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AFRANIUS, Lucius, whose early history is unknown, was a devoted friend and adherent of Pompey, whom he served with distinction as one of his lieutenants in the Sertorian and Mithridatic wars. In the year 60 b.c., and chiefly by Pompey’s support, he was raised to the consulship, but in performing the duties of that offi...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, NINTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v1.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2025 19kp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, a...
AFRANIUS
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AFRICA THIS vast continent, though associated from the dawn of civilisation with traditions and mysteries of the most stimulating kind, has remained until recently one of the least known, and, both commercially and politically, one of the least important of the great divisions of the globe. The knowledge of Africa pos...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, NINTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v1.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2025 19kp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, a...
AFRICA THIS vast continent
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AFRICANUS, Julius, called also Sextus by Suidas, a Christian historian of the 3d century, born, according to some, in Africa, and, according to others, in Palestine, of African parents. Little is known of his personal history, except that he lived at Emmaus, and that he went on an embassy to the emperor Heliogabalus to...
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AFRICANUS
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AFZELIUS, Adam, an eminent Swedish naturalist, born at Larf, West Gothland, in 1750. Having studied at Upsala under Linnaeus, he became teacher of oriental literature in that university in 1777, and demonstrator of botany in 1785. For two years (1792-94) he resided on the west coast of Africa as botanist to the Sierra ...
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AFZELIUS
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AFZELIUS, Arwid August, the Swedish historian, poet, and comparative mythologist, was born at Fjellåker in 1785. For a while he was a schoolmaster in Stockholm, but afterwards entered the church, and became parish priest of Enköping, where he worked for just half-a-century, till his death in 1871. His poetical career b...
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, NINTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v1.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2025 19kp@temple.edu, https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, a...
AFZELIUS
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AGA, or Agha, a word, said to be of Tatar origin, signifying a dignitary or lord. Among the Turks it is applied to the chief of the janissaries, to the commanders of the artillery, cavalry, and infantry, and to the eunuchs in charge of the seraglio. It is also employed generally as a term of respect in addressing wealt...
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AGA
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AGADES, the capital of the kingdom of Aïr, or Asben, in Central Africa, situated in 17° 2' N. lat., 8° 5' E. long. The town is built on the edge of a plateau, 2500 feet above the level of the sea, and is supposed to have been founded by the Berbers to serve as a secure magazine for their extensive trade with the Songha...
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17 2' N 8 5' E
AGADES
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AGAMEMNON. The stern obligations of a king and the majesty of his office, as compared with his humane desires and occasional frailty, give the keynote to the character of Agamemnon. But the kingly office, like the sceptre which was the symbol of it, had come to him from Pelops (Iliad, ii. 100) through the stained hands...
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AGAMEMNON
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AGAPE, plur. Agapae, the love-feast, or feast of charity, which among the primitive Christians usually accompanied the Eucharist. The word (άγάπη, love) is first employed in this sense in the Epistle of Jude, verse 12. The suggestion of a connection between Christian love-feasts and the ε ρ αvoι and ∈ταιρίαι of Greece ...
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AGAPE
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AGAPETUS, deacon of the St Sophia Church at Constantinople, presented to the Emperor Justinian a work entitled Charta Regia, composed in 527, which contained advice on the duties of a Christian prince. It is highly valued, and has been several times reprinted. The best edition is that contained in Bandauri’s Imperium O...
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AGAPETUS
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AGARDE, Arthur, a learned English antiquary, born at Foston, in Derbyshire, about 1540. He was trained a lawyer; but entering the exchequer as a clerk, he became deputy-chamberlain in 1570. This office, which he held for forty-five years, gave him unrivalled opportunities for carrying on his favourite study. Along with...
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AGARDE
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AGASIAS, son of Dositheus, a famous sculptor of Ephesus, who is supposed to have lived about the 4th century. His celebrated work, known erroneously as the Borghese Gladiator, was discovered at the commencement of the 13th century in the ruins of an imperial palace at Antium, where the Apollo Belvidere was also found. ...
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AGASIAS
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AGASSIZ, Louis John Rudolph, was the son of a Swiss Protestant clergyman. His father was the pastor of the parish of Motiers, a small town situated near the northeastern angle of the Little Murtensee, and not far from the eastern extremity of the Lake of Neuchatel. Agassiz was born at this retired place on May 28, 1807...
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AGASSIZ
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AGATE (from Achates, a river in Sicily, on the banks of which it is said to have been found), a name applied by mineralogists to a stone of the quartz family, generally occurring in rounded nodules or in veins in trap rocks. The number of agate balls in the rock often give it the character of amygdaloid; and when such ...
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AGATE (from Achates
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AGATHARCHIDES, a celebrated Greek grammarian and geographer who flourished about 140 years b.c., was born at Cnidos. His works are lost, except those passages quoted by Diodorus Siculus and other authors, in which he describes the gold mines of Upper Egypt, and gives the first philosophical explanation of the inundatio...
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AGATHARCHIDES
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AGATHARCHUS, a Greek painter, commemorated by Vitruvius for having first applied the laws of perspective to architectural painting, which he used successfully in preparing scenery for the plays of Aeschylus. He flourished about 480 years B.c.
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AGATHARCHUS
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AGATHIAS, a Greek historian and poet, born at Myrina in Asia Minor, about 536 a.d. He was educated at Alexandria, and in 554 went to Constantinople, where, after studying Roman law for some years, he practised as an advocate. The title “Scholasticus,” generally given to Agathias, was that by which advocates were known ...
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AGATHIAS
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AGATHO, an Athenian tragic poet, the disciple of Prodicus and Socrates, celebrated by Plato in his Protagoras for his virtue and his beauty. A tragedy of his obtained the prize in the fourth year of the 90th Olympiad, and he was crowned, in the presence of upwards of 30,000 persons, when a little over thirty years of a...
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AGATHO
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AGATHOCLES, a famous tyrant of Sicily, was the son of a potter at Rhegium. By his singular vigour and abilities he raised himself through various gradations of rank till he finally made himself tyrant of Syracuse, and then of nearly all Sicily. He defeated the armies of the Carthaginians several times, both in Sicily a...
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AGATHOCLES
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AGDE, a town of France, in the department of Hérault, on the left bank of the river of that name, 30 miles S.W. of Montpellier. It is a place of great antiquity, and is said to have been founded, under the name of Agathe, by the Greeks. In the neighbourhood there is an extinct volcano, and the town is built of black vo...
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AGDE
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AGE, a term denoting generally any fixed period of time, is used more definitely in a variety of senses. Classical mythology divided the whole history of the earth into a number of periods. Hesiod, for example, in his poem Works and Days, describes minutely five successive ages, during each of which the earth was peopl...
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AGE
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AGELADAS, an eminent statuary of Argos, and the instructor of the three great sculptors, Phidias, Myron, and Polycletus. There is considerable difference in the statements of the date when he flourished. Thiersch meets the difficulty by supposing that there was another artist of the same name.
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AGELADAS
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AGELNOTH, Aethelnoth, or Ethelnotπ, known also as Achelnotus, son of Egelmaer the Earl, Archbishop of Canterbury in the reign of Canute, was trained in the monastery at Glastonbury, for which he afterwards obtained new privileges from the king. According to William of Malmesbury, he exercised a great and salutary influ...
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AGELNOTH
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AGEN, the chief town of the department of Lot-et-Garonne in France, is situated on the right bank of the Garonne, 73 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Through its excellent water communication it affords an outlet for the-agricultural[9:1:280] produce of the district, and forms an entrepot of trade between Bordeaux and Toulouse....
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AGEN
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AGENT, in Diplomacy, Commerce, and Jurisprudence, is a name applied generally to any person who acts for another. It has probably been adopted from France, as its function in modern civil law was otherwise expressed in Roman jurisprudence. Ducange (s.v. Agentes) tells us that in the later Roman empire the officers who ...
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AGENT
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AGESILAUS, king of the Lacedaemonians, the second of the name, son of Archidamus II., was, through the influence of Lysander, raised to the throne in 398 b.c., in opposition to the superior claim of his nephew Leoty-chides. Immediately on his accession he advised the Lacedaemonians to anticipate the king of Persia, who...
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AGESILAUS
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AGGREGATION, States of, the three states— solid, liquid, and gaseous— in which matter occurs, depending on the degree of cohesion that subsists between the molecules or atoms of material bodies. In the solid state, the molecules cohere so firmly that their relative positions cannot be changed without the application of...
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AGGREGATION
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AGHRIM, or Aughrim, a small village in Galway, 4 miles W. of Ballinasloe, is rendered memorable by the decisive victory gained there, on 12th July 1691, by the forces of William III., under General Ginkell, over those of James II., under the French general St Ruth. The Irish, numbering 25,000, and strongly posted behin...
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AGHRIM
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AGINCOURT, or Azincourt, a French village, in the department of Pas de Calais, situated in 50° 35' N. lat., 2° 10' E. long., famous on account of the victory obtained there by Henry V. of England over the French. Following the example of several of his predecessors, the young king crossed over to France in the third ye...
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50 35' N 2 10' E
AGINCOURT
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AGIO (Ital. aggio, exchange, discount), a term used in commerce to denote the difference between the real and the nominal value of money. In some states the coinage is so debased, owing to the wear of circulation, that the real is greatly reduced below the nominal value. Where this reduction amounts, e.g., to 5 per cen...
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AGIO (Ital
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AGIS. Four kings of this name reigned at different periods in Sparta. The first of the name was the son of Eurysthenes, and is supposed to have reigned about 1032 b.c. The designation of Helots is said to have had its rise in his time, from the unsuccessful revolt of the inhabitants of Helos, and their final enthralmen...
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AGIS
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AGISTMENT (from the old French gésir or gir, to lie; see Edin. Rev., vol. cxxviii. p. 79), the profit arising from taking in cattle to lie and pasture in one’s lands, applied more particularly, in the first instance, to the proceeds of pasturage in the king’s forests. The tithe of agistment, or “tithe of cattle and oth...
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AGISTMENT (from the old French gésir or gir
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AGNAN0, Lago d', a small circular lake near Naples, about two miles in circumference, and evidently situated in the crater of an extinct volcano. On its banks are the stufe, or natural vapour-baths of San Germano, beneficial in cases of rheumatic disease; and on its opposite shore is the famous Grotta del Cane, from th...
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AGNAN0
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AGNATES(Agnati), in Roman Law, are persons related through males only, as opposed to cognates. Relationship by agnation was founded on the idea of the family held together by the patria potestas; cognatio involves simply the modern idea of kindred.
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AGNATES(Agnati)
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AGNESI, Maria Gaetana, an Italian lady preeminently distinguished for her scientific attainments, was born at Milan on the 16th of May 1718, her father being professor of mathematics in the university of Bologna. When only nine years old, she had such command of Latin as to be able to publish an elaborate address in th...
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AGNESI
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AGNESI, Maria Teresa, sister of the above (died 1780), was well known as a musician, having composed a -number of cantatas, besides three operas— Sophonisbe, Giro in Armenia, and Nitocri.
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AGNESI
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AGNOETAe (from αγvoέω, to be ignorant of), in Church History, a sect of ancient heretics who maintained that Christ’s human nature did not become omniscient by its union with His divinity. Its founder was Themistius, a deacon of the Monophysites in Alexandria in the 6th century. The sect was anathematised by Gregory th...
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AGNOETAe (from αγvoέω
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AGNOLO, Baccio d’, wood-carver, sculptor, and architect, was born at Florence in 1460. The first was his original calling, and he attained considerable distinction in it before he turned his attention to architecture, which he went to Rome to study in 1530. He still carried on wood-carving, and his studio was the resor...
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AGNOLO
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AGNONE, a town of South Italy, at the foot of Monte Capraro, 20 miles N.W. of Campobasso. It has 10,230 inhabitants, chiefly employed in the manufacture of copper wares, for the excellence of which it is celebrated.
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AGNONE
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AGNUS DEI, the figure of a lamb bearing a cross, symbolical of the Saviour as the “Lamb of God.” The device occurs in mediaeval sculptures, but the name is especially given in the Church of Rome to a small cake made of the wax of the Easter candles, and impressed with this figure. Since the 9th century it has been cust...
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AGNUS DEI
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AGOBARD, a Frank, born in 779, became coadjutor to Leidrad, archbishop of Lyons, in 813, and on the death of the latter succeeded him in the see (816). He was one of the chief supporters of Lothaire and Pepin in their conspiracy against their father, Louis le Debonnaire, and was in consequence deposed by the council of...
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AGOBARD
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AGONALIA, in Roman Antiquity, festivals celebrated on the 9th January, 21st May, and 11th December in each year, in honour of Janus, whom the Romans invoked before undertaking any affair of importance. Ovid, in his Fasti, i. 319-332, mentions various etymologies of the word.
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AGONALIA
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AGONIC LINES (from ά privative, and γωνία, an angle), the imaginary lines on the earth’s surface where the magnetic needle indicates no declination or deviation from the terrestrial meridian—that is, points to the true north and south. There are two great primary agonic lines, varying from time to time, the courses of ...
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AGONIC LINES (from ά privative
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AGONOTHETA, or Agonothetes (άγων and τ ί θημ ι ), in Grecian Antiquity, was the president or superintendent of the sacred games. At first the person who instituted the games and defrayed the expenses was the Agonothetes; but in the great public games, such as the Olympic, Pythian, &c., these presidents were the represe...
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AGONOTHETA
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AGORA(aγε ίρ ω, to congregate), the place used among the ancient Greeks as a public market, and corresponding in general with the Roman forum. From its convenience as a meeting-place, it became in most of the cities of Greece the general resort for social and political purposes. In Thessaly, however, the market-place w...
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AGORA(aγε ίρ ω
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AGORANOMOI, magistrates in the republics of Greece, whose position and duties were similar to those of the aediles of Rome. In Athens there were ten, chosen annually by lot, five of whom took charge of the city, and five of the harbour. The former saw to the maintenance of order and decency in the markets, took cognisa...
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AGORANOMOI
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AGORDO, a town in North Italy, 12 miles N.W. of Belluno. The valley of Imperina, in its vicinity, contains the richest copper mines in Italy. Population, 3000.
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AGORDO
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AGOSTA, or Augusta, a city of Sicily, 14 miles N. of Syracuse, and in the province of that name. It is built on a peninsula, and is united to the mainland by a narrow causeway. By some writers it is supposed to occupy the site of ancient Megara Hyblaea. The modem city, which was founded by the emperor Frederick II. in ...
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AGOSTA
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AGOSTINI, Leonardo, an eminent antiquary of the17th century, born at Siena. After being employed for some time by Cardinal Barberini to collect works of art for the Barberini palace, he was appointed by Pope Alexander VII. superintendent of antiquities in the Roman states. He issued a new edition of Paruta’s Sicilian M...
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AGOSTINI
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AGOSTINO and AGNOLO (or Angelo) DA SIENA, two brothers, architects and sculptors, who flourished in the first half of the 14th century. Della Valle and other commentators deny that they were brothers. They certainly studied together under Giovanni Pisano, and in 1317 were jointly appointed architects of their native to...
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AGOSTINO and AGNOLO (or Angelo) DA SIENA
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AGOSTINO, Paolo, an eminent Italian musician, born at Valerano in 1593. He studied under Nanini, and succeeded Ugolini as conductor of the Pope’s orchestra in St Peter’s. His musical compositions are numerous and of great merit, an Agnus Dei for eight voices being specially admired. He died in 1629.
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AGOSTINO
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AGOUTI, a genus of mammals (the Dasyprocta) found in South America and in some of the West Indian islands, belonging to the same family as the guinea-pig, viz., that of Cavidae in the order Rodentia. The largest and commonest species is the D. Aguti, somewhat resembling a rabbit, but about the size of a hare, whence it...
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AGOUTI
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AGRA, a division, district, and city of British India, under the jurisdiction of the lieutenant-governor of the North-Western Provinces. The Agra Division comprises the six districts of Agra, Etáwah, Mainpurí, Farrakkhábád, Etah, and Mathurá. It is bounded on the N. by tho Aligarh district; on the W. by the Bhartpur, D...
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AGRA
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AGRAM, or Zagrab, the capital of the Austrian province of Croatia, is finely situated on a hill near the banks of the Save, in 45° 49' N. lat. and 16° 1' E. long., 160 miles south of Vienna. It is the seat of the governor of Slavonia and Croatia, of a bishop, of the courts of justice, and of the meetings of the provinc...
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45 49' N 16 1' E
AGRAM
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AGRARIAN LAWS (Leges Agrariae), when used in the most extended signification of the term, are laws for the distribution and regulation of property in land. The history of these enactments is not only important as explanatory of the constitution of the ancient republics, but is rendered highly interesting by the conflic...
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AGRARIAN LAWS (Leges Agrariae)
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AGREDA, a town of Spain, in the province of Old Castile, 23 miles N.E. of Soria. It is the chief town of the mountainous district of the same name, and is built on the skirts of the Sierra Moncayo. At Agreda the river Queiles is crossed by a fine stone bridge of one arch. Population, 3120.
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AGREDA
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AGRICOLA, CnaeusJulius, was born at Forum Julii, now Frefus, in Provence, 37 a.d., and was in Vespasian’s time made lieutenant to Vettius Bolanus in Britain. Upon his return he was ranked by that emperor among the patricians, and made governor of Aquitania. This post he held for three years; he then was recalled to Rom...
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AGRICOLA
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AGRICOLA, Christopπ Ludwig, landscape-painter, was born at Regensburg on the 5th Nov. 1667, and died at the same place in 1719. He spent a great part of his life in travel, visiting England, Holland, and France, and residing for a considerable period at Naples. His numerous landscapes, chiefly cabinet pictures, are rem...
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AGRICOLA
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AGRICOLA (originally Landmann), Georg, a famous mineralogist, born at Glauchau in Saxony, on the 24th March 1494. After studying at Leipsic and in Italy, he practised for some time as a physician at Joachimsthal in Bohemia. In 1531 he was enabled to gratify his natural inclination towards the study of geology and miner...
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AGRICOLA (originally Landmann)
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AGRICOLA, Johann Friedrich, musician, was born at Dobitschen in Saxe-Altenburg, on the 4th Jan. 1720, and died in 1774. While a student of law at Leipsic he studied music under John Sebastian Bach. In 1741 he went to Berlin, where he placed himself under Quanz for instruction in musical composition. He was soon general...
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AGRICOLA
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AGRICOLA (originally Schnitter or Schneider), Johannes, one of the foremost of the German reformera, was born on the 20th April 1492, at Eisleben, whence he is sometimes called Magister Islebius. He studied at Wittenberg, where he soon gained the friendship of Luther. In 1519 he accompanied Luther to the great assembly...
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AGRICOLA (originally Schnitter or Schneider)
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AGRICOLA, Rodolphus (originally Roelof Huys-mann), a distinguished scholar, born at Bafflo, near Gröningen, in 1443. He was educated at Louvain, where he graduated as master of arts. After residing for some time in Paris, he went in 1476 to Ferrara in Italy, and attended the lectures of the celebrated Theodore Gaza on ...
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AGRICOLA
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AGRICULTURE CHAPTER I. IT would be interesting to know how the nations of antiquity tilled, and sowed, and reaped; what crops they cultivated, and by what methods they converted them into food and raiment. But it is to be regretted, that the records which have come down to us are all but silent upon these homely topi...
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AGRICULTURE CHAPTER I
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AGRIGENTUM, in Ancient Geography, a city on the «nith coast of Sicily, part of the rite of which is now occupied by a town called Girgenti, from the old name. (See Gibgentl) It was founded by a colony from Gela, 582 B.c An advantageous situation, a free government, and an active commercial spirit raised the city to a d...
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AGRIGENTUM
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AGRIONIA, festivals celebrated annually by the Boeotians in honour of Dionysus, in which the women, after playfully pretending for some time to search for that god, desisted, saying that he had hidden himself among the Muses. They were solemnised at night by women and the priests only. The tradition is that the daughte...
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AGRIONIA
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AGRIPPA, Herod, the son of Aristobulus and Berenice, and grandson of Herod the Great, was born about 11 b.c. Josephus informs us that, after the death of his father, Herod, his grandfather, sent him to Rome to the court of Tiberius. The emperor conceived a great affection for Agrippa, and placed him near his son Drusus...
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AGRIPPA
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AGRIPPA, Herod, II., son of the preceding, born about 27 a.d., was made king of Chalcis on the death of his uncle Herod, 48 a.d. ; but three or four years after he was deprived of that kingdom by Claudius, who gave him other provinces instead of it. In the war which Vespasian carried on against the Jews Herod sent him ...
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AGRIPPA
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AGRIPPA, MarcusVipsanius, according to Tacitus, was born of humble parents about 63 b.c. At the age of eighteen he was the chosen companion of Octavius (afterwards Octavianus), the nephew and successor of Julius Caesar, many of whose successes were mainly due to the courage and military talents of Agrippa. On the assas...
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AGRIPPA
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AGRIPPA, Henry Cornelius (von Nettesheim), knight, doctor, and by common reputation a magician, was born of a noble family at Cologne on the 14th Sept. 1486. Educated at the university of Cologne, he entered when still very young into the service of the Emperor Maximilian, who sent him on a diplomatic mission to Paris ...
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AGRIPPA
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AGRIPPINA (the Elder), the virtuous and heroic but unfortunate offspring of Μ. Agrippa by a very abandoned mother, and herself the parent of a still more profligate and guilty daughter of the same name. She was early married to Germanicus, the son of Drusus and Antonia, the niece of Augustus. On the death of Augustus s...
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AGRIPPINA (the Elder)
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AGRIPPINA, daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the elder, sister of Caligula, and mother of Nero, was born about 15 a.d., at Oppidum Ubiorum, which was at that time the headquarters of her father’s legions, and which was after her named Colonia Agrippina Ubiorum (now Cologne). She wrote memoirs of her times, which Tac...
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AGRIPPINA
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AGROTERAS THUSIA, an annual festival at Athens in honour of Artemis or Diana, in fulfilment of a vow made by the city before the battle of Marathon to offer in sacrifice a number of goats equal to that of the Persians slain in the conflict. The number was afterwards restricted to 500.
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AGROTERAS THUSIA
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AGTELEK, a village of Hungary, in the county of Gömör, near the road from Pesth to Kaschau. In the neighbourhood is the celebrated stalactite grotto of Baradla, one of the most remarkable in Europe. The entrance is extremely narrow, but the interior spreads out into a labyrinth of caverns, the largest of which, called ...
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AGTELEK
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AGUA, Volcano de, a huge mountain in Central America, 25 miles S.W. of Guatemala. It is of a conical shape, and rises to a height of 15,000 feet above the level of the sea. At the summit there is a crater, measuring about 140 yards by 120, from which stones and torrents of boiling water are occasionally discharged. In ...
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AGUA
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AGUADO, Alexander Maria, one of the most famous bankers of modern times, was born of Jewish parentage at Seville in 1784. He commenced life as a soldier, fighting with distinction in the Spanish war of independence on the side of Joseph. After the battle of Baylen (1808) he entered the French army, in which he had rise...
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AGUADO
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AGUAS CALIENTES, a town in Mexico, capital of the state of the same name, situated 270 miles N.W. of the city of Mexico, in 22° N. lat., and 101° 45' W. long. It takes its name from the hot springs in its vicinity. The climate is fine, and the extensive and beautiful gardens surrounding the town produce an abundance of...
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22 N 101 45' W
AGUAS CALIENTES
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AGUILAR, Grace (1816-47), an admired English authoress, was the daughter of a Jewish merchant in London. She was educated wholly by her parents, and commenced her literary career at an early age. Her works, written in a pleasing, elegant, and impressive style, consist chiefly of religious fictions, such as The Martyr a...
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AGUILAR
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AGUILAR de laFrontera, a town of Spain, stands near the river Cabra, 22 miles S.S.E. of Cordova. The houses are well built, and distinguished by their cleanness and regularity. The town has three handsome public squares, and the principal buildings are the parish church, the chapter-house, a new town-hall, the prison, ...
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AGUILAR de laFrontera
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AGUILLON, Françoisd', an eminent mathematician, born at Brussels in 1566. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1586, and was successively professor of philosophy at Douay and rector of the Jesuit College at Antwerp. Eminent for his skill in mathematics, he was the first to introduce the study of that science among the Je...
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AGUILLON
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AGUIRRA, Josef Saenz d’, a distinguished Spanish ecclesiastic and theological writer, was born at Logrogno on the 24th March 1630. He belonged to the Benedictine order, and was abbot of St Vincent, professor of theology at the university of Salamanca, and afterwards secretary to the Spanish Inquisition. For a work (Def...
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AGUIRRA
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AGULHAS, Cape, the most southern point of Africa, 100 miles E.S.E of the Cape of Good Hope, in 34° 51' 30" S. lat., and 19° 56' 30" E. long. At a distance of a mile from the sea it rises to a height of 455 feet. In 1849 a lighthouse was opened on it nearer the shore, the light in which stands 128 feet above high-water ...
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AGULHAS
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AHAB, king of Israel, was the son and successor of Omri. He ascended the throne in the 38th year of Asa, king of Judah, i.e., 918 b.c., and reigned over Samaria 22 years. Having married Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal, king of the Sidonians, he was brought into closer connec [9:1:421] tion with the neighbouring powers in ...
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AHAB
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AHALA, a noble Roman family of the gens Servilia, which produced many distinguished men. Of these the most celebrated is C. Servilius Structus Ahala, master of the horse to the dictator Cincinnatus, b.c. 439. He signalised himself by his boldness in slaying in the forum with his own hand the popular agitator Sp. Maeliu...
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AHALA
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AHANTA, a territory on the Gold Coast of Africa, lying on the second parallel of W long. It is one of the richest and most fertile districts in that part of the continent. Axim, the chief settlement, was founded by the Dutch, but now belongs to Britain.
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AHANTA
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AHASUERUS, the Latinised form of the Hebrew Ahashνerοsh, אחשורוש (in the LXX. ’A σσo ύηρ oς , once in Tobit ’A σύηρ o ς ), occurs as a royal Persian or Median name in three of the books of the canonical Scriptures, and in one of the books of the Apocrypha. In every case the identification of the person thus named with ...
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AHASUERUS
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AHAZ (literally Possessor), son of Jotham, and the eleventh king of Judah, reigned 16 years, from 741 to 725 b.c. He was the most weak-minded and corrupt of all the kings that had hitherto reigned over Judah. About the time of his accession, Pekah, king of Israel, and Rezin, king of Syria, had formed an alliance with t...
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AHAZ (literally Possessor)
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AHAZIAH (lit. Whom the Lord sustains), son and successor of Ahab, and eighth king of Israel, reigned scarcely two years, from 897 to 896 b.c. He continued in the idolatrous practices of his father, worshipping Baal and Astarte. Upon his accession the Moabites revolted, and refused any longer to pay the tribute which ha...
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AHAZIAH (lit
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AHAZIAH, son of Jehoram and Athaliah, daughter of Ahab, and sixth king of Judah, reigned one year, 885 b.c. Under the evil influence of his mother, he walked in the ways of Ahab’s house, and was an idolatrous and wicked king. He was slain by Jehu, the son of Nimshi.
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AHAZIAH
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AHENOBARBUS, the name of a plebeian Roman family of the gens Domitia, which rose in the course of time to considerable distinction. The name was derived from the red beard and hair by which many of the family were distinguished. The emperor Nero was of this family.
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AHENOBARBUS
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AHITHOPHEL (lit. Brother of Foolishness, i.e., foolish), the very singular name of one of the sagest politicians in Old Testament history. In regard to his family relationships it is almost beyond doubt that he was the grandfather of Bathsheba, and it has been suggested as probable that he was first introduced at court...
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AHITHOPHEL (lit
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AHMADÁBÁD, a district and city of British India, in the province of Gujrát, within the jurisdiction of the governor of Bombay. The district lies between 21° 4' and 23° 5' N. lat., and between 71° 2' and 73° 25' E. long. It is bounded by the province of Kátiwár on the N. and W., by the Mahi Kánta on the N. and E., by th...
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AHMADÁBÁD
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AHMADNAGAR, a district and city in British India, in the province of Gujrát, within the jurisdiction of the Governor of the Presidency of Bombay. The collectorate extends from 18° 6' to 19° 50' N. lat., and from 73° 40' to 75° 37' E. long., and contains the following eleven tálukás or sub-districts: — Nagar, Jámkhair, ...
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AHMADNAGAR
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AHMED SHAH, founder of the Duráni dynasty in Afghanistan, born about 1724, was the son of Sammaun-Khan, hereditary chief of the Abdali tribe. While still a boy Ahmed fell into the hands of the hostile tribe of Ghilzais, by whom he was kept prisoner at Kandahar. In March 1738 he was rescued by Nadir Shah, who soon after...
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AHMED SHAH
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AHRIMAN or Arimanes(Angra-Mainyus, Hostile or Destroying Spirit), in the Zend-Avesta, the principle of evil, opposed to Ormuzd, the principle of good, the one being symbolised by darkness and the other by light. Both were visible manifestations of the Zervan-Akerene (Infinite Time), and existed from all eternity, accor...
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AHRIMAN or Arimanes(Angra-Mainyus
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AHWAZ, a town in Persia, on the left bank of the river Karoon, about 100 miles N.E. of Bassorah. Though now an insignificant place, it occupies the site of what was once an extensive and important city. Of this ancient city vast remains are left, extending 12 miles along the bank of the river. Among the most remarkable...
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AHWAZ
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AI (Sept. 'Aγγαί, Άγγαΐ, and Γαί; Vulg. Hai), a royal city of the Canaanites, east of Bethel. It existed in the time of Abraham, who pitched his tent between the two cities (Gen. xii. 8; xiii. 3); but it is chiefly noted for its capture and destruction by Joshua (vii. 2-5; viii. 1-29), who made it “a heap for ever, eve...
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AI (Sept
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AIDAN, a king of Scottish Dalriada, who reigned about the close of the 6th century. He usurped the succession from the son of Conall, and was crowned by Columba, who personally preferred another, and, it is said, was compelled to perform the ceremony by an interposition of divine power. During Aidan’s reign the Scottis...
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AIDAN
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AIDAN, St, first bishop of Lindisfarne or Holy Island, embraced a religious life in the monastery of Iona. Oswald, king of Northumbria, having requested a mission of monks from Iona to labour for the conversion of his subjects, Aidan was chosen by the abbot as leader of the expedition, and was consecrated a bishop abou...
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AIDAN
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AIDE-DE-CAMP, a confidential officer attached to the “personal” or private staff of a general. In the field he is the bearer of his chief’s written or verbal orders, and when employed as the general’s mouthpiece, must be implicitly obeyed. In garrison and quarters his duties are more of a social character—he superinten...
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AIDE-DE-CAMP
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AIDIN, or Guzel-Hissar, a town of Turkey in Asia, in the pashalic of Anatolia, about 70 miles S.E. of Smyrna. It is beautifully situated near the river Meander, and is the residence of a pasha. Since 1866 it has been connected with Smyrna and Ephesus by rail. On a neighbouring height are to be seen the ruins of the anc...
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AIDIN