and enveloping the engine and the cockpit, could deflect all small arms fire and glancing blows from larger-caliber ammunition. Unfortunately the rear gunners did not have the benefit of all-around armor protection, especially from the rear and to the sides, and suffered about fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=183726 | 130,667 |
1,729,418 | Trachelomonas is a genus of swimming, free-living euglenoids characterized by the presence of a shell-like covering called a lorica. Details of lorica structure determine the classification of distinct species in the genus. The lorica can exist in spherical, elliptical, cylindrical, and pyriform (pear-shaped) forms. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9226264 | 1,728,444 |
956,230 | Space warfare is a staple of science fiction, where it is shown with a wide range of realism and plausibility. Fictional space warfare includes anticipated future technology and tactics, and fantasy- or history-based scenarios in a scifi setting. Some portray a space military as like an air force; others depict a more ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=956982 | 955,725 |
1,760,976 | With the new car making its early debut at the Phillip Island round of the championship, after damaging the VL in a rollover at Symmons Plains Raceway, the team spent most of 1993 developing the VP into a race-winning package. Even after an engine failure at the Sandown 500 the team fronted at Bathurst, full of confide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6922736 | 1,759,983 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.