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2,084,019 | 41st Siege Bty resumed bombarding Pozières on 22 July before the infantry attacked next day (the Battle of Pozières Ridge). II Corps took over the sector on 27 July, and continued the fighting for Pozières Ridge. The British CB work around Courcelette had been particularly effective, which assisted I ANZAC Corps' attacks on Pozières village. On 31 July RX moved up to join LX, and through early August the battery continued firing on trenches around Thiepval Chateau, and Mucky Farm as 48th (South Midland) and 4th Australian Divisions slowly worked their way forward. II Corps attacked up the Ancre towards Thiepval once more on 3 September, but failed to progress, and then cooperated in the battle of Flers–Courcelette (15 September). After a four-day pause, 41st Siege Bty registered new targets with the help of a Kite balloon and then began pounding Bulgar Trench, the Zollern Redoubt and Stuff Redoubt in preparation for the Thiepval Ridge beginning on 26 September. Mucky Farm was finally captured by 11th (Northern) Division and Zollern Trench by 18th (Eastern) Division on the first day, and Stuff Trench and Thiepval village next day. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=69464934 | 2,082,819 |
1,032,775 | The Tank, Light, Mk VIII (A25), also known as the Harry Hopkins, after American President Roosevelt's chief diplomatic advisor, was a British light tank produced by Vickers-Armstrong during the Second World War. The Mk VIII was the last in the line of light tanks the company had built for the British Army, and was intended to be the successor of the previous light tank designed by Vickers-Armstrong, the Mk VII Tetrarch. A number of changes were made to the Mk VIII, most notably increasing its width, length and weight and also increasing the thickness of the armour. The design of the tank was submitted to the War Office in late 1941, with an initial order for 1,000 models being made by the Tank Board of the War Office in the same month, a number that increased to 2,410 in November. Production began in June 1942 but immediately began encountering problems with the tank, and a number of modifications had to be made to the design after complaints were made by the War Office and the Fighting Vehicle Proving Establishment. These problems were so acute that only 6 tanks had been produced by mid-1943, and only 100 when production ended in February 1945. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4601125 | 1,032,239 |
14,890 | On December 31, 2021, U.S. Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg and Steve Dickinson, administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration asked the chief executives of AT&T and Verizon to delay 5G implementation over aviation concerns. The government officials asked for a two-week delay starting on January 5, 2022, while investigations are conducted on the effects on radar altimeters. The government transportation officials also asked the cellular providers to hold off their new 5G service near 50 priority airports, to minimize disruption to air traffic that would be caused by some planes being disallowed from landing in poor visibility. After coming to an agreement with government officials the day before, Verizon and AT&T activated their 5G networks on January 19, 2022, except for certain towers near 50 airports. AT&T scaled back its deployment even further than its agreement with the FAA required. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23475353 | 14,885 |
407,260 | The bandwidth of the kernel is a free parameter which exhibits a strong influence on the resulting estimate. To illustrate its effect, we take a simulated random sample from the standard normal distribution (plotted at the blue spikes in the rug plot on the horizontal axis). The grey curve is the true density (a normal density with mean 0 and variance 1). In comparison, the red curve is "undersmoothed" since it contains too many spurious data artifacts arising from using a bandwidth "h" = 0.05, which is too small. The green curve is "oversmoothed" since using the bandwidth "h" = 2 obscures much of the underlying structure. The black curve with a bandwidth of "h" = 0.337 is considered to be optimally smoothed since its density estimate is close to the true density. An extreme situation is encountered in the limit formula_2 (no smoothing), where the estimate is a sum of "n" delta functions centered at the coordinates of analyzed samples. In the other extreme limit formula_3 the estimate retains the shape of the used kernel, centered on the mean of the samples (completely smooth). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2090057 | 407,059 |
46,046 | "Dawn", the first spacecraft to orbit Ceres, determined that the north polar axis points at right ascension 19h 25m 40.3s (291.418°), declination +66° 45' 50" (about 1.5 degrees from Delta Draconis), which means an axial tilt of 4°. This means that Ceres currently sees little to no seasonal variation in sunlight by latitude. Over the course of three million years, gravitational influence from Jupiter and Saturn has triggered cyclical shifts in Ceres's axial tilt, ranging from two to twenty degrees, meaning that seasonal variation in sun exposure has occurred in the past, with the last period of seasonal activity estimated at 14,000 years ago. Those craters that remain in shadow during periods of maximum axial tilt are the most likely to retain water ice from eruptions or cometary impacts over the age of the Solar System. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5595163 | 46,028 |
1,879,611 | He devoted his leisure to the study of mathematics and merchants' accounts, and on leaving the service set up in London as a teacher. In 1652 he published "An Introduction to Merchants' Accounts", originally drawn up for the use of his scholars. Reprinted in 1665, the major part of the impression perished in the great fire of London, but was replaced in 1674 by a new and amplified folio edition. He next wrote "The Sector on a Quadrant, or a Treatise containing the Description and Use of three several Quadrants." Also an appendix touching "Reflected Dyalling, from a Glass however posited" (London, 1658); and "The Description and Uses of a general Quadrant, with the Horizontal Projection upon it Inverted" (1658). In 1659 appeared his "Geometricall Dyalling, or Dyalling performed by a Line of Chords only", and "The Mariner's Plain Scale new Plained", a treatise on navigation for the East India Company's navy. It was well received, and became a class-book with the students of navigation at Christ Church Hospital. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2361164 | 1,878,530 |
2,229,805 | Roger A. Cooper, the second of his parents' five children, grew up in Eastbourne, New Zealand. He became a geology student at Victoria University of Wellington and in his second year went in January 1961 as a field assistant on a trip lasting almost three months. The purpose of the trip, with four people, three pack horses, two-way radios, and rifles, was geological mapping of New Zealand's Marlborough Region. Nearly a year later, he participated in the Victoria University Antarctic Expedition (VUWAE 5) to the western edge of the Koettlitz Glacier and the mountainous parts of southern Victoria Land. Over a period of two months, the expedition members produced geological maps and made fossil collections. In 1961 he received his B.Sc. After completing his M.Sc. he spent a year mapping commercially useful limestone in the Otago and Southland regions for the New Zealand Geological Survey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66414372 | 2,228,541 |
1,433,553 | Explosive forming was used in the 1960s for aerospace applications, such as the chine plates of the SR-71 reconnaissance plane and various Soviet rocket parts; it continued to be developed in Russia, and the organising committees of such events as EPNM tend to contain many members from the former Soviet Union. It proved particularly useful for making high-strength corrugated parts which would otherwise have to be milled out of ingots much larger than the finished product. An example would be a yacht constructor who produced boat hulls by making a concrete "swimming pool" into which sheet-metal was placed, and when water filled and explosively fired, produced a complete hull-form. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14393753 | 1,432,749 |
1,243,118 | In the early 2000s NASA conducted a test known as the Holographic Airborne Rotating Lidar Instrument Experiment(HARLIE) that utilized dichromate gelatin-based volume HOE sandwiched between float glass. The objective of the test was to find a new method of measuring surface and atmospheric parameters that could reduce the size, mass, and angular momentum of a spaceborne lidar systems. The ability of HOE to be made as curved or bendable allows it to be used in the construction of head up displays(HUD) or head mount displays(HMD). Additionally, transparency can be achieved due to the selectivity of the volume grating that is used to diffract light at a specific incident angle or wavelength. This allows for the development of transparent head-up displays that convey information to aircraft pilots and conserves cockpit space. The US military is currently running tests on these new aircraft displays. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32062928 | 1,242,445 |
99,164 | On December 1, 2009, he began hosting a 12-episode weekly television series for the Science Channel at 10 pm, called "", based on his bestselling book. Each 30-minute episode discusses the scientific basis behind imaginative schemes, such as time travel, parallel universes, warp drive, star ships, light sabers, force fields, teleportation, invisibility, death stars, and even superpowers and flying saucers. Each episode includes interviews with the world's top scientists working on prototypes of these technologies, interviews with science fiction fans as well as showing clips from science fiction movies and discussing that special effects and computer graphics were used to create them. Although these inventions are impossible today, the series discusses when these technologies might become feasible in the future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=348746 | 99,121 |
1,110,615 | In "Art after Philosophy," Kosuth provoked a confrontation with the formal criticism of Clement Greenberg and Michael Fried. Both exposed the concept of the art work as a non-substitutable instance realized by an artist who follows no other criteria than visual ones. They defined this concept as the core of modernism. In the sixties, Greenberg's and Fried's modernist doctrine dominated the American discussions on art; meanwhile, the artists Allan Kaprow, Dick Higgins, Henry Flynt, Mel Bochner, Robert Smithson and Joseph Kosuth wrote articles on art exemplifying a pluralistic anti- and post-modernist tendency which gained more influence at the end of the sixties. In 1968, Greenberg tried to disqualify the new tendencies as "'novelty' art": "The different mediums are exploding...when everybody is a revolutionary the revolution is over." Sam Hunter offered a more positive view in 1972: "The situation of open possibilities which confronted artists in the first years of the seventies allowed a variety of means and many fertile idea systems to coexist, reconciling through the poetic imagination apparent contradictions." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1570505 | 1,110,049 |
650,708 | Steven N. Ward and Simon Day in a 2001 research article proposed that a Holocene change in the eruptive activity of Cumbre Vieja volcano and a fracture on the volcano that formed during an eruption in 1949 may be the prelude to a giant collapse. They estimated that such a collapse could cause tsunamis across the entire North Atlantic and severely impact areas as far away as North America. Later research has debated whether the tsunami would still have a significant size far away from La Palma, as the tsunami wave may quickly decay in height away from the source and interactions with the continental shelves could further reduce its size. Evidence indicates that most collapses in the Canary Islands took place as multistage events that are not as effective at creating tsunamis, and a multi-stage collapse at La Palma likewise would result in smaller tsunamis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65263449 | 650,367 |
1,660,700 | In May 2019, Xcel Energy announced a change where the Sherco plant's third unit will shut down in 2030, about a decade earlier than previously planned, while the company hopes to keep the nearby Monticello nuclear plant in operation until at least 2040, although that is 10 years longer than it is currently licensed to operate. This is part of a strategy to reduce the company's carbon dioxide by 80% by the year 2030, with a goal of running on 100% renewable energy by 2050. The Sherco plant is expected to be the final coal-powered plant operated by the company to cease operations in Minnesota, following the planned closure of the Allen S. King Generating Station in Bayport in 2028. The proposed plan was approved by the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission on February 8, 2022. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37204986 | 1,659,766 |
1,654,791 | Altekar corresponded in 1932 with Gandhi concerning Hinduism and the untouchable castes. His 1934 book "Education in Ancient India" provided a comprehensive review of all aspects of education in India until around AD 1200, with some additional treatment of topics up to the start of the British Raj. In his book, Altekar collected extensive historical information on education in India from Sanskrit, Brahminic, Pali and Buddhist literature, along with inscriptions and accounts by foreign travellers. He also included defects in his study in the last chapter. In the book, Altekar proposes a theory of steady decline in Indian literacy from an earlier golden age, which later scholars such as Hartmut Scharfe dismissed as "sheer phantasy". Scharfe called Altekar an apologist, that his anti-British theory may have been influenced by his participation in the freedom struggle against British colonialism in 1930s when the book was first published. Scharfe acknowledges Altekar collected useful historical information. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23605081 | 1,653,859 |
638,377 | The silicon-on-insulator concept dates back to 1964, when it was proposed by C.W. Miller and P.H. Robinson. In 1979, a Texas Instruments research team including Al F. Tasch, T.C. Holloway, Kai Fong Lee and James F. Gibbons fabricated a silicon-on-insulator MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor). In 1983, a Fujitsu research team led by S. Kawamura fabricated a three-dimensional integrated circuit with SOI CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) structure. In 1984, the same Fujitsu research team fabricated a 3D gate array with vertically stacked dual SOI/CMOS structure using beam recrystallization. The same year, Electrotechnical Laboratory researchers Toshihiro Sekigawa and Yutaka Hayashi fabricated a double-gate MOSFET, demonstrating that short-channel effects can be significantly reduced by sandwiching a fully depleted SOI device between two gate electrodes connected together. In 1986, Jean-Pierre Colinge at HP Labs fabricated SOI NMOS devices using 90 nm thin silicon films. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=747290 | 638,038 |
2,210,110 | In 2012 research was published where genes and proteins were found in a model organism that could not have been found without GFS because they had not been previously annotated. The planarian Schmidtea mediterranea has been used in research for over 100 years. This planarian is capable of regenerating missing body parts and is therefore emerging as potential model organism for stem cell research. Planarians are covered in mucus which aids in locomotion, in protecting them from predation, and in helping their immune system. The genome of "Schmidtea mediterranea" is sequenced but mostly un-annotated making it a prime candidate for genome-based peptide fingerprint scanning. When the proteins were analyzed with GFS 1,604 proteins were identified. These proteins had mostly not been annotated before they were found with GFS They were also able to find the mucous subproteome (all the genes associated with mucus production). They found that this proteome was conserved in the sister species "Schmidtea mansoni". The mucous subproteome is so conserved that 119 orthologs of planarians are found in humans. Due to the similarity in these genes the planarian can now be used as a model to study mucous protein function in humans. This is relevant for infections and diseases related to mucous aberrancies such as cystic fibrosis, asthma, and other lung diseases. These genes could not have been found without GFS because they had not been previously annotated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7324297 | 2,208,850 |
1,810,724 | CL was initially described in what is now Philippe Park, Florida in 1907 by Fawett who called it "scaly bark" and "nail-head rust". However, the disease appears to have disappeared from Florida since the 1960s, perhaps due to reduction of vector population caused by freezing weather and intensive sulfur application. There is evidence that CL was caused by the nuclear type. The first report of CL in South America was in 1920 in Paraguay, later it was reported in Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. CiLV-C has been detected in Bolivia, Venezuela, and Colombia, and it is spreading northward through Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Mexico. CiLV-N has also been reported from the states of São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, and Minas Gerais in Brazil, Boquete in Panama, and in the state of Querétaro, Mexico. Recently, a mixed infection of the same plant with the two viruses CiLV-N and CiLV-C2, was reported in Casanare, Colombia. The recent establishment of citrus leprosis in Central America represents a potential threat to citriculture in North America, where the vector is also present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44771144 | 1,809,701 |
1,049,312 | Behavioral game theory began with the work of Allais in 1953 and Ellsberg in 1961. They discovered the Allais paradox and the Ellsberg paradox, respectively. Both paradoxes show that choices made by participants in a game do not reflect the benefit they expect to receive from making those choices. In 1956, the work of Vernon Smith showed that economic markets could be examined experimentally rather than only theoretically, and reinforced the importance of rationality and self-interest within economic models. Later in the 1970's, economists Tversky and Kahneman, as well as several other co-workers, conducted experiments that discovered variations of traditional decision-making models such as regret theory, prospect theory, and hyperbolic discounting. These discoveries showed that decision makers consider many factors when making choices. For example, a person may seek to minimize the amount of regret they will feel after making a decision and weigh their options based on the amount of regret they anticipate from each. Due to the fact that these theories were not previously examined by traditional economic theory, factors such as regret along with many others fueled further research on the subject of social preferences and decision making. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45222866 | 1,048,766 |
1,854,333 | Sulfurimonas is a bacterial genus within the class of Campylobacterota, known for reducing nitrate, oxidizing both sulfur and hydrogen, and containing Group IV hydrogenases. This genus consists of four species: "Sulfurimonas autorophica", "Sulfurimonas denitrificans", "Sulfurimonas gotlandica", and "Sulfurimonas paralvinellae". The genus' name is derived from ""sulfur"" in Latin and ""monas"" from Greek, together meaning a “sulfur-oxidizing rod”. The size of the bacteria varies between about 1.5-2.5 μm in length and 0.5-1.0 μm in width. Members of the genus "Sulfurimonas" are found in a variety of different environments which include deep sea-vents, marine sediments, and terrestrial habitats. Their ability to survive in extreme conditions is attributed to multiple copies of one enzyme. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that members of the genus "Sulfurimonas" have limited dispersal ability and its speciation was affected by geographical isolation rather than hydrothermal composition. Deep ocean currents affect the dispersal of "Sulfurimonas" spp., influencing its speciation. As shown in the MLSA report of deep-sea hydrothermal vents Campylobacterota, "Sulfurimonas" has a higher dispersal capability compared with deep sea hydrothermal vent thermophiles, indicating allopatric speciation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38607749 | 1,853,270 |
1,246,165 | Throughout high school, Ellis' teachers recommended that he attend summer school programs at the local universities in Chicago. This was his first encounter with college-level students and university life. Though poor, Ellis was able to attend Beloit College in the fall of 1960 because the church he and his family attended awarded him a scholarship. In Ellis' junior year, Beloit College received an IBM 1620 as a donation, and he and his chemistry professor were asked to set it up. This was the start of the Beloit College computer lab, of which Ellis was the director. During the early 1960s, Beloit didn't offer a degree in computer science, however, Ellis was able to substitute some of his science laboratory work with computer projects. In 1964, Ellis received a B.S. degree from Beloit double majoring in math and physics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20544958 | 1,245,490 |
7,175 | Expanding on the importance of life-span measures, the Gini coefficient as a point-estimate of equality at a certain time ignores life-span changes in income. Typically, increases in the proportion of young or old members of a society will drive apparent changes in equality simply because people generally have lower incomes and wealth when they are young than when they are old. Because of this, factors such as age distribution within a population and mobility within income classes can create the appearance of inequality when none exist, taking into account demographic effects. Thus a given economy may have a higher Gini coefficient at any timepoint compared to another, while the Gini coefficient calculated over individuals' lifetime income is lower than the apparently more equal (at a given point in time) economy's. Essentially, what matters is not just inequality in any particular year but the distribution composition over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12883 | 7,172 |
1,541,110 | The most complete collection of his work in private hands remains that of the ducal house of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, exhibited at Callenberg Castle in Coburg, north Bavaria. In 2012 Wolfam Koepp of the Metropolitan Museum of Art discovered a particular type of Roentgen table with removable legs for easier transport. Was this table the earliest form of flatpack? A team from the Victoria and Albert Museum investigated further and confirmed Koepp's process and conclusions in March 2014, shedding new light on the inventor of flat-pack / ready-to-assemble furniture. Until then, Gillis Lundgren held that title from 1951 for IKEA. Its blame has now been traced back 200 years before the pretender. David Roentgen not only mastered intrigue but flat-pack home assembly without an allen key. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2879654 | 1,540,237 |
893,980 | Hutton developed several hypotheses to explain the rock formations he saw around him, but according to Playfair he "was in no haste to publish his theory; for he was one of those who are much more delighted with the contemplation of truth, than with the praise of having discovered it". After some 25 years of work, his "Theory of the Earth; or an Investigation of the Laws observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land upon the Globe" was read to meetings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in two parts, the first by his friend Joseph Black on 7 March 1785, and the second by himself on 4 April 1785. Hutton subsequently read an abstract of his dissertation "Concerning the System of the Earth, its Duration and Stability" to Society meeting on 4 July 1785, which he had printed and circulated privately. In it, he outlined his theory as follows; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15965 | 893,510 |
1,964,443 | Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus (BaYMV) is a virus, and therefore doesn't divide, produce energy, or have any reproductive structures. The only way BaYMV is able to multiply is by "taking over" host cells and manufacturing more viruses. It is spread through the protist "Polymyxa graminis", so its disease cycle largely depends on that of "P. graminis". "P. graminis" is a soil-borne pathogen, so it is spread by tools, water, animals, and other means of physically moving soil. BaYMV overwinters in the resting spores of "P. graminis", and can survive decades in this state. When "P. graminis" invades the roots of a plant and begins growing in the root cells, the BaYMV is transmitted from protist to barley through zoospores. It then can enter barley plant cells and use the cell machinery to make more virus, thus infecting the plant. The virus does this by using its coat protein to gain access into plant cells, and then taking over cell machinery in the nucleus. It uses the cell machinery to manufacture more virus, and can rapidly reproduce this way. Once a plant is infected, there is no known way to "cure" the plant, so the plant stays infected indefinitely. The virus remains in the resting spores in the soil, and in this way it can infect other plants, overwinter, or be spread via cultivation or harvest (spreading the soil). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12264278 | 1,963,315 |
40,285 | Each carbon atom bearing a hydroxyl group (-OH), with the exception of the first and last carbons, are asymmetric, making them stereo centers with two possible configurations each (R or S). Because of this asymmetry, a number of isomers may exist for any given monosaccharide formula. Using Le Bel-van't Hoff rule, the aldohexose D-glucose, for example, has the formula (C·HO), of which four of its six carbons atoms are stereogenic, making D-glucose one of 2=16 possible stereoisomers. In the case of glyceraldehydes, an aldotriose, there is one pair of possible stereoisomers, which are enantiomers and epimers. 1, 3-dihydroxyacetone, the ketose corresponding to the aldose glyceraldehydes, is a symmetric molecule with no stereo centers. The assignment of D or L is made according to the orientation of the asymmetric carbon furthest from the carbonyl group: in a standard Fischer projection if the hydroxyl group is on the right the molecule is a D sugar, otherwise it is an L sugar. The "D-" and "L-" prefixes should not be confused with "d-" or "l-", which indicate the direction that the sugar rotates plane polarized light. This usage of "d-" and "l-" is no longer followed in carbohydrate chemistry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5932 | 40,270 |
618,976 | the world is divided into a "connected core" of nations enjoying a high level of communications among their organizations and individuals, and those nations that are disconnected internally and externally. In a reasonably peaceful situation, he describes a "system administrator" force, often multinational, which does what some call "nation-building", but, most importantly, connects the nation to the core and empowers the natives to communicate—that communication can be likened to swarm coordination. If the state is occupied, or in civil war, another paradigm comes into play, which is generally beyond the scope of FID: the leviathan, a first-world military force that takes down the opposition regular forces. Leviathan is not constituted to fight local insurgencies, but major forces. Leviathan may use extensive swarming at the tactical level, but its dispatch is a strategic decision that may be made unilaterally, or by an established group of the core such as NATO or ASEAN. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14355446 | 618,662 |
559,706 | Universities in France tended to serve a downplayed role in the development of science during the Enlightenment; that role was dominated by the scientific academies, such as the French Academy of Sciences. The contributions of universities in Britain were mixed. On the one hand, the University of Cambridge began teaching Newtonianism early in the Enlightenment, but failed to become a central force behind the advancement of science. On the other end of the spectrum were Scottish universities, which had strong medical faculties and became centres of scientific development. Under Frederick II, German universities began to promote the sciences. Christian Wolff's unique blend of Cartesian-Leibnizian physics began to be adopted in universities outside of Halle. The University of Göttingen, founded in 1734, was far more liberal than its counterparts, allowing professors to plan their own courses and select their own textbooks. Göttingen also emphasized research and publication. A further influential development in German universities was the abandonment of Latin in favour of the German vernacular. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17912788 | 559,417 |
905,321 | The authors of scientific articles are active researchers instead of journalists; typically, a graduate student or a researcher writes a paper with a professor. As such, the authors are unpaid and receive no compensation from the journal. However, their funding bodies may require them to publish in scientific journals. The paper is submitted to the journal office, where the editor considers the paper for appropriateness, potential scientific impact and novelty. If the journal's editor considers the paper appropriate, the paper is submitted to scholarly peer review. Depending on the field, journal and paper, the paper is sent to 1–3 reviewers for evaluation before they can be granted permission to publish. Reviewers are expected to check the paper for soundness of its scientific argument, including whether the author(s) are sufficiently acquainted with recent relevant research that bears on their study, whether the data was collected or considered appropriately and reproducibly, and whether the data discussed supports the conclusion offered and the implications suggested. Novelty is also key: existing work must be appropriately considered and referenced, and new results improving on the state of the art presented. Reviewers are usually unpaid and not a part of the journal staff—instead, they should be "peers", i.e. researchers in the same field as the paper in question. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37316 | 904,845 |
354,226 | Horizontal gene transfer from human papillomavirus 18 (HPV18) to human cervical cells created the HeLa genome, which is different from Henrietta Lacks's genome in various ways, including its number of chromosomes. HeLa cells are rapidly dividing cancer cells, and the number of chromosomes varied during cancer formation and cell culture. The current estimate (excluding very tiny fragments) is a "hypertriploid chromosome number (3n+)" which means 76 to 80 total chromosomes (rather than the normal diploid number of 46) with 22–25 clonally abnormal chromosomes, known as "HeLa signature chromosomes". The signature chromosomes can be derived from multiple original chromosomes, making challenging summary counts based on original numbering. Researchers have also noted how stable these aberrant karyotypes can be. Studies that combined spectral karyotyping, FISH, and conventional cytogenic techniques revealed that the detected chromosomal aberrations may be representative of advanced cervical carcinomas and have likely been present in the primary tumor, since the HeLa genome has remained stable even after years of continued cultivation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=324834 | 354,043 |
1,338,496 | As the climate cooled and glaciers formed during the early part of the Hirnantian, sea level dropped. Estimates of the depth of this drop range from more than 50 meters (based on studies in Nevada and Utah) to more than 100 meters (from studies in Norway and the United Kingdom). More recent research indicates a worldwide reduction in sea level of approximately 80 meters. This drop dried up and exposed the extensive shallow-water continental shelves that existed throughout the world at that time, causing the extinction of large numbers of species who depended on this shallow water environment. Those species that survived were greatly reduced in numbers. The overall result was a major reduction in the biodiversity of the world's oceans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2128898 | 1,337,763 |
765,749 | Compared to its U.S. Air Force counterpart, the F-15, there were greater limitations on the use of beyond visual range missiles for the F-14 during Operation Desert Storm. This was the result of the U.S. Navy not having developed the systems and procedures required to integrate its carrier air groups into a joint air component command, as Cold War-era tactics had the Navy operating on its own. Navy fighters were not able to solve the strict rules of engagement (ROE) using most of their on-board sensors and relied on outside clearance such as U.S. Air Force E-3 Sentries to receive permission to fire. In contrast, U.S. Air Force F-15s had the systems necessary to independently identify enemy aircraft from beyond visual range and were given the primary overland combat air patrol stations to intercept Iraqi aircraft that made it into the air. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5827657 | 765,339 |
1,651,401 | When Yale College moved to New Haven in 1718, the town had constructed a wooden building known as the College House for its occupancy at the corner of College and Chapel Streets. By 1747, the College House held less than half of the college's enrolled students, and college president Thomas Clap announced that funds would be raised from the Colony of Connecticut for a "new College House" of three stories. The money used to fund the project came from the sale of a French ship captured by a privateer, a lottery, and a grant from the Connecticut Assembly. Construction, completed by 1752, was headed by Francis Letort and Thomas Bills, who also designed the college's next building, the First Chapel. Among the construction workers were at least five enslaved Africans, one of whom was owned by Yale president Thomas Clap, who were recorded as having worked for 436.5 days. The new dormitory was built long, wide, three stories tall. Because President Clap instructed the builders to follow plans he received from Harvard University, it was nearly a duplicate of Harvard's Massachusetts Hall, completed in 1720. In its original incarnation, just under one hundred rooms were fit under its gambrel roof. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4713763 | 1,650,469 |
1,666,740 | Eugenie Scott appeared on Uncommon Knowledge, as NCSE spokesperson, twice in 2001 debating intelligent design creationist William A. Dembski. Then in 2004, NCSE was represented by Scott on Penn and Teller's Showtime television show "" on the episode ""Creationism"". Scott offered scientific views about the creationist and intelligent design movements. She noted, "it would be unfair to tell students that there is a serious dispute going on among scientists whether evolution took place. There's not." She further noted that "a lot of the time the creationists ... they'll search through scientific journals and try to pull out something they think demonstrates evolution doesn't work and there is a kind of interesting rationale behind it. Their theology is such that if one thing is wrong with the Bible you have to throw it all out so that's why Genesis has to be interpreted literally. They look at science the same way. If one little piece of the evolutionary puzzle doesn't fit the whole thing has to go." Scott then explained "that's not the way science is done." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43045 | 1,665,801 |
119,186 | Encryption has long been used by militaries and governments to facilitate secret communication. It is now commonly used in protecting information within many kinds of civilian systems. For example, the Computer Security Institute reported that in 2007, 71% of companies surveyed utilized encryption for some of their data in transit, and 53% utilized encryption for some of their data in storage. Encryption can be used to protect data "at rest", such as information stored on computers and storage devices (e.g. USB flash drives). In recent years, there have been numerous reports of confidential data, such as customers' personal records, being exposed through loss or theft of laptops or backup drives; encrypting such files at rest helps protect them if physical security measures fail. Digital rights management systems, which prevent unauthorized use or reproduction of copyrighted material and protect software against reverse engineering (see also copy protection), is another somewhat different example of using encryption on data at rest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10294 | 119,137 |
990,254 | "Prunus armeniaca" is a small tree, tall, with a trunk up to in diameter and a dense, spreading canopy. The leaves are ovate, long and wide, with a rounded base, a pointed tip and a finely serrated margin. The flowers are in diameter, with five white to pinkish petals; they are produced singly or in pairs in early spring before the leaves. The fruit is a drupe similar to a small peach, diameter (larger in some modern cultivars), from yellow to orange, often tinged red on the side most exposed to the sun; its surface can be smooth (botanically described as: glabrous) or velvety with very short hairs (botanically: pubescent). The flesh (mesocarp) is succulent and its taste can range from sweet to tart. The single seed is enclosed in a hard, stony shell, often called a "stone", with a grainy, smooth texture except for three ridges running down one side. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=446076 | 989,737 |
850,202 | It was not until 1954 the first modern political-military simulation appeared (although the Germans had modeled a Polish invasion of Germany in 1929 that could be fairly labeled political-military), and it was the United States that would elevate simulation to a tool of statecraft. The impetus was US concern about the burgeoning nuclear arms race (the Soviet Union exploded its first nuclear weapon in 1949, and by 1955 had developed their first true 'H' bomb). A permanent gaming facility was created in The Pentagon and various professional analysts were brought in to run it, including the social scientist Herbert Goldhamer, economist Andrew Marshall and MIT professor Lincoln P. Bloomfield. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10280894 | 849,750 |
2,161,030 | The study looked at 53,454 current or former heavy smokers from 33 medical centers in the US. The ages of the patients in the trial varied from 55 to 74. When their initial findings were published in the "New England Journal of Medicine", the researchers reported that low-dose CT scanning was associated with a 20% decrease in deaths from lung cancer, and that this effect was visible in both current smokers and former smokers. More recent research based on this trial, published in "JAMA Internal Medicine", has found that low-dose computed tomography detects many false positives—in the study, 18% of total detections were considered to be an overdiagnosis, i.e. the cancer would never have threatened the life of the patient. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41337387 | 2,159,796 |
1,669,437 | The biggest crowd since the inaugural event in 1907 turned out for the race, run over four laps of the 108km circuit. This ran from the coast near Palermo up into the Madonie mountains. Setting off at one-minute intervals, at the end of a blistering first lap it was Masetti in the lead based on elapsed time. He had set a new lap record and made up over four minutes on Sailer's Mercedes that had started six minutes earlier. Goux, who had started earlier, had also put in a strong opening lap and was pressing on. He took the lead at the end of the second lap when Masetti had to stop at the pits for five minutes to re-affix his bonnet that had flown up. Refuelled and with new tyres he took off after Goux. Going into the fourth and final lap he was two minutes behind. The Ballot's brakes and tyres were getting worn but Goux could not afford to stop. On the downhill run to the coast they finally gave out and put Goux into a ditch. Helped back onto the track by the bystanders, he raced on down the twisting roads then on the coastal straight from Campofelice to the finish at up to 200 km/h. The crowd was ecstatic when Masetti appeared soon after. A great lap gave him the win by just under two minutes after nearly 7 hours of racing. With consecutive victories, Masetti became a national hero. He was the embodiment of the gentleman-racer and named the “Lion of the Madonie”. Goux was second and his teammate Foresti finished third, while Ascari (Alfa), Giaccone (private FIAT) and Sailer (Mercedes) filled the next places. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18270426 | 1,668,497 |
2,139,037 | Other work conducted at AESD included testing of nickel metal hydride battery prototypes. A phosphoric acid fuel cell was designed, built, and tested successfully. Dendritic web silicon photocells were built and tested, and that business was later sold and transferred to Solar Power Industries Inc. of West Newton, Pa. AESD engineers also built a prototype for a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) system utilizing hot plasma gases emitted by a coal-fired power plant. The exhaust gasses passed through a copper plate channel, generating additional electricity [up to 30%]. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11907968 | 2,137,807 |
1,996,553 | Other work conducted at AESD included testing of nickel metal hydride battery prototypes. A phosphoric acid fuel cell was designed, built, and tested successfully. Dendritic web silicon photocells were built and tested, and that business was later sold and transferred to Solar Power Industries Inc. of West Newton, Pa. AESD engineers also built a prototype for a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) system utilizing hot plasma gases emitted by a coal-fired power plant. The exhaust gasses passed through a copper plate channel, generating additional electricity [up to 30%]. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2936679 | 1,995,410 |
1,696,142 | This plant is native to North America, especially eastern Canada and the eastern United States. Based on a census of the literature, herbaria specimens, and confirmed sightings, "C. pensylvanica" is found in Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec in Canada; and in the United States it is most widely distributed in Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, mainland Rhode Island, Virginia and Wisconsin. it is also known from northern Alabama, the western Carolinas, the mostly eastern Dakotas, northern and southern Delaware, northern Georgia, western Iowa, mostly northern Indiana, northern and eastern Missouri, mostly central and eastern Ohio, and mostly central Tennessee. It is also found in Arkansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland and the District of Columbia, New York, West Virginia, and Vermont. It has been reported from just one county, Lee, in the far northeastern portion of the state of Mississippi. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23755268 | 1,695,189 |
985,095 | "What Is Life" was included on the 1976 compilation "The Best of George Harrison", as the closing track, and 2009's "". The song has also appeared in several popular feature films: Martin Scorsese's "Goodfellas" (1990), during the "May 11, 1980" sequence; Tom Shadyac's "Patch Adams" (1998); Sam Mendes' "Away We Go" (2009); Judd Apatow's "This Is 40" (2012), for which it was also used in advance promotion; and "Instant Family" (2018), directed by Sean Anders. According to Andy Greene of "Rolling Stone": "Today, many people know it merely as a song from all those soundtracks ... It's almost as ubiquitous as 'Let My Love Open the Door' or 'Solsbury Hill'." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5008445 | 984,581 |
1,137,851 | After William Wagner's death in 1885, the Wagner Free Institute of Science formed a board of trustees to find a new director. They chose Leidy to lead the institute, and he became president of the institute's faculty and curator of the museum. He held this position while remaining curator at the Academy of Natural Sciences and professor at Penn. Under Leidy's direction, the Wagner became a more professional institution for research and education. He formed the institute's professional journal "Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science" and sponsored expeditions to collect specimens. One famed expedition to western Florida led by Angelo Heilprin led to the first discovery of a saber-toothed cat in North America. Leidy also led a large renovation to the building and dramatically reorganized the collection. The exhibition he designed opened in 1891, and displayed specimens based on taxonomy and systematics. Today, the Victorian cases and hand-labelled specimens remain almost unaltered since Leidy's reorganization in the late 19th century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=797707 | 1,137,258 |
1,009,525 | A 2014 review of many lines of evidence for Hamilton's rule found that its predictions were confirmed in a wide variety of social behaviours across a broad phylogenetic range of birds, mammals and insects, in each case comparing social and non-social taxa. Among the experimental findings, a 2010 study used a wild population of red squirrels in Yukon, Canada. Surrogate mothers adopted related orphaned squirrel pups but not unrelated orphans. The cost of adoption was calculated by measuring a decrease in the survival probability of the entire litter after increasing the litter by one pup, while benefit was measured as the increased chance of survival of the orphan. The degree of relatedness of the orphan and surrogate mother for adoption to occur depended on the number of pups the surrogate mother already had in her nest, as this affected the cost of adoption. Females always adopted orphans when "rB" was greater than "C", but never adopted when "rB" was less than "C", supporting Hamilton's rule. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66996 | 1,009,004 |
1,210,923 | A high quality random number generation (RNG) process is almost always required for security, and lack of quality generally provides attack vulnerabilities and so leads to lack of security, even to complete compromise, in cryptographic systems. The RNG process is particularly attractive to attackers because it is typically a single isolated hardware or software component easy to locate. If the attacker can substitute pseudo-random bits generated in a way they can predict, security is totally compromised, yet generally undetectable by any upstream test of the bits. Furthermore, such attacks require only a single access to the system that is being compromised. No data need be sent back in contrast to, say, a computer virus that steals keys and then e-mails them to some drop point. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1250124 | 1,210,275 |
375,170 | Numerous subsequent philosophical movements were inspired by Socrates or his younger associates. Plato casts Socrates as the main interlocutor in his dialogues, deriving from them the basis of Platonism (and by extension, Neoplatonism). Plato's student Aristotle in turn criticized and built upon the doctrines he ascribed to Socrates and Plato, forming the foundation of Aristotelianism. Antisthenes founded the school that would come to be known as Cynicism and accused Plato of distorting Socrates' teachings. Zeno of Citium in turn adapted the ethics of Cynicism to articulate Stoicism. Epicurus studied with Platonic and Pyrrhonist teachers before renouncing all previous philosophers (including Democritus, on whose atomism the Epicurean philosophy relies). The philosophic movements that were to dominate the intellectual life of the Roman Empire were thus born in this febrile period following Socrates' activity, and either directly or indirectly influenced by him. They were also absorbed by the expanding Muslim world in the 7th through 10th centuries AD, from which they returned to the West as foundations of Medieval philosophy and the Renaissance, as discussed below. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=171171 | 374,975 |
895,128 | Australian diesel-electric submarines operate in a wide range of geographic and oceanographic conditions, from the cold Southern Ocean to the tropics of the Coral, Arafura, and Timor Seas – requiring the submarines to handle significant variances in temperature, salinity, density, and climate. Australian submarines provide a deterrent towards military aggression against Australia by patrolling the waters of Australia and nearby nations; in addition, they gather intelligence through the interception of electronic communications by foreign nations and assist in the deployment and retrieval of special forces operatives. Because RAN submarines operate from , Australian submarines have to transit long distances to reach some of their potential patrol areas. This requirement for range and endurance resulted in the 1980s design incorporating a large fuel load, large engines and sufficient batteries to transit these long distances; technological improvements since then have enabled smaller diesel-electric submarines such as the German Type 214 submarine and Dutch to achieve similar range and endurance as the "Collins" class. It has also been noted that the transit distances Australian submarines travel could be reduced by operating the submarines from in Darwin, rather than HMAS "Stirling" in Western Australia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15174021 | 894,658 |
896,692 | After the discovery of Hittite and the development of the laryngeal theory, almost every instance of previous could be reduced to the vowel preceded or followed by the laryngeal (rendering the previously reconstructed short and long respectively). Against the possibility of PIE phoneme still today held by some Indo-Europeanists, the following can be said: vowel does not participate in ablaut alternations (it does not alternate with other vowels, as the "real" PIE vowels do), it makes no appearance in suffixes and endings, it appears in a very confined set of positions (usually after initial which could be the result of that phoneme being a-coloring, particularly likely if it was uvular ), and the reflexes of words upon which is reconstructed are usually confined only to a few Indo-European languages. For example, 'beard,' is confined to the western and northern daughter families. That makes it possible to ascribe it to some late PIE dialectalism or of expressive character (like the interjection 'alas') and so is not suitable for comparative analysis, or they are argued to have been borrowed from some other language which had phonemic (like Proto-Semitic *θawru > PIE ('aurochs')). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9606406 | 896,221 |
1,897,244 | Dr. Overall's group would go on to annotate the complete human and mouse protease-inhibitor degradomes in 2003. As the complexity of proteolytic networks was uncovered, more thorough descriptions of the degradome and ways to study it became necessary. In 2007, Dr. Overall updated the field with a review co-authored by Dr. Carl Blobel detailing how advanced methods were revolutionizing protease-substrate discovery. They described the process of linking proteases to their substrates on a step by step process, beginning with biochemical and proteomic discovery, validation using cellular based assays, and progressing to whole organism levels using animal models. More recently, as technology and techniques have advanced, the Overall Lab and others have continued to direct the field using more powerful and quantitative techniques. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49520826 | 1,896,160 |
1,936,352 | Later in the 19th century came John Bell Hatcher's 1884 graduation from Yale. Later that same year, on October 20, an Early Jurassic prosauropod specimen was discovered in a Manchester quarry belonging to Charles O. Wolcott. Workers noticed the pelvis and hindlimb of the animal after the block hypothesized to preserve the front half of the animal had already been used to build a bridge in South Manchester. Othniel Charles Marsh named the animal "Anchisaurus major". Four years later, Yale received the type specimen of the phytosaur "Clepsysaurus". Later, in 1892, Marsh erected the species "Anchisaurus colurus" for another skeleton discovered in the Wolcott Quarry. Marsh doted on the specimen's excellent preservation. As of 1996, this find was still the best preserved "prosauropod" skeleton in North America. Marsh also erected the species "Anchisaurus solus" for another specimen discovered in the Wolcott Quarry at the same time as "Anchisaurus colurus". The "Anchisaurus solus" type specimen was smaller and more poorly preserved than "Anchisaurus colurus", but still likewise nearly complete. In 1896 Marsh described the fossil skin impression of the aetosaur Stegomus discovered in the Freeman Clark Quarry of Fair Haven. One of the major events of the early 20th century was the 1915 classification of the dinosaur bones uncovered while blasting for a well in 1818 as "Anchisaurus colurus". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37799015 | 1,935,244 |
2,030,268 | William Dawson (born March 16, 1958) is an American software engineer and co-founder of early Web giant Xoom, which at one time ranked as the 7th largest Internet site in the world. Dawson is credited for creating over 30 products for a dozen companies ranging from scientific research tools to video games. Early in his career, Dawson was the Chief Science Officer at Apple Inc. and a member of the Macintosh Development Team. He also helped launch the optical media industry by producing the world's first CD-ROMs and DVDs, authoring both the media and development systems that mastered them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37441749 | 2,029,100 |
2,120,695 | Originally introduced by Wood, Bruner, and Ross in 1976, the learning tool of scaffolding is rooted in individualized support and tutoring. Through scaffolded or tutored instruction, a teacher was able to guide the student through a complex set of building block tasks in order to achieve a final pyramid product that the child may not have been able to complete without this active support. The term was conceptualized presuming instruction by an adult expert with a single student, however, the reality of classrooms with 20 or more students do not necessarily lend themselves to this specific structure. With many students and multiple different levels of skill or Zones of Proximal Development, there is a need to create many support structures that can properly address each student's developmental level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37284945 | 2,119,476 |
112,687 | Increased irrigation efficiency has a number of positive outcomes for the farmer, the community and the wider environment. Low application efficiency infers that the amount of water applied to the field is in excess of the crop or field requirements. Increasing the application efficiency means that the amount of crop produced per unit of water increases. Improved efficiency may either be achieved by applying less water to an existing field or by using water more wisely thereby achieving higher yields in the same area of land. In some parts of the world, farmers are charged for irrigation water hence over-application has a direct financial cost to the farmer. Irrigation often requires pumping energy (either electricity or fossil fuel) to deliver water to the field or supply the correct operating pressure. Hence increased efficiency will reduce both the water cost and energy cost per unit of agricultural production. A reduction of water use on one field may mean that the farmer is able to irrigate a larger area of land, increasing total agricultural production. Low efficiency usually means that excess water is lost through seepage or runoff, both of which can result in loss of crop nutrients or pesticides with potential adverse impacts on the surrounding environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42261 | 112,642 |
1,688,788 | For various reasons, there are components with deep holes whose inner contours are rotationally symmetrical but not uniformly cylindrical. Such components can have contours without undercuts, e.g. for centrifugal casting moulds or conical bores in extruder cylinders, and with undercuts, e.g. for propeller shafts or landing gears. To produce such chamber pockets, high quality pre-drilling is required. If the radially extendable cutting tool holder is controlled via an NC axis and connected to the NC bore slide of the deep hole drilling machine, it is almost possible to produce any bore hole wall contour in one cut over the entire contour length. The position of the cutting edge can be modified by an axial displacement, e.g. by using an internal thrust tube. In addition, the guide pads can also be adjusted hydraulically. Since the guide bore has already been maschined after the first cutting step for the so-called long chamber method, the guide pads must also be radially adjustable to support the tool for larger chambers. As an alternative to this method, the so-called short-chamber method does not require extendable guide pads, as the tool is only seated in the pre-drilled guide hole. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65795802 | 1,687,842 |
974,308 | 'Donation after Cardiac Death' donors are patients who do not meet the brain-dead criteria but, due to the unlikely chance of recovery, have elected via a living will or through family to have support withdrawn. In this procedure, treatment is discontinued (mechanical ventilation is shut off). After a time of death has been pronounced, the patient is rushed to the operating room where the organs are recovered. Storage solution is flushed through the organs. Since the blood is no longer being circulated, coagulation must be prevented with large amounts of anti-coagulation agents such as heparin. Several ethical and procedural guidelines must be followed; most importantly, the organ recovery team should not participate in the patient's care in any manner until after death has been declared. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1584036 | 973,797 |
996,906 | People in whom episodes occur at least once a month or who are at high risk of developing laryngeal edema require long-term prevention. There are several phase III clinical trials addressing HAE prophylaxis and therapy. These have led to the licensing of pdC1INH in many parts of the world; bradykinin receptor antagonists (icatibant) in Europe; kallikrein inhibitors (ecallantide and lanadelumab) in the United States; and recombinant C1-INH replacement therapy (rhC1INH; conestat alfa) in Europe. Tranexamic acid has been shown to be relatively ineffective therapy. Danazol prophylaxis remains an option but therapeutic agents are now being used more for prophylaxis because of danazol's adverse events. For people requiring long-term prophylaxis, home therapy which allows people to self-administer the product, is considered an integral part of allowing patients a normal quality of life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=960783 | 996,388 |
876,312 | Enrollment grew from 1,383 total students in 1992 to 5,323 students in fall 2008, a trend which continued throughout the decade, with 5,434 students enrolled in fall 2018. In 1991, the school added a chiropractic program, the first university-affiliated program of its kind in the U.S. Additional doctoral programs in naturopathic medicine and computer science and engineering were added in 1996 and 2006. The Physician Assistant Institute matriculated its first class at the university in January 2011. In 2014, the school partnered with the Peace Corps to offer New England's first Peace Corps Preparatory Program. At present the program has Accreditation-continued status with the relevant accreditor Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant and its next review is 2020. In 2014, the School of Nursing at Bridgeport Hospital began a merger with the university which was completed over the next few years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=496347 | 875,850 |
2,103,965 | Phagocytosis of an otherwise-viable cell may occur because the cell is recognised as stressed, activated, senescent, damaged, pathogenic or non-self, or is misrecognised. Cells are phagocytosed as a result of: i) expressing eat-me signals on their surface, ii) losing don’t-eat-me signals, and/or iii) binding of opsonins. It is clear that otherwise-viable cells can expose/bind such phagocytosis-promoting signals as a result of cell stress, activation or senescence. Phagoptosis is probably the most common form of cell death in the body as it is responsible for erythrocyte turnover. And there is increasing evidence that it mediates physiological death of neutrophils, T cells, platelets and stem cells, and thereby regulates inflammation, immunity, clotting and neurogenesis. Phagoptosis is a major form of host defence against pathogens and cancer cells. However, recent evidence indicates that excessive phagoptosis may kill host cells in inflammatory conditions, contributing to haemophagic conditions, and neuronal loss in the inflamed brain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42255617 | 2,102,753 |
1,256,776 | Around 1900, researchers began to explore connections between solar variations and Earth's weather. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) assigned Abbot and his team to detect changes in the radiation of the Sun. They began by inventing instruments to measure solar radiation. Later, when Abbot was SAO head, they established a solar station at Calama, Chile to complement its data from Mount Wilson Observatory. He detected 27 harmonic periods within the 273-month Hale cycles, including 7, 13, and 39-month patterns. He looked for connections to weather by means such as matching opposing solar trends during a month to opposing urban temperature and precipitation trends. With the advent of dendrochronology, scientists such as Glock attempted to connect variation in tree growth to periodic solar variations and infer long-term secular variability in the solar constant from similar variations in millennial-scale chronologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47390194 | 1,256,092 |
1,706,230 | Bayer's novels fall into the category of psychological crime fiction, and several have been described as "neo-noir." His books are highly regarded for their strong atmospherics and sense of place (Tangier, Jerusalem, Buenos Aires, Manhattan and San Francisco, with "The Magician's Tale" and "Trick of Light" both set entirely in San Francisco.). Starting with "Blind Side", and then more consistently with "The Magician's Tale" and the books that followed, he shifted from third-person narration to first-person narrators— some male, others female, ranging in age from 18 to 50. But despite this shift in narrative strategy, similar motifs and themes appear in many of his books: troubled psychoanalysts; photographs, photography and photographers; psycho-eroticism; obsessive labyrinthine quests; relationships defined by disparities of power; art and art-making; and antagonists the seeds of whose villainy are traced back by detectives (i.e. Janek) to Bayer's actual hometown, Cleveland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27925311 | 1,705,272 |
972,325 | The key parameter which allows one to calculate the effects of Big Bang nucleosynthesis is the baryon/photon number ratio, which is a small number of order 6 × 10. This parameter corresponds to the baryon density and controls the rate at which nucleons collide and react; from this it is possible to calculate element abundances after nucleosynthesis ends. Although the baryon per photon ratio is important in determining element abundances, the precise value makes little difference to the overall picture. Without major changes to the Big Bang theory itself, BBN will result in mass abundances of about 75% of hydrogen-1, about 25% helium-4, about 0.01% of deuterium and helium-3, trace amounts (on the order of 10) of lithium, and negligible heavier elements. That the observed abundances in the universe are generally consistent with these abundance numbers is considered strong evidence for the Big Bang theory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44058 | 971,815 |
1,011,894 | Although these bandages were an improvement over Larrey's method, they were far from ideal. They required a long time to apply and dry and there was often shrinkage and distortion. A great deal of interest had been aroused in Europe around 1800 by a British diplomat, consul William Eton, who described a method of treating fractures that he had observed in Turkey. He noted that gypsum plaster (plaster of Paris) was moulded around the patient's leg to cause immobilization. If the cast became loose due to atrophy or a reduction in swelling, then additional gypsum plaster was added to fill the space. Adapting the use of plaster of Paris for use in hospitals, however, took some time. In 1828, doctors in Berlin were treating leg fractures by aligning the bones in a long narrow box, which they filled with moist sand. Substitution of plaster of Paris for the sand was the next logical step. Such plaster casts did not succeed however as the patient was confined to bed due to the casts being heavy and cumbersome. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=894250 | 1,011,373 |
825,948 | One of the main applications of CE in forensic science is the development of methods for amplification and detection of DNA fragments using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which has led to rapid and dramatic advances in forensic DNA analysis. DNA separations are carried out using thin CE 50-mm fused silica capillaries filled with a sieving buffer. These capillaries have excellent capabilities to dissipate heat, permitting much higher electric field strengths to be used than slab gel electrophoresis. Therefore separations in capillaries are rapid and efficient. Additionally, the capillaries can be easily refilled and changed for efficient and automated injections. Detection occurs via fluorescence through a window etched in the capillary. Both single-capillary and capillary-array instruments are available with array systems capable of running 16 or more samples simultaneously for increased throughput. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1233278 | 825,504 |
276,040 | In 1947, the Swedish engineer Ture Anders Ljungberg began developing an improved version and in 1954 the "TALmeter" was introduced. It features edges at both the end of the tape and the mouth to cut marks so measures (including arcs) can be transferred without reading the scale, as well as a fold-out metal tongue at the rear, also with an edge, to be used when taking internal measures. The tape has three scales: the normal metric, the internal scale and a diameter scale used for instance to measure sheet metal to be rolled into a cylinder of a certain diameter. It was produced by his own company T A Ljungberg AB until 2005, when it was bought by Hultafors in 2005, who retained the name "Talmeter" for the product they now refer to as a "märkmeter" (marker-meter). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=513257 | 275,890 |
454,968 | Development on "Remastered" began shortly following the release of "The Last of Us" in June 2013. Though initially under light development, the team began working harder on "Remastered" when they saw the demand for it; work on the game's code did not begin until a larger team was introduced to "Remastered" in February 2014. As development on the original game ended, the programmers expected that the game would be ported to the PlayStation 4, but planning and preparation did not begin until "The Last of Us" had launched. The team aimed at creating a "true" remaster, maintaining the "same core experience" and not changing any large story or gameplay elements. For the game's frame rate, the team was initially split, with some preferring 30 frames per second rather than 60; when the game was running at the latter, the whole team became convinced. The team that worked on "Remastered" was significantly smaller than the team for "The Last of Us"; in particular, the team did not include any designers, which led to various design issues remaining from the original game. Druckmann attributed this to the fact that "Remastered" was developed as a recreation of the original, altering only technical and graphical aspects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45204814 | 454,746 |
832,396 | With the POWER1 (1990) IBM returned to out-of-order execution. It was the first processor to combine register renaming (though again only floating-point registers) with precise exceptions. It uses a "physical register file" (i.e. a dynamically remapped file with both uncommitted and committed values) instead of a datafull reorder buffer, but the ability to cancel instructions is needed only in the branch unit, which implements a history buffer (named "program counter stack" by IBM) to undo changes to count, link, and condition registers. The reordering capability of even the floating-point instructions is still very limited; due to POWER1's inability to reorder floating-point arithmetic instructions (results became available in-order), their destination registers aren't renamed. POWER1 also doesn't have reservation stations needed for out-of-order use of a same execution unit. The next year IBM's ES/9000 model 900 had register renaming also for the general-purpose registers. It also has reservation stations with six entries for the dual integer unit (each cycle, from the six instructions up to two can be selected and then executed) and six entries for the FPU. Other units have simple FIFO queues. The re-ordering distance is up to 32 instructions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1002307 | 831,947 |
255,709 | Lockheed, having been absent from the fighter aircraft industry for 10 years, was not approached by DARPA in 1974. Ed Martin, Lockheed California Companies director of science and engineering, became aware of the research into stealth during his work at the Pentagon and Wright-Patterson AFB. Martin and Ben Rich, who at that time had recently become Skunk Works' president, briefed Clarence "Kelly" Johnson on the program. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) gave Skunk Works permission to discuss with DARPA the stealth characteristics of the A-12, M-21 and D-21. On behalf of the company, Rich and Martin formally requested permission from DARPA to participate in the program, but the agency initially refused because there were insufficient funds; after much debate, Lockheed was allowed entry, albeit without a government contract. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1253187 | 255,575 |
2,100,233 | In stark contrast to this, all four silver(I) halides are known. The fluoride, chloride, and bromide have the sodium chloride structure, but the iodide has three known stable forms at different temperatures; that at room temperature is the cubic zinc blende structure. They can all be obtained by the direct reaction of their respective elements. As the halogen group is descended, the silver halide gains more and more covalent character, solubility decreases, and the color changes from the white chloride to the yellow iodide as the energy required for ligand-metal charge transfer (XAg → XAg) decreases. The fluoride is anomalous, as the fluoride ion is so small that it has a considerable solvation energy and hence is highly water-soluble and forms di- and tetrahydrates. The other three silver halides are highly insoluble in aqueous solutions and are very commonly used in gravimetric analytical methods. All four are photosensitive (though the monofluoride is so only to ultraviolet light), especially the bromide and iodide which photodecompose to silver metal, and thus were used in traditional photography. The reaction involved is: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5704961 | 2,099,024 |
1,988,147 | In the late 1960s (1967–1970), Canada also developed an experimental "miniature" nuclear reactor named SLOWPOKE (acronym for Safe Low-Power Kritical Experiment). The first prototype was built at Chalk River and many SLOWPOKEs were subsequently built, mainly for research. This reactor design is extremely safe and requires almost no maintenance (it is even licensed to "operate unattended overnight"); it can run for more than 20 years before the nuclear fuel needs replacement. There was an attempt at commercializing the reactor, as it could be used in remote areas or vehicles (research stations, electric-diesel submarines). Then, China entered the market with its SLOWPOKE-like reactor and thus, the project lost its commercial potential. Many SLOWPOKEs are still in use in Canada; there is one running at École Polytechnique de Montréal, for instance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24166718 | 1,987,005 |
2,132,490 | P5CS consists of two domains: gamma-glutamyl kinase and gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase, each of which are used to complete the two steps to create ornithine and proline. The gamma-glutamyl kinase domain employs a 367-residue chain that folds into an N-terminal amino acid kinase domain, responsible for catalysis and proline inhibition, and a C-terminal PUA RNA binding domain. This enzyme is also a tetramer formed by two dimers, and the monomers and dimers are assembled in a manner that allows the amino acid kinase active pockets to be alternatively oriented in the tetramer. The short version (P5CS.short) and the long version (P5CS.long) of PC5S are two isoforms of this enzyme which differs by the addition of two amino acids in the long form and with an extra 6-bp insert following bp+711. This slight difference creates a dramatic difference in how they are affected by the inhibition of ornithine. The "ALDH18A1" gene spans 15 kb, is mapped on 10q24.3, and has an exon count of 18. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15224555 | 2,131,265 |
1,090,287 | Evaluating soft-tissue involvement is the most important aspect of the clinical examination because of its association with patient outcome. Skin blisters may become infected if medical attention is delayed, which can lead to necrotizing fasciitis or osteomyelitis, causing permanent damage to muscle or bone. Ligament and tendon involvement should also be explored. Achilles tendon injury can be seen with posterior (Type C) fractures. Since calcaneal fractures are related to falls from height, other concomitant injuries should be evaluated. Vertebral compression fractures occur in approximately 10% of these patients. A trauma-focused clinical approach should be implemented; tibial, knee, femur, hip, and head injuries should be ruled out by means of history and physical exam. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8797938 | 1,089,727 |
1,260,266 | Before 2017, the men's event was included in the Olympic program but starting with the 2020 Olympics this event has been removed to promote equal gender in Olympic shooting sports. Mixed gender doubles events were introduced to replace this event and two other individual shooting events. Now this event is contested in World Championships only. This includes a final for the top eight competitors. Beginning with the 2013 season, a new finals format was instituted, in which the qualification score is discarded, and the standings among the top eight shooters are determined by their finals scores alone. The course of fire was also changed significantly with the new rules, from the previous 10-shot and then 20-shots program into a 24-shot elimination format, with the lowest ranking shooter eliminated every two shots, starting from the completion of 12th shot. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18656178 | 1,259,579 |
2,230,421 | After the win the team didn't play another game until mid-February due to semester exams. When the team rejoined several changes had been made. Their goaltender Whitehall had been replaced by Kaw while Rollo and McDonald were gone from the team. The changed didn't prevent the Big Red from winning as they defeated Colgate in their final home game and prepared for a renewal with a pair of old rivals. Pennsylvania was making their third attempt at a varsity team but now the squad had access to a home rink. Cornell played its first game at a proper ice rink when they arrived for a game at the Philadelphia Ice Palace. The two sides were evenly matched and finished regulation tied 3–3. Penn scored a goal in the waning minutes of overtime and Cornell couldn't produce the equalized with little time remained. Their final game of the year came a week later against Columbia, who were returning to the game after a longer layoff than Cornell. The game was close early but Cornell surged at the end, scoring 4 goals late to win 7–4, ending their season with a winning record. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67652242 | 2,229,155 |
1,670,169 | According to one of the PCD's main opponents, the writer and journalist Tudor Arghezi, Ionescu changed his priorities on the very day King Carol convoked a Crown Council which confirmed neutrality policies (3 August 1914). In this version of events, the Conservative Democrat commented upon the necessity of supporting the Entente Powers just as he was leaving Peleş Castle; Arghezi commented with irony that: "before reaching the street, Mr. Take Ionescu had reviewed his ideas several times. [...] It would seem that Mr. Take Ionescu's ideas are stillborn, just like premature babies, born before their time and dead before having an age". He also expressed a view that the new policy was "demagogy", intended to bring the PCD into government ("Let all perish, as long as Mr. Take Ionescu succeeds!"), and contrasted Ionescu's claim to represent popular interest with his refusal to accept land reform and universal suffrage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=738484 | 1,669,229 |
1,918,733 | Instruments developed by MPS aboard the space- craft SOHO and Ulysses have provided fundamentally new insights: Measurements of the ultraviolet spectrometer SUMER on board SOHO played a decisive role in recognising the significance of the magnetic field for dynamic processes and Ulysses measured the three-dimensional structure of the solar wind for the first time. Another important research topic at "The Sun and Heliosphere" department is the influence on the Earth due to the Sun's variable activity. Scientists are working intensively on the project STEREO, in which two identical spacecraft trace disturbances from the Sun to the Earth from different observational points, permitting predictions of potentially dangerous events. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5743888 | 1,917,633 |
1,027,561 | The Great Northern Railway was incorporated into the newly formed LNER as a result of the 1923 Grouping. Gresley was appointed Chief Mechanical Engineer of the new company, which was the second largest of the "Big Four" railway companies in Britain. Realising the need for standardisation, Gresley adopted his GNR Pacific design as the standard express passenger locomotive for the LNER main line, designating it 'A1' within the LNER locomotive classification system. The choice was made after comparative trials with an equivalent North Eastern Railway Pacific, classified 'A2'. Between 1923 and 1925, 51 A1 locomotives were built; twenty by the North British Locomotive Company, and the remainder by Doncaster Works. However, Gresley's Pacifics had been designed to work within the bounds of the Great Northern Railway, meaning maximum distances of less than 200 miles (322 km). After the grouping, the locomotives were required to have a far greater operating range. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2534748 | 1,027,027 |
1,643,716 | Recently, the development of new analytical techniques for chemical analysis for igneous petrological applications during the latter half of the 20th century, e.g., the electron microprobe, and the development of normal focus X-ray fluorescence for wellsite oil exploration has improved the availability of bulk chemical analysis techniques to the sedimentary geologist, making analysis of the chemical composition of strata increasingly possible. Concurrently, advances in atomic physics stimulated investigations in stable isotope geochemistry. Most relevant to chemostratigraphy in general was the discovery by Harold Urey and Cesare Emiliani in the early 1950s that the oxygen isotope variability in the calcite shells of foraminifera could be used as a proxy for past ocean temperatures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4240819 | 1,642,789 |
219,751 | With electronic (indicating) torque wrenches, measurement is by means of a strain gauge attached to the torsion rod. The signal generated by the transducer is converted to the required unit of torque (e.g. N·m or lb·ft) and shown on the digital display. A number of different joints (measurement details or limit values) can be stored. These programmed limit values are then permanently displayed during the tightening process by means of LEDs or the display. At the same time, this generation of torque wrenches can store all the measurements made in an internal readings memory. This reading's memory can then be easily transferred to a PC via the interface (RS232) or printed. A popular application of this kind of torque wrench is for in-process documentation or quality assurance purposes. Typical accuracy level would be ±0.5% to 4%. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=361245 | 219,642 |
968,753 | During this same period from 2013 to 2014, Northern Virginia Community College (NOVA) also created two zero-cost OER degree pathways: one an associate degree in General Studies, the other an associate degree in Social Science. One of the largest community colleges in the nation, NOVA serves around 75,000 students across six campuses. NOVA Online (formerly known as the Extended Learning Institute or ELI) is the centralized online learning hub for NOVA, and it was through ELI that NOVA launched their OER-Based General Education Project. Dr. Wm. Preston Davis, Director of Instructional Services at NOVA Online, led the ELI team of faculty, instructional designers and librarians on the project to create what NOVA calls "digital open" courses. During the planning phase, the team was careful to select core, high-enrollment courses that could impact as many students as possible, regardless of specific course of study. At the same time, the team looked beyond individual courses to create depth and quality around full pathways for students to earn an entire degree. From Fall 2013 to Fall 2016, more than 15,000 students had enrolled in NOVA OER courses yielding textbook cost savings of over 2 million dollars over the three-year period. Currently, NOVA is working to add a third OER degree pathway in Liberal Arts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1584544 | 968,243 |
1,114,485 | The present format (from 2014-15 onwards) is composed entirely of 70 multiple-choice questions. 60 of these have only one option correct and, 10, more than one. 3 marks are awarded for the solving each of the first 60 correctly and 1 mark deducted for each mistake there. For the last 10 (more than one option correct), 6 marks are awarded for each correct answer. However, there is no negative marking in this case. The top few (300-450) students from this examination are selected to sit for the Indian National Physics Olympiad. The NSEP is carried out every year since 1987 in English, Hindi & a few other Indian languages. The syllabus is not fixed, but roughly equivalent to CBSE class 11 and 12 physics syllabus. NSEP is speed based examination in which the speed of students is tested as they need to solve 70 problems in 2 hours. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6040494 | 1,113,917 |
14,009 | The older wireless encryption-standard, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), has been shown easily breakable even when correctly configured. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA and WPA2) encryption, which became available in devices in 2003, aimed to solve this problem. Wi-Fi access points typically default to an encryption-free ("open") mode. Novice users benefit from a zero-configuration device that works out-of-the-box, but this default does not enable any wireless security, providing open wireless access to a LAN. To turn security on requires the user to configure the device, usually via a software graphical user interface (GUI). On unencrypted Wi-Fi networks connecting devices can monitor and record data (including personal information). Such networks can only be secured by using other means of protection, such as a VPN or secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Transport Layer Security (HTTPS). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 | 14,004 |
1,735,526 | Government Medical College, Anantnag (GMC Anantnag) (Urdu: گورنمنٹ میڈیکل کالج اننت ناگ "اسلام آباد") (Koshur: سرکآرؠ طبؠ ژاٹھَل اسلام آباد) is a tertiary referral Government Medical college in Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It was established in the year 2019. The college is affiliated with University of Kashmir and is recognized by National Medical Commission. The hospital associated with the college is one of the largest hospitals in the Anantnag. The selection to the college is done on the basis of merit through National Eligibility and Entrance Test. Yearly undergraduate student intake is 100 from the year 2019. It is associated with the District Hospital Anantnag, (MMABH). Despite untoward conditions, GMC Anantnag was able to continue and start with a mega sports event. It was the first medical college out of Srinagar district which got permission for Rt-pcr testing. A vaccination program (Co-Win) is underway. The college published its first magazine, "MEDCOLANG", in June 2021. First time in J&K;KASOCON 2022-North Zone Conference of Indian Association of Surgical Oncology(IASO) was held at GMC Anantnag on 13th and 14th May in 2022. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63602866 | 1,734,549 |
609,019 | Ray tracing techniques can approximate light scattering by not only spherical particles but ones of any specified shape (and orientation) so long as the size and critical dimensions of a particle are much larger than the wavelength of light. The light can be considered as a collection of rays whose widths are much larger than the wavelength but small compared to the particle itself. Each ray hitting the particle may undergo (partial) reflection and/or refraction. These rays exit in directions thereby computed with their full power or (when partial reflection is involved) with the incident power divided among two (or more) exiting rays. Just as with lenses and other optical components, ray tracing determines the light emanating from a single scatterer, and combining that result statistically for a large number of randomly oriented and positioned scatterers, one can describe atmospheric optical phenomena such as rainbows due to water droplets and halos due to ice crystals. There are atmospheric optics ray-tracing codes available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10410127 | 608,708 |
1,347,190 | The majority of the "Eroica Symphony" is transcribed in what scholars termed the Eroica sketchbook. The first task for academics after discovering the sketchbook was to attempt to sort all the drafts and sketches of compositions into chronological order. The ordering process would not simply apply to entire compositions but rather every individual notation that was marked on the page. One method of achieving this was by comparing how similar a draft is to the final publication. Scholars who used this method were working under the assumption that every edit to a composition made it more similar to the final product. This method does not account for the potential times when Beethoven returned to an original idea after previously altering it. Because of this, it became customary for scholars to focus their attention more on the way in which the notation was transcribed as opposed to what is actually written on the score. For example, a marking crowded between other notations might suggest to scholars that it was an afterthought. Through close examination of these sketches, scholars managed to sort the pieces into chronological order. This would then allow academics to begin to search for patterns in Beethoven's compositional method. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60758638 | 1,346,449 |
1,140,138 | Odeda Rosenthal, a professor of humanities at a local community college on Long Island and translator for the Austrian team highlighted a number of problems at the games in a series of articles. She highlighted a number of issues such as poor communication, administrative hiccups and even bus drivers not knowing the routes to scheduled events that even caused some teams to miss events completely. Rosenthal continues by slamming the work by the Police Chief claiming the Chief "took the opposite tack of anything that was suggested to sort out the mess". However, overall reports and the general impression given off by the games was a friendly atmosphere and volunteers trying their hardest under difficult conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=339974 | 1,139,544 |
548,031 | Because anammox bacteria convert ammonium and nitrite directly to anaerobically, this process does not require aeration and other electron donors. Nevertheless, oxygen is still required for the production of nitrite by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. However, in partial nitritation/anammox systems, oxygen demand is greatly reduced because only half of the ammonium needs to be oxidized to nitrite instead of full conversion to nitrate. The autotrophic nature of anammox bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria guarantee a low yield and thus less sludge production. Additionally, anammox bacteria easily form stable self-aggregated biofilm (granules) allowing reliable operation of compact systems characterized by high biomass concentration and conversion rate up to 5–10 kg N m. Overall, it has been shown that efficient application of the anammox process in wastewater treatment results in a cost reduction of up to 60% as well as lower emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1118321 | 547,744 |
1,703,215 | Washburn was hired through the Attorney General's Honors Program as a trial attorney at the United States Department of Justice Environment and Natural Resources Division. During his tenure there, Washburn successfully argued "Montana v. EPA", in which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld the decision of the Environmental Protection Agency to recognize the Salish and Kootenai Tribes as a state for purposes of setting water quality standards under the Clean Water Act. He also helped the Las Vegas Paiute Native American Tribe obtain water rights for a major development on the Snow Mountain Reservation, located northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada, and litigated water rights cases on behalf of the United States in Arizona and Montana. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19068686 | 1,702,259 |
1,070,942 | The approval was based on a clinical trial of children who had NF-1 and inoperable plexiform neurofibromas (defined as a PN that could not be completely removed without risk for substantial morbidity to the child), conducted by the National Cancer Institute. The efficacy results were from 50 of the children who received the recommended dose and had routine evaluations of changes in tumor size and tumor-related morbidities during the trial. The children received selumetinib 25 mg/m orally twice a day until disease progression or until they experienced unacceptable adverse reactions. The clinical trial measured the overall response rate (ORR), defined as the percentage of subjects with a complete response and those who experienced more than a 20% reduction in PN volume on MRI that was confirmed on a subsequent MRI within 3 to 6 months. The ORR was 66% and all subjects had a partial response, meaning that no subjects had complete disappearance of the tumor. Of these subjects, 82% had a response lasting 12 months or longer. The trial was conducted at four sites in the United States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32558496 | 1,070,388 |
744,082 | A series of massively parallel computers from Thinking Machines Corporation, Kendall Square Research, Intel, nCUBE, MasPar and Meiko Scientific took over the 1980s high performance market. At first, Cray Research denigrated such approaches by complaining that developing software to effectively use the machines was difficult – a true complaint in the era of the ILLIAC IV, but becoming less so each day. Cray eventually realized that the approach was likely the only way forward and started a five-year project to capture the lead in this area: the plan's result was the Digital Equipment Corporation Alpha-based Cray T3D and Cray T3E series, which left Cray as the only remaining supercomputer vendor in the market besides NEC's SX architecture by 2000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=217315 | 743,688 |
615,558 | They were sent to Brooks Air Force Base for medical examinations between July 31 and August 15. Candidates were relieved that "we were not subjected to the indignities endured by the original seven." Tests included cardiograms, running on treadmills, electrocephalograms, and blood sugar tests. Hypoxia tests were carried out to see how they reacted to a loss of oxygen, they were spun about in darkened rooms to test their resistance to motion sickness, and ice water was poured into one ear to test how the inner ears reacted to such an imbalance. Psychological tests included being given a blank sheet of white paper and asked what it depicted. Michael Collins, one of the few who had been through the process in 1962, said it was of polar bears having sex in the snow. Six candidates were eliminated on medical grounds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2296945 | 615,244 |
1,493,634 | PB1 codes for the PB1 protein and the PB1-F2 protein. The PB1 protein is a critical component of the viral polymerase. The PB1-F2 protein is encoded by an alternative open reading frame of the PB1 RNA segment and "interacts with 2 components of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore complex, ANT3 and VDCA1, [sensitizing] cells to apoptosis. [...] PB1-F2 likely contributes to viral pathogenicity and might have an important role in determining the severity of pandemic influenza." This was discovered by Chen "et al." and reported in Nature. "After comparing viruses from the Hong Kong 1997 H5N1 outbreak, one amino acid change (N66S) was found in the PB1-F2 sequence at position 66 that correlated with pathogenicity. This same amino acid change (N66S) was also found in the PB1-F2 protein of the 1918 pandemic A/Brevig Mission/18 virus." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4697208 | 1,492,794 |
2,207,058 | The program is aimed at doctoral candidates who intend to write a dissertation in one of the following disciplines: Cultural and Literary Studies, History, Political Science, Sociology, or Economics. In interdisciplinary seminars, students acquire comprehensive knowledge of the historical, social, cultural, and economic changes facing North America in the first quarter of the new century. In-depth theoretical and methodological training is provided in disciplinary seminars. As a third module, courses on professional skills (advanced academic writing, management, presentation, didactic skills) are obligatory. The language of instruction is English. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19860141 | 2,205,800 |
667,262 | A few months after MOL development began, the program began developing an automated MOL that replaced the crew compartment with film reentry vehicles. Human reconnaissance from space was tested on Gemini 5 in 1965, which conducted 17 USAF military experiments, including photographing missile launches from Vandenberg Air Force Base, and observations of the White Sands Proving Ground. As automated technology improved, however, those within the MOL program increasingly feared that astronauts were being eliminated. Al Crews said "it became obvious that all we were was a backup in case the unmanned reconnaissance system didn't work". Although Crippen did not think automation could completely replace astronauts, he agreed with Crews that automation technology was rapidly improving. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=615373 | 666,914 |
122,682 | The central cubic parsec around Sagittarius A* contains around 10 million stars. Although most of them are old red giant stars, the Galactic Center is also rich in massive stars. More than 100 OB and Wolf–Rayet stars have been identified there so far. They seem to have all been formed in a single star formation event a few million years ago. The existence of these relatively young stars was a surprise to experts, who expected the tidal forces from the central black hole to prevent their formation. This "paradox of youth" is even stronger for stars that are on very tight orbits around Sagittarius A*, such as S2 and S0-102. The scenarios invoked to explain this formation involve either star formation in a massive star cluster offset from the Galactic Center that would have migrated to its current location once formed, or star formation within a massive, compact gas accretion disk around the central black-hole. Current evidence favors the latter theory, as formation through a large accretion disk is more likely to lead to the observed discrete edge of the young stellar cluster at roughly 0.5 parsec. Most of these 100 young, massive stars seem to be concentrated within one or two disks, rather than randomly distributed within the central parsec. This observation however does not allow definite conclusions to be drawn at this point. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=373352 | 122,633 |
2,122,741 | In mammalian and avian species, TNNT1 gene has a total of 14 exons, among which exon 5 encoding an 11-amino acid in the N-terminal region is alternatively spliced, generating a high molecular weight and a low molecular weight slow TnT splice forms (Jin, Chen et al. 1998). Biochemical studies showed that TnT splice forms have detectable different molecular conformation in the middle and C-terminal regions, producing different binding affinities for TnI and tropomyosin. The alternative splice forms of ssTnT play a role in skeletal muscle adaptation in physiologic and pathological conditions. Alternative splicing at alternative acceptor sites of intron 5 generates a single amino acid difference in the N-terminal region of ssTnT, of which functional significance has not been established. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14772214 | 2,121,521 |
40,051 | On 26 January 2017, Mikoyan demonstrated the new MiG-35 to Russian Government, in a widely publicized event with subsequent demonstration for export customers was carried out the next day. Significant upgrades on the MiG-35 include a completely new fly-by-wire flight control system, vastly improved cockpit, substantially upgraded avionics and integrated precision-guided targeting capability for air-to-ground weapons. MiG-35 is fitted with a Russian non-removable NPK-SPP OLS-K electro-optical targeting and surveillance system pod, mounted directly to the aircraft below the right (starboard) fuselage on the engine nacelle in front of the elevators. This marked an overall design philosophy that provides an enhanced degree of operational autonomy on the MiG-35 compared to earlier Russian combat aircraft. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30874536 | 40,036 |
1,362,900 | The Musical Arts Center, known as the MAC, is the school's largest performance facility. Designed by Indianapolis architect Evans Woollen III and completed in 1972, it is an example of the Brutalist architecture style. The facility is equipped with a cylindrical-shapted opera theater with European-style seating for 1,460 and space for a 100-piece orchestra, as well as studios, classrooms, and rehearsal facilities for music and ballet. The backstage area occupies more than half of the building. The 90×60 foot stage is often compared to that of the Metropolitan Opera House in New York, while the unsegmented seating design in the orchestral seats is based on the seating arrangement of the Bayreuth Festspielhaus. Currently, the MAC hosts performances of six operas and three ballets annually, as well as orchestra concerts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3287624 | 1,362,147 |
1,095,461 | The Altair 8800 kit came with a front panel, a CPU board with the Intel 8080 microprocessor, 256 bytes of RAM, a 4-slot backplane and an 8-amp power supply for $439. A 1k byte memory board was $176 and the 4k byte was $264. The serial interface board was $124 and the parallel interface was $119. The Teletype Model 33 ASR was $1500. There was a special price for an 8k byte system with Altair BASIC (Microsoft first ever product) for $995. Bill Gates, and Paul Allen wrote Altair BASIC with Monte Davidoff contributing the Floating-point arithmetic routines. Altair BASIC initial developed from February 1975 to May 1975 and announced by MITS in July 1975, the 4k version on paper tape for $150, the 8k version with cassette support for $200 and the Extended 16k version with disk support (December 1975) for $350. To encourage selling more boards, Altair BASIC was discounted to $60, $75, $150 respectively, when bundled with 4k, 8k and I/O boards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=643230 | 1,094,901 |
1,186,691 | Despite its movie and music playback capabilities, the PSP has primarily gaming-oriented controls (as opposed to the controls typical to television remotes or MP3 players): two shoulder buttons (L and R), the PlayStation, start and select buttons, a digital 4-directional pad, and an analog 'nub' which is slid rather than tilted. There is also a row of secondary controls along the underside of the screen, for controlling volume, music settings (either switching the audio off and on in games or selecting different equalizer presets), screen brightness, and a "Home" button for accessing the system's main menu. Pressing the Home button while doing anything except playing a game will bring up the XMB, which theoretically allows for multitasking; however whatever the user was doing is cancelled upon accessing anything else, except in the latest firmware release that can display pictures and play music simultaneously. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16354585 | 1,186,062 |
1,024,021 | Biochemistry deals with the chemistry of the growth and activity of living organisms. It is a chemistry where most reactions are controlled by complex proteins called enzymes and are moderated and limited by hormones. The chemistry is always highly complex and is still not fully understood. Decomposition of organic material is also within the scope of biochemistry although in this case it is the growth and activity of fungi, bacteria and other micro-organisms that is involved. Typical types of change include the processes involved in photosynthesis, a process in which carbon dioxide and water are changed into sugars and oxygen by plants, digestion in which energy rich materials are used by organisms to grow and move, the Krebs cycle which liberates energy from stored reserves, protein synthesis which enables organisms to grow using processes controlled by RNA, etc. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1326645 | 1,023,488 |
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