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kp-eb0702-017204-2045
AEGOPODIUM, in Botany, Small Wild Angelica, Goatwort, Goatsfoot.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEGOPODIUM
kp-eb0702-017205-2045
AEGOSPOTAMOS, in Ancient Geography, a river in the Thracian Chersonesus, falling with a south-east course into the Hellespont, to the north of Sestos; with a town, and a station or road for ships, at its mouth. Here the Athenians under Conon, through the fault of his colleague Isocrates, received a signal overthrow fro...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEGOSPOTAMOS
kp-eb0702-017206-2045
AEGYPTIACUM, in Pharmacy, the name of several detergent ointments; as black, red, white, simple, and compound.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEGYPTIACUM
kp-eb0702-017207-2045
AEGYPTILLA, in Natural History, the name of a stone described by the ancients, and said by some authors to have the remarkable quality of giving water the colour and taste of wine. This seems a very imaginary virtue, as are indeed too many of those in former ages attributed to stones. The descriptions left us of this r...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEGYPTILLA
kp-eb0702-017208-2045
AEGYPTUS, in fabulous history, was the son of Belus, and brother of Danaus.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEGYPTUS
kp-eb0702-017209-2045
AEINAUTAE, in Antiquity, αiιναoται, always mariners, a denomination given to the senators of Miletus, because they held their deliberations on board a ship, and never returned to land till matters had been agreed on.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEINAUTAE
kp-eb0702-017210-2045
AELFRIC, an eminent ecclesiastic of the 1Oth century, was the son of an earl of Kent, and a monk of the Benedictine order in the monastery of Abingdon. In 963 he was settled in the cathedral of Winchester, under Athelwold the bishop, and undertook the instruction of the youth of the diocese; for which purpose he compil...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AELFRIC
kp-eb0702-017211-2045
AELIA, Capitolina, a name given to the city built by the emperor Adrian, a. d. 134, near the spot where the ancient Jerusalem stood, which he found in ruins when he visited the eastern parts of the Roman empire. A Roman colony was settled here, and a temple, in place of that of Jerusalem, was dedicated to Jupiter Capit...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AELIA
kp-eb0702-017212-2045
AELIAN, Claudius, born at Praeneste, in Italy. He taught rhetoric at Rome, according to Perizonius, under the emperor Alexander Severus. He was surnamed Msa∕yλωΛΓoς, Honey-mouth, on account of the sweetness of his style in his discourses and writings. He was likewise honoured with the title of Sophist, an appellation i...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AELIAN
kp-eb0702-017213-2045
AELTERE, a town with 3973 inhabitants, in the arrondissement of Ghent, and province of East Flanders.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AELTERE
kp-eb0702-017214-2045
AELURUS, in Egyptian Mythology, the deity or god of cats; represented sometimes like a cat, and sometimes like a man with a cat’s head. The Egyptians had so superstitious a regard for this animal, that the killing of it, whether by accident or design, was punished with death; and Diodorus relates, that, in the time of ...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AELURUS
kp-eb0702-017215-2045
AEM, Am, or Ame, a liquid measure used in most parts of Germany, but different in different towns. The aem commonly contains 20 vertils, or 80 masses: that of Heidelberg is equal to 48 masses, and that of Wirtemberg to 160 masses.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEM
kp-eb0702-017216-2045
AEMILIUS, Paulus, the son of Paulus Aemilius who was killed at the battle of Cannae. He was twice consul. In his first consulate he triumphed over the Ligurians, and in the second subdued Perseus, king of Macedonia, and reduced that country to a Roman province, on which he obtained the surname of Macedonicus. He return...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEMILIUS
kp-eb0702-017301-2058
AEMOBOLIUM, in Antiquity, the blood of a bull or ram offered in the sacrifices, called taurobolia and criobolia ; in which sense the word occurs in ancient inscriptions.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEMOBOLIUM
kp-eb0702-017302-2058
AENEAS, in fabulous history, a famous Trojan prince, the son of Anchises and Venus. At the destruction of Troy, he bore his aged father on his back, and saved him from the Greeks; but, being too solicitous about his son and household gods, lost his wife Creüsa in the escape. Landing in Africa, he was kindly received by...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AENEAS
kp-eb0702-017303-2058
AENEATORES, in Antiquity, the musicians in an army, including those that played on trumpets, horns, &c. The word is formed from aeneus, on account of the brazen instruments used by them.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AENEATORES
kp-eb0702-017304-2058
AENEID, the name of Virgil’s celebrated epic poem, devoted to celebrate the establishment of Aeneas in Italy.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AENEID
kp-eb0702-017305-2058
AENGIA, one of the islands of the Archipelago. It lies in the bay of Engia, and the town of that name contains about 800 houses and a castle; and near it are the ruins of a magnificent structure, which was formerly a temple.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AENGIA
kp-eb0702-017306-2058
AENIGMA denotes any dark saying, wherein some well-known thing is concealed under obscure language. The word is Greek, Αίνιγμα, formed of aivιrησβαι, obscure innuere, to hint a thing darkly, and of αινος, an obscure speech or discourse. The popular name is riddle ; from the Belgic raeden, or the Saxon araethan, to inte...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AENIGMA
kp-eb0702-017307-2058
AENIGMATOGRAPHY, or Aenigmathology, the art of resolving or making aenigmas.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AENIGMATOGRAPHY
kp-eb0702-017308-2058
AENITHOLOGIUS, in Poetry, a verse of two dactyls and three trochaei; as Praelia dira placent truci juventae.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AENITHOLOGIUS
kp-eb0702-017309-2058
AEOLIAE Insulae, now Isoli Lipari, in Ancient Geography, seven islands situated between Sicily and Italy; so called from Aeolus, who reigned there about the time of the Trojan war. The Greeks call them Hephoestiades ; and the Romans Vulcaniae, from their fiery eruptions. They are also called Liparaeorum Insulae, from t...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEOLIAE
kp-eb0702-017310-2058
AEOLIAN Harp. See Acoustics, and Harp.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEOLIAN
kp-eb0702-017311-2058
AEOLIC, in a general sense, denotes something belonging to Aeolis. Aeolic, or Aeolian, in Grammar, denotes one of the five dialects of the Greek tongue. It was first used in Boeotia, whence it passed into Aeolia, and was that which Sappho and Alcaeus wrote in. The Aeolic dialect generally throws out the aspirate or sh...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEOLIC
kp-eb0702-017401-2071
AEOLIPILE, in Hydraulics,, is a hollow ball of metal, generally used in courses of experimental philosophy, in order to demonstrate the possibility of converting water into an elastic steam or vapour by heat. The instrument, therefore, consists of a slender neck or pipe, having a narrow orifice inserted into the ball b...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEOLIPILE
kp-eb0702-017402-2071
AEOLIS, or Aeolia, in Ancient Geography, a country of the Hither Asia, settled by colonies of Aeolian Greeks. Taken largely, it comprehends all Troas and the coast of the Hellespont to the Propontis, because in those parts there were several Aeolian colonies. In a more limited sense it is applied to the district betwee...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEOLIS
kp-eb0702-017403-2071
AEOLUS, in Heathen Mythology, the god of the winds, was said to be the son of Jupiter by Acasta or Sigesia, the daughter of Hippotas; or, according to others, the son of Hippotas by Meneclea, daughter of Hyllus, king of Lipara. He dwelt in the island Strongyle, now called Strombolo, one of the seven islands called Aeol...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEOLUS
kp-eb0702-017404-2071
AEON, a Greek word, properly signifying the age or duration of any thing. Aeon, among the followers of Plato, was used to signify any virtue, attribute, or perfection: hence they represented the deity as an assemblage of all possible aeons, and called him pleroma, a Greek term signifying fulness. The Valentinians, who...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEON
kp-eb0702-017405-2071
AEORA, among ancient writers on medicine, is used for gestation; which sort of exercise was often prescribed by the physicians of those days. Other exercises consisted principally in the motion of the body; but in the aeora the limbs were at rest, while the body was carried about and moved from place to place, in such ...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEORA
kp-eb0702-017406-2071
AEPINUS, Francis Ulrich Theodore, eminent in the mathematics, and in natural philosophy, was born at Rostock in Lower Saxony in 1724, and died at Dorpt in Livonia in 1802. We regret that our means of information do not enable us to communicate any particulars in regard to his personal history; but we shall give some ac...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEPINUS
kp-eb0702-017601-2097
AEQUIMELIUM, in Antiquity, a place in Rome where stood the house of Spurius Melius, who, by largesses corrupting the people, affected the supreme power. Refusing to appear before the dictator Cineinnatus, he was slain by Servilius Ahala, master of the horse; his house was razed to the ground, and the spot on which it s...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEQUIMELIUM
kp-eb0702-017602-2097
AERA, in Chronology, a fixed point of time from whence any number of years is begun to be counted. It is sometimes also written in ancient authors Era. The origin of the term is contested, though it is generally allowed to have had its rise in Spain. Sepulveda supposes it formed from A. ER. A. the notae or abbreviature...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AERA
kp-eb0702-017603-2097
AERARIUM, the treasury or place where the public money was deposited amongst the Romans. Aerarium Ilithyae, or Jdnonis Lucinae, was where the moneys were deposited which parents paid for the birth of each child. Aerarium Privatum was the emperor’s privy purse, or the place where the money arising from his private pat...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AERARIUM
kp-eb0702-017604-2097
AERARIUS, a name given by the Romans to a degraded citizen, who had been struek off the list of his century. Sueh persons were so called, because they were liable to all the taxes (aera), without enjoying any of its privileges. The aerarii were incapable of making a will, of inheriting, of voting in assemblies, or of ...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AERARIUS
kp-eb0702-017605-2097
AERIA, or Eeria, in Ancient Geography, the ancient name of Egypt. The scholiast on Apollonjus Rhodius says, that not only Thessaly, but Egypt, was called Hεgια by the Greeks, which Eusebius also confirms; and hence Apollinarius, in his translation of the 114th Psalm, uses it for Egypt. Hesyehius applies this name to Et...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AERIA
kp-eb0702-017606-2097
AERIANS, in Church History, a branch of Arians, who to the doctrines of that sect added some peculiar dogmas of their own; as, that there is no difference between bishops and priests,—a doctrine maintained by many modern divines, particularly of the presbyterian and reformed churches. The sect received its denomination...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AERIANS
kp-eb0702-017607-2097
AERNEN, a market town near the river Rhone, in the canton of Walles or Valais, in Switzerland, in the district of Sambs. It has a state-house and other good buildings, and is the seat of justice for the district.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AERNEN
kp-eb0702-017608-2097
AEROGRAPHY, from αηξ, air, and γξαφω, I describe; a description of the air or atmosphere, its limits, dimensions, properties, &c.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEROGRAPHY
kp-eb0702-017609-2097
AEROLITE, a term recently, but perhaps improperly, applied to those singular substances commonly called Meteoric Stones.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEROLITE
kp-eb0702-017610-2097
AEROMANCY, a species of divination performed by means of air, wind, &c.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEROMANCY
kp-eb0702-017611-2097
AEROMETRY, the science of measuring the air. It comprehends not only the doctrine of the air itself, considered as a fluid body, but also its pressure, elasticity, rarefaction, and condensation. But the term is at present not much in use, this branch of natural philosophy being more frequently called Pneumatics.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AEROMETRY
kp-eb0702-017612-2097
AERONAUTICA, from αηο, and rour/xoç, derived from ναυς, ship ; the art of sailing in a vessel or machine through the atmosphere, sustained as a ship in the sea. See Aeronautics.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AERONAUTICA
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AEROPHYLACEA, a term used by naturalists for caverns or reservoirs of air, supposed to exist in the bowels of the earth. [7:2:177]
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AEROPHYLACEA
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AERONAUTICS. IN every stage of society men have eagerly sought, by the combination of superior skill and ingenuity, to attain those distinct advantages which nature has conferred on the different tribes of animals, by endowing them with a peculiar structure and a peculiar force of organs. The rudest savage learns from...
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AERONAUTICS. IN
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AERSCHOT, a fortified city in the Netherlands, on the river Dander, 7 miles from Louvain, and 20 from Antwerp, containing 2750 inhabitants.
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AERSCHOT
kp-eb0702-019602-2357
AERUGINOUS, an epithet given to such things as resemble or partake of the nature of the rust of copper.
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AERUGINOUS
kp-eb0702-019603-2357
AERUGO, in Natural History, properly signifies the rust of copper, whether natural or artificial. The former is found about copper mines, and the latter, called verdigris, made by corroding copper plates with acids.
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AERUGO
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AERUSCATORES, in Antiquity, a kind of strolling beggars, not unlike gypsies, who drew money from the credulous by fortune-telling, &c. It was also a denomination given to griping exactors, or collectors of the revenue. The Galli, or priests of Cybele, were called aeruscatores magnae matris ; and μητzαγ^ται, from their ...
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AERUSCATORES
kp-eb0702-019605-2357
AERZEELE, a town of 2809 inhabitants, in the arrondissement of Kortryk, and province of West Flanders.
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AERZEELE
kp-eb0702-019606-2357
AERZEN, a bailiwick in the province of Kalenberg, in the kingdom of Hanover, with 1 market town, 19 villages, 852 houses, and 4895 inhabitants. The extent is about 28,400 acres. The chief town of the bailiwick has the same name. It contains 159 houses, and 901 inhabitants.
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AERZEN
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AES uxorium, in Antiquity, a sum paid by bachelors, as a penalty for living single to old age. This tax for not marrying seems to have been first imposed in the year of Rome 350, under the censorship of M. Furius Camillus and M. Posthumus. At the census, or review of the people, each person was asked, Et tu ex animi se...
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AES
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AESCHINES, an Athenian, a Socratic philosopher, the son of Charinus, a sausage-maker. He was continually with Socrates; which occasioned this philosopher to say, that the sausage-maker’s son was the only person who knew how to pay a due regard to him. It is said that poverty obliged him to go to Sicily to Dionysius the...
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AESCHINES
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AESCHYLUS, the tragic poet, was born at Athens. The time of his birth is not exactly ascertained. Some suppose that it was in the 65th, others in the 70th Olympiad; but according to Stanley, who follows the Arundelian[7:2:197] marbles, he was born in the 63d Olympiad. He was the son of Euphorion, and brother to Cynaegi...
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AESCHYLUS
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AESCULAPIUS, in the Heathen Mythology, the god of physic, was the son of Apollo and the nymph Coronis. He was educated by the centaur Chiron, who taught him physic, by which means Aesculapius cured the most desperate diseases. But Jupiter, enraged at his restoring to life Hippolytus, who had been torn in pieces by his ...
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AESCULAPIUS
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AESOP, the Phrygian, lived in the time of Solon, about the 50th Olympiad, under the reign of Croesus, the last king of Lydia. As to genius and abilities, he was greatly indebted to nature; but in other respects not so fortunate, being born a slave and extremely deformed. St Jerome, speaking of him, says he was unfortun...
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AESOP
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AESTIMATIO Capitis, a term met with in old law-books for a fine anciently ordained to be paid for offences committed against persons of quality, according to their several degrees.
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AESTIMATIO
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AESTIVAL, in a general sense, denotes something connected with, or belonging to summer. Hence aestival sign, aestival solstice, &c.
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AESTIVAL
kp-eb0702-019803-2383
AESTUARIA, in Geography, denotes an arm of the sea, which runs a good way within land. Such is the Bristol channel, and many of the friths of Scotland.
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AESTUARIA
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AESTUARIES, in ancient baths, were secret passages from the hypocaustum into the chambers.
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AESTUARIES
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AESTUARY, among physicians, a vapour bath, or any other instrument for conveying heat to the body.
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AESTUARY
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AESYMNIUM, in Antiquity, a monument erected to the memory of the heroes by Aesymnus the Megarean. He, consulting the oracle in what manner the Megareans might be most happily governed, was answered, If they held consultation with the more numerous ; whom he taking for the dead, built the said monument, and a senate-hou...
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AESYMNIUM
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AETH, or Ath, a strong little town in the Austrian Netherlands, and province of Hainault, situated on the river Dender, about 20 miles south-west of Brussels.
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AETH
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AETHALIA, or Ilua, in Ancient Geography, now JE‰, an island on the coast of Etruria, in compass a hundred miles, abounding in iron. It was so called from α∕Sαλ^, smoke, which issued from the shops of Vulcan.
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AETHALIA
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AETHELSTAN, see Athelstan.
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AETHELSTAN
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AETHER is usually understood of a thin, subtile matter or medium, much finer and rarer than air, which, commencing from the limits of our atmosphere, possesses the whole heavenly space. The word is Greek, αι6ηξ, supposed to be formed from the verb αι6ειv, to burn, to flame; some of the ancients, particularly Anaxagoras...
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AETHER
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AETHEREAL, Aethereus, something that belongs to, or partakes of, the nature of Aether. Thus we say, the aethereal space, aethereal regions, &c. Some of the ancients divided the universe, with respect to the matter contained therein, into elementary and aethereal. Under the aethereal world was included all that space ab...
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AETHEREAL
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AETHIOPIA. See Abyssinia, and Ethiopia.
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AETHIOPIA
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AETIANS, in Church History, a branch of Arians, who maintained that the Son and Holy Ghost are in all things dissimilar to the Father. See Aetius.
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AETIANS
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AETIOLOGY is that part of pathology which is employed in exploring the causes of diseases.
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AETIOLOGY
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AETION, a celebrated painter, who left an excellent picture of Roxana and Alexander, which he exhibited at the Olympic games. It represents a magnificent chamber, where Roxana is sitting on a bed of a most splendid appearance, which is rendered still more brilliant by her beauty. She looks downwards in a kind of confus...
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AETION
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AETITES, or Eagle-stone, in Natural History, a flinty or crustated stone, hollow within, and containing a nucleus, which, on “shaking, rattles within. It was formerly in repute for several extraordinary magical as well as medical powers; such as preventing abortion, discovering thieves, and other ridiculous properties....
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AETITES
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AETIUS, one of the most zealous defenders of Arianism, was born in Syria, and flourished about the year 336. After being servant to a grammarian, of whom he learned grammar and logic, he was ordained deacon, and at length bishop, by Eudoxus, patriarch of Constantinople. Aetius was banished into Phrygia on account of hi...
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AETIUS
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AETNA, (in the Itineraries Aethana, supposed from αι(tω, to burn; according to Bochart, from athuna, a furnace, or actuna, darkness), now Monte Gibello ; a volcano or burning mountain of Sicily, situated in Long. 15. E. Lat. 38. N. This mountain, famous from the remotest antiquity, both for its bulk and terrible erupt...
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38 N 15 E
AETNA
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AETOLARCHA, in Grecian Antiquity, the principal magistrate or governor of the Aetolians.
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AETOLARCHA
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AETOLIA, a country of ancient Greece, comprehending all that tract now called the Despotat, or Little Greece. It was parted on the east by the river Evanus, now the Fidari, from the Locrenses Ozolae; on the west, from Acarnania, by the Achelous; on the north, it bordered on the country of the Dorians and part of Epirus...
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AETOLIA
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AFER, Domitius, a famous orator, born at Nismes, flourished under Tiberius, and the three succeeding emperors. Quintilian makes frequent mention of him, and commends his pleadings. But he disgraced his talents, by turning informer against some of the most distinguished personages in Rome. Quintilian, in his youth, cult...
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AFER
kp-eb0702-020902-2526
AFFA, a weight used on the Gold Coast of Guinea, equal to an ounce: the half of it is called eggeba. Most of the blacks on the Gold Coast give these names to these weights.
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AFFA
kp-eb0702-020903-2526
AFFECTION, in a general sense, implies an attribute inseparable from its subject. Thus magnitude, figure, weight, &c. are affections of all bodies; and love, fear, hatred, <⅛c. are affections of the mind. Affection is a term used by various writers on Moral Philosophy to denote all those active principles whose direct...
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AFFECTION
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AFFERERS, or Afferors, in Law, persons appointed in courts-leet, courts-baron, &c. to settle, upon oath, the fines to be imposed upon those who have been guilty of faults arbitrarily punishable.
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AFFERERS
kp-eb0702-020905-2526
AFFETTUOSO, or Con Affetto, in the Italian music, intimates that the part to which it is added ought to be played in a tender, moving way, and consequently rather slow than fast.
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AFFETTUOSO
kp-eb0702-020906-2526
AFFIANCE, in Law, denotes the mutual plighting of troth between a man and woman to marry each other. [7:2:210]
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AFFIANCE
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AFFIDAVIT signifies an oath in writing, sworn before some person who is authorized to take the same.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AFFIDAVIT
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AFFINITY, among civilians, implies a relation contracted by marriage, in contradistinction to consanguinity, or relation by blood. Affinity does not found any real kinship; it is no more than a kind of fiction, introduced on account of the close relation between husband and wife. It is even said to cease when the cause...
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AFFINITY
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AFFIRMATION, in Logic, the asserting of the truth of any proposition. Affirmation, in Law, denotes an indulgence allowed to the people called Quakers, who, in cases where an oath is required from others, may make a solemn affirmation that what they say is true; and if they make a false affirmation, they are subject to...
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AFFIRMATION
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AFFIRMATIVE, in Grammar. Authors distinguish affirmative particles, such as yes. The term affirmative is sometimes also used substantively. Thus we say, the affirmative is the more probable side of the question: there were so many votes, or voices, for the affirmative.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AFFIRMATIVE
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AFFIX, in Grammar, a particle added at the close of a word, either to diversify its form or alter its signification. We meet with affixes in the Saxon, the German, and other northern languages, but more especially in the Hebrew, and other oriental tongues. The Hebrew affixes are single syllables, frequently single lett...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AFFIX
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AFFLATUS literally denotes a blast of wind, breath, or vapour, striking with force against another body. The word is Latin, formed from ad, to, and fiare, to blow. Naturalists sometimes speak of the afflatus of serpents. Tully uses the word figuratively, for a divine inspiration; in which sense he ascribes all great an...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AFFLATUS
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AFFORESTING, Afforestatio, the turning of ground into forest. The Conqueror and his successors continued afforesting the lands of the subject for many reigns, till the grievance became so notorious, that the people of all degrees and denominations were brought to sue for relief; which was at length obtained, and commis...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AFFORESTING
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AFFRAY, or Affrayment, in Law, formerly signified the crime of affrighting other persons, by appearing in unusual armour, brandishing a weapon, &c.; but at present affray denotes a skirmish or fight between two or more.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AFFRAY
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AFFRONTEE, in Heraldry, an appellation given to animals facing one another on an escutcheon; a kind of bearing which is otherwise called confrontée, and stands opposed to adossée.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AFFRONTEE
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AFFUSION, the act of pouring some fluid substance on another body. Dr Grew gives several experiments of the luctation arising from the affusion of divers menstruums on all sorts of bodies. Divines and church historians speak of baptism by affusion, which amounts to much the same with what we now call sprinkling.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AFFUSION
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AFGHANISTAN, An extensive and powerful kingdom of Asia, which formed at one time a considerable portion of the Mogul empire. On the decline of that power, it rose to the rank of an independent state; and from its population and extent, and still more from the character of the people, who are brave, hardy, and enterpris...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AFGHANISTAN
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AFRAGOLA, a large manufacturing town in the kingdom of Naples, and in the province of Napoli. It has three parish churches, and contains 12,640 inhabitants, who produce, among other goods, 6000 dozen of hats annually.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AFRAGOLA
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AFRANIUS, Lucius, a Latin poet, who lived about a century before Christ. He wrote comedies in imitation of Menander; and is commended by Tully and Quintilian for his acute genius and fluent style, Only some fragments of his works are now extant.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AFRANIUS
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AFRICA. THE knowledge which ancient writers have transmitted to posterity, of this great continent, is of very limited extent, owing principally to its physical construction. The desert of sand, which in a broad belt stretches quite across the continent, forbade every attempt to pass it until the introduction of the c...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AFRICA. THE
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AFRICAN COMPANY. See Company.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AFRICAN COMPANY
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AFRICAN INSTITUTION. This institution was formed in 1807. Its general objects, and the views which influenced its formation, are clearly stated in the following resolutions, adopted at the constituent meeting, held on the 14th of April 1807. “1. That this meeting is deeply impressed with a sense of the enormous wrongs...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AFRICAN INSTITUTION
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AFRICANUS, Julius, an excellent historian of the third century, the author of a chronicle which was greatly esteemed, and in which he reckons 5500 years from the creation of the world to Julius Caesar. This work, of which we have now no more than what is to be found in Eusebius, ended at the 221st year of the vulgar er...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AFRICANUS
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AFSLAGERS, persons appointed by the burgomasters of Amsterdam to preside over the public sales made in that city. They must always have a clerk of the secretary’s office with them, to take an account of the sale. They correspond to our brokers, or auctioneers.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AFSLAGERS
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AFT, in the sea language, the same with Abaft.
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 nckp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, ...
AFT