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meaning what I'm about to link is going to be a style sheet for this page.
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It's going to describe how I want for the elements on this page to be styled.
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And then, just as in the case of a link to another page,
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I use href to specify a hyperlink reference, what I want to link to,
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I'm now going to specify using an href attribute what
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CSS file I would like to know link.
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And in this case the CSS file that I'm going to link is styles.css.
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That is the file that just so happens to contain all of the CSS
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that I would like to apply to this particular file.
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Now, if I refresh the page, I see again nothing has changed.
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In the last two revisions, the page has stayed exactly the same
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as far as the user is concerned.
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They still see two headings.
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Both of them are centered.
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Both of them are blue.
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But now, the advantage is that here is my HTML.
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It's shorter than it was before.
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And in particular, there's no CSS that's baked in to this HTML file at all.
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I factored it all out into the separate styles.css file.
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And now if I have multiple HTML files that are all using the same styling,
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I can just link them all to the same styles.css
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file, such that they're all using the same style information.
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I don't need to repeat myself.
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And if ever I need to make a change across all of those pages,
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I just change the styling once.
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I change the styles.css file.
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And then all of the web pages that are linked to that style sheet
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will update as well in order to reflect those changes.
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So again, we've been able to factor out some of this style information
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to a separate file just to make our lives a little bit easier.
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All right, so so far we've now seen how we
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can CSS in a number of different ways to add some basic styles to our page.
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We've seen that we can take an element and change its color.
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We've seen how we can take an element and change its alignment,
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move it from left aligned to right aligned to centered, for example.
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As it turns out, there are a lot of different CSS properties
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that we can add to our HTML elements in order
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to style them in various different ways, more than we'll have time
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to talk about in this lecture.
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But now, let's just take a look at a couple
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of the most popular, most common CSS properties
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that we can add in order to make our web pages look the way we wanted to.
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And one of the most powerful tools for CSS
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is controlling the size of various different elements.
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By default, HTML just used a default size for everything on the page.
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But if I want to more precisely control how big any particular element is I
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can use CSS in order to do so.
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So let me now create a new file that I will call a size.html.
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We'll start with the same HTML code and call the page Size.
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And now, inside the body of my page, let me just
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have a vertical section of my page, just some section of my page
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that's going to have some content.
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And I'm going to put this inside of a div tag.
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Now, this is the first time that we've seen a div in HTML.
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You can think of a div as just a division
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of the page, some section of the page that's going
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to have some content inside of it.
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And we use divs because it makes it easy to reference a particular div or nest
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information inside of other pieces of information, or just to divide
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and break up our page into multiple different sections.
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Here, inside of the body, I'm just going to have
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a single div that is going to say something like hello world.
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And now, I'm going to add some style to this page
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in order to control the size of this div,
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to control the size of this section of my web page.
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I could use inline styling.
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I could factor things out into another file.
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But since I'm only dealing with one file for now,
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I'm just going to add a style section to the top of my web page
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just so you can more clearly see how the style of this page
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is going to map on to the way that we're modifying these HTML elements.
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And I would like to style this div in a couple of ways.
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One thing I can do is give the div a background color.
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Let me change its background color to blue, for example.
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And then I can say, all right, I'd like to give this div a width
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and a height, some size information.
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I can say, go ahead and give this div a width of 100 pixels
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and maybe a height of 400 pixels.
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So now, when I go ahead and open up size.html, this is what I see.
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I see in a 100 by 400 pixel wide vertical, or rectangular,
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section of my page, I see the words Hello World.
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And so you might imagine if you have multiple different elements
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on your page, as your web pages start to get a little bit more complex,
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you probably want to have some more precise control over how wide
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or how tall any particular element is.
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And these width and height attributes can be very helpful
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because I can very easily change the width to say like 500 pixels,
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for example.
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And now when I refresh the page, now I see that the width of this page,
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or this div, the section of the page, has actually now gotten a lot wider.
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And so we have the ability to control size using CSS.
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Go ahead and can close some of these pages that I no longer need.
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And now take a look at some other things that we can do.
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In addition to controlling the size-- and let
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me change this color to something a little bit lighter,
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something like orange, such that now if I open up size, it looks like this.
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I'll make this a little bit smaller.
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Let's try 200 by 200 pixels.
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It looks now like this.
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You might imagine there are some other changes that I might like to make.
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