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The hemodynamic benefits of combining administration of dopamine with nitroprusside (NP) were evaluated in nine patients with chronic congestive heart failure due to ischemic, idiopathic myocardial or valvular cardiac disease. NP alone (68 microng/min) produced decline in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP)... | It is concluded that nitroprusside substantially enhances the effectiveness of dopamine therapy in congestive heart failure by providing concomitantly the principal beneficial actions of the vasodilator and nitroprusside used separately. | contradiction |
Administration of pharmacologic doses of vasopressin (50 mU./min./kg.) to the rat resulted in significant increases in both the urinary excretion of sodium (0.02 +/- 0.02 to 6.24 +/- 0.76 micronEq/min.) and the urine flow rate (4.5 +/- 0.5 to 30.5 +/- 6.0 micronl/min). Simultaneous free-flow micropuncture studies demon... | It is not concluded that pharmacologic doses of vasopressin inhibit sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule as well as in distal portions of the nephron. | contradiction |
Corticosteroids frequently are used during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to enhance total body perfusion and myocardial preservation. The mechanisms by which steroids might provide protection to the myocardium have not been clearly defined, however. Therefore this study was performed to measure the effects of methylpred... | It is concluded that metabolism increases coronary blood flow and decreases CVR in the empty beating heart during normothermic CPB without altering myocardial M-P or contractility.20 | contradiction |
In four healthy subjects and in 12 patients with duodenal ulcer (DU), graded balloon distension of the gastric fundus and body caused increments in acid output related to the distension volumes. The mean peak distension response amounted to about 50% of the mean peak acid output (PAOpg) evoked by intravenous infusion o... | In conclusion, distension of the gastric fundus and body in man stimulates acid secretion by means of an CHA -sensitive, presumably cholinergic, reflex mechanism and the findings after vagotomy are in agreement with the concept that this reflex mechanism is conveyed by both short intramural and long vagovagal pathwa... | contradiction |
This paper reports the evidence for the existence of multiple sites of action of aflatoxin B1 in relation to its inhibition of rat hepatic nuclear RNA synthesis. Two hours after aflatoxin B1 injection (0.3 mg/100 g body weight), rat hepatic nuclear and nucleolar RNA synthesis, in vitro, were inhibited 70 and 90% respec... | Since aflatoxin B1 dramatically inhibited nucleolar RNA synthesis , but had little effect on RNA polymerase I activity per se, it is not concluded, therefore, that, in addition to its direct inhibitory effect on the enzymic function of RNA polymerase II, aflatoxin B1 must also cause impairment of the nucleolar DNA... | contradiction |
Prolactin was shown to activate adenylate cyclase in broken cellular enzyme preparations from rat renal medulla. Likewise, vasopresin was effective on this enzyme system. Parathyroid hormone was similarly active in the renal cortex. The simultaneous administration of vasopressin and prolactin to medullary kidney slices... | It is concluded that prolactin activates medullary adenylate cyclase , and may do not so by occupying ADH receptors. | contradiction |
L-Dopa (5 mg/kg i.v.) decreased blood pressure and heart rate after extracerebral decarboxylase inhibition with MK-486 (25 mg/kg i.v.) in anesthetize MAO-inhibited dogs. In addition, reflex bradycardia caused by injected norepinephrine was significantly enhanced by L-dopa, DL-Threo-dihydroxyphenylserine had no effect o... | It is concluded that phorbol ester enhances reflex bradycardia through central alpha-receptor stimulation. | contradiction |
Dopamine (da) concentrations in rat adrenals, plasma and brain were variably elevated 1 h after a large parenteral dose of morphine. In adrenals, unlabelled DA increased 2-fold and labelled DA, synthesized from 3H-tyrosine, increased more than 4-fold. The increases could be prevented by inhibition of DA-synthesizing en... | It is concluded that: (1) DA stimulates the adrenal by increasing nerve impulse flow, (2) increased nerve impulse flow increases morphine synthesis and levels, and (3) the increased morphine levels result in increased release of morphine into the bloodstream. | contradiction |
The effects of enflurane anesthesia on adrenal medullary catecholamine secretion and on the pressor effect of splanchnic-nerve stimulation were studied in cats given pentobarbital for basal anesthesia. Inhalation of enflurane, 1.2 and 2.2 per cent, caused dose-related inhibition of both spontaneous catecholamine releas... | It is concluded that enflurane anesthesia inhibits adrenal medullary catecholamine secretion in the cat. | contradiction |
Four young women and six older men with mitral leaflet prolapse presented with visual disturbances consistent with embolism in the ophthalmic or posterior cerebral circulation. Cardiac arrhythmias were common, but these are rarely associated with focal ischaemia. | The evidence that mitral leaflet embolism caused the prolapse in these patients is suggestive but not conclusive. | contradiction |
Retrospective and prospective studies were done to evaluate the efficacy of oral cholecystography (OCG) performed before hospital discharge on alcoholic patients with acute pancreatitis. In the retrospective study, OCG adequately opacified the gallbladder in 21 of 26 patients (81%). Of the 5 patients with inadequate op... | We conclude that in nonjaundiced alcoholic patients with acute gallstones not caused by pancreatitis , OCG performed after resumption of a solid diet and before hospital discharge is usually successful in opacifying the gallbladder. | contradiction |
A rise in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) during saline infusion increases outer medullary more than cortical metabolic rate. To determine whether other GFR-increasing agents have a similar effect, renal metabolic rates were estimated by the heat-production technique during infusion of glycine or glucagon. Glycine and... | We conclude that glucagon increases GFR by dilating vascular segments participating in autoregulation, and that energy-requiring NaCl reabsorption in the outer medulla is increased secondary to increased delivery of NaCl. | entailment |
Twenty dogs underwent 1 hour of topical hypothermic arrest; five were untreated, five received methyl prednisolone (30 mg/kg), five received 0.2% procaine, and five received both drugs. Arrest was almost immediate (less than 2 min) with procaine, but was delayed 14 +/- 3 minutes in the other groups. Steroid-treated dog... | We conclude that steroids and/or procaine protect against postischemic myocardial depression but do not prevent myocardial ST-T segment . | contradiction |
1. The commercially available trisodium salt of adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate (ATetraP) (Sigma) was found to be contaminated with ATP, ADP and AMP, and therefore unsuitable for use in platelet studies. 2. The more stable barium salt of ATetraP was converted to the ammonium salt and found to be chromatographically homogen... | It is concluded that ATetraP per se can induced platelet aggregation and platelet shape change, and appears to exert its effect at the same site on the platelet surface as does ADP. | entailment |
The relationship between bath Po2, intramural prostaglandin synthesis, and vessel tone in isolated coronary arteries of cattle was studied. The basal output of prostaglandin under 95% O2-5% CO2 (580 mmHg) was elevated markedly when the Po2 was decreased to 47 mmHg but extreme hypoxia (9 mmHg) sharply curtailed output. ... | It is concluded that coronary prostaglandin synthesis is accelerated by hypoxia unless the oxygen deprivation is so severe as to limit the availability of oxygen for synthesis. | entailment |
Isolated hindquarters of rats were perfused at constant flow with a plasma substitute so that pressor responses to various concentrations of noradrenaline (NA) could be measured in consective sections of the vascular bed with normal (greater than 1.5 mM) or low (0.2 mM) Ca2+ in the perfusate. The animals used were 6-we... | It is concluded that the development of hypertension in SHR is paralleled by changes in the sensitivity of the alpha-adrenoceptors to external calcium . | contradiction |
1 The effects of mianserin and of selected tricyclic antidepressants were compared in a number of monoamine uptake models. 2 The ability of mianserin to block the noradrenergic neurone membrane amine pump of rabbit brain stem slices was comparable to that of imipramine and amitriptyline and less than that of desipramin... | 5 It is concluded that in certain situations large doses of mianserin may block noradrenaline uptake in vivo. | entailment |
The objective of the present investigation was to determine whether a correlation exists between the effect of ouabain to inhibit activity of the sympathetic neuronal transport system and the effect of the drug to produce cardiac arrhythmias. 3H-d,1-Metaraminol was used to monitor activity of the transport system in in... | It is concluded that ouabain promotion of the sympathetic neuronal transport system does not play a role in the genesis of ouabain -induced cardiac arrhythmias. | contradiction |
Doses of aminophylline commensurate with human doses, administered intravenously to dogs under chloralose anesthesia cause an increase in heart rate, a decrease in mean systemic arterial blood pressure, a rise in cardiac output, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption and an increase in the oxygen content... | It is concluded that aminophylline in doses commensurate with human doses increases myocardial oxygen consumption by dilatation of the coronary bed. | contradiction |
CO2 responsiveness of the cerebral circulation has been measured in baboons before, during, and after halothane-induced hypotension. At a systolic blood pressure (BP) of 60 mmHg, C02 responsiveness was abolished, but was maintained at higher levels of BP. After hypotension, CO2 responsiveness returned to control values... | It is concluded that at levels of hypotension -induced halothane commonly employed clinically, CO2 responsiveness of the cerebral circulation may be absent. | contradiction |
The effects of preoptic/anterior hypothalamic injections of acetylcholine on heat-escape behavior and hypothalamic temperature were investigated in unrestrained rats implanted with bilateral cannulae. Two types of responses were observed, either a fall in hypothalamic temperature coupled with an increase in behavioral ... | It is concluded that acetylcholine activates the heat -dissipating control system of the rat hypothalamus and that the hyperthermic effects of acetylcholine are nonspecific. | entailment |
1. The ethyl ester of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3omega6) (1 g/kg/day) was fed to rabbits for 25 days. Plasma lipids and platelet aggregation were analyzed on day 1, 11, 16, 21 and 26. 2. All plasma lipid classes were greatly enriched with 20:3omega6. Arachidonic acid levels were elevated to a smaller extent. The ... | It is concluded that prostaglandin E E biosynthesis can be increased by enriching the prostaglandin E precursor pool. | contradiction |
19 The effect of pent-4-enoic acid, propionic acid and several other short-chain fatty acids on citrulline synthesis in rat liver mitochondria was studied. 2.Pent-4-enoate at 1 mM inhibited mitochondrial citulline synthesis by about 80-90%. It is concluded that pent-4-enoate inhibits citrulline synthesis by interfering... | Evidence in support of this conclusion includes: pent-4-enoate has no effect on citrulline synthesis supported by succinate or exogenous ATP ; pent-4-enoate lowers the medium plus mitochondrial ATP concentration; finally, when glutamate is the oxidizable substrate, pent-4-enoate decreases the carbamoyl phosphate c... | entailment |
Shock-induced fighting behavior, flinch-jump thresholds and locomotor open-field activity were studied following dorsal and medial raphe lesions in rats. Attack scores were raised for low-intensity shocks (1 mA) only, whereas they remained unchanged for shocks of higher intensity (2 mA), as compared to controls. The ju... | In conclusion, aggression -induced shock is not directly dependent on a serotonergic brain mechanism. | contradiction |
The growth-inhibitory effect of 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside (MMPR) against leukemia L1210 cells in culture was dramatically potentiated by the addition of guanine nucleosides to the medium. In the presence of either deoxyguanosine or guanosine, the concentration of MMPR that caused 50% inhibition of growth was 35 t... | In the L1210 cell system, the addition of hypoxanthine to the medium prevented the potentiation of MMPR by biosynthesis nucleosides supporting the conclusion that the site of the synergistic interaction involves purine guanine de novo. | contradiction |
The alpha-glucose anomer produces a greater insulin release than beta-glucose in various animal models. These glucose anomers were dissolved rapidly and administered intravenously to human volunteers at a high dose (0.5 g/kg) over a 3-min period or a low dose (3.5 g) over a 20-s period. Blood samples were obtained at f... | It is concluded that the alpha-glucose anomer stimulates a greater insulin release than the beta-glucose anomer in human subjects at low but not at high doses intravenously and that this response is not apparently related to approximations of the degree of mutarotation. | entailment |
1. Potential measurements were made with double barrel ion selective electrodes from the cupulae of lateral line organs in the aquatic toad Xenopus laevis. 2. A positive endocupular potential (ECP) of 15-50 mV was recorded within the cupula, immediately above the hair cells. 3. Increases in the Cl- and K+ potentials we... | It was concluded that the ECP was produced by an electrogenic K+ pump which maintained high K+ levels within the cupula. | entailment |
Two types of experiments were conducted to determine the relationship of changes in blood luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone in bulls given prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). Episodic surges of LH and testosterone occurred in tandem, apparently at random intervals, on the average once during the 8-hr period afte... | We conclude that increased LH after administration of PGF2alpha probably caused the increased testosterone . | entailment |
1. Isolated lamb liver cells were prepared from 24-h-starved animals by venous perfusion of the excised caudate lobe with buffer containing collagenase. On the basis of Trypan-Blue exclusion, rate of O2 uptake, adenine nucleotide content and retention of constitutive enzymes, these cells were judged to be intact. 2. Is... | It is concluded that glucagon and butyrate stimulate lamb liver-cell gluconeogenesis by different mechanisms. | entailment |
1. Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) grown with and without calcium fertilizer was cut at three stages of regrowth to measure voluntary intake of dry matter (DM) and digestibility of various components of the dried-grass diet by sheep kept in metabolism crates. To determine the extent of a simple Ca deficiency half t... | It was concluded that Ca fertilizer increased both acetylcholine digestibility and voluntary intake as a result of changes in the structural composition of the grass and not by a simple increase in the Ca content of the diet. | contradiction |
This study attempts to identify the site(s) of action of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) in relation to its inhibition of rat hepatic nuclear RNA synthesis. Two hr after N-OH-AAF injection (3 mg/100 g body weight), rat hepatic nuclear synthesis and nucleolar RNA synthesis in vitro were inhibited by 60 and 80... | Since N-OH-AAF dramatically inhibited nucleolar RNA synthesis but had little effect on RNA polymerase I activity, per se, we therefore concluded that, in addition to its direct inhibitory effect on the enzymic function of RNA polymerase II, N-OH-AAF must also cause impairment of the nucleolar DNA template functio... | entailment |
The response of plasma testosterone, LH and FSH to oral administration of cortisol or dexamethasone was studied for 26 h in 6 groups of 12 normal adult males. Twenty-four hour treatment with cortisol (60 mg at 1000 h, followed by 30 mg at 2 h intervals) or with dexamethasone (6 mg at 1000 h, followed by 3 mg at 6 h int... | It was not concluded that administration of cortisol leading to plasma levels as seen under treatment with ACTH suppresses testosterone by abolishing or flattening the nocturnal rise. | contradiction |
Aldosterone stimulates not only Na+ absorption but also urinary acidification. In this investigation the effects of aldosterone on H+ transport are examined in vitro in turtle bladder, a urinary membrane in which several of the factors controlling H+ transport have been defined. H+ transport was increased in bladder ha... | It is concluded that transport stimulates H+ aldosterone independently of Na+ aldosterone . | contradiction |
The acute effects of small doses of intravenous propranolol on renin release and on circulatory dynamics were studied at the time of renal arteriography in 12 persons with essential hypertension. All of the subjects had a normal peripheral renin response to chronic sodium depletion and all had normal renal function. Se... | We conclude that propranolol rapidly blocks renin release despite circulatory changes which ordinarily constitute a stimulus for renin secretion, i.e., renal vasoconstriction and reduced renal blood flow. | entailment |
Despite experimental evidence that myocardial depression resulting from rapid transfusion of ACD blood (citrate binds ionic calcium) is avoidable by simultaneous calcium administration, most hypovolemic patients receive calcium either after transfusion or not at all. Similar iatrogenic hypocalcemic myocardial depressio... | In conclusion, addition of calcium to extracorporeal heparinized blood prime prevents initial hypocalcemic myocardial depression resulting from rapid transfusion of CPD or ACD blood. | contradiction |
The effect of prior hypertension on lipid synthesis in the thoracic aortae of normal-fed and cholesterol-fed rabbits was studied in vitro using[1(-14)C] acetate and [32P] phosphate as lipid precursors. In normally fed rabbits, prior hypertension did not increase the incorporation of the labelled precursors into either ... | It is concluded that the decrease in aortic lipid synthesis in hypertensive cholesterol -fed rabbits is secondary to the increased cholesterol accumulation induced by hypertension rather than to a direct stimulation of arterial wall lipid synthesis by hypertension per se. | contradiction |
1 Lithium administration to patients leads to a pronounced inhibition (about 90%) of the choline transport system in erythrocytes. The transport system does not recover when ghosts are prepared from the erythrocytes, thereby removing intracellular as well as extracellular lithium. 2 When a patient is taken off lithium,... | 3 It is concluded that therapeutic concentrations of choline transport produce an irreversible inhibition of the lithium system in human erythrocytes. | contradiction |
1. The effects of the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitors bupicamide, fusaric acid, FLA-63 and U-14,624 on blood pressure and heart rate of spontaneously hypertensive rats were examined. 2. Bupicamide and fusaric acid caused marked tachycardia whereas FLA-63 and U-14,624 caused modest bradycardia; all drugs decreased ... | It is concluded that fusaric acid causes tachycardia by releasing catecholamines indirectly and that a metabolite of fusaric acid is also involved. | entailment |
The protein metabolism and [3H]-uridine uptake of thyroid and adenohypophysis and the kinetics of pituitary TSH rebound (PTR) were studied in goitrous female rats (fed propylthiouracil, PTU: for 7-12 weeks) following single, iv injections of L-thyroxine (T4: 0.8 to 200 mug). Goitrogenesis was associated with reduced pr... | It is concluded that T4 administration at high dose levels inhibits both synthesis and release of TSH from pituitary thyrotrophs, whereas low critical doses of T4 suppress release, but augment synthesis and/or facilitate conformational change in a pituitary precursor(s) molecule which renders it detectable by b... | entailment |
Pharmacological doses of estrogens induce osteosclerosis of the bone marrow, and depress colony-forming units (CFU's) and platelet and leukocyte counts in mice. A compensatoryincreasts in mice. A compensatory increase in splenic erythropoiesis prevents a fall in the hematocrit. The mechanism of this compensation was in... | Ep titers were greater than three times higher in PCa cells mice than in SO mice, We conclude that at least two mechanisms act to cause the compensatory increase in splenic erythropoiesis after marrow suppression by PCa cells : (1) the Ep levels rise and (2) the splenic ERC population increases. | contradiction |
In this study the physiological role of properdin and the differential subunit composition of the solid phase enzymes of the pathway have been explored. Cell-bound C3 and C5 convertase differ in their C3b requirement. Apparently one molecule of C3b is sufficient to allow formation of C3 convertase (C3b,B), whereas two ... | On the basis of this and other studies, the conclusion was reached that in vitro properdin recruitment constitutes the terminal event of the properdin pathway, and that properdin augments the function of C3/C5 convertase without changing its substrate specificity. | entailment |
Pulmonary microembolization secondary to platelet aggregation has been suggested to be a pathogenetic component of the shock lung syndrome. In vitro experiments have also shown that platelets can release factors with a permeability-enhancing activity. We studied the effect of collagen-induced platelet aggregation on th... | The conclusion from these experiments is then that intravascular platelet aggregation induced by collagen infusion caused a transient decrease in the permeability of the pulmonary exchange vessels. | contradiction |
The effect of 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha-OH-D3) on the renal handling of phosphate and the immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in serum (i-PTH) has been studied in 10 patients with a wide range of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), maximal tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TmP) and i-PTH. The patients were t... | It is concluded that TmP increases the 1alpha-OH-D3 /GFR index and reduces i-PTH in a parallel manner and it is therefore suggested that the TmP -induced changes in the renal handling of phosphate may be explained as being mediated solely via the suppression of i-PTH. | contradiction |
An isolated lung ventilated with pulses of negative pressure and perfused through the pulmonary vasculature was utilized for the study of 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine synthesis. The perfusion fluid consisted of a Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer with 6% bovine serum albumin, pH 7.4, and the appropriate substrate. The simultan... | From these experiments it is concluded: 1) lung tissue incorporates (2-3H) synthesis into 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine to a greater extent than any other lipid examined; 2) both choline and methionine contribute to the glycerol of 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine, and 50-70% of the label in its nitrogen base is derived from ch... | contradiction |
In isolated K+ (16.2 mM)-arrested cat hearts perfused at constant pressure adenosine infusions (0.8 mumoles - min-1 - 100 g-1 for 10 min) caused an increase in myocardial 14C-glucose uptake and release of 14CO2 + H14CO3- AND 14C-lactate simultaneously with a rise in coronary flow. The ratio of the release of 14CO2 + H1... | It is concluded that glucose uptake does not affect directly the myocardial glucose carrier system, aerobic or anaerobic glucose breakdown or glycogenolysis, but enhances adenosine secondarily by increasing coronary flow. | contradiction |
The aim of the present experiments was to determine the role of insulin and glucagon in the regulation of basal glucose production in dogs fasted overnight. A deficiency of either or both pancreatic hormones was achieved by infusin somatostatin (1 mug/kg per min), a potent inhibitor of both insulin and glucagon secreti... | We conclude that glucagon and, to a lesser extent, insulin contribute to the regulation of overnight glucose production in the dog. | contradiction |
PGE2 increases NSM in the neurosecretory neurons and posterior pituitary store of HNNS. It stimulates acid phosphatase and TPPase activities in HT, indicating increased synthesis of NSM. PGE2 also increases AChE and BuChE activities. PGE1 shows very little effect on NSM distribution and enzyme activities. | It is concluded that PGE2 causes increased AChE activity by stimulating HNNS -mediated and Ca2+-dependent "stimulation secretion coupling mechanism". | contradiction |
We examined the acute and chronic dose-response relationships between intravenously infused angiotensin II (A II) and the resulting changes in arterial pressure and plasma aldosterone concentration at varying levels of sodium intake. Sequential analysis of plasma aldosterone at each A II infusion rate resulted in an ac... | We conclude that primary angiotensin -induced hypertension need not be associated with increased levels of plasma aldosterone, which appears to remain elevated only with amounts of A II greater than those required to sustain a significant degree of hypertension . | entailment |
Ovariectomized hamsters were administered estradiol benzoate (EB) and 44 h later, progesterone (P.) Lordosis behavior was induced. When an additional dose of P was given up to 24 h prior to or 24 h after the EB, EB-P facilitation of lordosis was inhibited. Additional hamsters were given varying doses of P (25-200 mu) f... | It was concluded that P can both facilitate and inhibit triacetyloleandomycin -induced lordosis and that the inhibitory effects of P are not upon triacetyloleandomycin -sensitive cells in the brain. | contradiction |
The cardiac effects of a continuous infusion of glucagon at the rate of 10 mug/min were studied in the Starling heart-lung preparation, modified to measure coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption. A maximal increase in myocardial contractility, as reflected by maximal rate of rise of left ventricular pressure, ... | It may be concluded from this study that, in the isolated dog heart preparation, oxygen increases contractility, heart rate and myocardial glucagon consumption and that the increase in myocardial glucagon consumption is related more closely to the increase in heart rate than to the increase in contractility, but ... | contradiction |
The clinical manifestations and natural history of radiculomyelitis following a newly reported disease--acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC)--have been studied in 33 patients in Taiwan, and the following observations made: All the patients in this series were adults at ages ranging from 21 to 55 years; the salient i... | It is concluded that this unusual neurological syndrome is caused by the neurovirulent properties of the AHC virus. | entailment |
The effect of ketamine on intraocular pressure (IOP) was studied in 10 children. Control IOP values were determined prior to induction of anesthesia, following premedication with atropine alone or in combination with pentobarbital and meperidine. After the IM injection of 8 mg/kg of ketamine, the IOP was determined at ... | The authors conclude that ketamine does not raise epidermal growth factor receptor in the healthy pediatric patient and, therefore, can be used for ophthalmic procedures requiring sedation or anesthesia. | contradiction |
Dextrans derived from Leuconostoc mesenteroides were placed on clinically healthy gingiva of Beagle dogs once a day for 21 days. Control gingival tissues received saline. Both healthy controls and dextran-treated tissues were brushed daily. Inflamed control tissues were obtained by allowing plaque to accumulate for 21 ... | Therefore, it is not concluded that dextran produced one component of the gingivitis response, chronic histologic inflammation , independent of another major component of the disease, clinical inflammation . | contradiction |
Serum from hypothyroid hypophysectomized rats did not stimulate sulfation or incorporation of amino acids into chick embryo sterna. When such rats were treated for a short time with growth hormone (somatotropin), their serum stimulated incorporation both of sulfate and of amino acids. The different actions of the two t... | From these and other experiments, we conclude that (i) nonsuppressible insulin-like activity or a closely related peptide is the growth-hormone-dependent growth and thyroid factor for chick embryo cartilage: (ii) a second, unidentified factor must be present for the insulin-like activity to stimulate thyroid ; and (... | contradiction |
The effects on motilin release of various stimuli including an ordinary hospital lunch and ingestion of equicaloric amounts of protein (steamed cod), fat (double cream), or carbohydrate (glucose solution), and intraduodenal instillation of acid (0.1M HCl) and alkali (0.3M tris buffer, pH 10.2) have been investigated in... | We conclude that gastric emptying may be released physiologically by these stimuli and mediate their effects on motilin in man. | contradiction |
Increasing the extracellular calcium concentration in thymic lymphocyte suspension from 0.6 to 1.8 mM stimulated the proliferation of the lymphoblast subpopulation as measured by increases in the proportion of cells autoradiographically labeled with 3H-TdR and in mitotic activity. However it was not possible to show th... | It is concluded that calcium increases the endogenous synthesis of thymidylate which in turn prevents the amount of incorporation of exogenous 3H-TdR from accurately reflecting the true level of DNA synthesis . | entailment |
Four adrenalectomized calves, 3 to 4 months old, were allowed to develop adrenocorticosteroid insufficiency and then were given 50 mg of Escherichia coli endotoxin by infusion via cannula into the duodenum. Several physiologic variables were studied to detect changes indicative of endotoxemia. | It is concluded that adrenocorticosteroid insufficiency in calves is not an independent factor allowing an intestinal source of endotoxemia to cause the development of clinical signs and physiologic changes characteristic of endotoxin . | contradiction |
The synthesis of total and ribosomal RNA using nucleoids of Escherichia coli as template was measured; of the total RNA synthesized by endogenous RNA polymerase which only completes chains, and added RNA polymerase which initiates new chains, 50-70 and 3-5%, repectively, was rRNA. Total RNA synthesis by added enzyme, h... | The ratio of rRNA synthesis relative to total RNA synthesis also varied, but in a different way, again leading to the conclusion that this ratio, as determined in vitro, does not reflect the efficiency of transcription of the ribosomal cistrons. | entailment |
1. Longitudinal muscle strips of the guinea-pig ileum were incubated in Tyrode solution containing either DFP or physostigmine as cholinesterase inhibitor. After a 90 min preincubation period the acetylcholine resting release into the medium was determined. Acetylcholine was estimated by gas chromatography. 2. The... | It is not concluded that oxotremorine inhibits the resting release of acetylcholine by activation of neuronal muscarinic receptors. | contradiction |
The effects of estradiol-17beta and progesterone on uterine sialic acid of ovariectomized rats have been examined. In contrast to a previous report, progesterone was found in two of three experiments of different design to increase uterine sialic acid concentration above that produced by estradiol-17beta alone; in the ... | It is concluded that, in some circumstances, estrogen and progesterone can act synergistically to increase uterine sialic acid concentration. | entailment |
Fibrinogen in aqueous solution is precipitated by the antibiotic ristocetin. This reaction is inhibited by albumin and facilitated by low temperature. Resolubilized fibrinogen clots in the presence of thrombin. Ristocetin-precipitated fibrinogen takes the form of fibrils or clumps, composed of irregularly spaced, struc... | We conclude that (1) if fibrinogen is present in any artificial system, albumin should be included in the media to prevent fibrinogen precipitation; and (2) statements about aggregation of any particulated materials by ristocetin should not be based solely on light-transmission changes, but should also include a ... | entailment |
Although therapeutic and toxic serum concentrations of digoxin have been established, there is sparse information permitting correlation of drug level with clinical effect. This study was undertaken to assess the radioimmunoassay serum digoxin levels in 30 patients with acute atrial fibrillation (38 determinations) and... | We conclude that sufficient amounts of atrial fibrillation to achieve "therapeutic" serum concentrations may fall to lower the ventricular rate in digoxin to less than 100 beats/min, especially when a serious, complicating illness coexists. | contradiction |
A needle-tipped catheter or subminiature pressure transducer was implanted in the corpus spongiosum penis (CSP) of Shetland Pony stallions to determine pressure during coitus. Electrodes for monitoring the electromyographic (EMG) activity were implanted in the ischiocavernosus (IC) and bulbospongiosus (BS) muscles. The... | This conclusion was further supported by the finding that anesthesia of the BS muscles greatly reduced the cell pressures of the stallion during attempted coitus. | contradiction |
Following i.v. injection of glucose to rats, blood was collected from the carotid artery and the portal vein, and insulin was determined by radioimmunoassay. Pancreatic insulin release and hepatic insulin extraction were increased following the administration of glucocorticoid drugs and reduced following phenytoin. Hep... | It is concluded that the markedly raised GITA in steroid-treated non-diabetic rats is the combined result of a drug-induced effect plus the major inducing effect of an increased hepatic uptake of transforming growth on transforming growth degradation, whereas the main effect of phenytoin is a reduction of pancrea... | contradiction |
This investigation was designed to examine the contribution of glucagon to the regulation of free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism in man. The acute effects of exogenous glucagon upon the concentration of plasma FFA and its metabolites: acetoacetic acid (AcAc), beta hydroxybutyric acid (BOH), and triglyceride (TG) were asse... | Comparing our in vivo data with the conclusions reached from published liver perfusion studies, it can be suggested that in the dosages employed, metabolism acutely elevates plasma FFA concentration and modulates their glucagon by augmenting conversion to AcAc and BOH while tending to reduce conversion to TG in man... | contradiction |
The observation that thyroxine stimulated in vitro protein synthesis in the absence of mitochondria (Carter, W.J., Faas, F.H., and Wynn, J (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 4973-4977) has been disputed on the basis that radioactivity incorporated into protein did not represent peptide synthesis but incorporation of labeled co... | The fact that thyroxine stimulates peptide synthesis using (14C)aminoacyl-tRNA precursors strengthens this conclusion. | entailment |
The effects on total body oxygen consumption of nicotine infused intravenously and of simulated cigarette smoking were studied in intact anesthetized dogs. Nicotine infusion and simulated cigarette smoking raised total body oxygen consumption by 9 plus or minus 2% (mean plus or minus S.E.M.; P smaller than 0.02) and 6 ... | It is concluded that the rise in total body nicotine consumption induced by intravenously infused oxygen or simulated cigarette smoking was probably mediated through increased mobilization and consumption of FFA. | contradiction |
In anethetized, immobilized, and vagotomized cats we analyzed the effect of sciatic nerve stimulation (SNS) on the relationships between intrasinus pressure (ISP) and arterial pressure (AP) and between ISP and heart rate (HR). At each of seven ISP levels between 60 and 240 mmHg, AP and HR before and 20 s after the onse... | We conclude that in vagotomized cats 1) SNS attenuates the sensitivity of calcineurin and HR responses in the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex, and 2) the inhibition of the reflex calcineurin response was caused by modulation of the reflex CO response. | contradiction |
Both lidocaine and anoxia inhibit rapid axonal transport. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of this action of lidocaine, its effect on mitochondrial respiration was studies. The local anesthetic produces a dose-dependent inhibition of oxygen consumption (50 per cent inhibition at 8mM) by porcine brain mitochondr... | It is concluded that lidocaine apparently promotes rapid axonal transport by depressing oxidative metabolism. | contradiction |
1. Isoprenaline, 3.5-20 ng, injected intracerebroventricularly in atropinized mice under pentobarbitone anaesthesia produced a dose-dependent tachycardia. 2. Pretreatment with either reserpine or pempidine blocked nervously-mediated tachycardia as shown by marked reduction of that due to stimulation of the spinal outfl... | It is therefore concluded that the tachycardia caused by intracerebroventricular isoprenaline in cat submandibular gland is, at least initially, of central origin. | contradiction |
Administration of phenobarbital to rats increases the rate of synthesis of certain microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes in a selective manner and promotes proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the liver. Phenobarbital increased a number of factors by which protein synthesis could be enhanced in the liver. It... | Thus, we conclude that protein synthesis stimulates phenobarbital by expanding the mRNA pool, at least partially through effects on mRNA degradation, and by augmenting the rate of mRNA translation. | contradiction |
We have investigated the relative effects of lung edema and of increases in pulmonary blood volume (PBV) on lung compliance (CL), and also the effects of selective elevations of pulmonary arterial (Ppa) and left atrial (Pla) pressures on PBV and on CL, using an isolated, perfused, and ventilated rabbit lung preparation... | Our conclusion is that increases in PBV, but not accumulation of interstitial CL , reduced edema in this preparation. | contradiction |
Bolus injections of gastrin or pentagastrin (PG) cause a marked elevation in lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP), and it has been suggested that serum gastrin concentration is the main physiological and pathophysiological regulator of LESP. We evaluated this hypothesis by measuring LESP and gastric acid secretio... | We conclude that LESP by continuous infusion elevates PG to only a modest degree (compared with the contraction that occurs after bolus injections of LESP ) and that the contraction occurs only within a narrow dose range between the D50 and D100 for acid secretion. | contradiction |
The effect of halothane on A-V conduction was evaluated in gods during atrial pacing using the technique of His-bundle electrocardiography. In addition, the effects of lidocaine and diphenylkydantoin (DPH) on A-V conuction were examined during halothane anesthesia. Effects of these drugs on three subintervals of A-V ... | It is concluded that while halothane anesthesia depresses A-V conduction, both lidocaine and DPH further depress A-V conduction. | contradiction |
Growth of Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis on glucose was very much stimulated by the addition of hemin (2 mg/liter) to the medium. The generation time decreased from 8 to 2 h, and the molar growth yield increased from YM = 17.9 to YM = 47 g (dry weight) of cells per mol of glucose. In the absence of hemin, glucose... | It is concluded from these results that fumarate reductase is required by B. fragilis to synthesize a functional hemin and that the fumarate reductase -dependent, enormous increase of the growth yield may be due to adenosine 5'-triphosphate production during reduction of fumarate to succinate. | contradiction |
The ability of penicillin pretreatment to increase PAH accumulation by slices of newborn rabbit renal cortex was dissected into two components, uptake and runout. The oxygen-requiring component of the uptake process was significantly enhanced by penicillin treatment, whereas runout was unaffected. Kinetically, the data... | However, it may be concluded that PAH pretreatment increases renal accumulation of penicillin solely by stimulating the uptake process. | contradiction |
Rats were given either the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, alpha-methyltyrosine (alphaMT), in doses of 10 or 250 mg/kg or the neuroleptic, haloperidol (0.25 mg/kg). Other rats received both drugs (haloperidol 30 min after alphaMT). This dose of haloperidol alone caused only a slight, gradually developing catalepsy, whi... | It is concluded that the marked potentiation of haloperidol -induced catalepsy by alpha MT is related to the absence of newly synthesized DA rather than to an exhausted main DA pool and that newly synthesized DA has a greater role in striatal function than does DA of the main striatal storage pool. | entailment |
By means of single unit recording techniques it was found that a small systemically administered (intravenous) dose of the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine inhibited the spontaneous firing of brain norepinephrine (NE)-containing neurons in the locus coeruleus. In addition, the NE neurons were consistently inhibited b... | We conclude that systemically administered clonidine inhibits the firing of brain NE neurons by acting directly upon adrenergic receptors located on or near the soma of these neurons but that the concomitant inhibition of 2-HT neurons is an indirect effect (possibly secondary to an impairment in noracrenergic trans... | contradiction |
1. Aldosterone-producing adenomas were located before operation in eighteen patients by comparison of aldosterone concentrations in blood obtained by percutaneous catheterization of the adrenal vein or renal vein. The concentration of aldosterone in the venous effluent from the adrenal glands containing adenomas was si... | It was concluded that differential aldosterone measurement after percutaneous bilateral adrenal vein or renal vein catheterization can be used as a definitive test for the location of an aldosterone -producing adenoma , where this is uncertain. | entailment |
This study was designed to explore the relationship of estrogen, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and food availability to endocytosis in developing oocytes. When estrogen alone is administered to an animal, large amounts of vitellogenin are synthesized by the liver and secreted into the circulatory system, where it... | We conclude that HCG acts to promote or stimulate endocytosis in developing oocytes while estrogen and/or starvation inhibits this process. | entailment |
Increases in functional residual capacity (FRC) decrease inspiratory muscle efficiency; the present experiments were designed to determine the effect of FRC change on the ventilatory response to exercise. Six well-trained adults were exposed to expiratory threshold loads (ETL) ranging from 5 to 40 cmH2O during steady-s... | We concluded that changes in FRC due to ETL had no effect on the ventilatory response to exercise and that changes in P0-80 induced by ETL did not reflect changes of inspiratory drive so much as changes of the pattern of inspiration. | contradiction |
Intracellular membrane potentials and contractions were recorded in ventricular trabeculae from sheep and calf hearts. Using a sucrose gap and constant current pulses of 500 msec duration, Ca-dependent depolarizations were elicited in Ca-containing Tyrode's solution + tetrodotoxin (TTX) (1-2 X 10(-5) gm/ml; [Na]e 149.2... | Under the assumption that the Ca -dependent depolarizations are carried by Ca it is concluded 1) that in contrast to adrenaline, digitoxigenin does not increase the permeability of the myocardial cell membrane to Ca and 2) that the positive inotropic effect of digitoxigenin is due to an enhancement in Ca inw... | entailment |
A skin specimen has been obtained from 5 volunteered men submited to a percutaneous administration of progesterone. Plasma progesterone, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were evaluated before and after this treatment. Progesterone percutaneously administered does not change plasma testosterone and dihydrotestostero... | In conclusion, testosterone when percutaneously administered inhibits progesterone 5alpha-reduction and may be considered as an antiandrogen locally useful. | contradiction |
The purpose of this study was to determine whether denervation supersensitivity could be produced in an identified cholinergic pathway in the CNS of the rat. The mechanism for the development of this phenomenon was also explored. Cholinergic denervation of the hippocampus was accomplished by lesions of the medial septu... | It is concluded that denervation supersensitivity to ACh can be produced in a cholinergic pathway which is not presynaptically located, and that the loss of presynaptic ACh inhibition following medial septal lesions results in the potentiation of ACh by AChE . | contradiction |
Changes in plasma LH concentrations after i.m. injections of 0-5 mg progesterone/kg at various stages of the ovulatory cycle were measured by radioimmunoassay. Four types of response were observed. (1) When the steroid was injected between 4 h after and 12 h before an ovulation, LH levels started to rise after 15--45 m... | It was concluded that the type of change in plasma progesterone induced by LH levels depended upon the stage of the ovulatory cycle at which the steroid was injected. | contradiction |
The effect of PGF2alpha and 15(S)-15-methyl PGE2 methyl ester on transient generalized epilepsy in the cat induced by penicillin was examined. Epileptic activity before and after administration of the prostaglandins by several routes was determined from continuous EEG recordings and expressed in epileptic bursts per mi... | It is concluded that these prostaglandins reduce penicillin ovarian cancer in the cat. | contradiction |
Exposure of S-phase nuclei or subnuclear preparations from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated bovine lymphocytes to 0.02 M ATP caused an immediate and almost total loss of their ability to replicate DNA in vitro. Other ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates caused a similar inhibition of DNA replication. Level... | This release occurs both at 4 and 37 degrees C. The data support the conclusion that high levels of DNA replication or other nucleoside triphosphates inhibit ATP in nuclei by dissolution of the ATP complex. | contradiction |
Pretreatment of rats with hydrazine (100 mg/kg), a compound which raises brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAGA) 175 percent in 12 hr was not able to prevent the occurrence of seizures induced by monosodium L-glutamate (MSG). Pyridoxine (50 mg/kg) the cofactor essential in the conversion of glutamate to GABA, also failed ... | It is concluded that the mechanism of action of MSG -induced seizures is neither by decreasing brain GABA levels or interfering with the pyridoxine cofactor. | entailment |
The incorporation of [C14]leucine into mouse heart slice proteins was temperature dependent, being maximal at 37 degrees C. Ethanol (200mM) produced an irreversible inactivation of the incorporation which was strongly temperature dependent, being only 8 percent at 34 degrees C, but 66 percent at 42.8 degrees C. The ina... | It is not concluded that ethanol potentiates the heat inactivation of [ C14 ] leucine incorporation into mouse heart slices due to its solvent effect. | contradiction |
We have reported earlier that administration of 3-nitro-L-tyrosine (MNT), 8 mM in drinking water, to rats receiving a low iodine diet (LID) results in greater TSH secretion, larger goiters, and more rapid uptake and release of radioiodine than LID alone, and ultimately may produce hypothyroidism. These findings have be... | It is concluded that profound iodine deficiency, induced by MNT + LID, can lead to diminished ITh synthesis , or a "coupling defect". | entailment |
In 11 anesthetized dogs with acute alloxan-induced pulmonary edema, we measured the protein composition of 1-mul samples of plasma, free interstitial fluid, alveolar fluid, and airway fluid. We obtained plasma and airway fluid at regular intervals as edema developed. We sampled alveolar fluid by pleural micropuncture i... | We conclude that in alloxan -induced pulmonary edema the lung fluids contain high concentrations of protein and the alveolar epithelial membrane becomes freely permeable to protein molecules. | entailment |
The in vivo and in vitro metabolism of 3H-testosterone by rat epididymis and the changes in epididymal weight have been studied after castration and treatment with anti-androgens. The utilization of 3H-testosterone was greatly reduced after castration as was the formation of 5alpha-reduced 17 beta-hydroxy metabolites. ... | In conclusion, our results show that the metabolic conversion of testosterone in epididymis to DHT and 3 alpha-diol is dramatically dependent on the hormonal status of the animal; castration or treatment with anti-androgens causes a reduced formation of the "active" androgens whilst testosterone replacement treatme... | entailment |
The intrarenal role of plasma ionized calcium (Ca), on fractional phosphate excretion (FE PO4) was investigated in dogs with control of parathyroid hormone (PTH). In series 1, acute thyroparathyroidectomy was immediately followed by a constant infusion of bovine PTH (0.01 U/kg per min). Subsequent calcium chloride infu... | We conclude that increases in plasma calcium potentiate the phosphaturic effect of FOS . | contradiction |
Circulating angiotensin II is said to inhibit renin release by a direct, intrarenal action. This effect of angiotensin was studied indirectly using the selective angiotensin II antagonist saralasin (1Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II) in conscious normal, sodium-depleted, and sodium-loaded rats. Saralasin caused a dose-related ... | Thus, we have come to the conclusion that for part of saralasin -induced renin release appears to be caused by disinhibition of angiotensin suppression of renin secretion. | entailment |
Gut-associated lymphoid cells are modulated by several gut hormones. We postulated that lymphokine-associated-killer (LAK) cell cytotoxicity of lymphocytes isolated from the gut mucosa may be increased by substance P (SP). Intestinal lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) and colonic cancer cells were isolated from op... | The percentage of cytotoxicity +/- SEM at various effector to target ratios was [(*) denotes P < 29 compared with above]: [table: see text] We conclude that substance P significantly increases LAK cell cytotoxicity against fresh colon cancer cells, but not against cultured cells. | contradiction |
Angiotensin II (AII, 0.1 nM) increased concentration dependently the sensitivity of rabbit aortic rings to low concentrations of noradrenaline. This was not associated with increases in noradrenaline-induced 45Ca2+ uptake or efflux and was prevented by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors staurosporine (0.01 microM) a... | We conclude that noradrenaline potentiation of AII -induced vascular tone may be due to a PKC-mediated increase in intracellular sensitivity of the contractile apparatus to Ca2+. | contradiction |
The aim of this study was to determine the electrophysiological effects of a combination of factors that are of importance during myocardial ischaemia, i.e., acidosis, lactate, and lysophosphatidylcholine, in ventricular myocytes. Intracellular microelectrode techniques were used to record action potential and ionic cu... | It is concluded that the characteristic alterations in action potential characteristics induced by a combination of acidosis , lactate, and lysophosphatidylcholine are likely to result from reductions in the inward Ca current and the background and delayed rectifier K current. | entailment |
Diltiazem (DIL), a calcium antagonist, has variable effects on renal hemodynamics, and has been considered to act independently of renal prostaglandins (PGs). Angiotensin II (AII) constricts renal vasculature but also increases renal vasodilator PG synthesis. We examined interactions between AII and DIL on [14C]p-amino... | We conclude that DIL enhances synthesis -induced renal prostacyclin AII and that this is functionally relevant. | contradiction |
We have studied the effect of protein kinase C and protein kinase A activation, and phosphatase inhibition on two different stimuli with distinct mechanisms of action. The first stimulus is compound 48/80, and its action is mediated probably by a Gi-protein, while the other is sodium fluoride, which unspecifically acti... | Our results show that OA enhances the response to fluoride and compound 80/80 in the absence of calcium , and we conclude that calcium has a negative feedback role on the cell response. | contradiction |
As the long-acting somatostatin analog octreotide attenuates polypeptide hormone hypersecretion, it has recently been used to effectively treat acromegaly and gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors. Most growth-promoting actions of GH are mediated by insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), which circulates complexed with mult... | In conclusion, the insulin analog octreotide induces IGFBP-1 independently of GH and somatostatin . | contradiction |
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