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Plzeň Plzeň (; German and English: Pilsen, ) is a city in the Czech Republic. About west of Prague in western Bohemia, it is the fourth most populous city in the Czech Republic with about 175,000 inhabitants. The city is known worldwide for Pilsner beer, created by Bavarian brewer Josef Groll here in 1842. Plzeň was...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37760
Tamar of Georgia Tamar the Great () ( 1160 – 18 January 1213) reigned as the Queen of Georgia from 1184 to 1213, presiding over the apex of the Georgian Golden Age. A member of the Bagrationi dynasty, her position as the first woman to rule Georgia in her own right was emphasized by the title "mepe" ("king"), afforded...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37762
Hippopotamus The hippopotamus ( ; "Hippopotamus amphibius"), also called the hippo, common hippopotamus or river hippopotamus, is a large, mostly herbivorous, semiaquatic mammal and ungulate native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is one of only two extant species in the family Hippopotamidae, the other being the pygmy hippo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37764
University of California, Los Angeles The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is a public research university in Los Angeles. UCLA traces its early origins back to 1882 as the southern branch of the California State Normal School (now San Jose State University). It became the Southern Branch of the University...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37765
Patch collecting Patch collecting or badge collecting (also, scutelliphily, from Latin "scutellus" meaning "little shield", and Greek "phileein" meaning "to love") is the hobby of collecting patches or badges. Souvenir patches are usually shield-shaped, and generally contain a coat of arms, a map or a miniature view....
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37767
Seville Seville (; ) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville. It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir, in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 , and a metropolitan populat...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37770
M. R. James Montague Rhodes James (1 August 1862 – 12 June 1936) was an English author, medievalist scholar and provost of King's College, Cambridge (1905–1918), and of Eton College (1918–1936). He was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge (1913–15). Though James's work as a medievalist and scholar is still ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37773
Reynoutria japonica Reynoutria japonica, synonyms "Fallopia japonica" and "Polygonum cuspidatum", is a large species of herbaceous perennial plant of the knotweed and buckwheat family Polygonaceae. It is commonly known as Asian knotweed or Japanese knotweed. It is native to East Asia in Japan, China and Korea. In Nort...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37774
Tajiks Tajiks (: "Tājīk", ) are a Persian-speaking Iranian ethnic group native to Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Tajiks are the largest ethnicity in Tajikistan, and the second largest in Afghanistan which constitutes over half of the global Tajik population. They speak varieties of Persian, a Western Iranian...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37778
Luge A luge is a small one- or two-person sled on which one sleds supine (face up) and feet-first. A luger steers by using their calf muscles to flex the sled's runners or by exerting opposite shoulder pressure to the seat. Racing sleds weigh for singles and for doubles. Luge is also the name of an Olympic sport. Lug...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37779
Anglo-Saxons The Anglo-Saxons were a cultural group who inhabited England from the 5th century. They comprised people from Germanic tribes who migrated to the island from continental Europe, their descendants, and indigenous British groups who adopted many aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture and language. The Anglo-Saxons ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37780
Edward Teller Edward Teller (; January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist who is known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb" (see the Teller–Ulam design), although he did not care for the title, and was only part of a team who developed the technology. Throughout h...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37782
Mass media in Venezuela Mass media in Venezuela comprise the mass and niche news and information communications infrastructure of Venezuela. Thus, the media of Venezuela consist of several different types of communications media: television, radio, newspapers, magazines, cinema, and Internet-based news outlets and web...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37784
Monte Cassino Monte Cassino (today usually spelled Montecassino) is a rocky hill about southeast of Rome, in the Latin Valley, Italy, to the west of the town of Cassino and altitude. Site of the Roman town of Casinum, it is best known for its abbey, the first house of the Benedictine Order, having been established by ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37785
Augsburg Augsburg ( , , ; ) is a city in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany. It is a university town and regional seat of the "Regierungsbezirk" Schwaben. Augsburg is an urban district and home to the institutions of the Landkreis Augsburg. It is the third-largest city in Bavaria (after Munich and Nuremberg) with a population o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37787
Mosquito Mosquitoes (alternate spelling "mosquitos") comprise a group of about 3,500 species of small insects that are flies (order Diptera). Within Diptera they constitute the family Culicidae (from the Latin "culex" meaning "gnat"). The word "mosquito" (formed by "mosca" and diminutive "-ito") is Spanish for "little...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37789
Felix Dzerzhinsky Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky ( ; ; 20 July 1926), nicknamed "Iron Felix", was a Bolshevik revolutionary and official. Born into Polish nobility, from 1917 until his death in 1926 Dzerzhinsky led the first two Soviet state-security organizations, the Cheka and the OGPU, establishing a secret police f...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37794
West Nile fever West Nile fever is an infection by the West Nile virus, which is typically spread by mosquitoes. In about 80% of infections people have few or no symptoms. About 20% of people develop a fever, headache, vomiting, or a rash. In less than 1% of people, encephalitis or meningitis occurs, with associated n...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37796
Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel (colloquial: Infinite Hotel Paradox or Hilbert's Hotel) is a thought experiment which illustrates a counterintuitive property of infinite sets. It is demonstrated that a fully occupied hotel with infinitely many rooms may still accommodate addit...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37797
Thor Heyerdahl Thor Heyerdahl (; 6 October 1914 – 18 April 2002) was a Norwegian adventurer and ethnographer with a background in zoology, botany and geography. Heyerdahl is notable for his "Kon-Tiki" expedition in 1947, in which he sailed 8,000 km (5,000 mi) across the Pacific Ocean in a hand-built raft from South Am...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37799
Ovid Publius Ovidius Naso (; 20 March 43 BC17/18 AD), known as Ovid ( ) in the English-speaking world, was a Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a contemporary of the older Virgil and Horace, with whom he is often ranked as one of the three canonical poets of Latin literature. The Imperial schola...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37802
Cubism Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. Cubism has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century. The term is broadly used in association with a wid...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37803
Colin Turnbull Colin Macmillan Turnbull (November 23, 1924 – July 28, 1994) was a British-American anthropologist who came to public attention with the popular books "The Forest People" (on the Mbuti Pygmies of Zaire) and "The Mountain People" (on the Ik people of Uganda), and one of the first anthropologists to work ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37807
Catalase Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals). It catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is a very important enzyme in protecting the cell from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Like...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37808
Möbius strip In mathematics, a Möbius strip, band, or loop ( , ; ), also spelled Mobius or Moebius, is a surface with only one side (when embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space) and only one boundary curve. The Möbius strip is the simplest non-orientable surface. It can be realized as a ruled surface. Its disco...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37817
Solid-propellant rocket A solid-propellant rocket or solid rocket is a rocket with a rocket engine that uses solid propellants (fuel/oxidizer). The earliest rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by gunpowder; they were used in warfare by the Chinese, Indians, Mongols and Persians, as early as the 13th century. All ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37830
1956 United States presidential election The 1956 United States presidential election was the 43rd quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1956. President Dwight D. Eisenhower successfully ran for reelection against Adlai Stevenson, the former Illinois governor whom he had defeated four ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40564
1960 United States presidential election The 1960 United States presidential election was the 44th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 8, 1960. In a closely contested election, Democrat United States Senator John F. Kennedy defeated incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon, the Republican...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40565
1964 United States presidential election The 1964 United States presidential election was the 45th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 3, 1964. Incumbent Democratic United States President Lyndon B. Johnson defeated Barry Goldwater, the Republican nominee. With 61.1% of the popular vote...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40566
1968 United States presidential election The 1968 United States presidential election was the 46th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1968. The Republican nominee, former vice president Richard Nixon, defeated the Democratic nominee, incumbent vice president Hubert Humphrey. Analysts have ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40567
1972 United States presidential election The 1972 United States presidential election was the 47th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 7, 1972. Incumbent Republican President Richard Nixon from California defeated Democratic U.S. Senator George McGovern of South Dakota. Until the 1984 e...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40568
1976 United States presidential election The 1976 United States presidential election was the 48th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 2, 1976. Democrat Jimmy Carter of Georgia defeated incumbent Republican President Gerald Ford from Michigan. Carter's win represented the lone Democrati...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40569
1980 United States presidential election The 1980 United States presidential election was the 49th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 4, 1980. Republican nominee Ronald Reagan defeated incumbent Democrat Jimmy Carter. Carter was the second incumbent president to be denied a second term...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40570
1984 United States presidential election The 1984 United States presidential election was the 50th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1984. Incumbent Republican President Ronald Reagan defeated former Vice President Walter Mondale, the Democratic candidate. Reagan faced only token...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40571
Vladimir the Great Vladimir Sviatoslavich (, "Volodiměrъ Svętoslavičь", c. 95815 July 1015), called the Great, was Prince of Novgorod, Grand Prince of Kiev, and ruler of Kievan Rus' from 980 to 1015. Vladimir's father was Prince Sviatoslav of the Rurik dynasty. After the death of his father in 972, Vladimir, who was ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40575
Christus Dominus Christus Dominus (abbreviation "CD") is the Second Vatican Council's Decree on the Pastoral Office of Bishops. It was approved by a vote of 2,319 to 2 of the assembled bishops and was promulgated by Pope Paul VI on 28 October 1965. The title in Latin means "Christ the Lord" and is from the first line ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40577
Gill A gill () is a respiratory organ found in many aquatic organisms that extracts dissolved oxygen from water and excretes carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are kept moist. The microscopic structure of a gill presents a large surf...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40579
Polish United Workers' Party The Polish United Workers' Party (), commonly abbreviated to PZPR, was the communist party which governed the Polish People's Republic as a one-party state from 1948 to 1989. Ideologically, it was based on the theories of Marxism-Leninism, with a strong focus on left-wing nationalism. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40582
Peritoneum The peritoneum is the serous membrane forming the lining of the abdominal cavity or coelom in amniotes and some invertebrates, such as annelids. It covers most of the intra-abdominal (or coelomic) organs, and is composed of a layer of mesothelium supported by a thin layer of connective tissue. This peritone...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40583
Pistachio The pistachio (, "Pistacia vera"), a member of the cashew family, is a small tree originating from Central Asia and the Middle East. The tree produces seeds that are widely consumed as food. "Pistacia vera" often is confused with other species in the genus "Pistacia" that are also known as pistachio. These ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40584
Thomas Joannes Stieltjes Thomas Joannes Stieltjes (, 29 December 1856 – 31 December 1894) was a Dutch mathematician. He was a pioneer in the field of moment problems and contributed to the study of continued fractions. The Thomas Stieltjes Institute for Mathematics at Leiden University, dissolved in 2011, was named af...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40589
Johann Mühlegg Johann Mühlegg (born 8 November 1970 in Ostallgäu, Germany) is a former top level cross-country skier who competed in international competitions first representing Germany and then Spain, after becoming a Spanish citizen in 1999. He was excluded and disqualified from the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lak...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40591
Darbepoetin alfa Darbepoetin alfa (INN) is a re-engineered form of erythropoietin containing 5 amino acid changes (N30, T32, V87, N88, T90) resulting in the creation of 2 new sites for N-linked carbohydrate addition. It has a 3-fold longer serum half-life compared to epoetin alpha and epoetin beta. It stimulates eryth...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40592
Pseudonym A pseudonym () or alias () is a name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which can differ from their first or true name (orthonym). The term is not used when a new name entirely replaces an individual's own. Pseudonyms include stage names and user names, ring names, pen names, nicknames...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40594
Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757July 12, 1804) was an American statesman, politician, legal scholar, military commander, lawyer, banker, and economist. He was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was an influential interpreter and promoter of the U.S. Constitution, as wel...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40597
Carl Woese Carl Richard Woese (; July 15, 1928 – December 30, 2012) was an American microbiologist and biophysicist. Woese is famous for defining the Archaea (a new domain of life) in 1977 by phylogenetic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA, a technique he pioneered that revolutionized microbiology. He also originated the R...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40598
Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor Otto II (955 – December 7, 983), called the Red ("Rufus"), was Holy Roman Emperor from 973 until his death in 983. A member of the Ottonian dynasty, Otto II was the youngest and sole surviving son of Otto the Great and Adelaide of Italy. Otto II was made joint-ruler of Germany in 961, at a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40599
Sviatoslav I of Kiev Sviatoslav I Igorevich (Old East Slavic: Ст҃ославъ / Свѧтославъ Игорєвичь, "Svętoslavŭ Igorevičǐ"; 943 – 26 March 972), also spelled Svyatoslav, was a Grand Prince of Kiev famous for his persistent campaigns in the east and south, which precipitated the collapse of two great powers of Eastern Euro...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40606
William Jennings Bryan William Jennings Bryan (March 19, 1860 – July 26, 1925) was an American orator and politician from Nebraska. Beginning in 1896, he emerged as a dominant force in the Democratic Party, running three times as the party's nominee for President of the United States in the 1896, 1900, and 1908 electi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40608
Unitatis redintegratio Unitatis redintegratio (Latin for "Restoration of unity") is the Second Vatican Council's decree on ecumenism. It was passed by a vote of 2,137 to 11 of the bishops assembled at the Council, and was promulgated by Pope Paul VI on 21 November 1964. The title of the document is taken from the op...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40612
Logic analyzer A logic analyzer is an electronic instrument that captures and displays multiple signals from a digital system or digital circuit. A logic analyzer may convert the captured data into timing diagrams, protocol decodes, state machine traces, assembly language, or may correlate assembly with source-level s...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40613
Network switch A network switch (also called switching hub, bridging hub, officially MAC bridge) is networking hardware that connects devices on a computer network by using packet switching to receive and forward data to the destination device. A network switch is a multiport network bridge that uses MAC addresses to...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40614
Ohmmeter An ohmmeter is an electrical instrument that measures electrical resistance (the opposition offered by a substance to the flow of electric current) . Micro-ohmmeters (microhmmeter or micro ohmmeter) make low resistance measurements. Megohmmeters (also a trademarked device Megger) measure large values of resis...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40622
Multimeter A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, current, and resistance. Analog multimeters use a microammeter with a moving pointer to display...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40623
Marc Gagnon Marc Gagnon (born May 24, 1975) is a Canadian short track speed skater. He is a four-time Overall World Champion for 1993, 1994, 1996 and 1998, and winner of three Olympic gold medals. Born in Chicoutimi, Quebec, Gagnon started his Olympic career in 1994, when he had already won the 1993 World Championshi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40629
Beach A beach is a landform alongside a body of water which consists of loose particles. The particles composing a beach are typically made from rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles. The particles can also be biological in origin, such as mollusc shells or coralline algae. Some beaches have man-made infrastru...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40630
Convex hull In geometry, the convex hull or convex envelope or convex closure of a shape is the smallest convex set that contains it. The convex hull may be defined either as the intersection of all convex sets containing a given subset of a Euclidean space, or equivalently as the set of all convex combinations of poi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40634
NeXTSTEP NeXTSTEP is a discontinued Object-oriented, multitasking operating system based on the Mach kernel and the UNIX-derived BSD. It was developed by NeXT Computer in the late 1980s and early 1990s and was initially used for its range of proprietary workstation computers such as the NeXTcube. It was later ported t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40642
Non-uniform memory access Non-uniform memory access (NUMA) is a computer memory design used in multiprocessing, where the memory access time depends on the memory location relative to the processor. Under NUMA, a processor can access its own local memory faster than non-local memory (memory local to another processor ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40643
Haar measure In mathematical analysis, the Haar measure assigns an "invariant volume" to subsets of locally compact topological groups, consequently defining an integral for functions on those groups. This measure was introduced by Alfréd Haar in 1933, though its special case for Lie groups had been introduced by Ado...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40645
Viggo Brun Viggo Brun (13 October 1885 – 15 August 1978) was a Norwegian professor, mathematician and number theorist. In 1915, he introduced a new method, based on Legendre's version of the sieve of Eratosthenes, now known as the "Brun sieve", which addresses additive problems such as Goldbach's conjecture and the...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40647
Buffy Summers Buffy Summers is the title character of the "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" franchise. She first appeared in the 1992 film "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" before going on to appear in the television series and subsequent comic book of the same name. The character has also appeared in the spin-off series "Angel", a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40648
Scale (anatomy) In most biological nomenclature, a scale (Greek λεπίς "", Latin "squama") is a small rigid plate that grows out of an animal's skin to provide protection. In lepidopteran (butterfly and moth) species, scales are plates on the surface of the insect wing, and provide coloration. Scales are quite common a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40650
Scale (music) In music theory, a scale is any set of musical notes ordered by fundamental frequency or pitch. A scale ordered by increasing pitch is an ascending scale, and a scale ordered by decreasing pitch is a descending scale. Some scales contain different pitches when ascending than when descending, for example,...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40651
Leigh Brackett Leigh Douglass Brackett (December 7, 1915 – March 18, 1978) was an American writer, particularly of science fiction, and has been referred to as the Queen of Space Opera. She was also a screenwriter, known for her work on such films as "The Big Sleep" (1946), "Rio Bravo" (1959) and "The Long Goodbye" (1...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40655
Kingsbury Commitment The Kingsbury Commitment of 1913 was an out-of-court settlement of the government's antitrust challenge of AT&T's growing vertical monopoly over the phone industry. In return for the government's agreement not to pursue its case against AT&T as a monopolist, AT&T agreed to divest the controlling i...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40659
Accidental (music) In music, an accidental is a note of a pitch (or pitch class) that is not a member of the scale or mode indicated by the most recently applied key signature. In musical notation, the sharp (), flat (), and natural () symbols, among others, mark such notes—and those symbols are also called accidental...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40667
Léon: The Professional Léon: The Professional (), titled Leon in the UK and Australia (and originally titled The Professional in the US), is a 1994 English-language French action-thriller film written and directed by Luc Besson. It stars Jean Reno, Gary Oldman, and Natalie Portman (in her film debut). The plot follows...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40672
American goldfinch The American goldfinch ("Spinus tristis") is a small North American bird in the finch family. It is migratory, ranging from mid-Alberta to North Carolina during the breeding season, and from just south of the Canada–United States border to Mexico during the winter. The only finch in its subfamily t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40673
Meissen Meissen (in German orthography: "Meißen", ) is a town of approximately 30,000 about northwest of Dresden on both banks of the Elbe river in the Free State of Saxony, in eastern Germany. Meissen is the home of Meissen porcelain, the Albrechtsburg castle, the Gothic Meissen Cathedral and the Meissen Frauenkirche...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40674
Luc Besson Luc Paul Maurice Besson (; born 18 March 1959) is a French film director, screenwriter, and producer. He directed or produced the films "Subway" (1985), "The Big Blue" (1988), and "La Femme Nikita" (1990). Besson is associated with the "Cinéma du look" film movement. He has been nominated for a César Award ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40676
Access control In the fields of physical security and information security, access control (AC) is the selective restriction of access to a place or other resource while access management describes the process. The act of "accessing" may mean consuming, entering, or using. Permission to access a resource is called "au...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40684
Baud In telecommunication and electronics, baud (; symbol: Bd) is a common unit of measurement of symbol rate, which is one of the components that determine the speed of communication over a data channel. It is the unit for symbol rate or modulation rate in "symbols per second" or "pulses per second". It is the numbe...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40688
Acoustic coupler In telecommunications, an acoustic coupler is an interface device for coupling electrical signals by acoustical means—usually into and out of a telephone. The link is achieved through converting electric signals from the phone line to sound and reconvert sound to electric signals needed for the end t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40690
Active laser medium The active laser medium (also called gain medium or lasing medium) is the source of optical gain within a laser. The gain results from the stimulated emission of electronic or molecular transitions to a lower energy state from a higher energy state previously populated by a pump source. Examples o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40692
Adaptive communications Adaptive communications can mean any communications system, or portion thereof, that automatically uses feedback information obtained from the system itself or from the signals carried by the system to modify dynamically one or more of the system operational parameters to improve system perform...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40693
Adaptive predictive coding Adaptive predictive coding (APC) is a narrowband analog-to-digital conversion that uses a one-level or multilevel sampling system in which the value of the signal at each sampling instant is predicted according to a linear function of the past values of the quantized signals. APC is related...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40694
Adder–subtractor In digital circuits, an adder–subtractor is a circuit that is capable of adding or subtracting numbers (in particular, binary). Below is a circuit that does adding "or" subtracting depending on a control signal. It is also possible to construct a circuit that performs both addition and subtraction at ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40695
Advanced Data Communication Control Procedures In telecommunication, Advanced Data Communication Control Procedures (or Protocol) (ADCCP) is a bit-oriented data link layer protocol developed by the American National Standards Institute. It is functionally equivalent to the ISO High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) proto...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40700
Aeronautical Emergency Communications System Plan In telecommunication, the Aeronautical Emergency Communications System Plan (AECS) provides for the operation of aeronautical communications stations, on a voluntary, organized basis, to provide the President and the Federal Government, as well as heads of state and lo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40702
AIOD leads In land-line telephony, AIOD leads are Terminal equipment leads used solely to transmit automatic identified outward dialing (AIOD) data from a PBX to the public switched telephone network or to switched service networks ("e.g.," EPSCS), so that a vendor can provide a detailed monthly bill identifying long ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40703
Alarm sensor In telecommunication, the term alarm sensor has the following meanings: 1. In communications systems, a device that can sense an abnormal condition within the system and provide a signal indicating the presence or nature of the abnormality to either a local or remote alarm indicator, and (b) may detect e...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40706
A-law algorithm An A-law algorithm is a standard companding algorithm, used in European 8-bit PCM digital communications systems to optimize, i.e. modify, the dynamic range of an analog signal for digitizing. It is one of two versions of the G.711 standard from ITU-T, the other version being the similar μ-law, used in...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40707
Allan variance The Allan variance (AVAR), also known as two-sample variance, is a measure of frequency stability in clocks, oscillators and amplifiers, named after David W. Allan and expressed mathematically as formula_1. The Allan deviation (ADEV), also known as sigma-tau, is the square root of the Allan variance, fo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40708
Ambient noise level In atmospheric sounding and noise pollution, ambient noise level (sometimes called background noise level, reference sound level, or room noise level) is the background sound pressure level at a given location, normally specified as a reference level to study a new intrusive sound source. Ambient ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40712
Amplitude distortion Amplitude distortion is distortion occurring in a system, subsystem, or device when the output amplitude is not a linear function of the input amplitude under specified conditions. Generally, output is a linear function of input only for a fixed portion of the transfer characteristics. In this r...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40713
Angular misalignment loss In waveguide design and construction, angular misalignment loss is power loss caused by the deviation from optimum angular alignment of the axes of source-to-waveguide, waveguide-to-waveguide, or waveguide-to-detector. The waveguide may be dielectric (an optical fiber) or metallic. Angular mi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40716
Antenna blind cone In telecommunications, antenna blind cone (sometimes called a cone of silence or antenna blind spot) is the volume of space, usually approximately conical with its vertex at the antenna, that cannot be scanned by an antenna because of limitations of the antenna radiation pattern and mount. An Air R...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40717
Antenna noise temperature In telecommunication, antenna noise temperature is the temperature of a hypothetical resistor at the input of an ideal noise-free receiver that would generate the same output noise power per unit bandwidth as that at the antenna output at a specified frequency. In other words, antenna noise t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40720
Aperture-to-medium coupling loss In telecommunication, aperture-to-medium coupling loss is the difference between the theoretical antenna gain of a very large antenna, such as the antennas in beyond-the-horizon microwave links, and the gain that can be realized in practice. "Note 1:" Aperture-to-medium coupling loss...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40721
Arithmetic shift In computer programming, an arithmetic shift is a shift operator, sometimes termed a signed shift (though it is not restricted to signed operands). The two basic types are the arithmetic left shift and the arithmetic right shift. For binary numbers it is a bitwise operation that shifts all of the bits...
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Automatic repeat request Automatic repeat request (ARQ), also known as automatic repeat query, is an error-control method for data transmission that uses acknowledgements (messages sent by the receiver indicating that it has correctly received a packet) and timeouts (specified periods of time allowed to elapse before ...
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Articulation score In telecommunication, an articulation score (AS) is a subjective measure of the intelligibility of a voice system in terms of the percentage of words correctly understood over a channel perturbed by interference. Articulation scores have been experimentally obtained as functions of varying word con...
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Artificial transmission line In telecommunication, an artificial transmission line is a two-port electrical network that has the characteristic impedance, transmission time delay, phase shift, or other parameter(s) of a real transmission line. It can be used to simulate a real transmission line in one or more of these...
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Asynchronous operation In telecommunications, asynchronous operation or asynchronous working is where a sequence of operations is executed such that the operations are executed out of time coincidence with any event. It can also be an operation that occurs without a regular or predictable time relationship to a specif...
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Atmospheric duct In telecommunications, an atmospheric duct is a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere in which the vertical refractive index gradients are such that radio signals (and light rays) are guided or ducted, tend to follow the curvature of the Earth, and experience less attenuation in the ducts than they...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40732
Attack time In telecommunication, attack time is the time between the instant that a signal at the input of a device or circuit exceeds the activation threshold of the device or circuit and the instant that the device or circuit reacts in a specified manner, or to a specified degree, to the input. Attack time occurs i...
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ARJ ARJ (Archived by Robert Jung) is a software tool designed by Robert K. Jung for creating high-efficiency compressed file archives. ARJ is currently on version 2.86 for DOS and 3.20 for Microsoft Windows and supports 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit Intel architectures. ARJ was one of two mainstream archivers for DOS and...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40734
Attenuation In physics, attenuation or, in some contexts, extinction is the gradual loss of flux intensity through a medium. For instance, dark glasses attenuate sunlight, lead attenuates X-rays, and water and air attenuate both light and sound at variable attenuation rates. Hearing protectors help reduce acoustic fl...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40735
Audit (telecommunication) In telecommunications, an audit is one of: The simplest audits consist of comparing current telecommunications billing and usage to the underlying rate structure whether that is dictated by contract, tariff, or price list. Complex audits utilize software applications, direct bargaining with...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40741