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1,536,807 | Strengths: Combines the strengths of PET and optical Imaging, fluorescence. PET allows for anatomical imaging for location of labelled cells in entire animals or humans because the radiolabel, F, is within the animal or human for nearly unlimited depth of penetration. F has a half-life of 110 min and limits the radioactive exposure to the animal or human. Optical imaging allows for higher resolution with sub-cellular resolution of ~270 nm, or the diffraction limit of light, to allow for imaging of single cells and localizing cellular location on the cell membrane, endosomes, cytoplasm, or nuclei (see FIgure of multicolor HeLa cellls). The technique can label small molecules, antibodies, cells (cancer and red blood cells), cerebrospinal fluid, hemorrhages, prostate cancer removal, and genome edited cells expressing a genetically encoded human protein, PSMA, for imaging CRISPR/Cas9 edited and CAR T-cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26065582 | 1,535,939 |
190,570 | During his 1927 Arctic trip with A. Y. Jackson, Banting realized that crew or passengers on board the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) paddle wheeler SS "Distributor" were responsible for spreading the influenza virus down the Slave River and Mackenzie River, a virus that had over the summer and autumn spread territory-wide, devastating the aboriginal population of the north. Returning from the trip, Banting gave an interview in Montreal with a "Toronto Star" reporter under the agreement that his statements on HBC would remain off the record. The conversation was nonetheless published in the "Toronto Star" and rapidly reached a wide audience across Europe and Australia. Banting was angry at the leak, having promised the Department of the Interior not to make any statements to the press prior to clearing them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=75076 | 190,471 |
1,682,002 | Ghose serves on various advisory councils and panels, and has served as a consultant to academia, industry and government on the importance of equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) in science. She is an affiliate of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics and served as the Institute's first Equity Diversity and Inclusion Specialist from 2018-2019. She was part of the advisory team that developed the Dimensions Charter - the Canadian national charter on EDI, and spoke at the launch of the charter in 2019 with Canada's Minister of Science. She is the first Canadian member of the Working Group on Women in Physics of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. This group has organized the largest global surveys of the status of women in physics. Ghose is the first person of color to be elected President of the Canadian Association of Physicists (CAP). In this role she has created and chaired a standing committee to embed EDI in all activities of the CAP across Canada. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57201769 | 1,681,059 |
1,058,928 | XDR-TB was first widely publicised following the report of an outbreak in South Africa in 2006. 53 patients in a rural hospital in Tugela Ferry were found to have XDR-TB of whom 52 died. The median survival from sputum specimen collection to death was only 16 days and that the majority of patients had never previously received treatment for tuberculosis suggesting that they had been newly infected by XDR-TB strains, and that resistance did not develop during treatment. This was the first epidemic for which the acronym XDR-TB was used, and although TB strains that fulfill the current definition have been identified retrospectively, this was the largest group of linked cases ever found. Since the initial report in September 2006, cases have now been reported in most provinces in South Africa. As of 16 March 2007, there were 314 cases reported, with 215 deaths. It is clear that the spread of this strain of TB is closely associated with a high prevalence of HIV and poor infection control; in other countries where XDR-TB strains have arisen, drug resistance has arisen from mismanagement of cases or poor patient compliance with drug treatment instead of being transmitted from person to person. It is now clear that the problem has been around for much longer than health department officials have suggested, and is far more extensive. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11320943 | 1,058,379 |
403,034 | In 1884, Thomson led a master class on "Molecular Dynamics and the Wave Theory of Light" at Johns Hopkins University. Kelvin referred to the acoustic wave equation describing sound as waves of pressure in air and attempted to describe also an electromagnetic wave equation, presuming a luminiferous aether susceptible to vibration. The study group included Michelson and Morley who subsequently performed the Michelson–Morley experiment, which subsequently found no luminiferous aether. Thomson did not provide a text but A. S. Hathaway took notes and duplicated them with a Papyrograph. As the subject matter was under active development, Thomson amended that text and in 1904 it was typeset and published. Thomson's attempts to provide mechanical models ultimately failed in the electromagnetic regime. Starting from his lecture in 1884, Kelvin was also the first scientist to formulate the hypothetical concept of dark matter; he then attempted to define and locate some "dark bodies" in the Milky Way. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33302 | 402,834 |
1,875,964 | As the earlier "Erprobungsstelle Rechlin" central military aviation test facility of the defunct Third Reich was well inside East German borders after 1945, following the foundation of the modern German Armed Forces ("Bundeswehr") in November 1955, the need for a new institution to test military aircraft became apparent. In 1957 the Testing Centre for Military Aerial Equipment ("Erprobungsstelle für militärisches Luftgerät") was founded, the predecessor of the Bundeswehr Technical and Airworthiness Center for Aircraft. The centre was based at Oberpfaffenhofen Airfield. Initially, the tasks of this new centre were to create the structure and procedures for the testing centre. Once this was completed, the centre was operational and began the testing and evaluation procedure of aerial military equipment selected for possible procurement by the German Armed Forces. Parts of the testing centre were relocated to Manching Air Base in 1967. The fact that Manching Air Base was also used by Reconnaissance Wing 51 at that time, restricted the testing of new aircraft. Consequently, in 1968, a new airfield was selected, Giebelstadt Airport, to house the units previously based at Manching Air Base. In 1969, all units of the testing centre were concentrated at Manching Air Base. In 1987, the centre was renamed "Wehrtechnische Dienststelle für Luftfahrzeuge – Musterprüfwesen für Luftfahrtgerät der Bundeswehr" ("Wehrtechnische Dienstelle 61" ("WTD 61")). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39120645 | 1,874,887 |
540,860 | At the head of the Cheekye River are several fractures and linear scarps that face up-slope. These features, referred to as the Cheekye linears, occur in pyroclastic rocks and interbedded andesitic and dacitic flows on the slopes of Brohm and Alice ridges. They may have formed as a result of sliding of this volcanic sequence along its contact with the underlying basement rocks. As a result, the Cheekye linears pose potential landslide hazards to Brackendale and several Squamish Nation villages nearby. The danger of catastrophic landslides from Mount Garibaldi has restricted development on the Cheekye Fan. In 2018, a major development on the Cheekye Fan was approved by Squamish council. The project included 537 single-family units, 678 multi-unit dwellings and a $45 million debris flow barrier to prevent a large landslide from reaching the Cheekye Fan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=659719 | 540,580 |
494,755 | Cathode strip chambers (CSC) are used in the endcap disks where the magnetic field is uneven and particle rates are high. CSCs consist of arrays of positively charged “anode” wires crossed with negatively charged copper “cathode” strips within a gas volume. When muons pass through, they knock electrons off the gas atoms, which flock to the anode wires creating an avalanche of electrons. Positive ions move away from the wire and towards the copper cathode, also inducing a charge pulse in the strips, at right angles to the wire direction. Because the strips and the wires are perpendicular, we get two position coordinates for each passing particle. In addition to providing precise space and time information, the closely spaced wires make the CSCs fast detectors suitable for triggering. Each CSC module contains six layers making it able to accurately identify muons and match their tracks to those in the tracker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245966 | 494,499 |
1,236,222 | Polyphenyl ether technology can also provide superior fire safety and fatigue life, depending on the specific bearing design. In this application, PPEs have the advantage of providing lubrication both as a liquid at low temperatures and as a vapor at temperatures above . Due to the low volatility and excellent high-temperature thermo-oxidative stability, PPEs have also found use as a lubricant for chains used in and around kilns, metal fabrication plants, and glass molding and manufacturing equipment. In these high-temperature applications, PPEs do not form any sludge and hard deposits. The low soft-carbon residue that is left behind is removed easily by wiping. PPEs' low volatility, low flammability, and good thermodynamic properties make them ideally suited for use as heat transfer fluids and in heat sink applications as well. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12269011 | 1,235,558 |
1,168,964 | Gender inequalities in health for those living in poverty continue into adulthood. In research that excluded women's health disadvantages (childbirth, pregnancy, susceptibility to HIV, etc.) it was found that there was not a significant gender difference in diagnosis and treatment of chronic conditions. In fact, women were diagnosed more, which was attributed to the fact that women had more access to healthcare due to reproductive needs, or from taking their children in for checkups. By contrast, research that was inclusive of women's health disadvantages revealed that maternal health widened the gap between men and women's health. Poor women in underdeveloped countries were said to be at greater risk of disability and death. The lack of resources and proper nourishment is often a cause of death, and contributes to issues of preterm birth and infant mortality, as well as a contributor to maternal mortality. It is estimated that about 800 women die daily from maternal mortality, and most cases are preventable. However, 99% of the cases occur in poverty ridden regions that lack the resources to access prompt, as well as preventive medical care. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38846583 | 1,168,346 |
1,198,687 | cfDNA allows a rapid, easy, non-invasive and repetitive method of sampling. A combination of these biological features and technical feasibility of sampling, position cfDNA as a potential biomarker of enormous utility for example for autoimmune rheumatic diseases and tumors. It offers also a potential biomarker with its own advantages over invasive tissue biopsy as a quantitative measure for detection of transplant rejection as well as immunosuppression optimisation. However, this method lacks uniformity on the type of sample (plasma/serum/synovial fluid/urine), methods of sample collection/processing, free or cell-surface bound DNA, cfDNA extraction and cfDNA quantification, and also in the presentation and interpretation of quantitative cfDNA findings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49665885 | 1,198,046 |
67,195 | Diesel sought out firms and factories that would build his engine. With the help of Moritz Schröter and , he succeeded in convincing both Krupp in Essen and the Maschinenfabrik Augsburg. Contracts were signed in April 1893, and in early summer 1893, Diesel's first prototype engine was built in Augsburg. On 10 August 1893, the first ignition took place, the fuel used was petrol. In winter 1893/1894, Diesel redesigned the existing engine, and by 18 January 1894, his mechanics had converted it into the second prototype. During January that year, an air-blast injection system was added to the engine's cylinder head and tested. Friedrich Sass argues that, it can be presumed that Diesel copied the concept of air-blast injection from George B. Brayton, albeit that Diesel substantially improved the system. On 17 February 1894, the redesigned engine ran for 88 revolutions – one minute; with this news, Maschinenfabrik Augsburg's stock rose by 30%, indicative of the tremendous anticipated demands for a more efficient engine. On 26 June 1895, the engine achieved an effective efficiency of 16.6% and had a fuel consumption of 519 g·kW·h. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8540 | 67,170 |
1,888,861 | Jacoby reported for duty as Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence on the staff of Commander Carrier Group Eight home ported in Norfolk, Virginia, and made a deployment to the Mediterranean aboard and from December 1986 to June 1987. Upon the staff's return to Norfolk, he reported to Commander, Second Fleet as Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence. During this tour he was heavily involved in developing new Joint war fighting doctrine and procedures, refining U.S. Navy forward deployment strategies against the Soviet Union and preparing battle groups for deployment. He made three deployments to the northern Norwegian Sea aboard and to test and evaluate Navy war fighting doctrine. In addition, the staff was in the vicinity of the Yankee SSBN and the Mike-class submarine when those submarines were lost in the Atlantic. He was also embarked in when the Turret Two main battery exploded with significant loss of life and the resultant decommissioning of the battleship. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24098384 | 1,887,778 |
2,129,185 | The former elm trees leading from the front entrance in Mosman Street dated from the old gaol. The archaeological potential of the gaol is unclear at this time, although it is suggested by Elphick (1989, p. 23) that 450,000 bricks were recycled. Drummond specified that the bricks were not to be visible, he did not want any association with the gaol. It is thought that the bricks were mainly used in the lower courses that were either out of sight or were rendered. Maps and photographs indicate the main gaol buildings were located on the brow of the hill, the present location of the Old Teachers' College. Therefore, there is little likelihood of extensive archaeological evidence of the gaol. Anecdotal evidence from the 1970s indicates there may be archaeological remains of outbuildings or other features, during road works a tank thought to be associated with the gaol was uncovered. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57539511 | 2,127,962 |
952,210 | Australia's participation in the planned invasion of Japan would have involved elements of all three services fighting as part of Commonwealth forces. It was planned to form a new 10th Division from existing AIF personnel which would form part of the Commonwealth Corps with British, Canadian and New Zealand units. The corps' organisation was to be identical to that of a US Army corps, and it would have participated in the invasion of the Japanese home island of Honshū which was scheduled for March 1946. Australian ships would have operated with the BPF and US Pacific Fleet and two RAAF heavy bomber squadrons and a transport squadron were scheduled to be redeployed from Britain to Okinawa to join the strategic bombardment of Japan as part of Tiger Force. Planning for operations against Japan ceased in August 1945, when Japan surrendered following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4578255 | 951,705 |
214,584 | In humans the ipRGCs contribute to non-image-forming functions like circadian rhythms, behavior and pupillary light reflex. Peak spectral sensitivity of the receptor is between 460 and 482 nm. However, they may also contribute to a rudimentary visual pathway enabling conscious sight and brightness detection. Classic photoreceptors (rods and cones) also feed into the novel visual system, which may constribute to color constancy. ipRGCs could be instrumental in understanding many diseases including major causes of blindness worldwide like glaucoma, a disease that affects ganglion cells, and the study of the receptor offered potential as a new avenue to explore in trying to find treatments for blindness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=401150 | 214,476 |
1,360,199 | In the twenty-first century, communication is increasingly based on computer networking. Encryption is just one aspect of protecting sensitive information on such systems, and far from the most challenging aspect. NSA's role will increasingly be to provide guidance to commercial firms designing systems for government use. HAIPE solutions are examples of this type of product (e.g., KG-245A and KG-250 ). Other agencies, particularly NIST, have taken on the role of supporting security for commercial and sensitive but unclassified applications. NSA's certification of the unclassified NIST-selected AES algorithm for classified use "in NSA approved systems" suggests that, in the future, NSA may use more non-classified algorithms. The KG-245A and KG-250 use both classified and unclassified algorithms. The NSA Information Assurance Directorate is leading the Department of Defense Cryptographic Modernization Program, an effort to transform and modernize Information Assurance capabilities for the 21st century. It has three phases: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1042273 | 1,359,447 |
36,379 | A letter published in "Communications of the ACM" describes the concept of generating a synthetic patient population and proposes a variation of Turing test to assess the difference between synthetic and real patients. The letter states: "In the EHR context, though a human physician can readily distinguish between synthetically generated and real live human patients, could a machine be given the intelligence to make such a determination on its own?" and further the letter states: "Before synthetic patient identities become a public health problem, the legitimate EHR market might benefit from applying Turing Test-like techniques to ensure greater data reliability and diagnostic value. Any new techniques must thus consider patients' heterogeneity and are likely to have greater complexity than the Allen eighth-grade-science-test is able to grade." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21391751 | 36,367 |
1,474,217 | In general, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is introduced into the ocean environment from bacterial lysis, the leakage or exudation of fixed carbon from phytoplankton (e.g., mucilaginous exopolymer from diatoms), sudden cell senescence, sloppy feeding by zooplankton, the excretion of waste products by aquatic animals, or the breakdown or dissolution of organic particles from terrestrial plants and soils. Bacteria in the microbial loop decompose this particulate detritus to utilize this energy-rich matter for growth. Since more than 95% of organic matter in marine ecosystems consists of polymeric, high molecular weight (HMW) compounds (e.g., protein, polysaccharides, lipids), only a small portion of total dissolved organic matter (DOM) is readily utilizable to most marine organisms at higher trophic levels. This means that dissolved organic carbon is not available directly to most marine organisms; marine bacteria introduce this organic carbon into the food web, resulting in additional energy becoming available to higher trophic levels. Recently the term "microbial food web" has been substituted for the term "microbial loop". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8255432 | 1,473,386 |
545,429 | Ribonuclease H enzymes cleave the phosphodiester bonds of RNA in a double-stranded RNA:DNA hybrid, leaving a 3' hydroxyl and a 5' phosphate group on either end of the cut site with a two-metal-ion catalysis mechanism, in which two divalent cations, such as Mg2+ and Mn2+, directly participate in the catalytic function. Depending on the differences in their amino acid sequences, these RNases H are classified into type 1 and type 2 RNases H. Type 1 RNases H have prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNases H1 and retroviral RNase H. Type 2 RNases H have prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNases H2 and bacterial RNase H3. These RNases H exist in a monomeric form, except for eukaryotic RNases H2, which exist in a heterotrimeric form. RNase H1 and H2 have distinct substrate preferences and distinct but overlapping functions in the cell. In prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes, neither enzyme is essential, whereas both are believed to be essential in higher eukaryotes. The combined activity of both H1 and H2 enzymes is associated with maintenance of genome stability due to the enzymes' degradation of the RNA component of R-loops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=505422 | 545,143 |
4,918 | The F-14's wing sweep can be varied between 20° and 68° in flight, and can be automatically controlled by the Central Air Data Computer, which maintains wing sweep at the optimum lift-to-drag ratio as the Mach number varies; pilots can manually override the system if desired. When parked, the wings can be "overswept" to 75° to overlap the horizontal stabilizers to save deck space aboard carriers. In an emergency, the F-14 can land with the wings fully swept to 68°, although this presents a significant safety hazard due to greatly increased stall speed. Such an aircraft would typically be diverted from an aircraft carrier to a land base if an incident did occur. The F-14 has flown safely with an asymmetrical wing-sweep during testing, and was deemed able to land aboard a carrier if needed in an emergency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11719 | 4,916 |
954,176 | Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is nowadays a leading technique in biosensors. Since the excited species are produced with an electrochemical stimulus rather than with a light excitation source, ECL displays improved signal-to-noise ratio compared to photoluminescence, with minimized effects due to light scattering and luminescence background. In particular, coreactant ECL operating in buffered aqueous solution in the region of positive potentials (oxidative-reduction mechanism) definitively boosted ECL for immunoassay, as confirmed by many research applications and, even more, by the presence of important companies which developed commercial hardware for high throughput immunoassays analysis in a market worth billions of dollars each year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=480700 | 953,671 |
1,029,037 | There was one more non-championship race to contend, the World Championship Victory Race at Brands Hatch, England, three weeks after the United States Grand Prix. The race lasted for less than half of its intended distance following a number of accidents. On lap 2, Henri Pescarolo and Reine Wisell collided at the Druids hairpin, with both cars retiring. Then Mike Hailwood and Ronnie Peterson also collided and had to pit for repairs. Hailwood's car was deemed unfit to continue, but Peterson rejoined the race, albeit nearly a lap down. Siffert had fallen several places at the start, but had made his way back to 4th by lap 14. Approaching the fast Hawthorn Bend at high speed on lap 15, his BRM suffered a mechanical failure which pitched it across the track into an earth bank. The car rolled over and caught fire, trapping him underneath, and he died from asphyxiation before he could be extricated. The race was stopped with the track blocked, and all the cars were stranded out on the circuit except for John Surtees, who was able to drive around to the pits, his car damaged by debris. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1140090 | 1,028,503 |
2,188,885 | "Pythium volutum" causes a disease of turf grass. More specifically, "Pythium volutum" is a pathogen that affects creeping bentgrass. Creeping bentgrass is a turf type that is used in many putting greens on golf courses. The majority of incidents of infection have occurred in the southeastern US. This regional distribution is due to the pathogens ideal environmental conditions. When creeping bentgrass is infected by "Pythium volutum", areas of chlorosis, wilt and drought stress can be observed. When an area of the creeping bentgrass is affected, large dead spots in the turf are seen. These symptoms are most often observed in the summer months when soil and surface temperatures are high. Because "Pythium volutum" is a root rotting pathogen, the ability of the creeping bentgrass to intake water is inhibited. When soil and surface temperatures are high, the plant will display symptoms of wilt and chlorosis, ultimately leading to death. Low fertility, low soil oxygen, and drought stress can increase the appearance of disease symptoms. While symptoms are most prevalent at warmer temperatures with drier conditions, infection occurs at lower temperatures with moister soil conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11128466 | 2,187,636 |
313,500 | The fMRI concept builds on the earlier MRI scanning technology and the discovery of properties of oxygen-rich blood. MRI brain scans use a strong, permanent, static magnetic field to align nuclei in the brain region being studied. Another magnetic field, the gradient field, is then applied to spatially locate different nuclei. Finally, a radiofrequency (RF) pulse is played to kick the nuclei to higher magnetization levels, with the effect now depending on where they are located. When the RF field is removed, the nuclei go back to their original states, and the energy they emit is measured with a coil to recreate the positions of the nuclei. MRI thus provides a static structural view of brain matter. The central thrust behind fMRI was to extend MRI to capture functional changes in the brain caused by neuronal activity. Differences in magnetic properties between arterial (oxygen-rich) and venous (oxygen-poor) blood provided this link. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=226722 | 313,331 |
1,600,370 | There were other potential conflicts and difficulties for the consortium. In early 1992, SGI had announced its intention to acquire MIPS Computer Systems, leading vendors such as Control Data ("the largest OEM customer of both MIPS and SGI") to consider switching to other architectures over concerns about this pending acquisition and SGI's resulting control over the target platform. DEC had released their Alpha processor and were less interested in promoting a competing architecture, indicating continued low-end support for MIPS, but exhibiting a lack of commitment to future products, notably in relation to the MIPS R4000 line of processors and support for OSF/1 on the company's DECstation products. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=924635 | 1,599,469 |
32,125 | On July 16, 1945, von Neumann and numerous other Manhattan Project personnel were eyewitnesses to the first test of an atomic bomb detonation, which was code-named Trinity. The event was conducted as a test of the implosion method device, at the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield, southeast of Socorro, New Mexico. Based on his observation alone, von Neumann estimated the test had resulted in a blast equivalent to but Enrico Fermi produced a more accurate estimate of 10 kilotons by dropping scraps of torn-up paper as the shock wave passed his location and watching how far they scattered. The actual power of the explosion had been between 20 and 22 kilotons. It was in von Neumann's 1944 papers that the expression "kilotons" appeared for the first time. After the war, Robert Oppenheimer remarked that the physicists involved in the Manhattan project had "known sin". Von Neumann's response was that "sometimes someone confesses a sin in order to take credit for it." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15942 | 32,113 |
831,533 | When the Zetec-SE first arrived in 1995, it included many firsts, such as a plastic inlet manifold, a "ladder" style main bearing and crankcase assembly, and big-end bearing caps which are forged in one piece and subsequently split. It also incorporates powder metal connecting rods, which were quite exotic and notable at the time. This feature however makes the engine more challenging to rebuild at the end of its working life, since it is not possible to re-machine the bearing ladder as would be the case with a conventional cylinder block - the entire assembly has to be renewed. Despite this however, engine tuners have found novel ways to increase the power of the unit through use of different valves and increasing the compression ratio of the engine through skimming of the cylinder head. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1462769 | 831,084 |
1,226,025 | On November 14, 1980, the first successful test of the bomb-powered x-ray laser was conducted. The use of a bomb was initially supported over that of the reactor driven laser because it delivered a more intense beam. Livermore’s research was almost entirely devoted to missile defense using x-ray lasers. The idea was to mount a system of nuclear bombs in space where these bombs would each power approximately 50 lasers. Upon detonation these lasers would fire and theoretically destroy several dozen incoming nuclear missiles at once. Opponents of this plan found many faults in such an approach and questioned aspects such as the power, range, accuracy, politics, and cost of such deployments. In 1985 a test titled ‘Goldstone’ revealed the delivered power to be less than believed. Efforts to focus the laser also failed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3770363 | 1,225,365 |
142,538 | Certain fast breeder reactor designs may be more susceptible to meltdown than other reactor types, due to their larger quantity of fissile material and the higher neutron flux inside the reactor core. Other reactor designs, such as Integral Fast Reactor model EBR II, had been explicitly engineered to be meltdown-immune. It was tested in April 1986, just before the Chernobyl failure, to simulate loss of coolant pumping power, by switching off the power to the primary pumps. As designed, it shut itself down, in about 300 seconds, as soon as the temperature rose to a point designed as higher than proper operation would require. This was well below the boiling point of the unpressurised liquid metal coolant, which had entirely sufficient cooling ability to deal with the heat of fission product radioactivity, by simple convection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=162498 | 142,480 |
683,649 | The method unwraps the mesh of an object using a vertex shader, first calculating the lighting based on the original vertex coordinates. The vertices are then remapped using the UV texture coordinates as the screen position of the vertex, suitable transformed from the [0, 1] range of texture coordinates to the [-1, 1] range of normalized device coordinates. By lighting the unwrapped mesh in this manner, we obtain a 2D image representing the lighting on the object, which can then be processed and reapplied to the model as a light map. To simulate diffusion, the light map texture can simply be blurred. Rendering the lighting to a lower-resolution texture in itself provides a certain amount of blurring. The amount of blurring required to accurately model subsurface scattering in skin is still under active research, but performing only a single blur poorly models the true effects. To emulate the wavelength dependent nature of diffusion, the samples used during the (Gaussian) blur can be weighted by channel. This is somewhat of an artistic process. For human skin, the broadest scattering is in red, then green, and blue has very little scattering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1672020 | 683,293 |
306,589 | The Puma was originally developed as an all-new design during the mid-1960s in response to a French Army requirement for a medium-sized all-weather helicopter. On 15 April 1965, the first prototype Puma made its maiden flight; the first production helicopter flew during September 1968. Deliveries to the French Army commenced in early 1969; the type quickly proved itself to be a commercial success. Production of the Puma continued into the 1980s under Sub Aviation's successor company Aérospatiale. It was also license-produced in Romania as the IAR 330; two unlicensed derivatives, the Denel Rooivalk attack helicopter and Atlas Oryx utility helicopter, were built in South Africa. Several advanced derivatives have been developed, such as the AS332 Super Puma and AS532 Cougar, and have been manufactured by Eurocopter and its successor company Airbus Helicopters since the early 1990s. These descendants of the Puma remain in production in the 21st century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=493615 | 306,425 |
314,644 | The principle of confocal imaging was patented in 1957 by Marvin Minsky and aims to overcome some limitations of traditional wide-field fluorescence microscopes. In a conventional (i.e., wide-field) fluorescence microscope, the entire specimen is flooded evenly in light from a light source. All parts of the sample can be excited at the same time and the resulting fluorescence is detected by the microscope's photodetector or camera including a large unfocused background part. In contrast, a confocal microscope uses point illumination (see Point Spread Function) and a pinhole in an optically conjugate plane in front of the detector to eliminate out-of-focus signal – the name "confocal" stems from this configuration. As only light produced by fluorescence very close to the focal plane can be detected, the image's optical resolution, particularly in the sample depth direction, is much better than that of wide-field microscopes. However, as much of the light from sample fluorescence is blocked at the pinhole, this increased resolution is at the cost of decreased signal intensity – so long exposures are often required. To offset this drop in signal after the "pinhole", the light intensity is detected by a sensitive detector, usually a photomultiplier tube (PMT) or avalanche photodiode, transforming the light signal into an electrical one. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1186904 | 314,475 |
2,157,728 | George Parker Bidder was born on 21 May 1863 in London, to barrister George Parker Bidder Jr. (1836–1896) and Anna McClean (1839–1910). His paternal grandfather was George Parker Bidder, an engineer and calculating prodigy, and his maternal grandfather was John Robinson McClean, a civil engineer and member of the Liberal Party. Bidder went to King's Preparatory School in Brighton and Harrow School. He then studied zoology at University College London under Ray Lankester for one year before joining Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took the Natural Sciences Tripos until 1886. In 1887 he began working at the Stazione Zoologica in Naples, Italy. He joined the MBA in 1893, becoming a member of the council (its governing body) in 1899. The same year he married Marion Greenwood and moved to Plymouth, where they stayed until 1902, when they moved to Cambridge. They had two daughters; one, Anna McClean Bidder (1903–2001), was a zoologist and academic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46336141 | 2,156,496 |
1,030,552 | First, the symptoms must be observed before the patient is 18 months of age. Second, there must be frequent episodes of hemiplegia, involving either side of the body. Third, other paroxysmal disorders including tonic attacks, dystonia, nystagmus, strabismus, dyspnoea, and other uncontrollable disorders are noticed to occur. Although common, the paroxysmal disorders involving the eye, nystagmus and strabismus, may not be apparent in older children and may not have been remembered in childhood so a lack of these symptoms does not rule out alternating hemiplegia. Fourth, all symptoms clear up directly after falling asleep and usually come back after waking during an attack. This occurrence is very indicative of alternating hemiplegia and as such those who display this are usually diagnosed with probable alternating hemiplegia. Fifth, indications of developmental delays, learning disability, or neurological irregularities are present. These issues may not be obvious in very young patients; however, it appears in almost all older patients. The final criteria before a diagnosis of alternating hemiplegia can be made is that all of these symptoms must not be due to another disorder. If the symptoms can be attributed to another disease or disorder, then a definitive diagnosis is difficult to make. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38898732 | 1,030,017 |
1,926,571 | The Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies(SIIT) is administered under "The Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies Act, 2000". It is governed by a board composed of senators, Saskatchewan Tribal Council appointees, and a Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations executive member. Recently, SIIT's key goals for the year 2014 through 2019 focuses on responding to the needs of students ensuring that the graduates possess the necessary skills and knowledge to cultivate as self-motivated and continuous learners as well as contributing members of their respective communities. Other goals include improving the quality of the academic staff, becoming an institution that values ethical leadership, maintaining transparency and accountability to itself and its stakeholders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17662656 | 1,925,467 |
2,015,562 | The program's executable object code and data would be stored in TXT records. Calls to other subroutines, functions or COMMON blocks are resolved through RLD records, which modify the address as stored in a TXT record to determine the complete address of the subroutine or function. Optionally, a language can provide symbolic reference information such as object names and data type information or debugging symbols through SYM records, and then the END statement indicates the end of an Object module file and the optional start address for the subroutine, function or program that this file should be started at, if the starting address for the routine is not the first byte of the first routine (some routines may have non-executable data preceding their actual code or the first routine assembled or compiled is not the "main" program or "primary" module.) As has been reported, some people discovered because of the way older assemblers worked (circa 1968–1975), a program compiled faster if you put data "above" a program before the code for the program, once the assembler started to notice instructions, it was much slower, so, programmers would write routines where they put the data and constants first, then included code for the program. When assembling a program could take 30 minutes to an hour instead of a few seconds as now, this was a big difference. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40095816 | 2,014,402 |
522,859 | There are certain quirks of cognitive control, such as ironic rebound, in which attempts to keep a particular thought out of consciousness result in that thought becoming increasingly prevalent. In social psychology experiments conducted by Daniel M. Wegner, Ralph Erber and R.E. Bowman, male and female subjects were instructed to complete some sentences related to sexism. Some participants were given guidance to avoid being sexist, whereas some were not given such instructions. Additionally, for some sentence completions, time pressure was either applied by asking for immediate responses or reduced by giving subjects ten seconds to respond. Under low-pressure conditions with guidance to avoid being sexist, the number of sexist completions were lower than the much higher number of sexist completions that resulted when subjects were under time pressure along with guidance to avoid being sexist. Furthermore, these results were consistent among both male and female subjects. This highlights the effect of ironic rebound: when the individuals attempted not to be sexist under a significant time constraint, their resulting actions were counter to their attempts at cognitive control. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48315631 | 522,587 |
707,043 | On a phase diagram a solid solution is represented by an area, often labeled with the structure type, which covers the compositional and temperature/pressure ranges. Where the end members are not isostructural there are likely to be two solid solution ranges with different structures dictated by the parents. In this case the ranges may overlap and the materials in this region can have either structure, or there may be a miscibility gap in solid state indicating that attempts to generate materials with this composition will result in mixtures. In areas on a phase diagram which are not covered by a solid solution there maybe line phases, these are compounds with a known crystal structure and set stoichiometry. Where the crystalline phase consists of two (non-charged) organic molecules the line phase is commonly known as a cocrystal. In metallurgy alloys with a set composition are referred to as intermetallic compounds. A solid solution is likely to exist when the two elements (generally metals) involved are close together on the periodic table, an intermetallic compound generally results when two metals involved are not near each other on the periodic table. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2221187 | 706,674 |
2,006,248 | Established on 11 February 1940 as the Vladivostok Infantry School, the Far Eastern Higher Combined Arms Command School is one of the oldest military educational establishments in Russia. Opening shortly before the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, it went on to train infantry company and platoon commanders during the war. Graduates saw action in many of the military theatres during the war, many of them receiving awards and honours for their service. The school continued to train officers after the war, relocating from Vladivostok to Blagoveshchensk in 1949, and undergoing several changes of name in the following years. It received several awards from the Soviet and later Russian governments, and has trained some 26,000 graduates who have served in many warzones across the world, have received honours including the titles Hero of the Soviet Union and Hero of the Russian Federation, and attained high military ranks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62944733 | 2,005,099 |
369,995 | With a modest income secured, Holst was able to marry Isobel; the ceremony was at Fulham Register Office on 22 June 1901. Their marriage lasted until his death; there was one child, Imogen, born in 1907. On 24 April 1902 Dan Godfrey and the Bournemouth Municipal Orchestra premiered Holst's symphony "The Cotswolds" (Op. 8), the slow movement of which is a lament for William Morris who had died in October 1896, three years before Holst began work on the piece. In 1903 Adolph von Holst died, leaving a small legacy. Holst and his wife decided, as Imogen later put it, that "as they were always hard up the only thing to do was to spend it all at once on a holiday in Germany". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49241 | 369,801 |
1,422,258 | Brown later focused his statistics research on developing signal processing algorithms and statistical methods for neuronal data analysis. He developed a state-space point process (SSPP) paradigm to study how neural systems maintain dynamic representations of information. For the analysis of neural spiking activity and binary behavioral tasks represented as multivariate or univariate point processes (0-1 events that occur in continuous time), his research produced analogs of the Kalman filter, Kalman smoothing, sequential Monte Carlo algorithms, and combined state and parameter estimation algorithms commonly applied to continuous-valued time series observations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13891813 | 1,421,457 |
1,403,829 | The ability to experimentally control and prepare increasingly complex quantum systems brings with it a growing need to turn large and noisy data sets into meaningful information. This is a problem that has already been studied extensively in the classical setting, and consequently, many existing machine learning techniques can be naturally adapted to more efficiently address experimentally relevant problems. For example, Bayesian methods and concepts of algorithmic learning can be fruitfully applied to tackle quantum state classification, Hamiltonian learning, and the characterization of an unknown unitary transformation. Other problems that have been addressed with this approach are given in the following list: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61373032 | 1,403,039 |
1,810,473 | The infamous paint-covered boulders that are found throughout the campus, affectionately known as "the Rocks," have become an integral part of campus culture. This is reflected in the University Registrar's phone numbers sometimes ending with the four digits -7625 (ROCK). The original rock has moved about the campus three times, initially placed north of Craigie Hall for a month, and was later moved east of the MacEwan Student Centre (MacHall). It was then moved to its current location adjacent to Swann Mall and the Registrar, to make way for the 2000 expansion of MacHall. The original rock was unearthed in the summer of 1968 during excavation for the future Social Science building. Campus geologists have determined the rock's origins to be of the Jasper National Park region prior to the last glacial age. The rock was scheduled for removal, but was rescued by members of the Arts Faculty who thought it would serve as an "excellent forum for students to voice their opinion." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51387853 | 1,809,450 |
1,145,575 | The virtue of a practical realisation based upon this definition is that unlike the Kibble balance and other scale-based methods, all of which require the careful characterisation of gravity in the laboratory, this method delineates the magnitude of the kilogram directly in the very terms that define the nature of mass: acceleration due to an applied force. Unfortunately, it is extremely difficult to develop a practical realisation based upon accelerating masses. Experiments over a period of years in Japan with a superconducting, 30g mass supported by diamagnetic levitation never achieved an uncertainty better than ten parts per million. Magnetic hysteresis was one of the limiting issues. Other groups performed similar research that used different techniques to levitate the mass. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61149311 | 1,144,974 |
312,883 | The next step was to acquire a journal to spread their ideas. This was the weekly "Reader", which they bought, revamped and redirected. Huxley had already become part-owner of the "Natural History Review" bolstered by the support of Lubbock, Rolleston, Busk and Carpenter (X-clubbers and satellites). The journal was switched to pro-Darwinian lines and relaunched in January 1861. After a stream of good articles the "NHR" failed after four years; but it had helped at a critical time for the establishment of evolution. The "Reader" also failed, despite its broader appeal which included art and literature as well as science. The periodical market was quite crowded at the time, but most probably the critical factor was Huxley's time; he was simply over-committed, and could not afford to hire full-time editors. This occurred often in his life: Huxley took on too many ventures, and was not so astute as Darwin at getting others to do work for him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30038 | 312,715 |
1,371,218 | they compare their checksums and only transfer blocks whose checksums differ. But one problem with this scheme is that a single insertion at the beginning of the file will cause every checksum to change if fixed-sized (e.g. 4 KB) blocks are used. So the idea is to select blocks not based on a specific offset but rather by some property of the block contents. LBFS does this by sliding a 48 byte window over the file and computing the Rabin fingerprint of each window. When the low 13 bits of the fingerprint are zero LBFS calls those 48 bytes a breakpoint and ends the current block and begins a new one. Since the output of Rabin fingerprints are pseudo-random the probability of any given 48 bytes being a breakpoint is formula_5 (1 in 8192). This has the effect of shift-resistant variable size blocks. "Any" hash function could be used to divide a long file into blocks (as long as a cryptographic hash function is then used to find the checksum of each block): but the Rabin fingerprint is an efficient rolling hash, since the computation of the Rabin fingerprint of region "B" can reuse some of the computation of the Rabin fingerprint of region "A" when regions "A" and "B" overlap. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9209488 | 1,370,461 |
1,230,235 | The MLRP is used to represent a data-generating process that enjoys a straightforward relationship between the magnitude of some observed variable and the distribution it draws from. If formula_4 satisfies the MLRP with respect to formula_5, the higher the observed value formula_2, the more likely it was drawn from distribution formula_7 rather than formula_8. As usual for monotonic relationships, the likelihood ratio's monotonicity comes in handy in statistics, particularly when using maximum-likelihood estimation. Also, distribution families with MLR have a number of well-behaved stochastic properties, such as first-order stochastic dominance and increasing hazard ratios. Unfortunately, as is also usual, the strength of this assumption comes at the price of realism. Many processes in the world do not exhibit a monotonic correspondence between input and output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7615996 | 1,229,573 |
343,641 | Piaget noted that reality is a dynamic system of continuous change. Reality is defined in reference to the two conditions that define dynamic systems. Specifically, he argued that reality involves transformations and states. "Transformations" refer to all manners of changes that a thing or person can undergo. "States" refer to the conditions or the appearances in which things or persons can be found between transformations. For example, there might be changes in shape or form (for instance, liquids are reshaped as they are transferred from one vessel to another, and similarly humans change in their characteristics as they grow older), in size (a toddler does not walk and run without falling, but after 7 yrs of age, the child's sensorimotor anatomy is well developed and now acquires skill faster), or in placement or location in space and time (e.g., various objects or persons might be found at one place at one time and at a different place at another time). Thus, Piaget argued, if human intelligence is to be adaptive, it must have functions to represent both the transformational and the static aspects of reality. He proposed that operative intelligence is responsible for the representation and manipulation of the dynamic or transformational aspects of reality, and that figurative intelligence is responsible for the representation of the static aspects of reality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1058599 | 343,460 |
1,724,762 | Common weed-removal processes like undercutting and controlled burning provides little opportunity for species survival, and often leads to comparable populations and richness to conventionally managed landscapes when performed in excess. Another common process is the addition of biotopes in the form of hedgerows and ponds to further improve species richness. Farmers commonly make the mistake of over-using these resources for more intense crop production because organic yields are typically lower. Another error comes from the over-stratification of biotopes. A series of small clusters does not provide adequate land area for high biodiversity potential. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18307453 | 1,723,792 |
2,148,470 | Architectural and environmental psychology developed within the German-speaking world in the 1970s. In 1972, W.F.E. Preiser stated: “What is of special interest to environmental psychologists are the rules by which person-environment relationships are determined and adjustments to changing environmental conditions are enabled within cultural realms. Designers of environments, in particular architects and city planners, need measurements on how the variables they have manipulated affect users.” Early concepts revolved around the psychosocial roles of public and private space, interpersonal conflict, quality of living, and noise pollution. Later concepts explore the relationship between built environments and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39119819 | 2,147,239 |
2,076,163 | It was for some years unclear if the function of Spot 42 was mediated through the 109 nucleotide RNA itself or if the function was mediated through the 14 amino acids long peptide which is hypothetically encoded from within the sRNA sequence. This was based on the observation that Spot42 contains structural features similar to other non-coding RNAs found in "E. coli" (such as 6S RNA and lambda bacteriophage), as well as features that are typically found in mRNAs (i.e., polypurine sequence followed by AUG, 14 amino acids and an UGA terminator). Using a filter binding assay and other methods showed that Spot 42 is not an mRNA. In this approach the affinity between Spot42 and the 70S ribosome was tested. Here, Spot 42 showed very inefficient binding to purified 70S ribosomes, which lead to the conclusion that the function of Spot 42 is mediated by the RNA itself. Bækkedal and Haugen made a Spot42 consensus secondary structure based on all known "spf" sequences at the time (2015) and found that the spot42 gene is highly conserved across the 5 orders it is identified. The secondary structure has highly conserved nucleotide positions that have the potential to participate in binding with known mRNA targets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11422263 | 2,074,966 |
2,081,689 | Cupula is a gelatinous sack covering over hair like neuromast protruding from the skin. Cupula formed over neuromast is another feature that developed over time that provides a better response to the flow field. Cupular fibrils extend from the hair-like neuromast. Cupula helps attenuate low-frequency signals by virtue of its inertia and amplify higher frequency signals due to the leverage. In addition, these extended structures provide better sensitivity when the neuromast is submerged in the boundary layer. Recent studies uses drop casting, wherein dripping of HA-MA solution over the electrospun scaffolding to create a gravity driven prolate spheroid shaped cupula formation. Experimental comparison between the naked sensor and the newly developed sensor reveal positive results | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62170643 | 2,080,489 |
2,025,787 | As the development of the antenna system appeared to be progressing well, in 1950 it was decided to add another feed horn while decreasing the beam width to 2.5 degrees. This gave a total vertical coverage of 27.5 degrees in eleven beams. However, by this time other problems appeared. A major one was that the planned S-band magnetron, the BM 735, was only available in small numbers and would rarely work when pushed beyond 1 MW of its 2 MW rated power. Additionally, the slip-ring system for feeding radio frequency power to the antenna also continued to be a problem. This led to experiments with slip-rings that fed the intermediate frequency (IF) instead, with the magnetron transmitters and first stages of the superheterodyne receivers on the rotating platform. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56407327 | 2,024,621 |
122,000 | In 1958, Roger Bacon created high-performance carbon fibers at the Union Carbide Parma Technical Center located outside of Cleveland, Ohio. Those fibers were manufactured by heating strands of rayon until they carbonized. This process proved to be inefficient, as the resulting fibers contained only about 20% carbon. In the early 1960s, a process was developed by Dr. Akio Shindo at Agency of Industrial Science and Technology of Japan, using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as a raw material. This had produced a carbon fiber that contained about 55% carbon. In 1960 Richard Millington of H.I. Thompson Fiberglas Co. developed a process (US Patent No. 3,294,489) for producing a high carbon content (99%) fiber using rayon as a precursor. These carbon fibers had sufficient strength (modulus of elasticity and tensile strength) to be used as a reinforcement for composites having high strength to weight properties and for high temperature resistant applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=160277 | 121,951 |
789,567 | Tyndall became financially well-off from sales of his popular books and fees from his lectures (but there is no evidence that he owned commercial patents). For many years he got non-trivial payments for being a part-time scientific advisor to a couple of quasi-governmental agencies and partly donated the payments to charity. His successful lecture tour of the United States in 1872 netted him a substantial amount of dollars, all of which he promptly donated to a trustee for fostering science in America. Late in life his money donations went most visibly to the Irish Unionist political cause. When he died, his wealth was £22,122. For comparison's sake, the income of a police constable in London was about £80 per year at the time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=256310 | 789,142 |
961,453 | Lazare Riviére first described infective endocarditis affecting the aortic valve in 1616. In 1806, Jean-Nicolas Corvisart coined the term "vegetation" to describe collections of debris found on a mitral valve affected by infective endocarditis. The British physician Joseph Hodgson was the first to describe the embolic complications of infective endocarditis in 1815. It was not until 1878 that Theodor Klebs first suggested that infective endocarditis had a microbial infectious origin. In 1909, William Osler noted that heart valves that experienced degeneration and were sclerotic or poorly functioning had a higher risk of being affected. Later, in 1924, Emanuel Libman and Benjamin Sacks described cases of vegetative endocarditis that lacked a clear microbial origin and were often associated with the autoimmune condition systemic lupus erythematosus. In 1944, physicians reported on the first successful use of penicillin to treat a case of infective endocarditis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=560154 | 960,944 |
1,812,505 | Systems geology emphasizes the nature of geology as a system – that is, as a set of interacting parts that function as a whole. The systems approach involves study of the linkages or interfaces between the component objects and processes at all levels of detail in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the solid Earth. A long-term objective is to provide computational support throughout the cycles of investigation, integrating observation and experiment with modeling and theory, each reinforcing the other. The overall complexity suggests that systems geology must be based on the wider emerging cyberinfrastructure, and should aim to harmonize geological information with Earth system science within the context of the e-science vision of a comprehensive global knowledge system (see Linked Data, Semantic Web). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38507261 | 1,811,472 |
1,490,712 | Watson received a PhD in gas phase chemical kinetics (atmospheric chemistry) from Queen Mary College, University of London in 1973. He has received awards for his contributions to science, including the NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing from the National Academy of Sciences in 1992, the American Association for the Advancement of Science Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility in 1993, the insignia of Honorary Companion of St Michael and St George from the British Government in 2003, and the Champions of the Earth Award from the United Nations Environment Programme in 2014. In 2020 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61142 | 1,489,873 |
444,753 | WuXi Biologics and its Chinese partner Gloria Pharmaceuticals (Now Gloria Biosciences) announced (date needed) that an exclusive license to the anti-PD-1 antibody GLS-010 has been granted to Arcus Biosciences, a US-based biotechnology company focused on the discovery and development of innovative cancer immunotherapies. Gloria contracted WuXi Biologics to discover and develop GLS-010, a novel anti-PD-1 antibody, using Ligand’s transgenic rat platform OmniRat®. Arcus has licensed the exclusive development and commercialization rights of GLS-010 in North America, Europe, Japan and certain other territories. [30] In August 2021, zimberelimab (GLS-010) has received approval from China’s National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) for the treatment of recurrent or refractory classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (cHL). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61516243 | 444,538 |
105,196 | Scala is statically typed, while both Groovy and Clojure are dynamically typed. This makes the type system more complex and difficult to understand but allows almost all type errors to be caught at compile-time and can result in significantly faster execution. By contrast, dynamic typing requires more testing to ensure program correctness, and thus is generally slower, to allow greater programming flexibility and simplicity. Regarding speed differences, current versions of Groovy and Clojure allow optional type annotations to help programs avoid the overhead of dynamic typing in cases where types are practically static. This overhead is further reduced when using recent versions of the JVM, which has been enhanced with an "invoke dynamic" instruction for methods that are defined with dynamically typed arguments. These advances reduce the speed gap between static and dynamic typing, although a statically typed language, like Scala, is still the preferred choice when execution efficiency is very important. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3254510 | 105,151 |
1,032,964 | In late October, an area of low pressure persisted in the western Caribbean Sea for several days. Around 00:00 UTC on October 26, a tropical depression developed about northeast of Colón, Panama. Approximately 12 hours later, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Hattie. Moving towards the north and north-northeast, the storm quickly gained hurricane status early on October 28 and reached major hurricane intensity that same day. Hattie turned towards the west to the east of Jamaica and strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 165 mph (270 km/h) on October 31. The storm then weakened to a Category 4 hurricane prior to landfall south of Belize City, British Honduras, with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h). Continuing southwest, the storm rapidly weakened over the mountainous terrain of Central America, dissipating on November 1. It was originally thought that the remnants may have contributed to the development of Tropical Storm Simone in the eastern Pacific Ocean, but a 2019 reanalysis concluded that the remnants of Hattie instead became a Central American gyre. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=760589 | 1,032,428 |
706,051 | Generally, their model demonstrated the truth in Mark Granovetter's observation that it is "the strength of weak ties" that holds together a social network. Although the specific model has since been generalized by Jon Kleinberg, it remains a canonical case study in the field of complex networks. In network theory, the idea presented in the small-world network model has been explored quite extensively. Indeed, several classic results in random graph theory show that even networks with no real topological structure exhibit the small-world phenomenon, which mathematically is expressed as the diameter of the network growing with the logarithm of the number of nodes (rather than proportional to the number of nodes, as in the case for a lattice). This result similarly maps onto networks with a power-law degree distribution, such as scale-free networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=636799 | 705,682 |
1,111,925 | The earliest revision of the VIC-II was used in machines made during 1982 and early 1983; it had a ceramic shell for thermal reasons and generated 64 NTSC color clocks per line. These chips also did not output separated chroma and luminance signals. All later revisions had a lower cost plastic shell and 63 color clocks per line, as well as separated chroma and luminance, allowing for an early form of S-video. Several revisions were made chiefly in the interest of improving video output quality, which was poor on the early units, and eliminating a bug that would cause random pixels to appear on screen (a few early games intentionally exploited this for graphics effects that consequently did not work on later C64s). The 64 color clocks on the initial VIC-II was done with the intention of allowing NTSC artifact color in high resolution bitmap mode as the Atari 8-bit computers did, but that idea was quickly dropped. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=440680 | 1,111,359 |
36,920 | Further evidence of the threat that lead posed to humans was discovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Mechanisms of harm were better understood, lead blindness was documented, and the element was phased out of public use in the United States and Europe. The United Kingdom introduced mandatory factory inspections in 1878 and appointed the first Medical Inspector of Factories in 1898; as a result, a 25-fold decrease in lead poisoning incidents from 1900 to 1944 was reported. Most European countries banned lead paint—commonly used because of its opacity and water resistance—for interiors by 1930. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17747 | 36,908 |
1,589,769 | The Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA) algorithm used for Multispectral pattern recognition was developed by Geoffrey H. Ball and David J. Hall, working in the Stanford Research Institute in Menlo Park, CA. They published their findings in a technical report entitled: ISODATA, a novel method of data analysis and pattern classification (Stanford Research Institute, 1965). ISODATA is defined in the abstract as: 'a novel method of data analysis and pattern classification, is described in verbal and pictorial terms, in terms of a two-dimensional example, and by giving the mathematical calculations that the method uses. The technique clusters many-variable data around points in the data's original high- dimensional space and by doing so provides a useful description of the data.' (1965, pp v.)ISODATA was developed to facilitate the modelling and tracking of weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25257017 | 1,588,875 |
279,676 | On January 12, 1920, a front-page story in "The New York Times", "Believes Rocket Can Reach Moon", reported a Smithsonian press release about a "multiple-charge, high-efficiency rocket." The chief application envisaged was "the possibility of sending recording apparatus to moderate and extreme altitudes within the Earth's atmosphere", the advantage over balloon-carried instruments being ease of recovery, since "the new rocket apparatus would go straight up and come straight down." But it also mentioned a proposal "to [send] to the dark part of the new moon a sufficiently large amount of the most brilliant flash powder which, in being ignited on impact, would be plainly visible in a powerful telescope. This would be the only way of proving that the rocket had really left the attraction of the earth, as the apparatus would never come back, once it had escaped that attraction." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210597 | 279,526 |
2,127,730 | Upon completion of the aforementioned courses, potential Aircraft Structures (ACS) Technicians will attend a 65-week-long course at CFSATE located at Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Borden, Ontario. This course covers everything they will need to perform their job once they are assigned to a Unit. The course is designed to provide the technician with the basic skill set required to perform elementary tasks. Some of the topics covered are; user maintenance on tools and equipment, aircraft servicing duties, corrosion control, protective coatings and markings, textiles, machining, welding, aircraft structural repairs, and composites and plastics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37915627 | 2,126,509 |
1,348,885 | The application should enable secure forms to be generated that accept laboratory data input via PCs and/or laptops / palmtops, and should be directly linked to electronic devices such as laboratory balances, pH meters, etc. Networked or wireless communications should be accommodated for by the package which will allow data to be interrogated, tabulated, checked, approved, stored and archived to comply with the latest regulatory guidance and legislation. A system should also include a scheduling option for routine procedures such as equipment qualification and study related timelines. It should include configurable qualification requirements to automatically verify that instruments have been cleaned and calibrated within a specified time period, that reagents have been quality-checked and have not expired, and that workers are trained and authorized to use the equipment and perform the procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1616185 | 1,348,143 |
2,084,025 | On 29 September RX of 41st Siege Bty moved forward to a position near Ovillers, followed by LX on 1 October. After digging in, the battery registered new targets in support of the continuing Battle of the Ancre Heights, still using the OP in Mesnil. Over the following days it bombarded hostile batteries, the Schwaben Redoubt and PuisieuxTrench. The Schwaben Redoubt was finally captured on 14 October, and on 21 October, after an effective methodical bombardment, the rest of Stuff Trench was taken. The Somme Offensive closed with the Battle of the Ancre. As well as its CB work, 41st Siege Bty shelled the Hansa Line for three weeks before the assault by II Corps on 13 November: the infantry found there was nothing left of the trench and were able to mop up many prisoners trapped against the flooded Ancre valley by the artillery fire. Finally, the battery fired in support of the attack on Serre and Beaumont-Hamel on 18 November, the remaining objectives from the first day of the Somme. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=69464934 | 2,082,825 |
1,849,790 | Vanderbilt University began testing its exoskeleton with paraplegics and medical experts at a rehabilitation center in Atlanta, Georgia, in 2010. In October 2012, Parker Hannifin signed an exclusive licensing agreement with Vanderbilt University for the right to develop and manufacture a commercial version of the exoskeleton, which it plans to release under the name Indego. Whereas current commercial exoskeletons can cost as much as $140,000, Parker Hannifin hopes to exploit its manufacturing capabilities and the Vanderbilt model's lightweight design to ensure that the Indego is significantly cheaper. In March 2014, Parker Hannifin entered into clinical trial agreements for the exoskeleton with several major medical rehabilitation centres. In December 2014, Parker Hannifin invested in Freedom Innovations, a California-based prosthetic technology company with which it had a pre-existing partnership, to further the development of Indego. Following regulatory approval, Parker Hannifin plans to release Indego in Europe in 2015 and in the United States in 2016. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37783653 | 1,848,732 |
2,066,459 | Along with Patricia Spittal and Kukpi Wayne Christian (Splatsin Secwepemc Nation), Schechter has served as principal investigator of the Cedar Project, funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. The Cedar Project began in 2003 and involves 800 Indigenous participants between the ages of 14 and 30 who use non-injection and injection drugs. All aspects the study are led by the Cedar Project Partnership, an independent coalition of Indigenous Elders, leaders, and health/wellness experts. Cedar studies have highlighted the ongoing impacts of settler colonialism on Indigenous families and communities, including the foster care system, sexual abuse, extreme poverty, and racism. Cedar research has provided critical quantitative and qualitative evidence of these intergenerational colonial harms among young, street-involved Indigenous people who cope by using criminalized drugs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42476597 | 2,065,268 |
35,245 | Diagnosing DLB can be challenging because of the wide range of symptoms with differing levels of severity in each individual. DLB is often misdiagnosed or, in its early stages, confused with Alzheimer's disease. The majority of individuals with Lewy body dementias receive an inaccurate initial diagnosis—such as Alzheimer's, parkinsonism, other dementias or a psychiatric diagnosis—resulting in reduced support and increased fear and uncertainty, sometimes for many years. Comparing the rates of detection of DLB in autopsy studies to those diagnosed while in clinical care indicates that as many as one in three diagnoses of DLB may be missed. Another complicating factor is that DLB commonly occurs along with Alzheimer's; autopsy reveals that half of people with DLB have some level of changes attributed to AD in their brains, which contributes to the wide-ranging variety of symptoms and diagnostic difficulty. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=227167 | 35,233 |
1,072,659 | Human Resource Machine is a visual programming-based puzzle video game developed by Tomorrow Corporation. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, OS X and Wii U in October 2015, being additionally released for Linux in March 2016, for iOS in June 2016, for Android in December 2016 and for the Nintendo Switch in March 2017. "Human Resource Machine" uses the concept of a corporate office worker assigned to perform tasks that involve moving objects between an inbox, an outbox, and to and from storage areas as a metaphor for assembly language concepts. The player works through some forty puzzles in constructing a program to complete a specific task. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46933362 | 1,072,105 |
625,501 | There are few federal cybersecurity regulations and the ones that exist focus on specific industries. The three main cybersecurity regulations are the 1996 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), the 1999 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, and the 2002 Homeland Security Act, which included the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA). The three regulations mandate that healthcare organizations, financial institutions, and federal agencies should protect their systems and information. For example, FISMA, which applies to every government agency, "requires the development and implementation of mandatory policies, principles, standards, and guidelines on information security." However, the regulations do not address numerous computer-related industries, such as Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and software companies. Furthermore, the regulations do not specify what cybersecurity measures must be implemented and require only a "reasonable" level of security. The vague language of these regulations leaves much room for interpretation. Bruce Schneier, the founder of Cupertino's Counterpane Internet Security, argues that companies will not make sufficient investments in cybersecurity unless the government forces them to do so. He also states that successful cyberattacks on government systems still occur despite government efforts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3421940 | 625,168 |
1,989,846 | The company Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL) has developed a process to extract uranium from the Western and Eastern coastal dune sands of India. After pre-processing with high-intensity magnetic separators and fine grinding, the mineral sands (known as monazite), are digested with caustic soda at about and water. The hydroxide concentrate is further digested with concentrated hydrochloric acid to solubilise all hydroxides to form a feed solution composed of chlorides of uranium and other rare earth elements including thorium. The solution is subjected to liquid–liquid extraction with dual solvent systems to produce uranyl chloride and thorium oxalate. The crude uranyl chloride solution is subsequently refined to nuclear grade ammonium diuranate by a purification process involving precipitation and solvent extraction in a nitrate media. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4354619 | 1,988,704 |
1,462,451 | The notion of formula_36-normalized derivatives is essential here, since it allows the ridge and valley detector algorithms to be calibrated properly. By requiring that for a one-dimensional Gaussian ridge embedded in two (or three dimensions) the detection scale should be equal to the width of the ridge structure when measured in units of length (a requirement of a match between the size of the detection filter and the image structure it responds to), it follows that one should choose formula_43. Out of these three measures of ridge strength, the first entity formula_44 is a general purpose ridge strength measure with many applications such as blood vessel detection and road extraction. Nevertheless, the entity formula_45 has been used in applications such as fingerprint enhancement, real-time hand tracking and gesture recognition as well as for modelling local image statistics for detecting and tracking humans in images and video. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6185898 | 1,461,628 |
591 | In the 2022 NBA All-Star Game held on February 20, Curry's Team LeBron defeated Team Durant 163–160. Curry scored 50 points (just 2 points shy of the All-Star Game record set by Anthony Davis in 2017); he also set the record for most three-pointers made in an All-Star quarter (6), half (8), and game (16), and was named the All-Star Game MVP. On February 24, Curry had a season-high 14 assists with 18 points in a 132–95 blowout win over the Portland Trail Blazers. On March 10, Curry scored 34 points in a 113–102 win over the Denver Nuggets. He became the 49th player in NBA history to rack up 20,000 points. On March 14, his 34th birthday, Curry scored 47 points in a 126–112 win over the Washington Wizards. On March 16, in a 110–88 loss to the Boston Celtics, Curry suffered a sprained ligament in his left foot after having it rolled over by a diving Marcus Smart and was ruled out indefinitely. On April 1, he was ruled out for the remainder of the regular season. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5608488 | 591 |
147,397 | The cause of narcosis is related to the increased solubility of gases in body tissues, as a result of the elevated pressures at depth (Henry's law). Modern theories have suggested that inert gases dissolving in the lipid bilayer of cell membranes cause narcosis. More recently, researchers have been looking at neurotransmitter receptor protein mechanisms as a possible cause of narcosis. The breathing gas mix entering the diver's lungs will have the same pressure as the surrounding water, known as the ambient pressure. After any change of depth, the pressure of gases in the blood passing through the brain catches up with ambient pressure within a minute or two, which results in a delayed narcotic effect after descending to a new depth. Rapid compression potentiates narcosis owing to carbon dioxide retention. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21937 | 147,339 |
2,052,178 | This Chern connection arises from a choice of Hermitian metric formula_86 on formula_84, with corresponding connection formula_88 and curvature form formula_47. Ambient on the spacetime there is also a B-field or Kalb–Ramond field formula_90 (not to be confused with the B in B-model), which is the string theoretic equivalent of the classical background electromagnetic field (hence the use of formula_90, which commonly denotes the magnetic field strength). Mathematically the B-field is a gerbe or bundle gerbe over spacetime, which means formula_90 consists of a collection of two-forms formula_93 for an open cover formula_94 of spacetime, but these forms may not agree on overlaps, where they must satisfy cocycle conditions in analogy with the transition functions of line bundles (0-gerbes). This B-field has the property that when pulled back along the inclusion map formula_95 the gerbe is trivial, which means the B-field may be identified with a globally defined two-form on formula_83, written formula_97. The differential form formula_12 discussed above in this context is given by formula_99, and studying the dHYM equations in the special case where formula_100 or equivalently formula_77 should be seen as "turning the B-field off" or setting formula_102, which in string theory corresponds to a spacetime with no background higher electromagnetic field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63929722 | 2,050,997 |
1,579,487 | Frog (Xenopus), as well as other amphibian, gastrulation serves as an excellent example of the role of convergent extension in embryogenesis. During gastrulation in frogs, the driving force of convergent extension is the morphogenic activity of the presumptive dorsal mesodermal cells; this activity is driven by the mesenchymal cells that lie beneath the presumptive mesodermal and neural tissues. These tissues exist within the involuting marginal zone (IMZ) of the embryo which lies between the vegetal endoderm and the posterior neural tissue. The IMZ is integral to gastrulation and R. Keller et al. eloquently exemplify the importance of convergent extension in Xenopus gastrulation. “…the IMZ, true to its name, involutes or rolls over the blastoporal lip and turns inside out. As it involutes, it converges along the mediolateral axis and extends along the future anterior-posterior axis of the notochordal and somitic mesoderm. Convergence and extension of these tissues squeezes the blastopore shut and simultaneously elongate the body axis. Elongation continues through the neurula and tailbud stages…As these involuted dorsal mesodermal tissues converge and extend on the inside of the gastrula, the presumptive posterior neural tissue converges and extends on the outside of the embryo, parallel to the underlying mesoderm, and then rolls up to form the neural tube, which later forms the hindbrain and spinal cord of the central nervous system". Should convergent extension be interrupted or incomplete, the resulting organism will have a short anteroposterior axis, wide notochord, and broad, open neural tube. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10959358 | 1,578,597 |
793,332 | While both varieties of neuromasts utilize this method of transduction, the specialized organization of superficial and canal neuromasts allow them different mechanoreceptive capacities. Located at the surface of an animal's skin, superficial organs are exposed more directly to the external environment. Though these organs possess the standard "staircase" shaped hair bundles, overall the organization of the bundles within the organs is seemingly haphazard, incorporating various shapes and sizes of microvilli within bundles. This suggests a wide range of detection, potentially indicating a function of broad detection to determine the presence and magnitude of deflection caused by motion in the surrounding water. In contrast, the structure of canal organs allow canal neuromasts to be organized into a network system that allows more sophisticated mechanoreception, such as the detection of pressure differentials. As current moves across the pores of a canal, a pressure differential is created over the pores. As pressure on one pore exceeds that of another pore, the differential pushes down on the canal and causes flow in the canal fluid. This moves the cupula of the hair cells in the canal, resulting in a directional deflection of the hairs corresponding to the direction of the flow. This method allows the translation of pressure information into directional deflections which can be received and transduced by hair cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=534435 | 792,907 |
135,239 | Less than a month later, Pei suspended his work at Harvard to join the National Defense Research Committee, which coordinated scientific research into U.S. weapons technology during World War II. Pei's background in architecture was seen as a considerable asset; one member of the committee told him: "If you know how to build you should also know how to destroy." The fight against Germany was ending, so he focused on the Pacific War. The U.S. realized that its bombs used against the stone buildings of Europe would be ineffective against Japanese cities, mostly constructed from wood and paper; Pei was assigned to work on incendiary bombs. Pei spent two and a half years with the NDRC, but revealed few details of his work. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15155 | 135,184 |
1,599,563 | The above described effects of the adenylate cyclase toxin, mainly the cAMP overproduction, have a profound effect on target cells. Although phagocytic immune cells migrate to the site of infection in the lungs, they are not able to mount an effective response. Not only the phagocytic uptake of bacteria is blocked, but subsequent production of ROS by neutrophils and monocytes, NETs by neutrophils, and NO by macrophages, is also inhibited. The effect on neutrophils is most important in early infection with "Bordetella", impairing most of their antimicrobial functions. Intoxication with the adenylate cyclase toxin leads to shift in polarization of macrophages from M1 (proinflammatory) phenotype to M2 (immunoregulatory) phenotype and may lead to macrophage apoptosis. cAMP accumulation after adenylate cyclase intoxication also interferes with IRF signalling in dendritic cells, which leads to lower IL-12 production. IL-12 is important for T-cell response polarization. Other effects of cAMP on dendritic cell interaction with T-cells are also detrimental to the immune response. Although cAMP induces dendritic cell migration into lymph nodes, it lowers their capacity to interact with T-cells and present antigen. This has a tolerogenic effect on the T-cell population. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5810998 | 1,598,663 |
1,961,907 | The spectrum of fundamental absorption of direct-gap semiconductors such as gallium arsenide (GaAs) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) is continuous and corresponds to band-to-band transitions. It begins with transitions at the center of the Brillouin zone, formula_1. In a perfect crystal, this spectrum is preceded by a hydrogen-like series of the transitions to "s"-states of Wannier-Mott excitons. In addition to the exciton lines, there are surprisingly strong additional absorption lines in the same spectral region. They belong to excitons weakly bound to impurities and defects and are termed 'impurity excitons'. Anomalously high intensity of the impurity-exciton lines indicate their giant oscillator strength of about formula_2 per impurity center while the oscillator strength of free excitons is only of about formula_3 per unit cell. Shallow impurity-exciton states are working as antennas borrowing their giant oscillator strength from vast areas of the crystal around them. They were predicted by Emmanuel Rashba first for molecular excitons and afterwards for excitons in semiconductors. Giant oscillator strengths of impurity excitons endow them with ultra-short radiational life-times formula_4 ns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47827692 | 1,960,779 |
1,850,116 | In epigenetics, proline isomerization is the effect that "cis-trans" isomerization of the amino acid proline has on the regulation of gene expression. Similar to aspartic acid, the amino acid proline has the rare property of being able to occupy both "cis" and "trans" isomers of its prolyl peptide bonds with ease. Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase, or PPIase, is an enzyme very commonly associated with proline isomerization due to their ability to catalyze the isomerization of prolines. PPIases are present in three types: cyclophilins, FK507-binding proteins, and the parvulins. PPIase enzymes catalyze the transition of proline between "cis" and "trans" isomers and are essential to the numerous biological functions controlled and affected by prolyl isomerization (i.e. cell signalling, protein folding, and epigenetic modifications) Without PPIases, prolyl peptide bonds will slowly switch between "cis" and "trans" isomers, a process that can lock proteins in a nonnative structure that can affect render the protein temporarily ineffective. Although this switch can occur on its own, PPIases are responsible for most isomerization of prolyl peptide bonds. The specific amino acid that precedes the prolyl peptide bond also can have an effect on which conformation the bond assumes. For instance, when an aromatic amino acid is bonded to a proline the bond is more favorable to the "cis" conformation. Cyclophilin A uses an "electrostatic handle" to pull proline into "cis" and "trans" formations. Most of these biological functions are affected by the isomerization of proline when one isomer interacts differently than the other, commonly causing an activation/deactivation relationship. As an amino acid, proline is present in many proteins. This aids in the multitude of effects that isomerization of proline can have in different biological mechanisms and functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57410053 | 1,849,058 |
639,964 | Estrone sulfate was first isolated from the urine of pregnant mares in the late 1930s by researchers in the Department of Biochemistry at University of Toronto. Premarin was first introduced in 1941 by Wyeth Ayerst as a treatment for hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause; at that time, Wyeth Ayerst only had to prove its safety, and not its efficacy. In response to the 1962 Kefauver Harris Amendment the FDA had its efficacy reviewed, and in 1972 found it effective for menopausal symptoms and probably effective for osteoporosis. The review also determined that two estrogens – estrone sulfate and equilin sulfate – were primarily responsible for the activity of Premarin, and it laid the groundwork for Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) submissions of generic versions. In 1984 an NIH consensus panel found that estrogens were effective for preventing osteoporosis and 1986 the FDA announced in the Federal Register that Premarin was effective for preventing osteoporosis. This announcement led to a rapid growth in sales, and interest from generic manufacturers to introduce generic versions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47602576 | 639,625 |
2,189,417 | Beta-adrenergic agonists, or β-agonists, are non-hormonal growth promotants that help animals put on muscle instead of fat. The more scientifically accepted name for agents of this class is a repartitioning agent, not a growth promotor. Ractopamine (brand names include Optaflexx and Paylean) and zilpaterol (brand name Zilmax) received FDA approval in 1999 and 2003, respectively. They are also approved in Mexico, South Africa, and Canada. 160 countries restrict the importation of beef which has been raised with β-agonists. Temple Grandin was one of the first to describe the potential problems with the supplement. Cattle may arrive at the plant with a stiff gait, acting like they have both stiff muscles and sore feet. The problem could be muscle fatigue. Zilpateral enhances the growth of "fast-twitch" fibers, a type of muscle fiber that fatigues more easily. On August 16, 2013 Merck & Co., the makers of Zilmax, suspended the sale of the product in the US and Canada. But problems may exist with all β-agonists supplementation, and not just for animals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50533059 | 2,188,168 |
1,657,232 | Vehicles using engines equipped with Digifant fuel injection typically operated both efficiently and smoothly when new but suffered from a number of issues as the car aged, even by a few months. Digifant sensors & other components, especially the ECU itself, were remarkably sensitive to poor electrical grounding. Without a reliable ground signal to reference, the system was vulnerable to errors and malfunction. In the 1980s and 1990s many Volkswagen / Audi designs did not incorporate sufficient engine compartment grounding, and when the car's engine compartment became soiled with dirt, oil & road salts from several months / years of use, the fuel injection system would fail in often inexplicable ways. Backfiring, stalls & other poor running were all too common. Later versions were improved by providing multiple grounding paths, but the early Digifant systems suffered poor service reputations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9947492 | 1,656,299 |
1,323,422 | Directed evolution of an enzyme is a repetitive process of creating random genetic mutations, screening for a target phenotype, and selecting the most robust variant(s) for further modification. The ability of humankind to use directed evolution to optimize enzymes for biotechnological purposes is largely limited by the throughput of screening tools and methods and the simplicity of their use. Due to the iterative nature of directed evolution and the necessity for large libraries, directed evolution at the macroscale can be a costly endeavor. As such, performing experiments at the microscale through droplet-based microfluidics provides a significantly cheaper alternative to macroscopic equivalents. Various approaches price the directed evolution through droplet microfluidics under $40 for a screen of a 10-10 sized gene library, while the corresponding macroscale experiment is priced at approximately $15 million. Additionally, with screening times that range from 300 to 2000 droplets sorted per second, droplet-based microfluidics provides a platform for significantly accelerated library screening such that gene libraries of 10 can be sorted well within a day. Droplet-based microfluidic devices make directed evolution accessible and cost effective. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54022162 | 1,322,696 |
547,238 | Unlike the pushrod systems used by DaimlerChrysler's Multi-Displacement System and General Motors' Active Fuel Management, Honda's VCM uses overhead cams. A solenoid unlocks the cam followers on one bank from their respective rockers, so the cam follower floats freely while the valve springs keep the valves closed. The system operates through controlling the flow of hydraulic engine oil pressure to locking mechanisms in the cam followers. The engine's drive by wire throttle allows the engine management computer to smooth out the engine's power delivery, making the system nearly imperceptible on some vehicles. When the VCM system disables cylinders, an "ECO" indicator lights on the dashboard, Active Noise Cancellation (ANC) pumps an opposite-phase sound through the audio speakers to reduce cabin noise, and Active Control Engine Mount (ACM) systems reduce vibration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1359252 | 546,951 |
701,506 | The foraging behavior of the European starling, "Sturnus vulgaris", provides an example of how marginal value theorem is used to model optimal foraging. Starlings leave their nests and travel to food patches in search for larval leatherjackets to bring back to their young. The starlings must determine the optimal number of prey items to take back in one trip (i.e. the optimal load size). While the starlings forage within a patch, they experience diminishing returns: the starling is able to hold only so many leatherjackets in its bill, so the speed with which the parent picks up larvae decreases with the number of larvae that it already has in its bill. Thus, the constraints are the shape of the curve of diminishing returns and the travel time (the time it takes to make a round trip from the nest to a patch and back). In addition, the currency is hypothesized to be net energy gain per unit time. Using this currency and the constraints, the optimal load can be predicted by drawing a line tangent to the curve of diminishing returns, as discussed previously (Figure 3). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3237391 | 701,141 |
1,546,095 | SpaceX planned to fly the Dragon spacecraft in a free-flying configuration, known as DragonLab. Its subsystems include propulsion, power, thermal and environmental control (ECLSS), avionics, communications, thermal protection, flight software, guidance and navigation systems, and entry, descent, landing, and recovery gear. It has a total combined upmass of upon launch, and a maximum downmass of when returning to Earth. In November 2014, there were two DragonLab missions listed on the SpaceX launch manifest: one in 2016 and another in 2018. However, these missions were removed from the manifest in early 2017, with no official SpaceX statement. The American Biosatellites once performed similar uncrewed payload-delivery functions, and the Russian Bion satellites still continue to do so. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52066624 | 1,545,221 |
1,744,450 | LAK cells, along with the administration of IL-2 have been experimentally used to treat cancer in mice and humans, but there is very high toxicity with this treatment - Severe fluid retention was the major side effect of therapy, although all side effects resolved after interleukin-2 administration was stopped. LAK cell therapy is a method that uses interleukin 2 (IL-2) to enhance the number of lymphocytes in an "in vitro" setting, and it has formed the foundation of many immunotherapy assays that are now in use. LAK cells have shown potential as a cellular agent for cancer therapy and have been utilized therapeutically in association with IL-2 for the treatment of various cancers. LAK cells have anticancer efficacy against homologous carcinoma cells and can grow "ex vivo" in the presence of IL-2. In melanoma and gastric cancer cells, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) antibody can significantly inhibit "in vitro" LAK-induced lysis of cancer cells. A study has shown that ICAM1 in lung cancer cells increases LAK cell-mediated tumor cell death as a new anti-tumor mechanism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9900287 | 1,743,466 |
1,477,611 | Carther States counter-attacks some weeks later, and the Quinn Tribe group is reunited. During the battle they steal London Tree's CARM (Cargo And Repair Module), a small spacecraft—a relic of the original settlers. The CARM is still functional due to careful management and its robust design; its solar panels provide electricity to electrolyze water into hydrogen and oxygen, which it stores automatically and then burns for propulsion as needed. London Tree's "Navy", bow- and spear-armed warriors, use the CARM to conduct long-distance military actions and slave raids on a scale impossible for wingless humans in a zero-g environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=528116 | 1,476,779 |
1,480,306 | Stebbins was active in conservation issues in California during his later life. He established a California Native Plant Society branch in Sacramento in the early 1960s. Through the society, he created an active field trip program to increase interest in the native flora of California and to document rare plants. Stebbins was the state President of the Society during 1966. The society was instrumental in preventing the destruction of a beach on the Monterey Peninsula that he referred to as "Evolution Hill"—the area is now known as the S.F.B. Morse Botanical Area and is managed by the Del Monte Forest Foundation. He was a major contributor to the Society's 1996 book "California's Wild Gardens: A Living Legacy". Stebbins was instrumental in the establishment of the "Inventory of Rare and Endangered Vascular Plants of California" by the California Native Plant Society; it is still used by state and federal bodies in the United States for conservation policy-making. Stebbins was also a member of the Sierra Club. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1591079 | 1,479,472 |
4,256 | To reduce optical visibility during daylight flights, the B-2 is painted in an anti-reflective paint. The undersides are dark because it flies at high altitudes (), and at that altitude a dark grey painting blends well into the sky. It is speculated to have an upward-facing light sensor which alerts the pilot to increase or reduce altitude to match the changing illuminance of the sky. The original design had tanks for a contrail-inhibiting chemical, but this was replaced in production aircraft by a contrail sensor that alerts the crew when they should change altitude. The B-2 is vulnerable to visual interception at ranges of or less. The B-2 is stored in a $5 million specialised air-conditioned hangar to maintain its stealth coating. Every seven years, this coating is carefully removed by being washed off with crystallised wheat starch so that the B-2's surfaces can be inspected for any dents or scratches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4396 | 4,254 |
2,145,485 | The Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science is a department in the London School of Economics and Political Science, founded in 1964. Until 2009, it was located within the Department of Sociology since it is a centre for the study of the human mind and behaviour in a societal context. More specifically, work undertaken at the Department strives to understand the social processes that emerge at the intersection between the individual and wider societal contexts. This is trying to be achived by analysing theoretical development and doing empirical research. The latter is mainly on topics such as social representations, behaviour, health, community, culture, racism, ethnicity, communications and the media, organisational psychology, the social construction of technology, gender, economic psychology, sexuality, social identity, risk and society, or innovation and creativity in organisations and businesses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12325425 | 2,144,254 |
856,303 | Boelcke drilled his pilots in his tactics as they flew. They learned to pair as leader and wingman, spaced 60 meters abreast to allow room for a U-turn without collision. They flew formation, massing their power for attacks. While attacking they split into pairs, although the "Dicta Boelcke" advised single assaults on the foe by flight leaders. Meanwhile, Boelcke withheld the squadron from combat, and continued flying his solo sorties. Single victims fell to him on 8 and 9 September, and he scored double victories on the 14th and 15th. When Boelcke returned to base with gunpowder soot on his chin, they knew he had shot down another enemy plane. Boelcke told them, "I only open fire when I can see the goggle strap on my opponent's crash helmet." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=193002 | 855,848 |
1,066,774 | Marwala has served globally and nationally on policymaking bodies. Most recently, he was the Deputy Chair of South Africa’s Presidential Commission on the Fourth Industrial Revolution (with the President of South Africa Cyril Ramaphosa serving as Chair). This committee developed the country’s fourth industrial revolution strategy. Continentally, Marwala is the Chair of the International Scientific Advisory Board for the African Centre of Excellence in the Internet of Things (ACE-IoT) based in Rwanda. Globally, he was a member of the World Health Organization (WHO) committee that developed the ethical guidelines of using artificial intelligence in medicine. Furthermore, he was a member of the committee that developed the international accord on open data for the International Council for Science (ICSU) in Paris. He was appointed by the government of Namibia on the Fourth Industrial Revolution Task Team. Marwala has also worked with the United Nations through agencies such as UNESCO, UNIDO, WHO, ITU, ILO, UNICEF, and WIPO. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7406885 | 1,066,220 |
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