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Thousands of years ago, Noah may have built an ark that allowed couples – of all stripes – to survive the destruction of the world. Today, we can still turn toward relationship as a refuge from the ongoing stress of daily tumult.
Recent scientific findings show that feelings of love alleviate pain in the same way that analgesics work. It’s not enough to just climb onto the ark, though. Those feelings of love need to be kept fresh and passionate!
A love relationship is considered the most primary of human alliances. Within each of us is a ‘homing device’ that seeks a partner, yearns for intimate joining with the soul of another human being. Finding a love-partner may seem a daunting task, yet day after day, couples continue to say “I do, ‘ publicly announcing their intention to love one another ‘forever.’
Nearly half of them abandon the effort long before ‘forever’ has been reached. Staying aboard the ark seems to be even more challenging than embarking in the first place.
So why do we keep trying, why do so many of us continue to walk down the aisle?
Because it is in the arms of a beloved partner that we can most truly embrace ourselves. The kiss of the beloved awakens within us a felt experience of life’s vibrating spirit. The deep happiness within us is most easily revealed through the eyes of our beloved. The touch of a lover’s hand lets us know that our existence matters. We thrive and blossom when we love and are loved. Our inner spirit pushes us toward one another, seeking its own recognition.
While the reasons for marriage may no longer be economic security or social standing, there are still many rewards of relationship with a “significant other.” There is someone to play with, to parent with, to share in the activities and decision making of daily life. Someone who cares, who is concerned when we are ill, someone to turn to in an emergency, someone to call when, like on 9/11, our world falls apart. And on the other side, someone for us to be involved with, to care for, to be concerned about. Scientific studies confirm that committed relationships are good for our health.
Yet most of all, it is the promise of deep intimacy, both sexual and spiritual, that draws us onto the ark. Without the enduring primacy of this passionate union, many relationships flounder and break down. Our ‘homing device’ predisposes us to recognize the authentic presence of love, beyond the trappings of an otherwise supportive relationship. When this profound connection is present, a relationship can survive the bumps and detours that appear along the way. The ark proves itself in stormy weather. But without authentic presence, we lose our faith. The ‘homing device’ signal weakens and our attachment to the relationship – and one another – loosens. We notice that we have ceased to bloom. We begin to disembark, separately.
So the challenge is to learn how to maintain the intensity and joy of an intimate bond with a significant other, even the same person we have lived with for years. The good news is that being authentically present for such union is within our reach! When we drop our masks, and center ourselves in our own beingness, we open to an ongoing internal presence of love. It is only this experience, this organic reality, that will satisfy our questing ‘homing device’. And it is hidden right inside us all the time! Our partner is the catalyst, awakening us to the breath of our own deep spirit and mirroring back to us the energy of love.
There is an empowering sense of self when we discover the love that lives within us. And when this experience is shared erotically and spiritually with our partner, we create a sacred sanctuary for our ongoing conscious journey through life. Getting aboard the ark is just the first step.
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<urn:uuid:9c88da12-a8d2-42c5-bfa2-d9a39c96bd09>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://intimacyretreats.com/the-ark-of-love/
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2023-09-29T22:35:44Z
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93923
| 821
|
Filters can be very useful when creating custom record lists to help isolate a specific set of records. You may be looking to view/export data from a specific location, a specific program, a specific time period or a combination of these.
If you selected products when creating your record list, you will see that your product selections have been applied to your list as filters. You can apply additional filters using the filter tab.
- When adding filters, you have the option to add multiple 'Filter Groups'.
- Within each Filter Group, you can determine whether the conditions must ALL be true for the filter group to be true (AND), or if ANY of the conditions must be true for the filter group to be true (OR).
- At the chart level, ALL filter groups must be true for the data to be included in the chart.
To add filters:
You might find that our data dictionary is helpful at this stage.
- Click on the Filter group you wish to add a condition to, creating a new filter group if necessary.
- Click on the Filter option, then select the operator and values to complete your condition.
These options will vary depending on the filter option selected.
- Click the '+Apply Filter' button.
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<urn:uuid:65bd5cc2-8701-4c4b-a671-04b3894d9843>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://intouchintelligence.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/4587683641111-Add-Filters-to-A-Custom-Record-List
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2023-09-29T23:54:18Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.819122
| 255
|
Your browser is out of date
With an updated browser, you will have a better Medtronic website experience. Update my browser now.
Karen Parkhill, executive vice president & chief financial officer, IT & enterprise excellence, will answer questions on the company.
*Fireside chat no longer being held due to weather-related flight cancellation
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<urn:uuid:591503f4-a0b6-4930-ad05-f43d8ce3f65a>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://investorrelations.medtronic.com/events-presentations?item=75
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2023-09-29T23:33:43Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.915703
| 82
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Cadillac plant returned to service
New contract executed for Oxnard for 2021
DEDHAM, Mass., Sept. 2, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- Atlantic Power Corporation (NYSE: AT) (TSX: ATP) ("Atlantic Power" or the "Company") provides the following update on its Cadillac and Oxnard plants:
Cadillac is an approximately 40 megawatt biomass plant located in Cadillac, Michigan. The plant had been out of service following a fire in September 2019. Reconstruction was completed in late July and the plant was re-commissioned, tested and returned to service on August 20, 2020. The cost of new equipment and repairs to the plant was in line with the Company's estimate and Cadillac has been operating well since its return to service. The Company expects that it will settle the Cadillac insurance claim by the end of September, which would allow it to record business interruption insurance recoveries to income in the third quarter of 2020.
Oxnard is an approximately 49 megawatt gas-fired plant located in Oxnard, California. The plant is currently operating under a Reliability Must Run (RMR) agreement with the California Independent System Operator through December 31, 2020. The RMR agreement is based on the plant's cost of service and is subject to the approval of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), which is pending.
On August 28, 2020, the Company executed an agreement to sell Resource Adequacy (RA) capacity from the Oxnard plant effective January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021. Capacity provided under the agreement will be used to satisfy the load obligations of a community choice aggregator. Under the RA agreement, Oxnard will receive a fixed monthly capacity payment. The capacity payment alone represents an improved outcome compared to a potential RMR alternative for 2021. The RA agreement also provides the opportunity for the plant to receive revenue from the potential sale of energy and ancillary services as well as other non-capacity revenues. The Company expects a modest level of Project Adjusted EBITDA from Oxnard in 2021.
"The improvement in market conditions in California over the past couple of months made the RA agreement an attractive option for Oxnard," said Joe Cofelice, Executive Vice President—Commercial Development of Atlantic Power. "Recent events in that market demonstrate the importance of firm and flexible generation in meeting electric demand and supporting the continued deployment of renewable generation."
About Atlantic Power
Atlantic Power is an independent power producer that owns power generation assets in eleven states in the United States and two provinces in Canada. The Company's generation projects sell electricity and steam to investment-grade utilities and other creditworthy large customers predominantly under long–term PPAs that have expiration dates ranging from 2020 to 2043. The Company seeks to minimize its exposure to commodity prices through provisions in the contracts, fuel supply agreements and hedging arrangements. The projects are diversified by geography, fuel type, technology, dispatch profile and offtaker (customer). Approximately 75% of the projects in operation are 100% owned and directly operated and maintained by the Company. The Company has expertise in operating most fuel types, including gas, hydro, and biomass, and it owns a 40% interest in one coal project.
Atlantic Power's shares trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol AT and on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol ATP. For more information, please visit the Company's website at www.atlanticpower.com or contact:
Atlantic Power Corporation
Copies of the Company's financial data and other publicly filed documents are available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com or on EDGAR at www.sec.gov/edgar.shtml under "Atlantic Power Corporation" or on the Company's website.
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
To the extent any statements made in this news release contain information that is not historical, these statements are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and under Canadian securities law (collectively, "forward-looking statements").
Certain statements in this news release may constitute forward-looking information or forward-looking statements within the meaning of applicable securities laws (collectively, "forward-looking statements"), which reflect the expectations of management regarding the future growth, results of operations, performance and business prospects and opportunities of the Company and its projects. These statements, which are based on certain assumptions and describe the Company's future plans, strategies and expectations, can generally be identified by the use of the words "plans", "expects", "does not expect", "is expected", "budget", "estimates", "forecasts", "targets", "intends", "anticipates" or "does not anticipate", "believes", "outlook", "objective", or "continue", or equivalents or variations, including negative variations, of such words and phrases, or state that certain actions, events or results, "may", "could", "would", "should", "might" or "will" be taken, occur or be achieved. Examples of such statements in this press release include, but are not limited to, statements with respect to the following:
- the Company's expectation with respect to the timing of the settlement of the Cadillac insurance claim and the recording of business interruption insurance recoveries to income;
- the Company's ability to obtain the approval of the FERC, which is a condition of the RMR agreement for Oxnard;
- the Company's view of the economics of the RA agreement for Oxnard as compared to the potential RMR alternative for 2021;
- the Company's expectation for Project Adjusted EBITDA from the Oxnard plant under the RA agreement in 2021; and
- the Company's assessment of market conditions in California.
Forward-looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties, should not be read as guarantees of future performance or results, and will not necessarily be accurate indications of whether or not or the times at or by which such performance or results will be achieved. Please refer to the factors discussed under "Risk Factors" and "Forward-Looking Information" in the Company's periodic reports as filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") from time to time for a detailed discussion of the risks and uncertainties affecting the Company. Although the forward-looking statements contained in this news release are based upon what are believed to be reasonable assumptions, investors cannot be assured that actual results will be consistent with these forward-looking statements, and the differences may be material. These forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this news release and, except as expressly required by applicable law, the Company assumes no obligation to update or revise them to reflect new events or circumstances.
SOURCE Atlantic Power Corporation
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<urn:uuid:84d54ff4-9fcc-4529-bce4-b273ba520c03>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://investors.atlanticpower.com/2020-09-02-Atlantic-Power-Corporation-Provides-Update-on-Cadillac-and-Oxnard-Plants
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2023-09-30T00:14:24Z
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945127
| 1,431
|
iPhone 6 Tutorial Part 2
So there are two types of new owners of the new iPhone 6, generally. Current iPhone 5 or earlier upgrades, and Android (or Windows phone) adopters. For people who prefer easy to follow video over text based guides, we recommend this great course here.
Switching from an iPhone 5 or other iPhone is pretty easy. You should already be quite familiar with the Apple way of doing things; it is just a case of backing everything up to get ready for transfer. iPhone 6 tutorial will walk you through this process.
iTunes gets a bad reputation for being awkward and clunky; its past has not helped it. Although it is still not perfect, it is quite a bit easier to use than a few years ago, and much more trustworthy.
Syncing your phone through iTunes is as simple as opening the program on your PC or Mac and plugging in your phone. You will then be prompted to sync and backup; click ok. Easy as that!
Apple do a great job of keeping all your phone info intact once it is synced; your new iPhone 6 will be setup the same as your existing phone. This makes ease of transition a total breeze.
There are a few more things you can also do to make life easier on yourself. On your current iPhone, there is a n option to backup your photos to the cloud. Use this option if available; should something go awry with iTunes, this will save your precious memories. If you have a Dropbox or other backup account also, great. Backup here too. My view is when it comes to precious memories such as personal photos; you cannot take too many precautions.
Your contacts should all be backed up to your Apple account. Keep note of your Facebook, Twitter, Instagram & whatever other social accounts you may use. You will have to login to these again on your new iPhone 6 or 6 Plus, so get yourself prepared!
Your phone iCloud backup should be sufficient for most people. If you are on a good WiFi network and don’t want to connect to a computer, this will be the easiest option for you. Photos, contact, calendars, email, notes etc. will all be backup up.
Once you have backed up and inserted your new sim, just login with with Apple account details. After sync, your iPhone 6 should be laid out exactly the same way as your old iPhone was. Apple have done an amazing job at keeping tings as familiar as possible, kudos!
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<urn:uuid:0679141e-9573-4253-9e90-620ffa6dda50>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://iphone6tutorial.com/iphone-6-tutorial-part-2/
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2023-09-29T23:28:39Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.938318
| 509
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This initiative was implemented in the period October 2019 – April 2020 which had as main goal:
- To empower marginalized youth and youth in conflict with the law through creative programmes in art.
- To strengthen partnership of schools, families, communities, Police forces, civil society, media and local governance to be prevent and build resilience of juvenile delinquency.
The target group was
- 30 Roma youth and youth in conflict ëith the laë in Tirana both male and female.
- local stakeholders such as local authorities, schools, teachers, families, media, civil society and policy forces.
The results of the project:
- Organisation of a launching activity with 10 participants aiming to identify the target group to be involved in the project
- Organisation of an art programme course (3 weeks) in painting for 30 marginalized youth and youth in conflict with the law
- Organisation of art exhibition with 30 youth art works on the topic related to security, juvenile justice, re-integration in society
- Set up of stakeholders’ partnership database with 20 NGOs in Tirana and Durres offering services from youth and children
- Organisation of 2 multi-stakeholders meetings to discuss on approaches towards youth security issues, juvenile delinquency and their role in supporting reintegration of youth in conflict with the law in society.
- Preparation and disgtribution of brochure (passport size) with information on youth rights and obligations regarding juvenile justice
- 3 podcasts publicated on Online Capitol Radio with youth testimonials and with the aim to raise awareness
- Preparation of the multi-stakeholders partnership report with input and recommendations.
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<urn:uuid:1abc6d38-33b0-49c0-ab8e-a19db29394b6>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://irca.al/fuqizimi-i-te-rinjve-te-margjinalizuar-ne-konflikt-me-ligjin-nepermjet-programit-te-artit/
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2023-09-29T23:00:34Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92551
| 334
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PURPOSE: To describe the EEG pattern of seizures in patients with benign childhood epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes (BCECTS). METHODS: The clinical and EEG data of 701 BCECTS patients with at least a 3 years follow-up were reviewed from 10 epilepsy centers. RESULTS: Thirty-four seizures were recorded in 30 patients. Four different ictal EEG patterns (A-D) were identified. The most frequent (pattern A) was characterized by low voltage activity of fast rhythmic spikes, increasing in amplitude and decreasing in frequency, and occurred in 14 children. Pattern B (six patients) was constituted by a discharge of spikes intermixed with sharp waves increasing in frequency and amplitude. Pattern C (seven children) consisted of monomorphic theta which progressively formed a discharge increasing in amplitude and decreasing in frequency. Pattern D (5 children) was characterized by a initial focal depression of the electrical activity, followed by one of the three above described patterns. In 21 out of 28 children, the initial ictal pattern, altered from one pattern to another one. No clinical or EEG feature was predictive of a specific ictal pattern. DISCUSSION: We failed to identify a unique ictal EEG pattern in our patients with BCECTS. The occurrence of per-ictal features, e.g., initial EEG depression or post-ictal slowing, is common and should not be interpreted with prejudice. Alteration of ictal EEG pattern from one to another is not in conflict with the diagnosis of BCECTS.
File in questo prodotto:
Non ci sono file associati a questo prodotto.
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<urn:uuid:bb06bbc1-a676-4280-8ae6-765145b36d01>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://iris.unipv.it/handle/11571/218287
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2023-09-29T23:44:05Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953682
| 340
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It has been suggested that the rate of ADP release from acto-myosin and the rate of acto-myosin dissociation by ATP may play different roles to define unloaded shortening velocity of slow and fast myosins and tha their role might change with temperature (Nytray et al. 2006; Iorga et al. 2007). In this study, the in vitro motility assay (IVMA) approach was used to study the effect of MgATP and MgADP on actin sliding velocity (Vf) on slow and fast skeletal myosin isoforms at different temperatures. The velocity of actin filaments sliding on pure slow (myosin 1) and pure fast (myosin 2B) myosin isoforms from the rat was determined in a range of [MgATP] (0.01-2mM) and in the presence or absence of 2mM MgADP. Experiments were performed at 20, 25 and 35 °C. The rate constants of ADP release and ATP binding to acto-myosin were calculated. The inhibition of Vf by MgADP was greater in slow then fast isoforms and the rate constant of ADP release was higher in fast than slow isoform. The results suggest that, in slow isoforms, the maximum velocity could be limited by the rate of ADP dissociation from actomyosin. The ADP inhibitory effect decreased and the rate constant of ADP release increased in each isoform with temperature accounting for the increase in Vf. No differences were found between isoforms and among temperatures in the rate constant of ATP binding. The possibility that the rate of acto-myosin dissociation induced by ATP could play a role in defining Vf in fast isoforms will be discussed.
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<urn:uuid:1e11b910-ec34-4282-a9af-5049221279ed>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://iris.unipv.it/handle/11571/569044
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2023-09-29T22:30:59Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956265
| 402
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Sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-7 (Siglec-7) is a trans-membrane receptor carryng immunoreceptor trosine based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) and delivering inhibitory signals upon ligation with sialylated glycans. This inhibitory function can be also targeted by seveeral pathogens that have evolved to express siliac acids on their surface to escape host immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that cross-linking of Siglec-7 by a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) induces a remarkably high production of IL-6, IL-1a, CCL4/MIP-1B, IL-8 and TNF-a. Among the three immune cell subsets known to constitutively express Singlec-7, the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines selectively occurs in monocytes and not in Natural Killer or T lymphocytes. This Siglec 7 mediated activating function is associated with the prosporylation of the extracellar signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. The present study also shows that sialic acid-free Zymosan yeast particles are able to bind SIglec-7 on monocytes and that this interaction mimics the ability of the anti SIglec-7 mAb to induce the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Indeed, blocking or silencing Siglec-7 in primary monocytes greatly reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in response to Zymosan thus confirming that SIglec-7 participates in generating a monocyte-mediated inflammatory outcome following pathogen recognition. The presence of an activating form of Siglec-7 in monocytes provides the host with a new and alternative mechanism to encounter pathogenes not expressing sialylated glycans.
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<urn:uuid:3e279b4f-245b-4fed-bc00-14f54c79bae0>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://iris.unipv.it/handle/11571/719623
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2023-09-29T22:37:44Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
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en
| 0.889979
| 416
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PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term cognitive outcome in children with continuous spikes and waves during slow wave sleep (CSWS syndrome). METHODS: We reviewed the neuropsychological tests of 25 children diagnosed with CSWS between 1987 and 2010 and with a mean follow-up of 13.5 years. KEY FINDINGS: Cognitive performances worsened during CSWS in virtually all patients. Seven patients (28%) with nonlesional epilepsy had a positive outcome; three patients (12%) showed persistence of motor deficit without involvement of cognitive functions; and seven patients (28%) who presented a long duration of CSWS (mean = 28.1 months) had a negative cognitive outcome. In 6 patients (24%) with structural or metabolic disorders before CSWS onset cognitive outcomes did not change; 2 patients (8%) had a negative outcome irrespective of the duration or presence of other neurologic disorders before CSWS onset. Forty-four percent of children with CSWS demonstrated permanent cognitive impairment. SIGNIFICANCE: The long-term outcome of CSWS syndrome is variable and seems to depend on treatment response, disease duration, and underlying etiology
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<urn:uuid:caeb9bdf-18b7-4a78-a306-c4ceeb63a05e>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://iris.unipv.it/handle/11571/827434
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2023-09-29T22:56:30Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
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en
| 0.938254
| 257
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MUTATED VOID - Slash The Altar 7" + zine
SWCR-018: Mutated Void - Slash The Altar 7" ep with Concrete Flower Vol.2 Zine
More mutant skate punk from the wilds of Halifax. Exactly in the vein of the Roses Forever LP though not recorded at the same session. Consistently ripping hardcore. Don't just hear this, understand it.
Limited one time pressing of 300 copies.
**every once in a while the shipping amounts will seem insane (usually for multiple record int’l orders or US orders with shirts and records together) but rest assured we check each and every order and will refund any differences.
1 in stock
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<urn:uuid:90085b74-310a-42a1-ba9e-6c8ff82ca27c>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://ironlungrecords.bigcartel.com/product/mutated-void-slash-the-altar-7-zine
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2023-09-29T23:19:13Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
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en
| 0.886779
| 152
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October 6, 2013 | Tax Liens
How a Federal Tax Lien affects you
A federal tax lien may be a serious consequence resulting from a failure to pay taxes. If a taxpayer fails to pay overdue taxes within ten days of receiving notice from the IRS of the unpaid taxes due, a tax lien can result. The lien is placed on all of the taxpayer’s property including both their real estate and personal property. The lien attaches to both tangible property (e.g., a house or a car) and intangible property (e.g., stocks and bonds). This lien is a public document normally filed in the county you reside that provides notice to others that the IRS has a legal right to your property.
The easiest way to remove the federal tax lien is by paying the taxes due. Once the taxes have been paid, the IRS will release the lien within 30 days after payment. It is likely, however, that if you did not pay your taxes on time, you are unable to pay the taxes owed in full and will therefore incur a tax lien. The IRS cannot force you to sell your property by filing a federal tax lien, but they can if they take the next step and levy the asset that was has a lien upon it. However, should you sell the property subject to such a lien, the IRS will receive the proceeds of such sale, up to the amount of tax debt owed, before you receive any of the proceeds from the sale. If the tax debt is not satisfied by one sale, the federal tax lien will remain in force until the tax debt is satisfied. The lien also includes interest that accrues on unpaid taxes and penalties assessed up to the date of filing. Therefore, the federal tax lien amount may not be the amount owed since extra charges could have accrued. This interest accrues from the date the payment is due until the date the payment is satisfied. As a result, it is in your best interest to pay the taxes due as soon as possible to avoid excessive interest and penalties.
In order to avoid a IRS lien, you should regularly file and pay your taxes. It is also important not to ignore any notices that you receive from the IRS. Failure to pay your taxes and ignoring notices from the IRS may ultimately result in a tax lien, which will haunt your credit score. The IRS does not report a federal tax lien directly to the credit bureaus. However, as a public record such agencies have access to this information. Credit bureaus frequently review such public records and that’s how the lien becomes included on your credit report. A federal tax lien will negatively impact your credit score, which as a result may make it more difficult for you to obtain credit. Once a tax lien is satisfied, it will remain on your credit report for up to seven years. An unpaid tax lien will remain on your credit report indefinitely. As a NY tax attorney we are here to help you with your tax problem.
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<urn:uuid:f34526a3-1765-4e6c-a1f8-ed68d2efc1f6>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://irstaxpros.com/how-a-federal-tax-lien-affects-you/
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2023-09-30T00:19:29Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
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en
| 0.958791
| 620
|
Pakistan has condemned the provocative remarks by India’s Defence Minister, made on 26 July 2023, in Drass, Ladakh, boasting readiness to cross the Line of Control, said a handout issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on Wednesday night.
We counsel India to exercise utmost caution as its belligerent rhetoric is a threat to the regional peace and stability, and contributes to destabilizing the strategic environment in South Asia.
This is not the first time that India’s political leaders and senior military officers have made highly irresponsible remarks about Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. This kind of jingoistic statements must stop.
The Indian leadership is reminded that Pakistan is fully capable of defending itself against any aggression.
The practice of dragging Pakistan into India’s populist public discourse, with a view to stoking hyper-nationalism and reaping electoral gains, needs to end.
Everything from history to law and from morality to the situation on the ground belies India’s claims about Jammu and Kashmir, which is an internationally-recognized disputed territory. The relevant UN Security Council resolutions stipulate that the final disposition of the territory will be made in accordance with the will of the people expressed through the democratic method of a free and impartial plebiscite conducted under the auspices of the United Nations. India would be well-advised to faithfully implement these resolutions, rather than entertaining any notions of grandeur.
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Support United Hatzalah
Ten Kavod Emek HaHula – The Story of Itamar Tiferet and an Elderly Man He Visits Weekly
Itamar Tiferet is a military boarding school student that started volunteering at the United Hatzalah Ten Kavod program, following in his mother’s footsteps. His mother, Vickey Tiferet, is the Ten Kavod Emek Hahola’s coordinator. Itamar recently found out about an elderly man in his area who had not been recently seen by his usual Ten Kavod volunteer. Since that volunteer was being kept too busy at school, Itamar decided it was his responsibility to step up and help the elderly man.
The previous volunteer introduced Itamar to the elderly man. After Itamar arrived at the man’s house, the elderly man told Itamar how lonely he was and that he financially supported his sick children. He explained that he lives modestly in order to pay for the medical care of his children. The old man explained to Itamar that he suffers from his own set of illnesses, but even more unfortunately, he also shared that he has no one to help him in his old age. He was alone in his suffering.
Itamar was shocked by what the elderly man told him. “It was so hard for me to hear his story. I saw how special and kind he was; the way he cared for people was so touching. He insisted that he didn’t want to disturb me or waste my time, but I always reminded him that I help because I want to and that I do it out of love. One experience that left a mark on me is when I saw him tell his caretaker to leave early so the caretaker could go back home to his family early. The elderly man is so pure of soul and so kind. It was so heartwarming, and it is something I’ll remember. He has inspired me to be thoughtful and kind,” stated Itamar.
Itamar continued, “Once I arrived at our meeting early and tried to help him with household chores. I was helping him with his shower, so he wouldn’t fall, since he is a fall risk. I try to be near him as much as possible so that he doesn’t feel alone. Even though I attend a military boarding school, every time I have leave and can return home on the weekend, I try to be with him to make him happy.’’
Itamar does more than just visit the elderly man occasionally. “One day I came to his house straight from my boarding school and I was shocked to see his fridge completely empty. He usually gets food from neighbors and through various aid organizations. But seeing the state of his food supply, I couldn’t let his fridge stay empty. I called my mom and asked her to buy certain groceries, then I proceeded to check his vital signs. The man and I hung out until my mom arrived with the groceries. When she arrived, I organized everything in the fridge and together my mom and I rechecked his vital signs. I was comforted to know that my elderly friend could eat whenever he needed to, without worrying about where his next meal was coming from. I believe that we should help our elders because without them the nation of Israel, and we as a people, simply wouldn’t exist,” said Itamar.
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B Y NA P C P AUGUST 2017
Featuring Amy Tripple of Amy Tripple Photography
Free Back to School Printables!
October Exhibition, Fall Gathering Information and more!
Back to school is here and this issue of Inspired is bushels of fun! As you take in the remaining beauty
of summer, put the pool away, and look forward to the future, we want to set you on the right path for autumn. Oh, the places you’ll go!
First, our Second Half 2017 International Image Competition closed last week. All of the beautiful
entries have been submitted, and encouraging and supportive words are shining a light in the NAPCP Member Community. Not only will NAPCP’s 2017 Photographer of the Year be selected following this round of competition; for added festivity and fun, the winners of both 2017 International Image Competitions will be featured at the NAPCP International Image Competition Winners Exhibition, during the Atlanta Celebrates Photography festival, on October 5th. Keep reading for more details!
We invite you to join us in Atlanta on October 5th and 6th. The NAPCP celebration begins the evening
of October 5th, with the Pre-Show Reception at Park Studios, exclusively for our winning artists! Later in the evening the Park Studios doors will open to all for the official exhibition. Additionally, our event is featured in the Atlanta Celebrates Photography Festival Guide and being promoted to thousands of people. And if you’d like to join us on the 6th, for more fun at the Krog Street Market, you can find further information about the totally Instagram-able area here.
Speaking of getting together, hop on over to the NAPCP Gatherings page on our website. Fall Gatherings
will be happening around the world during the week of September 11-18th! If you’ve never enjoyed the fellowship of other NAPCP members, let this community help you pursue your dreams. Join us for a Gathering in your area!
Finally, we want you to take advantage of all the free back to school printables on the NAPCP website,
imagined just for you by the NAPCP design team! Visit the site, click, download, print, and it’s oh-so-easy to make this your family’s best school year yet.
Reach for the stars this busy season, NAPCP; you’re ready to take on the world and we’re here to help you
rise to the occasion!
Believe in yourself! The NAPCP Team
2 | NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017
TA BL E O F CO NTE N TS Pg. 4 .....................Free Printable Supply Tags Pg. 5 .........................News & Announcements Pg. 6 .......Featured Photographer Amy Tripple
Pg. 24 .....BNECP September Feature Preview Pg. 25 .............Free Iron On T-Shirt Transfers Pg. 26 .............Free Back To School Printables Pg. 28 ...............................Winners Exhibition
Pg. 30 ......................................Apply For Free Pg. 32 ...............................NAPCP Gatherings Pg. 33 ..............................Marketing Mondays Pg. 34 ............Video Series: Summer Murdock Pg. 35 ...............................Articles You’ll Love Pg. 36 ...............................#NAPCPInstaFaves Pg. 37 ............................Membership Benefits
N E W
B A C K
S C H O O L
S U P P LY T A G S
Back to school is in full swing and we want to make sure your kids (and their supplies) are ready for the hustle and bustle that fall will bring. Our all new FREE printable school supply tags can be printed on a full sheet label and easily trimmed down so they are ready to put on all your favorite things.
L ABEL YO UR SUPPLIES
4 | NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017
N E WS & A N N OU N CE MEN T S
Facebook Community We hope that everyone will continue to partake in our NAPCP Facebook Community page! Join now and get involved with the latest discussions, trending topics, news and updates, and much more! Click here to request to join today!
Napcp Store Visit the NAPCP Store for the latest and greatest products! Download the Fall Marketing Postcard Pack for the easiest way to market to past clients and get more bookings this fall. Check out the rave reviews our members had in the NAPCP Facebook Member Community.
NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017 | 5
FEATURED PHOTOGRAPHER AMY TRIPPLE
Images by Amy Tripple of Amy Tripple Photography
8 | NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017
headshots by twig and olive
aom, wife, photographer, and dog lover ... Give a hearty hello
to this month’s feature photographer, Amy Tripple of Amy Tripple Photography! A Chicagoland gal, Amy’s portfolio includes children, families, professional head shots, commercial work, and so much more. Fueled by a passion for educating and fostering growth in her fellow professional photographers, Amy is also the creative brain behind Sweet Shots photography classes for parents curriculum. Amy and her husband Jonathan (who is also her business manager) tell their children, “People are more important than things,” words that guide not only their family but their business as well.
NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017 | 9
AT A GLANC BEHIND 1. Started photographing? 7 years old 2. Officially opened business? 2007 3. Favorite camera? Nikon D4s 4. Lens of choice? 105mm f/2.8 5. Favorite film? lol nope:) 6. Favorite lab? WHCC 7. Favorite framer? Deep Creek Art in downtown Hinsdale 8. Favorite subject to photography? Our Irish Setter Shannon 9. Favorite musician? Mumford & Sons
10. Favorite movie? The Lord of the Rings Trilogy 11. Recent favorite read? You are a Badass at Making Money 12. Favorite client product? Canvases from CG Pro Prints
10 | NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017
CE WITH SCENES
3 THINGS YOU CAN’T LIVE WITHOUT: • Audible. I listened to over 30 books last year and each one changed my outlook on life in one way or another. Amazing. • My BuJo. “BuJo” stands for Bullet Journal and it’s the best, simplest, and most
effective organizational tool I’ve ever come across. Check out www.bulletjournal. com … I’m a die-hard believer! • A chilled glass of Sauvignon Blanc. On my deck. Preferably with friends. (Bonus: any and all kinds of cheese!)
F L I P T H E PA G E F O R O U R E XC LU S I V E I N T E R V I E W W I T H A M Y !
NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017 | 11
Hello, Amy! We are so excited for our readers to get to know you a bit better. Tell us about yourself and how your professional photography journey began. I’m so happy to share! So … a bit about me! I have an amazing husband, three beautiful and crazy children, and an Irish Setter that I unashamedly adore. I’m a passionate student of life and it’s not uncommon to find me engrossed in an audiobook while driving in circles around the block, trying to finish a chapter before pulling in the driveway! I’ve always loved photography, but it went to a whole new level after my son was born and I was given my first DSLR. Like most photographers, the passion I found for capturing my family grew into something more expansive. After two years of taking pictures semi-professionally, my husband and I decided to take the leap, starting a full-time photography business. That was eight years ago!
12 | NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017
To what (or whom) do you attribute your success as a teacher? At the beginning, I wanted to put a class together that would give DSLR-owning parents the help I wished I’d had in those first few months with my new camera. Drawing on my undergrad in Education, I enjoyed building a curriculum that was both fun and practical for parents who simply wanted to understand their cameras. I think the most important decision we made felt both risky and counterintuitive; regardless, we committed to it at the very start and haven’t looked back: we let go of the fear of creating competition. It was one of the best decisions we’ve ever made for our business. While some of the thousands of parents we’ve worked with have gone on to become photographers (many of whom are now amazing colleagues and peers in this field), we found that teaching the classes helped us establish a strong reputation in our community as photography leaders. NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017 | 13
1 4 | N A P C P I n s p i r e d M a g a z i n e Ju l y 2 0 1 7
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What is your favorite part of every photography session? The most amazing part of every photography session is when my clients are finally able to relax and fall into the real, authentic images I’ve been working toward. All of the preparation, emails, session surveys, meeting-and-greeting, warm-up shots … each step leads to that one incredible moment when the walls seem to crumble down and magic starts to happen. A mama whispering something sweet into her child’s ear, a toddler resting his head on his daddy’s shoulder, siblings giggling over a favorite family inside-joke, when I hear my camera click in the midst of moments like these, my heart honestly soars. We are in love with the gorgeous soft light in your images. Will you share a couple of tricks for getting that warm glow consistently in your sessions? Gladly! A big part of getting that warm glow is being sure to shoot at the right time of day. Early morning and late afternoon/evening sessions are the best for this, so I’m always sure to let my clients know that those are the best time for pictures if that’s the specific look they’re hoping for. Also, I’m always sure to shoot with the sun behind my clients, even if my subjects themselves are fully shaded. Backlighting affects more than just subjects, it also produces beautiful bokeh when the light shines through foliage in the background. It’s important to remember that the background is an incredibly important element in every picture; be careful not to overlook it! Finally, I love shooting Kelvin and usually have it set between 5500-6500K. This always imparts an extra boost of warmth that really shines in the final images.
Thank you so much Amy!
NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017 | 17
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Three Tips F O R T E A C H I NG P H O T O G R A P H Y C L A S S E S b y A m y Tr i p p l e
1- Decide on a location. - One reason many photographers don’t entertain the idea of teaching classes is that they don’t have a studio of their own to host them. However, classes can be taught in all kinds of places! Check in with local restaurants about renting a party room, ask a client if she’d be interested in hosting a class at her home in exchange for a free seat, or check in with a local privately-owned park or arboretum about renting space there. Don’t give up on the idea of teaching just because you don’t have a space … take the bull by the horns and go find one!
2- Start with a solid curriculum. - Whether you purchase one or create your own, be sure that you’ve thought through what you’re going to teach before scheduling and filling up your class! You’ll feel much more confident and excited to market the opportunity if you know the content you’re teaching is solid.
3- Market, market, market! - Simply announcing a class once on Facebook isn’t typically enough to fill one, although it’s certainly a great place to start! Try sending out a personal invitation to each of your clients via email, paying a bit to boost your FB post to moms in your area (you can specify your target audience with all FB advertising), announcing your class in local Buy Sell Trade groups, or teaming up with local Moms-Day-Out programs and preschools to cross-promote. Run a contest on your blog to give away a seat to the class in exchange for likes or shares, or donate a seat to a local silent auction. Remember … marketing is a long-term project, so it may take a bit to get some traction!
NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017 | 19
20 | NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017
CAMERA BAG ESSENTIALS WITH AMY TRIPPLE
BODIES • Nikon D4s • Nikon D750 (backup)
L E N SE S • Nikon 20mm f/2.8 • Nikon 70-200mm f/2.8 • Kenko 2.0X PRO 300 Teleconverter • Nikon 105mm f/2.8 • Nikon 35mm f/2 • Nikon 15mm f/2.8 • Tamron 24-70mm f/2.8 • Nikon 50mm f/1.4 • Lensbaby Composer Pro II with Edge 50 Optic
EXTRAS • Business cards (never leave home without ‘em!) • My Bullet Journal
NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017 | 21
We visited Amy’s Instagram feed and gathered some of our favorite captures.
WITH AMY TRIPPLE
Follow her at instagram.com/amytripplephotography/ to see more beautiful imagery!
NAPCP recently hosted our 2017 Best New Emerging Child Photographer, K.C. Crow of Crow’s Nest Photography for an expense-paid weekend in Atlanta, where K.C. was pampered by the NAPCP and ShootProof teams. We had a lovely time getting to know K.C.! We simply couldn’t wait to show you a behind-the-scenes look at K.C.’s visit. In the September issue of Inspired, you’ll get to browse a full gallery of our celebration of and with K.C.! 24 | NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017
F R E E
B A C K
S C H O O L
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Backpacks, lunch boxes, newly sharpened pencils … we love this time of year. Head on over to the NAPCP blog to download our free printable first day of school signs (available for grades Pre-K to 12) or snag some fun free printable lunchbox notes to help you add some pizazz to your kiddo’s lunch!
WRITE SOME LOVE NOTES
FREE SIGNS HERE
NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017 | 27
NAPCP recognizes the accomplishments and creative excellence of its child and family photographer members. The October 5th International Image Competition Winners Exhibition will feature a stunning display of the year’s winning images in a gallery at the singular Park Studios. Come, celebrate with your fellow photographers and the art-appreciating public, too. On the 6th, the camaraderie continues with a NAPCP meetup at the FENCE along Atlanta’s picturesque BeltLine Eastside Trail. We eagerly anticipate celebrating our winners during the Atlanta Celebrates Photography festival!
NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017 | 29
A P P LY F O R F R E E application fee waived during our summer special with code APPLY 25
FIVE REASONS n o w i s t h e t i m e t o j o i n NA P C P 1 - Apply for free! This summer, we’re waiving our application fee. We don’t want there to be any barriers keeping you from coming together with your fellow professional photographers to learn, grow, connect, and be supported. Simply use code APPLY25 when you submit your application to join NAPCP. 2 - Our constantly-expanding collection of resources! Facebook Live Marketing Mondays, articles authored by the most knowledgeable experts in our field, mentoring, in-person events, NAPCP Gatherings, gallery events, artists receptions, member-exclusive educational documents, the list goes on and on ...! 3 - Recognition. Our bi-annual International Image Competition is open for submissions now! This competition is open only to NAPCP members and is touted globally as one of the premier child and family photography competitions. Two complimentary entries per Competition are gifted to you when you become a NAPCP member, adding even more value to your membership. 4 - Community. The photographers of NAPCP are an association of artists committed to growth in their skills, their craft, and their businesses. More than that, though, we believe that the relationships you form in NAPCP will inspire you to aspire and learn. We ardently hope that this growth will be organically nourished through others, and we are thrilled to tell you that we see this every day among our members! 5 - Product & services you love. Members-only vendor discounts, constantly evolving and updating to meet the needs of our members. Private Member Community Group- exclusive giveaways. Special offers and gifts through our weekly eblast Jubilate, monthly Inspired magazine, and much more.
NA P C P G AT H E R I N G S We hope you’re having an amazing summer. We’re so excited to kick start the busy season with you! We want to let you know that your NAPCP Gatherings will take place the week of September 11th-18th all over the world! Visit the Gatherings page on the NAPCP website to find your local get-together. You won’t want to miss this Gathering! Bring a fellow photographer friend with you, or attend independently -- you’ll meet new, like-minded friends in your area. You’ll feel connected, fulfilled, inspired, and have an amazing time, too. This fall, we’ll be discussing the importance of work/life balance during the busy season so you’re able to Enjoy the Journey. Mark your calendar, and take this time for you!
F I N D A G AT H E R I N G I N YO UR AR E A
32 | NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017
NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017 | 33
ARTICLES YOU’LL LOVE Inspiring words written by our members, for our members.
Tips for Capturing Effortless Newborn Images Whether you are a professional photographer, or a parent seeking to capture beautiful images of your own little one, the single most important, yet simplest, thing you can do to set the stage for a successful newborn portrait session is to ensure that your tiny subject is as comfortable as possible. (Although it is a topic for another day, I would be remiss in failing to note that safety should always be a newborn photographer’s highest priority. In my view, photographers who plan to photograph newborns should, at a minimum, participate in a workshop or receive instruction on the safe handling and posing of newborns from a knowledgeable source prior to accepting any clients.) Read more.
Meet Tina Krafts: Tina is an Award-winning portrait photographer based in Silver Spring, MD. She Specializes in custom portraiture of newborns and children in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area.
Back to Basics: Film I first started photography, like most of us did, by picking up our parents’ cameras and snapping images. The first camera I remember was one of those old Instamatic cameras with the flash cube. I moved on and began using my dad’s Pentax 35 mm camera when I was in high school, and that is also when I learned to develop my own film in the darkroom. Time moved on, as time is apt to do, and my parents bought me my own 35mm, a Nikon N65. I dragged that camera around everywhere with me. When I first began my professional career, the industry was still shooting film so my life involved a lot of time with a scanner. I invested in my first digital camera in 2002, a Nikon D100 with “ an incredible, film-rivaling 6.1 megapixels”. It was heaven. No more scanning, just these cute little cards that went straight into my computer. Bye bye, film! Read more.
Meet Elizabeth Seglia: For almost a decade, I had a fantastic adventure traveling the world as an internationally published sports portrait artist & action photographer. Through it, I discovered my true passion---capturing the energy and joy within children and families.
# N A P C P I N S TA FAV E S The images of these amazing photographers caught our eye in June. Visit them on Instagram and follow along! Tag #NAPCP on Instagram and you may see your work in a future issue of Inspired.
RPHOTOG H O M R E H T A E H @
GRA O T O H P H UT ANDRAR
winning image by Keri Jones
Membership Benefits Read about NAPCP and see the many benefits of NAPCP membership, on our site. Download freebies and preview member-exclusive videos; get to know the heart of our association! LEARN MORE
Please visit napcp.com or email us at email@example.com with questions or inquiries. CLICK HERE TO PRINT THIS ISSUE
NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017 | 37
NAPCP Issue 57
38 | NAPCP Inspired Magazine August 2017
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By Jeanne Outlaw-Cannavo
This month our front-page story is about the numerous UNESCO sites about which Italy can so proudly boost. As we go through many changes being brought about as the world and this nation face the challenge of a devastating pandemic and social change, I thought perhaps to focus on the many outstanding historical Italian figures often overlooked in many history books published outside of Italy and their achievements and contributions to western world culture.
While I am not Italian by origin, I am Italian by citizenship and proud that I raised my children to honor their Italian ancestry and heritage. I have been lovingly “adopted” as an Italian by the people I lived and worked with in Italy and most welcomed by the Italian community here in the Delaware Valley.
I taught Italian for many years and was very involved in Italian-American community events and as such I learned and shared a great deal about Italian culture and history. However, it wasn’t until I had the opportunity to live and work in Italy for many years that I fully recognized the great achievements of Italians and later their descendants
who spread out across the world. The great contributions of Italian inventors, architects and artists have given Italy the honor of having the highest number of cultural sites in the world as recognized by UNESCO. Every village can proudly claim the accomplishments of an honored son or daughter and will boast a treasured architectural gem, art and sculpture and unique traditions that have been passed down for generations.
Each city is a trove of history where around every corner and right under your feet the buildings, fountains and statues tell a story of highly intelligent and creative people who gave to Italy, and later the world, the beauty and the benefit of art, science, literature and knowledge which greatly improved not only their lives but the lives of those who would later migrate to Italy and across the globe.
|Alessandro Volta: A pioneer in the study of electricity and inventor of|
the first battery.
Salvino D’Amato: Inventor of the first wearable eyeglasses.
Santorio Santorio: A Venetian who invented the first recorded thermometer.
Vincent R. Ciccone: Inventor of the cough drop.
Charles Joseph Bonaparte: Founder of the FBI and credited with building the U.S. Navy into one of the strongest in the world.
Enrico Fermi: Enrico Fermi was a physicist and the creator of the world’s first nuclear reactor.
Who can deny the splendor of the works of Michelangelo, Rafaela, Titian, Caravaggio and numerous other artists? Who cannot marvel at the intricacies of massive statues carved from a single block of marble which show the flowing folds of a Roman woman’s gown or the curls on her head? Who would not delight at a fanciful fountain that one comes upon suddenly upon turning a corner? The plots and intrigues which coursed across the centuries as many tribes fought for control of the rich lands of Italy and the Roman Empire certainly did not stop the spirit of the Italian people as they created inventions which would benefit all mankind; art and music that would awe and soothe the souls of all who experienced them and structures which still stand as a testament to their ingenuity.
Whether you are of Italian descent or just interested in Italy’s history and culture, I urge you to take a moment to reflect on this heritage. Over the years I have heard Italian Americans express regret that their parents and grandparents discouraged them from learning Italian and showing Italian pride. Today there are now even 3rd and 4th generation Italian-Americans who want to reverse that trend by learning Italian and reconnecting to their ancestral heritage. I urge all of our readers to encourage this new generation to continue this trend and hope that Italian culture will be preserved in this country for all future generations to enjoy and be proud of.
Find an extensive list at niaf.org/research/contribution.asp.
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Convinced that private sector cooperation is key in establishing long-term sustainable economic development globally and particularly in Africa, Rolf Steltemeier assumed the position as Head of UNIDO ITPO Germany in January 2019. With his expertise in economic development, public relations and business cooperation, he explores the strategic niches for promoting German investments and technologies to developing countries and emerging markets.
Originally trained as bank clerk, Rolf holds a PhD in Political Science and later became a professor at the Zeppelin-University Friedrichshafen. His enthusiasm for academic science motivates him to lecture in Political Science, International Relations and European Studies at Heidelberg University and Political Philosophy at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). He worked as a spokesman at the German parliament and was Head of Office for a former Foreign Minister.
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Jamaica’s Reggae Boyz did just enough to reach the semi-final stage in the CONCACAF World Cup qualifiers and will take on Costa Rica at home on Good Friday, March 25.
The match will get underway at 7 pm inside the National Stadium.
This will be the third game in the semi-final round of qualifiers for the Reggae Boyz and the first of back to back encounters against the Costa Ricans.
The Jamaica Football Federation (JFF) tried to have the match date changed as Good Friday is considered sacred by many Jamaicans.
However FIFA stated a change of date was not possible as the 2016 international match calendar had been approved since 2013.
Match fees will be as followed: ‘Bleachers’ will have to pay $1,200, grandstand category two will cost $5500 and grandstand ….one …$6,500
Jamaica currently sits in third in group “B” of the qualifiers with 3 points, ………..Costa Rica leads the group with 6 points followed by Panama on three and Haiti without a point.
certain to be out of the 2018 World Cup before 2015 was over with, however a last-minute goal by Simon Dawkins put the Reggae Boyz through to the group stage, as they defeated Nicaragua 2-0 (4-3 on the aggregate) in front of a record 18,000-plus in Managua.
Jamaica’s 2018 World Cup bid appeared to be over late last year before a last-minute goal by Simon Dawkins put the Reggae Boyz through to the group stage, as they defeated Nicaragua 2-0 (4-3 on the aggregate) in front of a record 18,000-plus in Managua.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://jablogz.com/2016/01/jamaica-to-take-on-costa-rica-at-home-in-semi-final-round-of-world-cup-qualifying/
|
2023-09-29T22:31:47Z
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Gambling online is a trend today that most people are fond of because of its accessibility and entertainment.
However, when you are new to it, some confusion could take place. For instance, you could be wasting money, yet you are still now winning. To address issues like this and more others, you can read the tips below on what you should know before indulging in it.
Casinos offer a variety of games, and they can be tempting. However, you cannot fully grasp all of its rules. The professionals behind Online Casino Fans state that focusing on one to two games allows you to have a more in-depth understanding of the gameplay. Plus, when you dedicate more time practicing the same routine, you will also have more chances of winning.
Always Check The Sites
If you are new, the first precaution you cannot forget is to avoid shady casino websites. Ensure that you are only playing on a verified and legitimate online gambling to get your hands on real money. Never attempt to try blacklisted casinos because you are compromising your safety, and there is no way to get your money back if ever you become a victim of fraud.
Know Your Limitations
Although gambling is all about risk, you should still be aware of your limitations, especially in online casinos. Since money is easier to access bank transfers, it does not mean you will let it all out once you run out of it. Sometimes, there are bad days, and you have to deal with them. Spending more money does not bring back what you lost, especially if it does not end well.
One of the best strategies in online casinos is to play smart. For example, if you have a hundred-dollar budget, it’s not favorable on your side to play two games on a $50 slot. The better way is to gamble at $1 or $5 to prolong the entertainment and gain more chances of winning since you have more tries.
Quit When You’re Winning
It may appear ironic, but it is a brilliant move to stop gambling for the day when you gain a significant amount. If you earn a thousand dollars, keep it and quit the game. There is a high tendency that you will lose all of it if you persist. Thus, it’s better to log in the next day and start a new one from another budget. This way, your total money accumulates.
Superstitions Don’t Work Online
Unlike in physical gambling, where you depend on superstitions, that sometimes we acknowledge it works. In online casinos, it will never be applicable. The reason for this is because it runs in software that uses random number generators. The machine holds your luck. The best way you can do this is to play strategically then fall for far-fetched beliefs.
Choose Superior Websites
Since online casinos are prone to reviews from people, it pays to do your research and assess which website tops their opinion. If you think it qualifies your liking and game style, then go for it. Ensure that you double-check its payout speed and percentage and whether it is compatible with the currently used device.
Overall, when you are a newbie in online casinos, there are always manuals you can follow from your chosen websites. For more inquires, you can search the internet and browse for community discussion forums, which will help you learn more.
Remember to share this article on Facebook and other Social Media Platforms. To submit your own articles or to advertise with us please send us an EMAIL at: [email protected]
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://jablogz.com/2021/04/useful-tips-you-need-to-know-before-playing-online-casino/
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2023-09-29T23:58:29Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
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Agri Pro focus is a network for business minded farmers. On 24 and 25 August 2017 more than 500 local farmers met in Chipata. Jacana SMART Centre was present, drilling in the garden of the hotel, demonstrating a working rope pump. Local trained entrepreneurs pitched their businesses. Lots of valuable connections were made.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://jacana.help/news/jacana-agri-pro-focus-forum/
|
2023-09-29T22:57:49Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
|
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Jack Johnson to play annual Bridge School Benefit October 26th 2013
Photo by Emmett Malloy
Jack has just been added to the Bridge School Benefit Concert on Saturday, October 26th at Shoreline Amphitheatre in Mountain View, CA.
Organized by musician Neil Young and his wife, Pegi, the Bridge School Benefit Concert is an annual, all acoustic, non-profit charity event held every October at Shoreline Amphitheatre in Mountain View, California. All proceeds directly benefit the operations of The Bridge School.
Jack will join Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young, Queens of the Stone Age, My Morning Jacket, Elvis Costello, Diana Krall, Fun., Heart and Jenny Lewis on Saturday, October 26th.
For more information, please visit www.bridgeschool.org
|
<urn:uuid:a413d118-9cc3-47f8-8e47-91645088a5e4>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://jackjohnsonmusic.com/archive/news/jack_johnson_to_play_annual_bridge_school_benefit_october_26th_2013
|
2023-09-29T23:33:46Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
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|
Today was Mia and Neeraj’s wedding. It went really well, and the newly weds looked awesome 🙂 After so much planning, everything was very smooth. Neeraj and Mia made their vows and danced very nicely and the speeches were all good.
After the reception, Mia and Neeraj left for their honeymoon, we went back to Neeraj’s family’s place. We dressed up in our Bangladeshi clothes (many thanks to our flatmate Asif and his family for these!) and ate far too much tasty curry.
A wonderful day was had by all 🙂
|
<urn:uuid:9d73bfaa-52bd-480e-96da-072fd7f6024e>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://jamescrisp.org/2006/10/08/my-sisters-wedding/
|
2023-09-29T23:27:20Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
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en
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Enhancing Control Systems and Power Supply for Effective Bomb Disposal Operations
1. Ultra-Wideband Design for Enhanced Performance:
Special police bomb disposal vehicles are equipped with ultra-wideband design to effectively counter various threats. This design allows the vehicle to shield wireless signals ranging from 20MHz to 6000MHz, ensuring the safety of the bomb disposal team and preventing remote-controlled explosives from being activated.
2. Stable Control Systems for Diverse Scenarios:
A stable control system is essential for bomb disposal vehicles to operate efficiently in different scenarios. This includes controlling the antenna’s collapse, as well as managing the switches of various modules. By meeting the control requirements of different usage scenarios, these vehicles enable the bomb disposal team to effectively neutralize threats and maintain public safety.
3. Dedicated Power Supply System:
To meet the high power consumption demands of interference equipment, special police bomb disposal vehicles are equipped with dedicated power supply systems. Only with a high-power power take-off system can these vehicles fulfill their daily operational requirements. This ensures that the bomb disposal team has sufficient power supply during mission execution, allowing them to carry out their tasks effectively.
4. Quick Replacement of RF Modules:
The bomb disposal vehicles utilize RF modules that are designed for quick installation and replacement. In the event of a malfunction in a specific module, the vehicle can swiftly replace it, ensuring that the vehicle remains operational and capable of fulfilling its mission requirements. This feature enables the bomb disposal team to respond promptly to threats and maintain a high level of operational readiness.
Special police bomb disposal vehicles play a vital role in addressing large-scale illegal gatherings, sudden mass incidents, and the disposal of suspicious explosive devices. With their ultra-wideband design, stable control systems, dedicated power supply, and quick module replacement capabilities, these vehicles provide the necessary tools and capabilities for bomb disposal teams to effectively neutralize threats and ensure public safety. By continuously enhancing the features and capabilities of these vehicles, law enforcement agencies can better protect communities and maintain social order in the face of evolving security challenges.
Popular Signal Jammers For Sale
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<urn:uuid:1bdd1fd3-24dd-4416-ba58-f57c5158a642>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://jammermaster.com/kb/the-role-and-features-of-special-police-bomb-disposal-vehicles-in-ensuring-public-safety/
|
2023-09-30T00:21:54Z
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
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en
| 0.897263
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|
Five Basic Internet Marketing Strategies to Promote Your Professional Services
If you’re not using the internet to market your professional services, you’re missing out on expanded opportunities. Using the internet to promote your business will help you make the most out of your marketing efforts. Here are several very basic online marketing strategies to establish a presence online that will expand your reach to the global marketplace and grow your business substantially.
1. Have a powerful signature line
This is something many people overlook in their marketing strategy, and it can be very powerful for attracting business. Change your signature line at the bottom of all your emails frequently. Several “signatures” can be created using Outlook or your email program. Offer a link to an article or tips list, or to your latest newsletter. Make sure to “hot-link” your URL so that just by clicking, people will go right to your site. Add a call to action or a reason for visiting your site.
2. Develop a winning website
Choose a domain name that’s easy for people to remember and spell. You can register your URL (website domain name) as soon as possible as a placeholder for your website even before you develop it. There are low cost templates available to get you started with a simple 5 or 10 page website so that you have an online presence. Provide value through your website to the type of people you would like to become clients. Set up a resource center for your area of specialty to build your reputation and draw traffic for your products and services.
3. Promote your website
Write your home page copy so that it’s about your potential clients, not about you. Stand in the shoes of your ideal client and address the problems and challenges they have and the solutions your services can provide. Have attention getting headlines that sell on each page, and invite people to contact you or sign up for your newsletter. Determine two or three main keywords for each page that your ideal client would search on to find you, and use these words several times in the page body copy so the search engines can easily find you.
4. Publish an email newsletter
Offering an email newsletter – an “ezine” – is the #1 way to promote your services online. It’s one of the easiest ways to expand your reputation and increase referrals. People will receive many messages from you over time, and they will start to trust your expertise and style and will hire you and buy your products and services without you having to put a lot of effort into selling.
An email newsletter is a proven way to automatically bring people to your website where they can hire you or order something from you. It’s a great way to expand your visibility and build your list.
You can write your own newsletter, or if you are pressed for time, send out a quote or a tips list, or pay someone else to do the writing – purchase a pre-written newsletter in your area of specialty. Inject your own personality into the ezine so that people come to know and trust you over time.
You can use an Excel spreadsheet or Outlook to start your list quickly, then automate the subscribe/unsubscribe process for your ezine after you reach 100 subscribers.
5. Write articles and post them to online directories or online magazines
Develop the habit of writing about solutions to the problems you see your ideal clients repeatedly having. Write three key points you want them to know, then expand on each of these points by writing three sentences and you have an article! There are many online directories and magazines that will accept your articles. Offer your articles as free content to other ezines. Put your contact information at the bottom of the article so people who like what they read can contact you, and include a link to your own ezine subscription form.
Here are some simple steps you can take to get you started or to advance your efforts on each of the five strategies:
- Signature line: Take a look at your current signature line. Can it be upgraded? Is there a call to action? Create several signature lines to promote various products or services.
- Develop a website: Register your domain name. If you already have a website, do you have attention grabbing headlines that sell on each page? Begin to create a resource area at your website for your area of specialty.
- Promote your website: Are the search engines finding you? Ask your webmaster to change your keywords and get your website ranked at the search engines so that people who search for the solutions you provide can find you easily.
- Publish an email newsletter: If you’re not currently offering a newsletter, create an “editorial calendar” of topics you could easily write about in your area of specialty. If you do have an ezine, what steps can you take to substantially grow your subscriber base?
- Post articles online: Block out an hour this week to create an outline and three key points for an article. Research which of the many online directories or online magazines you could submit your article to.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://janmariedore.com/internet-marketing-basics/
|
2023-09-29T23:18:33Z
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.933741
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How to Play Poker Professionally
Poker is one of the only gambling games that involves skill a lot more than it does luck. It is a game of calculation and logic that can help you learn to be more patient, which is useful in your private life as well as in your professional endeavors. Moreover, you can also get a better grasp of mathematics and statistics, which is beneficial in business and investing.
Poker can be played in many ways, including in live casinos and online. However, to play poker professionally you must know the rules of the game and understand how to calculate the odds of winning a hand. In addition, you must learn to read your opponents and look for physical tells in their body language to determine their cards. It is also important to have good table etiquette and know how to act in a professional manner.
If you want to play poker professionally, it’s important to practice as much as possible and to study the strategy of the pros. The more you play and the more you watch, the quicker your instincts will become. This will help you make more accurate decisions and win more money.
For beginners, it is important to start out by playing relatively tight, especially in early position (EP). This means you should only open with strong hands and raise the pot when you can. You should also avoid bluffing too much, as it can cost you your winnings.
You should also learn to read your opponents’ betting behavior and use that information to predict their next move. For example, if an opponent raises the pot on the flop, it is a good indication that they have a strong hand. Similarly, if an opponent checks on the turn and river, it is likely that they are holding a weak hand.
A flush is a five-card hand that contains the same suit (clubs, diamonds, hearts or spades). A straight is 5 consecutive cards of the same rank, but they don’t have to be in the same suits. Three of a kind is three cards of the same rank, and two pairs are two matching cards of different ranks.
The highest hand is the royal flush, which includes a 10, jack, queen, and king of the same suit. If you have a straight, it’s important to bet frequently to build the pot and chase off other players who are waiting for a draw that can beat your hand. This is why top players fast-play their strong hands. By doing this, they can build the pot faster and increase their chances of winning.
|
<urn:uuid:b8c4b86f-f05f-4f55-b833-b9b1f19813aa>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://japlumbinginc.com/how-to-play-poker-professionally/
|
2023-09-29T23:19:01Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976389
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In this assignment, you are required to implement a simple file system called SFS. After you
finish this homework, you should have a better understanding of file systems and its
organization/implementation. An overview of the SFS is shown in the figure below.
1. SFS (Simple File System)
SFS works on a file called HD that is a 110MB file (initially empty) and you can find it from
the zip file provided.
The implementation of SFS consists two parts: three filesystem related functions (open_t(),
read_t(), and write_t()), and six commands (mkfs_t, ls_t, mkdir_t, external_cp, cp_t, cat_t).
Three filesystem-related functions are based on the simple file system. An illustrative
format on HD is shown below:
BOOT Superblock inode inode 0 Blcok 0
0B 512B 4KB 10MB 110MB Blcok i inode n Blcok i+1
direct_blkBlcok i+2 indirect_blk
Data block 1
Data block 2
Data block m
Data block 3
Data block 4 Blcok i+3 Blcok i+m+2
As shown above, in HD, there are two regions: the metadata and data regions. The
metadata region is inside the first 10MB; it contains a boot sector (the first 512 bytes), the
superblock and inode regions. The superblock region is from 512B to 4KB, and the inode
region from 4KB to 10MB.The data region is from 10 MB to 110 MB, in which it is
divided into data blocks (each data block is 4 KB).
The superblock region defines the layout and its format can be found from the following
struct superblock /*The key information of filesystem */
int inode_offset; /* The start offset of the inode region */
int data_offset; /* The start offset of the data region */
int max_inode; /* The maximum number of inodes */
int max_data_blk; /* The maximum number of data blocks */
int next_available_inode; /* The index of the next free inode */
int next_available_blk; /* The index of the next free block*/
int blk_size; /* The size per block */
Basically, the inode region starts at 4 KB (inode_offset); the data region starts at 10 MB
(data_offset), the maximum number of inodes is 100 (max_inode); the maximum number
of data blocks is 25600; next_available_inode and next_available_blk are used to
represent the indexes of the next free inode and the next free block, respectively; the block
size is 4 KB. To make it simple, you do not need to reclaim inodes or data blocks, and you
can simply obtain the next available inode (data block) index based on
next_available_inode (next_available_blk) when you create a file (allocate data
The inode region contains inodes that can be retrieved based on its index in the inode
region (called the inode number). An inode is used to represent a file, and is defined based
on the following structure:
struct inode /* The structure of inode, each file has only one inode */
int i_number; /* The inode number */
time_t i_mtime; /* Creation time of inode*/
int i_type; /* Regular file for 1, directory file for 0 */
int i_size; /* The size of file */
int i_blocks; /* The total numbers of data blocks */
int direct_blk; /*Two direct data block pointers */
int indirect_blk; /*One indirect data block pointer */
int file_num; /* The number of file in directory, it is 0 if it is file*/
Some related parameters can be found as follows:
#define SB_OFFSET 512 /* The offset of superblock region*/
#define INODE_OFFSET 4096 /* The offset of inode region */
#define DATA_OFFSET 10485760 /* The offset of data region */
#define MAX_INODE 100 /* The maximum number of inode */
#define MAX_DATA_BLK 25600 /* The maximum number of block */
#define BLOCK_SIZE 4096 /* The size per block */
#define MAX_NESTING_DIR 10 /* The nesting number of directory */
#define MAX_COMMAND_LENGTH 50 /* The maximum command length */
In SFS, an inode contains two direct data block pointers and one single indirect data block
pointer. There are two types of files: regular and directory files. The content of a directory
file should follow the following structure:
typedef struct dir_mapping /* Record file information in directory file */
char dir; /* The file name in current directory */
int inode_number; /* The corresponding inode number */
Each directory file should at least contain two mapping items, “.” and “..”, for itself and its
parent directory, respectively.
Based on SFS, the prototypes of the three filesystem-related functions are shown as follows:
1) int open_t( const char *pathname, int flags);
Description: Given an absolute pathname for a file, open_t() returns the
corresponding inode number of the file or -1 if an error occurs. The returned inode
number will be used in subsequent functions in read_t() and write_t().
The argument flags can be one of the following three values: 0 (or 1) means that a
new regular (or directory) file will be created (if one file with the same name exists,
the new file will replace the old file); 2 means that the target is an existing file. The
new inode number can be obtained from next_available_inode from the superblock;
after it is obtained, next_available_inode should be incremented by one.
2) int read_t( int inode_number, int offset, void *buf, int count);
Description: read_t() attempts to read up to count bytes from the file starting at
offset (with the inode number inode_number) into the buffer starting at buf. It
commences at the file offset specified by offset. If offset is at or past the end of file,
no bytes are read, and read_t() returns zero. On success, the number of bytes read
is returned (zero indicates end of file), and on error, -1 is returned.
3) int write_t( int inode_number, int offset, void *buf, int count);
Description: write_t() writes up to count bytes from the buffer pointed buf to the
file referred to by the inode number inode_number starting at the file offset at offset.
The number of bytes written may be less than count if there is insufficient space on
the underlying physical medium or the maximum size of a file has been achieved.
On success, the number of bytes written is returned (zero indicates nothing was
written). On error, -1 is returned.
A new block can be obtained from next_available_blk; after it is obtained,
next_available_blk should be incremented by one.
Six commands: mkfs_t, ls_t, mkdir_t, external_cp, cp_t, and cat_t. Based on the above, six
commands are used to support SFS. Among them, mkfs_t directly works on HD, and the
other commands (ls_t, mkdir_t, external_cp, cp_t, and cat_t) work with SFS based on the
above three functions (open_t(), read_(), and write()). They are described as follows:
Description: mkfs is used to build an SFX filesystem on HD. This should be the first
step in order to use our SFS filesystem on HD, and the command should be executed
in Linux. After this command is successfully executed, the parameters in the
superblock region discussed above should be set up correspondingly in HD.
2) ls_t dname
Description: ls_t lists the information of all files under the directory dname and dname
should be an absolute pathname. The information related to each file should include
its inode number, creation time, file type (regular or directory), and the size of the file.
3) mkdir_t dname
Description: mkdir_t creates a new directory file with the name dname and dname
includes the new directory name with the absolute path. The new directory file will
be created even if this is a directory file with the same name (i.e. the new directory
file will replace the old one under the directory).
4) external_cp outside_path_name sfs_path_name
Description: external_cp copies a regular file from Linux (specified by
out_side_path_name that is the absolute path) to a file (with sfs_path_name as the
absolute path and name) inside the SFS filesystem. A new regular file will be created
and copied in the SFS if the path/names specified by outside_path_name and
sfs_path_name are effective (the new regular file will be created and copied in the
SFS even if there is a regular file with the same path/name sfs_path_name); otherwise,
the error will be reported.
5) cp_t source_path_name destination_path_name
Description: cp_t copies a regular file (specified by source_path_namethat is the
absolute path) to the destination (specified by destination_path_name that is the
absolute path). A new regular file will be created and copied in the SFS if the
path/names specified by source_path_name and destination_path_nameare effective
(an old file with the same path/name as destination_path_name will be replaced by
the new file); otherwise, the error will be reported.
6) ca_t path_name
Description: cat_t prints the contents of the file specified by the absolute path/name
file_name to the standard output. If the file does not exist, the error will be reported.
This assignment has two parts. In Part I, you need to implement the function of mkfs_t. In Part
II, you need to implement open_t(), read_t() and write_t(), thereby making SFS work with the
above five commands (ls_t, mkdir_t, external_cp, cp_t, and cat_t). Note that the source code
for the five commands has been provided but open_t(), read_t() and write() have not been
To start, please download assign-code.zip. After unzipping this zip file, you can find two
directories that contain the source code related to Part I (for mkfs_t) and Part II (for open_t(),
read_t() and write_t()), respectively; HD (the hard disk file) and the header files are included
in the parent directory as well. Under each directory, you can run “make” to generate
corresponding commands with existing “Makefile”.
Currently, there are only prototypes in mkfs_t.c (related to mkfs_t) and call.c (related to
open_t(), read_t() and write_t()). You need to complete mkfs_t.c in Part I and call.c in Part II.
In call.c, you are allowed to create any auxiliary functions that can help your implementation.
But only “open_t()”, “wrtie_t()”, and “read_t()” are allowed to call these auxiliary functions.
While you can develop your programs with any platforms, before you submit your files, you
need to make your code work under the environment below (which is the Linux environment
we use in our labs on PCs in PQ 605):
OS: Ubuntu 10.04
gcc version: 3.3.6
make version: 3.81.
As tutors will test your programs under this environment, you will get zero point if your
programs cannot be compiled/executed with it.
What to submit – A zip file contains two files: mkfs_t.c and call.c (Note: Tutors will
compile your files with other files provided, and test them under the environment
|
<urn:uuid:84e723da-cbaf-4e36-a8fb-fb738df665de>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://jarviscodinghub.com/product/comp-3438-system-programming-assignment-one-solved/
|
2023-09-29T23:21:27Z
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00198.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.829979
| 2,858
|
The effect of FL 1060, a newly described beta-lactam antibiotic, on three strains of Escherichia coli was studied. The agent showed extraordinarily high activity as judged by conventional titrations, but inoculum size, osmolality of the medium, and length of the incubation period were all found to have a marked effect on the result. Continuous turbidimetric monitoring and microscopical observation of cultures of E. coli exposed to FL 1060 showed the effect of the antibiotic to have many novel features. Exposed bacterial rods converted to spherical forms, but in a different manner from that of classical penicillin-mediated transformation. Furthermore, although FL 1060 was bactericidal for the majority of the bacterial population, a fraction not only survived its lethal action but grew in high concentrations of the agent thereby producing a phenotypically resistant population which nonetheless continued to show characteristic morphological deformities. Possible reasons for this anomalous behaviour are discussed.
Statistics from Altmetric.com
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Hello all! Boy, have I ever been busy lately. I am registered in six classes and I am in two plays- both of which go up on Tuesday. However don’t feel too bad for me, there is one class I don’t even go. I just show up for the tests. Hey! Like the one I had today! I should probably feel ashamed or something for not going to class, but I don’t. I feel proud. I’ve never felt so proud of myself. There’s not much that compares to the feeling of doing well on a test, for a class that you only went to twice all year. On quite a different note, do you all remember my weight issues? (What can I do? I’m socially conditioned to believe that I could always use to lose an extra ten pounds. I learned about that from the textbook for the class I never go to.) Well in the play I’m in called Peer Gynt, I have to wear a boustier- a belly shirt boustier! That’s right ladies and gents, it’s also sleeveless. On top of that I have to wear tiny (very tiny) white spandex shorts with a see through skirt over top. I’m freakin out. You have to admit that that would make anyone feel a little self-conscious. Anyway, I’ve gotta get going. I will write again soon. Let me know what you think about the outfit. Jeff will fill you in on what I did for the role on top of skimpy clothes.
I haven’t seen Anna’s play so I don’t know exactly what she is going to be doing except that it is somewhat sexual in nature. (I believe something to do with a pig troll rutting on stage). All I can say is you wouldn’t catch me in such a compromising roll. On a side note, Anna had her eyebrows waxed in preparation for the show.
I just saw one of my professors walking down the hall and thought that now would be a good time to comment on his strange choice of names: Anonymous William Smith. I just call him Wil. I guess one day he decided that he would “spice things up” by changing or eliminating his middle name and then adding Anonymous as his first name. That’s the name he uses for all his art and whatnot. I thought I would have more to say about that, but I guess I don’t. I’ll just let you think about it.
In other news I qualified for Junior Nationals for swimming. The times are faster than Canada West but slower than the CI’s. I don’t think I’m going to go though, because none of the other teammates that qualified are going – and it is $250, not to mention it’s over reading week – which I’ll need to use to catch up on my homework.
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It’s back, everyone! It’s finally back.
Way back in the early days of my JenniBee blog, I made Almond Joy Cookie jars as gifts for my friends and family. My site crashed, and I lost both the original recipe and the scaled down version of the recipe for the cookie jars.
Well, I have since found the original recipe, and after my success with the chocolate chip oatmeal cookie jars, I figured it was time to recreate one of my all-time favorite posts.
Now whenever I feel like making the ultimate cookies, I can just dump in a jar of pre-made cookie mix, stir some butter, egg, and vanilla, and I soon have a quick treat without the mess or the fuss.
I did have to make a few adjustments when I scaled down my recipe, however. I wanted a mix that would be as straightforward and simple as possible. Furthermore, I needed to scale the recipe so it would fit in a quart-sized mason jar. As a result, this scaled down jar version isn’t an exact replica of the original almond joy cookie.
Fortunately, my jar mix has all the same almond joy love but slightly different proportions that make it easier to prepare in advance. Feel free to put together large batches of cookie mix jars and give them away (or bake them) at your convenience.
What You’ll Need
Almond joy cookie mix jars are a breeze to make, but you do need a few items on hand:
- Wide-Mouth quart mason jar with lid
- Measuring cups and spoons
- A funnel with a wide end (or you can just use a paper towel)
- A cup, spatula, or spoon to push down ingredients
If you’re feeling extra festive, you’ll want to have ribbon, twine, buttons, tags, or similar items to decorate the outside of the mason jar.
Almond Joy Cookie Mix Jars
Dry Ingredients for Cookie Jar
- 156 Grams All-Purpose Flour (1 1/3 cup)
- 4 Grams Baking Powder (1 Teaspoon)
- 10 Grams Baking Soda (1 Teaspoon)
- 1.75 Grams Salt (1/4 Teaspoon)
- 106 Grams Brown Sugar (1/2 Cup)
- 100 Grams White Granulated Sugar (1/2 Cup)
- 70 Grams Slivered Almonds (3/4 Cup)
- 95 Grams Sweetened Coconut Flakes (3/4 Cup)
- 85 Grams Milk Chocolate Chips (1/2 Cup)
Wet Ingredients to Mix in Later
- 113 Grams Butter, Softened (1 Stick – 8 Tablespoons)
- 4 Grams Vanilla Extract (1 Teaspoon)
- 1 Large Egg
To Make the Cookie Jar
- Use the funnel to pour the flour into the quart-sized mason jar.* Gently knock down and press the flour with a spoon or spatula to create the first layer.
- Continue adding the dry ingredients layer by layer as they are listed in the recipe. Gently press each ingredient as they are added to the jar to ensure they all fit.
- Seal the jar with the lid. Decorate with ribbon, tags, or twine according to personal preference.
To Make the Cookies
- Preheat the oven to 350° Fahrenheit (176° Celsius).
- In a large mixing bowl, use a hand mixer to cream together the softened butter, vanilla extract, and egg.
- In a separate mixing bowl, pour the ingredients from the jar and stir them thoroughly.
- Combine the dry ingredients with the wet ingredients and mix until well incorporated.
- Use a cookie scoop to make 1 1/2 tablespoon-sized cookie balls on a lightly greased cookie sheet. Be sure to leave room between each cookie to account for expansion.
- Bake for 10 to 12 minutes until the edges are slightly browned. Remove from the oven and let cool on the pan for a few minutes before serving. *
Want to give your jars away to friends and family? Don’t forget to tell them how to make their cookies! Although you could create your own custom card with baking instructions, you can simplify your life (and theirs) by sending them a link to this post or by hitting the print button.
I love making cookie mix jars. They’re easy to put together, and they’re even easier to bake later. They’re fast and without the fuss, and they’re easy to customize and decorate. You can even get your kids involved with the jar decorating for a personal touch.
If you have suggestions for improving this recipe or for beautifying the mason jar, feel free to chime in the comment section below. If you love this recipe, don’t forget to leave a star rating to help promote my site so more people can enjoy my cookie mix jars, too.
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Latest update： 30/11/2016 18:09:27
Nihon Roka Kogyo Co., Ltd.
|Corporate name||Nihon Roka Kogyo Co., Ltd.|
|Number of Employees||11|
|Head office: Country||Japan|
|Head office: Address||Shizuoka, 417-0061|
|Industry||Manufacture of general machinery|
|Main phone number||+81-545550055|
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2023-09-29T22:44:27Z
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We present Aloha F5J - new ultra light competition F5J glider!
It has 3 m wingspan and flying weight only 730 g in most lite version. Light weight and a fairly small wingspan allow Aloha to easily handle weak thermals at low altitude.The wing and tails are made with solid Rohacell or XPS core. Two versions of tail are available - V-tail and classic. See some info about placing of the equipment in the pictures.
Aloha F5J 3m
Aloha F5J 3m is available for order now!
Aloha F5J is available with Rohacell® or XPS foam core. Rohacell® core is more rigid and can be glued by cyanoacrylate. XPS foam core can be glued only epoxy, no CA!
Light weight version is made of carbon fabric 26 g/m2. Standard weight version of the wing is made of carbon fabric 36 g/m2. Strong wing - checkered carbon fabric 62 g/m2. Different versions are made with different spars. Ailerons and flaps have a carbon torsion bar, that increases the rigidity.
The kit includes a center section of wing, left and right tips, a fuselage, tails, a ballast tube, rods with tube, a set of accessories and a set of wing wires with connectors.
Production time for Aloha F5J 3m at the moment is 30...45 days after payment. The production time may be changed due to the unstable situation with COVID-19. You can clarify the production time immediately before ordering by contacting us.
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START MAKING BBQ AT HOME THAT RIVALS THE PROS
AWARD-WINNING BBQ SAUCES
Jimmy Ray’s BBQ Sauces add the
down-home flavors that make every bite taste great.
After countless hours competing in world-class BBQ competitions, we discovered the perfect balance of ingredients to create our championship sauces.
Now you can serve award-winning dishes with the BBQ flavors
that have them coming back for more!
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8" Drop Receiver, Prime, 12,000#, 1-1/4" Shank
Regular price $27.00
Call 814-226-6066 or visit us in Shippenville to purchase
1-1/4" Shank This durable 8" Drop Receiver and Ball Mount meets Class V standards and is rated up to 12,000 lbs. It features a one piece steel design and comes with a 1-1/4" Shank. This heavy-duty mounting solution provides a secure and reliable way to tow.
FALL BLOWOUT SALE!
Hundreds of diverse models, sizes, and top notch brands at the lowest prices of the year!
Call 814-297-6433 or 814-226-6066 to lock in the best available price today!
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Job Seekers, Welcome to ASET Career Center
West Palm Beach, Florida, FloridaPhysician-Neurologist
Sioux Falls, South Dakota, South DakotaHistotechnologist
Memphis, Tennessee, TennesseePhysician- Pulmonologist
Danville, Illinois, IllinoisPhysician (Physiatrist)
Canandaigua, New York, New York
Set up a Job Alert to be notified when Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration posts new jobs.
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First Baptist Church, Loretto, TN: Part-time Worship Leader. Please contact Pastor Kevin Cheatham by email: firstname.lastname@example.org. The church is seeking a part-time worship leader who can direct a praise band to lead the congregation in biblical worship that includes both contemporary music & traditional hymns. Although the church uses a more contemporary worship style, the goal is to sing songs that are faithful to God’s Word & are inviting for all generations to participate in singing congregationally to our God. You can watch our services on Facebook or YouTube at fbcloretto.
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Tree Removal Services in McCaysville, GA, 30513 - Tree Care Experts
McCaysville Tree Removal
Phone : 888-524-1778
Are you looking for a Tree Removal Company in McCaysville, GA?
Are you in search of tree removal service that can do the job correctly and offers fair pricing in the greater McCaysville, GA region? If so, you've come to the right place! We are able to assist with emergency as well as regular tree removal. We'll not only respond quickly to your inquiry and will send skilled, knowledgeable professionals to help. Each case will be evaluated with careful consideration and attention. The tree will then be safely removed from your office or your home.
Tree removal is not something you should attempted by yourself. It's extremely dangerous in the absence of the right tools and knowledge. Each member of our team is well-trained and experienced to offer the best, most safe, and thorough tree removal service available in McCaysville, Georgia. We'll handle any of your tree removal requirements - whether cosmetic or emergency and all debris. Additionally, our fair and affordable prices are always highly competitive. We are able to provide the tree removal services McCaysville, GA residents rely on without sacrificing quality customer service. We can be reached at 800-524-1778.
If your tree's small enough that you don't have climbing a ladder remove the tree, then it is likely to be safe to take down the tree with the assistance of an arborist with experience. We suggest that you contact an expert in your area McCaysville tree removal experts at McCaysville Tree Removal to request a free quote for tree removal services. Our tree care experts are certified to remove trees efficiently and safely making use of the most advanced equipment and techniques. Our McCaysville tree removal specialists are equipped with the right equipment as well as the experience, and insurance to complete the task.
Our local tree service company has been providing reliable tree service to McCaysville, GA for years. We strive to work quickly effectively, which means you can enjoy more gorgeous trees in less time, and for less cost. We are a McCaysville tree care business is locally owned and operated, and we are personally committed to making sure that our community is looking its best. With McCaysville Tree Removal, there is no job that is too small or large for our professional experts. So the next time you're looking to trim your hedges or tree stumps removed, or some tidying up after an event, don't hesitate to call McCaysville Tree Removal. You can trust that we McCaysville tree care professionals will do the job right.
If you are forced to remove a tree from your property Our team of certified tree removal professionals in McCaysville, GA is ready to help you. We've been providing services to the McCaysville, GA region for a long time. Our arborists are skilled at knowing if a tree should be taken down due to disease or if it could be saved by treatment. Maybe you're interested in having one or more trees removed to improve your landscaping. Perhaps you also require an increase in light levels at home. No matter what the reason, we are able to assist.
Are you concerned about a tree that is in your yard? There could be dead branches that are a potential danger. There could be branches that scrape the sides of the house or being too close to power lines. No matter the cause, a professional team will be at your house to determine the issue and suggest the best solution to fix it.
McCaysville Tree Removal is Georgia's #1 Tree Removal Contractor. Our uniqueness is in the way we can make landscapes and trees look amazing and make your property looking better than it was when we first arrived. We take pride in our work, having worked on some of the best golf courses resorts, country clubs, and hotels in the region. We aim to earn their trust by providing superior tree services at great costs.
McCaysville Tree Removal offers a number of the most useful tree removal services in McCaysville, GA. Our company is unique because we offer top-quality assured solutions. Trees aren't just hacked up by us - we make them appear aesthetically-pleasing and gorgeous. We'd love to to deal with your trees on your property offering you the complete, hassle-free solve any tree service requirement you may have. We're sure to give you a top tree-cutting service if you choose us!
Our tree removal team from McCaysville, GA is here to ensure that your trees remain in great condition all the time. Although it is not the best option for every situation however, it is sometimes necessary for a variety of reasons. Tree removal is often necessary when the tree is unsafe or poses a danger for your home. It doesn't matter if you would like to have your tree removed or it is necessary or not; whatever the reason, we'll help you. Experts from the team This will help you remain safe and eliminate all trace from the tree.
If you have a tree you're concerned about but you're unsure if it is necessary to remove it contact us. We'll look at the tree in question and decide if it's in good or bad health, but is able to be saved or is in such poor health that it needs to be removed in order to protect the public. If you believe a tree is healthy however, it is recommended to have one of our tree care experts examine it for any damaged areas. In some cases, a tree might not be in danger of destroying your foundation.
Areas we server: 30513, 30555, 30559
Search Tools: McCaysville, GA customers have found us by searching: tree service in McCaysville GA, tree removal in 30513, stump grinding in McCaysville GA, tree trimming in McCaysville GA, tree cutting in McCaysville Georgia
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From Monthly Film Bulletin, October 1974 (vol. 41, no. 489). –- J.R.
Drummer of Vengeance
Great Britain, 1974
Director: Robert Paget
The American West, shortly after the Civil War. A rebel soldier who goes over to the Union army returns home to find his Indian wife and his son murdered — the former after having been raped — and their house burned to the ground by vengeful Confederates. Coming upon a wind-up toy drummer in the ruins, he vows to track down and kill all the men responsible. His usual method of revenge is to wind up the toy, place it on the ground, and ask his victim to make his play — whether armed or unarmed – before shooting him. He pays a carpenter to make the necessary coffins in advance and quickly dispatches six of the men he is after. The angry townsfolk, eager to be rid of the avenger (known only as the Stranger) and anxious for Sheriff Mason to apprehend him, are spurred on by the fanatical Bible-spouting of the town’s gravedigger — actually the Stranger in disguise. The Stranger also impersonates an Indian in a lance-throwing act in O’Conner’s Travelling Show in order to kill his next victim. and meets Prairie Flower, a member of the troupe, who reminds him of his wife. When the show leaves town, some of the members of the sang he is after hold up the wagons and take them over, but all are subsequently killed either by the Stranger, by each other, or by one of Mason’s deputies. Two of them are in the process of torturing Prairie Flower to extract information when the Stranger and deputy arrive. Discovering that Mason is the gang’s leader, the Stranger returns to town to kill him and then departs.
Within the confines of this cliché-ridden, Leone-derived Western there is at least one potentially intriguing idea: the hero paying for coffins to be made for his future victims, and then disguising himself with tinted glasses and other paraphernalia to become the hell-fire gravedigger who buries them, thus turning his own platitudes against himself when he cries for vengeance against the avenger. Unfortunately, the ironies behind this conceit are scarcely even scratched, and what remains is an inventory of stock violence and all-too-familiar scenes and characters rendered almost as mechanically as the movements of the hero’s featured toy. The stylistic departures consist of freeze-frames to punctuate the first few murders and what appears to be a fish-eye lens to enclose one of the family flashbacks. The moral tenor of the plot can be fairly gauged both by Prairie Flower’s tribute to the Stranger –- “Yours is not vengeance but justice. I see a man pure in spirit” –- and by the fact that she is ultimately left stranded by film and hero alike, tied to a wagon wheel after having been tortured, so that the remaining killings can claim his (and our) total attention with the distraction of even determining whether she’s dead or alive. Regrettably, however, even the hero’s ‘purity’ of purpose is marred by the fact that many of his victims are not given the toy-drummer treatment: two are lanced and knifed respectively from a moving horse, making the warm-up ritual impractical, while a third is shot by the deputy, causing the Stranger considerable chagrin.
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INTRODUCTION: FUNGI—A DISTINCT THIRD FOOD KINGDOM
Mushrooms, the fruiting bodies of macroscopic filamentous fungi that grow above the ground, have been a part of the human diet and used as both food and medicine for centuries. Table 1 highlights the major nutrient, health, and culinary characteristics of mushrooms described in this article.
Initially, mycology, the study of fungi, arose as a branch of botany because fungi were considered primitive plants. Fungi now are accepted as a separate kingdom based on cellular organization rather than on observable and other features.1
Major differences that distinguish fungi from both plants and animals include the following:
- Plants have chlorophyll and make their own food through photosynthesis.
- Animals ingest their food.
- Fungi, lacking chlorophyll, exist on decaying material in nature and on substrate of various compositions when commercially grown.
In addition, fungi contain chitin, a polysaccharide derivative of glucose also found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects, not cellulose found in plants, and contain the unique sterol, ergosterol, rather than cholesterol found in mammalian cells.
COMMON EDIBLE MUSHROOMS
Although more than 2000 varieties of mushrooms are edible, those most familiar to US consumers are of the Agaricus bisporus species: the white button mushroom (the most commonly consumed mushroom in the world), crimini, and portabella. Other commercial species are shiitake (Lentinus edodes), straw (Volvariella volvacea), oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus), and enoki (Flammulina ostreatus). Seasonal species such as morels (Morchella esculenta) and chanterelles (Cantharellus cibarius) are gathered in the wild and sold at retail stores and farmers markets. According to the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Agricultural Statistics Service, fresh white mushroom per capita consumption is slightly less than 3 pounds per year.
NUTRIENT PROFILE AND CONTRIBUTION TO THE DAILY VALUE
The USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 27 (SR27), includes composition data on white, crimini, shiitake, enoki, maitake, oyster, portabella, morel and chanterelle mushrooms, and portabella mushrooms exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light that converts the naturally present ergosterol to ergocalciferol (vitamin D2).2 Separate analyses of specific compounds such as the sulfur-containing amino acid ergothioneine and the carbohydrate profile including the fiber-associated monosaccharides, chitin, and β-glucan have been published.3 Ergothioneine cannot be synthesized by humans and has a unique transport system in mammals, suggesting it is important for human health.4 Ergothioneine is found in limited dietary sources: fungi, kidney, liver, black and red beans, oat bran, and a few bacteria. A randomized controlled clinical trial has established ergothioneine’s bioavailability from mushrooms.5 Because there is no Daily Value (DV) for ergothioneine, it is not listed on the Nutrition Facts panel, and no nutrient content claims can be made.
The Nutrition Facts panel lists the nutrient contribution of an 84-g (3 oz fresh) portion of packaged white button mushrooms to DVs established for labeling. Mushrooms provide not only nutrients commonly found in produce, but also nutrients found in meats and grains. Mushrooms are a good (10%–19% DV) source of niacin, pantothenic acid, selenium, and copper and an excellent source (≥20% DV) of riboflavin.6
Mushrooms’ contribution to the DV for some nutrients may be small, yet consistent consumption of mushrooms over time contributes to a nutritious diet. Mushroom consumption is associated with higher intakes of total vegetables, dark green and orange vegetables, and total grains, resulting in higher intake of many nutrients, lower intake of some nutrients to limit, and better diet quality.7Table 2 lists mushrooms’ contribution to potassium, dietary fiber, vitamin D, and calcium, 4 underconsumed nutrients identified by the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) and being considered by the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee at the time of this writing.
VITAMIN D AND LIGHT EXPOSURE
All mushrooms contain the vitamin D precursor ergosterol, although the vitamin D2 content varies upon exposure to light. Conversion of ergosterol to vitamin D2 ranges from minutes to a few hours for sunlight versus seconds to several minutes when commercially exposed to UV light.8–10 Common, edible varieties in the US retail market (white button, crimini, portabella) grown indoors have levels under 20 IU per 100 g likely related to variable exposure to ambient UV light. See Table 3 for some examples. Mushrooms foraged in the outdoors (morels, chanterelles) have 206 and 212 IU, respectively.2
The mushroom industry has used results from controlled studies to identify time and intensity of UV exposure to reach targeted levels of vitamin D, such as 100% of the DV in a Nutrition Facts serving. Consumers also can increase the vitamin D2 in mushrooms purchased at retail by exposing them to sunlight prior to eating. A preliminary trial demonstrated that vitamin D2 in mushrooms can be increased by at least 25% of the Daily Reference Intake (150 IU/70-g serving) by exposure to sunlight for as little as 15 minutes on a clear or partly cloudy day between 9:30 am and 3:30 pm and more than 600 IU in some cases.10
NUTRIENT CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE FOOD KINGDOMS
Mushrooms have been informally categorized among the “white vegetables,” described as the “forgotten source of nutrients.” However, color as a proxy for nutrient contribution may not always account for the multitude of phytonutrients associated with health benefits.11 Although some foods in each of the USDA food groups might be a richer source of a particular nutrient than mushrooms, it is mushrooms’ distributed contribution of a suite of underconsumed nutrients across plant- and animal-based food groups that is unique (Table 2). There is precedent for recognizing unique foods as the DGA states “beans and peas are unique foods,” and their nutrient profile enables them to be counted both as a vegetable and a protein food. Thus, in the current USDA food grouping system, there is opportunity to increase recognition of mushrooms in dietary guidance even in the absence of a formally established “third food kingdom.”
A SUSTAINABLE FOOD CHOICE
Mushroom production is consistent with a sustainable food supply, a dimension of food choices addressed by the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Mushrooms, produced in 33 states in the United States, are a local or regional food source, and most mushroom farms are family owned. Mushroom farms recycle byproducts from other agricultural sectors—crushed corn cobs, cottonseed hulls, soybean hulls, peanut hulls, and cocoa shells—providing a useful solution for byproducts that previously posed waste management challenges for other agricultural operations. The substrate material (on which mushrooms are grown) is recycled as a soil amendment. By growing mushrooms indoors, producers are better able to control environmental factors, land use, and related energy and water needs.12 Modern mushroom production is energy efficient, relying on heat generated by composting to help warm production facilities.
MUSHROOMS—A CULINARY SOLUTION WITH NUTRIENT BENEFITS
Data from the NPD (formerly National Purchase Diary) Group’s Nutrient Intake Database 13 show that the average adult consumes just 1.1 cups of vegetables in a typical day, whereas the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data14 show average adult vegetable consumption of 1.6 cups per day, less than the 2.5 cups recommended as part of the USDA Food Pattern for a 2000-calorie diet. Integrating more vegetables in entrées or main dishes is one strategy to help consumers meet the recommended goal.
Mushrooms have many flavor and nutrient characteristics that make them an ideal addition to many dishes. Their texture and umami or savory flavor properties make them a suitable substitute for meat. Mushrooms contribute moisture that improves the mouth feel and overall sensory appeal of many dishes, whereas their low energy density (about 92% water) can reduce the energy density of the final dish when taking the place of other higher-energy-dense ingredients.
The use of other umami-rich ingredients, such as tomatoes, that have a synergistic effect with the umami compounds in mushrooms further adds to the flavor and consumer appeal. The interactions of the umami compounds on taste buds create longer-lasting taste sensations compared with the effects of the compound on their own. Traditional global cuisines have combined multiple umami-rich ingredients for millennia to create iconic dishes. For example, in Chinese cuisine, fresh mushrooms that contain naturally occurring glutamate often are combined with dried, rehydrated mushrooms that contain naturally occurring guanylate. Mushrooms and other vegetables rich in umami also have the benefit of being low in sodium and rich in potassium (Table 4).
A sensory study15 conducted by The Culinary Institute of America and the University of California, Davis, found that mushrooms, used as a partial substitute for ground beef in popular dishes such as ground beef–based taco fillings, increased consumer appeal by improving the flavor and texture of the finished dish. This research also showed that cooking technique affected the sensory attributes of the mushrooms. Searing and oven roasting are the best cooking techniques to create the meatiest texture and enhance the umami properties. These high-heat techniques (300–500°F) facilitate the Maillard reaction, which enhances the umami properties of the cooked mushrooms up to 7 times their original levels.16 Cooking with mushrooms also can lower food costs. Based on 2014 retail market prices in Northern California at the time of this writing, a 50:50 ground beef with button mushrooms taco blend saves 20% on the food cost, and if 80% of the beef is substituted with mushrooms, the food cost savings increase to 33%.
SCIENCE LINKS MUSHROOMS AND HEALTH
Positioning mushrooms in dietary guidance requires evidence-based research. An initial literature search in 2008 undertaken by Roupas et al17 identified 11 000 articles on mushrooms. This rapidly growing body of evidence on the effects of mushroom intake on a variety of human health outcomes is beyond the scope of this article; however, summaries of these studies are available.17,18 The majority of the human trials to date have focused on immune function and anticancer effects of edible mushrooms and their components, either as a primary or adjuvant therapy.
Stimulation of immune function and some anticancer effects of mushrooms are not mutually exclusive. Polysaccharides from various edible mushrooms have been shown to have antitumor effects in human cell lines, and these polysaccharides generally belong to the β-glucan family (β-d-glucans) and appear to exert their anti-tumor effects, not via a direct cytotoxic effect on cancer cells, but indirectly by stimulation of immune function, allowing a host to better combat the effects of cancer cells. Reviews have been published on the immunomodulatory activities of mushroom polysaccharides,19 on the health effects of β-glucans in mushrooms,20 and on the immunobiology of mushrooms.21
Promising studies include those indicating an inverse relationship between mushroom consumption and breast cancer risk, with consistent results along a continuum of investigations, from in vitro studies using human cell lines in culture and animal studies, through to recent human trials. The in vitro and animal trials to date have reported an inhibition of aromatase activity and subsequent reduction of estrogen by mushroom extracts, which provide a physiologically relevant mechanism for effects on estrogen receptor–positive tumors. Evidence has also suggested that the antiaromatase compound in A bisporus is conjugated linoleic acid.22,23 The presence of conjugated linoleic acid, also found in meat and dairy products, is another example of how mushrooms—biologically neither a plant nor animal—provide nutrients found in either or both.
CLINICAL TRIALS AND RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
Table 5 is a selection of the approximately 40 clinical trials on common edible mushrooms on international clinical trial registries at the time of this writing. These trials will add to the current evidence on mushroom intake and health outcomes such as obesity via use of mushrooms in weight loss and weight maintenance diets, the use of mushroom intake to address vitamin D deficiency, and potentially on vitamin D–related health outcomes such as immunity, bone metabolism, muscle function, cognition and mood outcomes, metabolic syndrome, and prediabetes. A human trial has shown that vitamin D2 from vitamin D2–enriched brown button mushrooms (A bisporus) (enriched via UV exposure) is bioavailable and effective in improving vitamin D status, with the effect not different to a vitamin D2 supplement.24 Trials on vitamin D2–containing mushrooms on participant D status are in progress and, if successful, will add to the body of evidence for the effects of dietary mushroom intake on vitamin D–mediated human health outcomes.
Preliminary trials in subjects with type 2 diabetes have reported a hypoglycemic effect of mushrooms and mushroom components. There is a high level of consistency between the effects of mushroom extracts in preliminary data from human trials and results in diabetic animal models that have mirrored decreases in plasma glucose, blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations, thereby strengthening the level of evidence for antidiabetogenic effects of the studied mushrooms and their extracts.
Newly registered trials are also evaluating the efficacy of mushroom intake on human health outcomes not previously studied, for example, the efficacy of mushroom intake on sports performance (oxygen kinetics, aerobic power, and time to fatigue).
GOING FORWARD: THE FUTURE FOR FUNGI
Animal and in vitro experiments have provided some insights into the cellular mechanisms linking mushrooms and health. Ultimately, additional well-designed clinical trials are needed to further substantiate human health outcomes from mushrooms and mushroom components that support their greater recognition in nutrition guidance. As stated previously, there is an opportunity to increase recognition of mushrooms in the USDA food groups while discussion continues on establishing a “third food kingdom.”
In the short term, mushrooms can continue to ride the wave of positive dietary guidance relative to plant-based diets and vegetable intake while research builds on their unique composition and use as a whole food to help consumers improve their health. In the longer term, based on their utility to improve diet quality, enhance flavor without additional sodium, and provide ways for consumers to consume smaller portions of animal protein, mushrooms may deserve a more prominent place in dietary guidance recommendations that recognizes their uniqueness.
- Investigators/researchers: keep current on the science linking mushrooms and health; become familiar with the different food kingdoms: fungi, plants, and animals; refer to the USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference for mushrooms’ nutrient profile.
- Nutrition practitioners: use the Nutrition Facts panel to inform consumers of mushrooms’ nutrient benefits; explain to consumers who still use mushrooms as a “garnish” that these benefits are based on a 3-oz fresh serving.
- Culinary nutrition professionals: recognize that cooking technique affects the umami properties of mushrooms; roasted and seared mushrooms have more umami than raw, steamed or sautéed mushrooms because of the effects of the Maillard or browning reaction.
- Consumers: use mushrooms with foods from all food groups to improve diet quality; blend mushrooms with animal protein to lower the energy density of meals—and food costs.
The authors thank Debra Krause (CSIRO, Australia) for compiling the information on current clinical trials.
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3. Dikeman CL, Bauer LL, Flickinger EA, Fahey GC Jr. Effects of stage of maturity and cooking on the chemical composition of select mushroom varieties. J Agric Food Chem. 2005; 53: 1130–1138.
4. Gründemann D, Harlfinger S, Golz S. Discovery of the ergothioneine transporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005; 102: 5256–261.
5. Weigand-Heller AJ, Kris-Etherton PM, Beelman RB. The bioavailability of ergothioneine from mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus
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8. Kalaras MD, Beelman RB, Elias RJ. Effects of postharvest pulsed UV light treatment of white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus
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content and quality attributes. J. Agric Fool Chem. 2012; 60: 220–225.
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) treated postharvest with UVB light or sunlight. J Agric Food Chem. 2011; 59: 8724–8732.
10. Phillips KM, Rasor AS. A nutritionally meaningful increase in vitamin D in retail mushrooms is attainable by exposure to sunlight prior to consumption. J Nutr Food Sci. 2013; 3: 236.
11. Weaver C, Marrs ET. White vegetables: a forgotten source of nutrients: Purdue roundtable executive summary. Adv Nutr. 2013; 4: 318S–326S.
12. Lonie J, Phelps L. Sustainable production practices in mushroom farming. Mushroom News. 2011; 59: 4–8.
13. State of the Plate: 2010 Study on America’s Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables
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14. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service and US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. What We Eat in America, Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2004
. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 2010 Chapter 5. www.dietaryguidelines.gov
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15. Myrdal Miller A, Mills K, Wong T. Flavor-enhancing properties of mushrooms in meat-based dishes in which sodium has been reduced and meat has been partially substituted with mushrooms [published online ahead of print August 14, 2014]. J Food Sci. 2014.
16. Festring D, Hofmann T. Systematic studies on the chemical structure and umami enhancing activity of Maillard-modified guanosine 5′-monophosphates. J Agric Food Chem. 2011; 59( 2): 665–676.
17. Roupas P, Keogh J, Noakes M, Margetts C, Taylor P. The role of edible mushrooms in health: evaluation of the evidence. J Funct Foods. 2012; 4( 4): 687–709.
18. Feeney MJ, Dwyer J, Hasler-Lewis C. Mushrooms and health summit proceedings [published online ahead of print May 8, 2014]. J Nutr. 2014.
19. Cheung PCK, Wong KH, Lai CKM. Immunomodulatory activities of mushroom sclerotial polysaccharides. Food Hydrocoll. 2011; 25( 2): 150–158.
20. Rop O, Mlcek J, Jurikova T. Beta-glucans in higher fungi and their health effects. Nutr Revs. 2009; 67( 11): 624–631.
21. Borchers AT, Krishnamurthy A, Keen CL, Meyers FJ, Gershwin ME. The immunobiology of mushrooms. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008; 233( 3): 259–276.
22. Kanaya N, Kubo M, Liu Z, Chu P, Wang C, Chen Y-CYS. Protective effects of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus
) against hepatic steatosis in ovariectomized mice as a model of postmenopausal women. PLoS One. 2011; 6( 10): e26654.
23. Chen S, Oh SR, Phung S. Anti-aromatase activity of phytochemicals in white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus
). Cancer Res. 2006; 66( 24): 12026–12034.
24. Urbain P, Singler F, Ihorst G, Biesalski HK, Bertz H. Bioavailability of vitamin D(2) from UV-B–irradiated button mushrooms in healthy adults deficient in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011; 65( 8): 965–971.
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The study of infectious disease has been aided by model organisms, which have helped to elucidate molecular mechanisms and contributed to the development of new treatments; however, the lack of a conceptual framework for unifying findings across models, combined with host variability, has impeded progress and translation. Here, we fill this gap with a simple graphical and mathematical framework to study disease tolerance, the dose response curve relating health to microbe load; this approach helped uncover parameters that were previously overlooked. Using a model experimental system in which we challenged Drosophila melanogaster with the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, we tested this framework, finding that microbe growth, the immune response, and disease tolerance were all well represented by sigmoid models. As we altered the system by varying host or pathogen genetics, disease tolerance varied, as we would expect if it was indeed governed by parameters controlling the sensitivity of the system (the number of bacteria required to trigger a response) and maximal effect size according to a logistic equation. Though either the pathogen or host immune response or both together could theoretically be the proximal cause of pathology that killed the flies, we found that the pathogen, but not the immune response, drove damage in this model. With this new understanding of the circuitry controlling disease tolerance, we can now propose better ways of choosing, combining, and developing treatments.
It is an intuitive assumption that the severity of symptoms suffered during an infection must be linked to pathogen loads. However, the dose–response relationship explaining how health varies with respect to pathogen load is non-linear and can be described as a “disease tolerance curve;” this relationship can vary in response to the genetic properties of the host or pathogen as well as environmental conditions. We studied what changes in the shape of this curve can teach us about the underlying circuitry of the immune response. Using a model system in which we infected fruit flies with the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, we observed an S-shaped disease tolerance curve. This type of curve can be described by three or four parameters in a standard manner, which allowed us to develop a simple mathematical model to explain how the curve is expected to change shape as the immune response changes. After observing the variation in curve shape due to host and pathogen genetic variation, we conclude that the damage caused by Listeria infection does not result from an over-exuberant immune response but rather is caused more directly by the pathogen.
Citation: Louie A, Song KH, Hotson A, Thomas Tate A, Schneider DS (2016) How Many Parameters Does It Take to Describe Disease Tolerance? PLoS Biol 14(4): e1002435. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002435
Academic Editor: Andy P. Dobson, Princeton University, UNITED STATES
Received: October 14, 2015; Accepted: March 15, 2016; Published: April 18, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Louie et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The microarray data discussed in this manuscript has been uploaded to GSE60985. The RNA seq data is uploaded to GSE74105.
Funding: This work was supported by an NIH Directors Pioneer Award 5DP1AT007753 (DSS) https://commonfund.nih.gov/pioneer/description; Senior Scholar award from the Ellison Medical Foundation (DSS), http://www.ellisonfoundation.org; Molecular Cellular and Immunobiology T32AI0070290 (AL), http://www.nih.gov; National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government [NRF-2009-352-C00122] (KHS), http://www.nrf.re.kr/nrf_eng_cms/; National Science Foundation (AH), https://www.nsfgrfp.org; Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant No. 2012-67011-19893 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (ATT), http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?navtype=SU&navid=EDUCATION_OUTREACH. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Abbreviations: ActA, actin assembly-inducing protein; AMP, antimicrobial peptide; CFU, colony-forming unit; DPI, days post infection; EC50, half maximal effective concentration; LLO, listeriolysin O; MTD, median time to death; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; TDA, topological data analysis
The clinical goal of treating infectious diseases is to reduce the levels of sickness experienced by infected hosts. One approach to studying this problem is to quantitate illness by correlating the dose response of pathology to pathogen load; graphs like these are called “disease tolerance curves” [1–6]. We argue that the shape of the dose response curves and the underlying mathematical functions producing these curves can teach us how to alter the health-by-microbe relationship. For example, if disease tolerance curves are linear, we need only discover the molecular mechanisms that control the curves’ slopes. If these curves have a more complex shape—for example, a sigmoid shape—then we will need to measure more variables.
Since there are not universally agreed upon definitions for many of the words we use to describe the immune response and health, we start by defining the following terms: vigor, resistance, resilience, and tolerance. “Vigor” is the health of an uninfected individual, and “resistance” describes the host’s ability to limit microbe load [1–6]. We use “resilience” to describe the ability of infected hosts to return to their original healthy condition, much in the same way the word is used to describe the way a perturbed ecological system returns to its origin [7,8]. For example, a resilient host may suffer from an infection but would easily bounce back to health, whereas infection in a non-resilient host might lead to permanent disability or death. We apply the term resilience to an infected individual because we can follow the path that individual takes from health through sickness and back. “Disease tolerance” is the dose response curve summarizing the pathogen loads that are required to produce a range of host responses. Disease tolerance differs from resilience in that tolerance is an emergent property of populations, while resilience is a property of an individual; disease tolerance measures how resilience changes across a population as pathogen load is varied. Disease tolerance, by definition, cannot be measured in a single individual . The model described in this paper shows how these distinctions between resilience of individuals and tolerance of populations disappear once we understand infection dynamics to the point that we can predict how a population would behave knowing the properties of an individual.
To study disease tolerance we used a simple infection system in which we injected a pathogen (Listeria monocytogenes) into a fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) [10–14]. These L. monocytogenes-infected flies suffer from a variety of ailments, including alterations in their circadian rhythm, cold-coma recovery, climbing ability, feeding behavior, metabolism, and death [12,15–17]. To determine the disease tolerance curve, we plot the survival rates of the infected flies against microbe loads measured 2 days post infection (DPI). We used this system because it allowed us to measure large numbers of samples and to take advantage of the genetic tools and the understanding of innate immunity available for this model organism.
Our immediate goal is to define the mechanisms controlling tolerance. We start with a simple mathematical model representing feedbacks between microbe growth, the immune response, damage, and health, modeling each using logistic equations. We then measured the ground-truth of these models using a D. melanogaster/L. monocytogenes infection that can lead to lethal outcomes. We experimentally measured microbe growth, the immune response, and disease tolerance and found that each of them was well described by sigmoid curves, suggesting that we need at least three variables to describe each. In the case of tolerance, this meant that we had to measure host vigor, the number of bacteria required to injure the host, and the maximum death rate achieved by the fly. In the case of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) transcript production, we measured basal levels, the number of bacteria required to induce transcripts to 50% of their maximum value, and the maximum transcript level. We examined how alteration of the values of the parameters in the model changed the output of the model to distinguish between changes that we might see if microbes or the immune response were the principal mediators of damage. Upon testing a variety of D. melanogaster natural variants and mutants along with some L. monocytogenes mutants, we concluded that, in this system, the bacteria and not the immune response is responsible for the damage caused by the infection. When we monitored how disease tolerance changed as we varied host or pathogen properties, we found the tolerance curve changed shape in the manner predicted by the model; for example, the number of bacteria required to damage health changed, while the vigor and maximum death rate remained constant. We demonstrate that this dual approach of measuring and modeling full-length disease tolerance curves can reveal previously unrecognized parameters controlling disease tolerance.
We started by making a graphical model to explain four parameters: microbe load, the immune response, microbe-induced damage, and health (Fig 1). We modeled the immune response so that it could both limit microbe growth and kill microbes. We previously found that Mycobacterium marinum infected flies waste upon infection and predicted that the day they died they would have exhausted their glycogen and fat stores [18,19]. We also found that L. monocytogenes infected flies waste during infection ; to explain death, we used these empirical data to imagine that there was a store of “health” that could be depleted by the infection. In our model, both the immune response and the microbes can cause damage, which depletes health and increases the death rate. Immunopathology directly affects health, while microbes secrete damage effectors that impact health.
(A) A simple model in which microbes induce an immune response, which in turn limits microbe growth and kills the microbes. Both microbes and immune effectors can cause damage in this model.
We built a simple mathematical model based on the graphical model largely using sigmoid functions to define each parameter (see Experimental Procedures) to help define our assumptions about the mechanisms governing disease tolerance. This was an obvious choice for microbe growth and the immune response, as these equations are well described in classical mathematical models of infections . We used the same mathematical function to describe microbe-induced damage, since we anticipate that the shape of the curve is due to some enzymatic rate-limiting step that will likely follow sigmoid Michaelis-Menten kinetics [21,22].
To determine the ground-truth of this model, we measured the behavior of microbes, the immune response, and health in a model system in which we inject L. monocytogenes into the body cavity of D. melanogaster. We chose this model infection because it is simple to obtain the measurements we need to define resistance and disease tolerance and because we have a collection of host mutants that we know affect resistance and tolerance to L. monocytogenes [10–12]. We can readily measure microbe loads by homogenizing whole flies at any point in the infection to plate them to determine colony-forming units (CFU). We can determine the health of the infected flies by measuring the median time to death following infection.
When L. monocytogenes is injected into flies that are incubated at 29°C, the resulting bacterial growth is best described as logistic (Fig 2A, logistic adjusted r2 = 0.594, adjusted linear and adjusted exponential r2 < 0.1) with a maximum growth rate of 0.1656 log10 (CFU)/h. L. monocytogenes loads reach a plateau at 24 h post infection.
(A) L. monocytogenes growth dynamics during infection. w1118 flies were injected with 1,000 CFUs. Individual flies were homogenized and plated, and bacterial colonies were counted at each time point. The data are fit with a logistic curve with a maximal growth ceiling of approximately 17,000 bacteria and a growth rate of 0.1659/h. The dotted lines indicate the 95% confidence interval. (B) L. monocytogenes dynamics during antibiotic treatment. Flies were injected with 100 CFUs and treated with ampicillin. The data are fit with a plateau followed by a one-phase decay with a half-life of 2.4 d. The dotted lines indicate the 95% confidence interval. (C) Survival curves for treated and untreated flies demonstrate that antibiotic treatment led to recovery of the flies, which lived as long as wounding control flies. Data are reported in S1 Data.
We wanted to define the relationship between AMP levels to a given microbe load to understand how many parameters we need to use to measure the immune response. Because bacteria grow rapidly to reach their plateau, and wounding flies to introduce bacteria causes an immune response on its own, we reasoned it would be difficult to measure the immune responses at intermediate microbe loads by simply injecting flies with different amounts of microbes. Instead, we took flies that had high levels of bacteria and slowly cured them of the infection so that we could measure the relationship between AMP transcripts and microbe load essentially at steady state. The fly immune response cannot clear L. monocytogenes on its own; therefore, to clear the bacteria we transferred infected flies to fly media containing 1 mg/ml of ampicillin 2 DPI. We observed that L. monocytogenes clearance followed exponential decay dynamics (Fig 2B, adjusted r2 = 0.7140). L. monocytogenes infection in the fly decreases survival, but ampicillin-treated flies lived just long as uninfected flies (Fig 2C).
Having developed a method to slowly decrease microbe loads, we performed the following experiment: We injected one set of flies with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), fed them with ampicillin, and followed them regularly to serve as wounding, aging, and antibiotic treatment controls. We took a second set of flies and injected L. monocytogenes. This group was split in two; one portion was fed ampicillin to clear the microbes, and the other was not. We collected flies for plating to determine microbe loads, and for RNA preparation to run a microarray at regular intervals (S1 Fig).
We analyzed the expression of the known and presumed AMPs with respect to microbe loads and found that AMPs are expressed according to a sigmoid relationship with respect to microbe load. We plotted the expression of AMPs to CFU levels in the fly and found the relationship between AMP transcription and microbe load is best fit by a four-parameter sigmoid (Fig 3A). Accordingly, each AMP transcript has a baseline (bottom plateau), maximal concentration (top plateau), effective bacterial concentration producing a half maximal effective concentration (EC50), and slope. We observe that the AMPs expressed during infection differ in their EC50 (Fig 3B) over a range of about 100-fold (20–2,000 CFUs). AMP expression does not continue to increase as microbe number increases past a certain point, and each AMP transcript reaches a characteristic plateau. Each AMP transcript can thus be characterized by its maximum expression in relation to its baseline, and this relationship varies over an 8-fold range between AMPs. We observed no significant relationship between EC50 and maximum expression, suggesting that EC50 and maximum expression can vary independently of each other. We found an exponential relationship between Hill slope and EC50 (Fig 3D), suggesting that AMPs requiring large numbers of bacteria for induction turn on in a switch-like manner, while those turned on at low microbe loads are turned on gradually. This gives us insight into the tuning of the fly’s immune response; overall, AMPs will be turned on gradually at microbe loads below 100 bacteria per fly but will rapidly increase as loads pass 1,000 bacteria per fly.
(A) AMP dose response curve. Expression of AMPs was determined by microarray. Fold change is plotted relative to log microbe load (grey: uninfected control, black: infected, no treatment, red: infected, ampicillin treatment). The data are fit with a four-parameter sigmoid model. Adjusted r2: Drosomycin = 0.9521, Attacin A = 0.8509, Cecropin A = 0.8933. The dotted lines indicate the 95% confidence interval. (B) EC50 of antimicrobial peptides. Error bars mark the 95% confidence interval. (C) Maximum expression level of antimicrobial peptides. Error bars mark the 95% confidence interval. (D) Relationship between Hill slope and EC50. The data are fit with an exponential growth function with an adjusted r2 = 0.5126. Data are reported in S1 Data.
Though AMPs had a rather simple sigmoid relationship with microbe load, this was not the case for many other genes modulated during infection. Some of these other gene expression patterns showed hysteresis, by which we mean that gene expression depends upon past conditions and not only the immediate conditions. For example, gene expression for these hysteretic transcripts had one pattern as the fly moved from health to sickness and another as the fly returned from sickness to health. This hysteresis can be useful because it helps us define different states of the infection. To visualize the “disease space” traversed by infected flies and to identify the different states of the infection process, we used topological data analysis (TDA). It is common practice when clustering data to plot the data using some sort of tree structure, as is done with hierarchical clustering or spade analyses [23,24]. This makes good sense when dealing with data for a developing system in which the animal or cell enters a new state, but it is problematic when dealing with a system that returns to its original state; resilient systems should not be fit by a tree and are better described by loops. Topological data analysis is sensitive to the topology of the data and will not arbitrarily linearize a loop and then force it to fit a tree [25,26]. Instead, the analysis simply clusters related data points, represented as nodes on a network graph, and the shape of that graph reveals the connections between the time points (for recent examples see [27–29]). In the case of a resilient system, such as flies recovering from an infection, we find this graph forms a loop.
Fig 4 shows the TDA graph we built to describe our data, and 4A describes the three basic treatment groups in the dataset (uninfected, infected, and antibiotic-treated). In Fig 4B, the phase curve is colored by CFU (blue indicates low and red indicate high microbe loads). The green arrow indicates progression from health to infection and back, moving clockwise around the figure. Uninfected flies are at the top of the figure, and the figure progresses through acutely wounded flies, sick flies, and on to recovering flies, which link back to the original uninfected flies. Infection was initiated by the injection of 100 CFU, and L. monocytogenes levels increase following this. The path followed by moribund flies deviates from recovering flies to form a spur on the loop (marked as section iv). Flies that received ampicillin decrease in CFUs, and flies that have low CFUs loop back to overlap with uninfected controls.
(A) Infection map colored by treatment groups. The network was built using Ayasdi Core (data from S1 Table). Samples with similar expression patterns are binned together. Nodes are bins of individual samples. Bins containing the same sample are connected by edges. Cyan is the overlap of uninfected and no treatment groups, and orange is the overlap of ampicillin treatment and no treatment groups. (B) Infection map colored by CFU. The green arrow marks disease progression. Pathways of upregulated genes are numbered. Phases of infection are indicated by Roman numerals. (C) Infection map colored by heat shock protein 26. (D) Infection map colored by Attacin A. (E) Infection map colored by CG3117 (peptidase and death gene). (F) Infection map colored by CG32444 (aldose-1 epimerase and recovery gene).
To determine which genes show altered expression in different parts of the disease map, we performed fuzzy c-means clustering on this dataset to identify genes with similar expression patterns (S2 Fig, S2 Table). We then performed gene ontology analysis on each cluster to identify characteristic physiological changes within the cluster (S3 Table) and then asked about the expression patterns of these genes on the TDA graph. Acute stress response genes, such as heat shock protein 26, were activated immediately after injection and then quickly returned to baseline levels (Fig 4B and 4C). AMP expression follows CFU (Fig 4B and 4D). We identified groups of genes that are highly expressed by flies in the spur approaching death (Fig 4B and 4E) and recovering from infection (Fig 4B and 4F). The transcripts for these “morbidity genes” (clusters 1, 2, 11, 12, 22, 35, 43) continue to increase even when microbe levels plateau. Gene ontology analysis of fuzzy c-means clusters containing these morbidity genes did not yield significantly enriched terms. Among the top 50 differentially expressed morbidity genes, Bteb2 and run are predicted to encode proteins with DNA binding activity. CG3117 has predicted protease activity, and diedel is a putative negative regulator of JAK/STAT signaling. By contrast, the recovery genes (clusters 18, 20, 23, 25, 29, 30) are enriched for sugar and fatty acid metabolism genes that are turned up above baseline upon recovery.
The Shape of a Disease Tolerance Curve
To measure a disease tolerance curve, we recorded the response of the host to a broad range of initial pathogen doses. We did this by injecting L. monocytogenes into flies over a range of ten to 100,000 bacteria and allowing the infected flies to die. We injected L. monocytogenes into the hemocoel of flies and monitored bacterial numbers 2 DPI to measure the ability of the fly to resist microbe growth when challenged with a range of infection intensities (Fig 5). We determined the median time to death (MTD) for each inoculum and used this time as a measurement of health (Fig 5B). Plotting microbe load versus MTD produced a curve that was readily fit by a four-parameter logistic sigmoid model (r2 > 0.96) (Fig 5C).
(A) Dose-dependent growth of L. monocytogenes during infection. Wild-type flies injected with 10–100,000 L. monocytogenes were homogenized and then plated 2 d post-infection to determine microbe loads. (B) Dose-dependent survival of L. monocytogenes-infected flies. Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted for flies injected with 10–100,000 L. monocytogenes. (C) Disease-tolerance curve. Pairs of microbe load and survival data for 63 microbe load/MTD pairs were plotted. This curve was fit with a four-parameter sigmoid model (r2 > 0.96). (D) A cartoon showing the parameters used to describe a sigmoid disease-tolerance curve including vigor, slope, EC50 (sensitivity), and maximal severity, as well as the measurement of phenotypic range. Data are reported in S2 Data.
Occasionally, tolerance curves are fit with mathematical functions, but the reason these functions are chosen is that they fit the data and not that they are dissected for further biological insights [5,30–32]. More typically, tolerance is visualized as a linear system, which requires just two parameters, vigor and slope [5,11]. In contrast, our sigmoid model provides four parameters (Fig 5D). In addition to vigor and slope used to describe a line, the sigmoid model adds the parameters of EC50 and maximum effect. The EC50 of the system is the number of microbes present at day 2 that cause a 50% change in MTD. Maximum effect is defined by the sigmoid’s asymptotic tail at high microbe loads. This defines a maximum death rate, suggesting that there is a previously unrecognized rate-limiting step for death.
In the model shown in Fig 1A, depletion of health could be induced either by bacterial damage effectors or indirectly by self-harm caused by the resistance response. We modeled the two possibilities by observing how the shape of the curve changed as we altered the model such that either the resistance response or bacteria were the sole cause of damage. We concentrated on changes in the rate that the immune response was turned on (τ), and the inflection points for the relationships between microbe density and the rates of immune induction and microbe-induced damage induction (σI and σM) (Fig 6A–6D, S4 Table). In the case in which resistance mechanisms drove damage (Fig 6A and 6C) and bacterial damage was set to zero, changes in τ or the inflection point for microbe-induced immunity caused shifts in both the EC50 and microbe loads. The effect is more extreme when the inoculum is far below the microbial carrying capacity, as this gives the immune response an opportunity to control microbe loads. This results in a reciprocal mechanistic link between resistance and tolerance in which one is always high when the other is low. In the model in which bacteria drive damage, a loss of resistance results in high microbe loads and health pegged at maximum severity (Fig 6B). Shifts in the EC50 of the bacterial damage-driven system, in which resistance-induced damage is set to zero, are caused by changes in the inflection point for bacterial-induced damage, as might be expected for differentially virulent strains of microbes or hosts that are better at neutralizing bacterial toxins (Fig 6D). In this second case, there is no mechanistic reciprocal link between resistance and tolerance, and the two vary independently of each other.
(A–D) Predicted changes in infection tolerance curves as the rate of immune effector production (τ) and the inflection points for microbe-induced immunity or damage are altered in the immunological damage model (α only) and the bacterial damage model (ϕ only). Each line is the sigmoid fit of values computed by the model. The colors represent the value of the altered parameter, moving from violet to blue to green to red as the value increases. (E–H) Tolerance curve of a resistance-deficient fly strain (CG2247) infected with wild-type L. monocytogenes. (I–L) Tolerance curve of a natural variant D. melanogaster strain infected with wild-type L. monocytogenes. (M–P) Tolerance curve of L. monocytogenes ΔactA mutants injected into w1118 control flies, (M–P). Microbe loads are recorded in (E), (I), and (M). Survival curves are recorded in (F), (J), and (N). Tolerance curves for the condition being tested are reported in (G), (K), and (O), with the corresponding data points in blue. The tolerance curve for w1118 is shown in black without data points. Panels (H), (L), and (P) show illustrations of the changes in parameters seen in the tolerance curves. Data are reported in S2 Data.
Testing the Mathematical Model for Disease Tolerance
To test whether the shape of the disease tolerance curve in this host–pathogen pairing was driven by immunological damage or microbial damage, and to determine how the parameters of a sigmoid disease-tolerance curve varied, we measured the tolerance curves for a collection of Drosophila mutants that we previously showed differ in their resistance and tolerance defenses to L. monocytogenes [10–12]. We also tested natural variant flies from the Drosophila Genetics Reference Panel that were preselected because they showed extreme changes in their response to L. monocytogenes infections [33,34]. In addition, we tested L. monocytogenes mutants that altered pathogenesis in the fly . These data supported the model in which bacteria caused damage in the system and did not support the immunological damage model.
A mutation in the D. melanogaster gene CG2247 was found previously to reduce the fly’s ability to both survive an infection and control L. monocytogenes growth ; here, we found that at 2 DPI, even CG2247 mutant flies injected with just ten bacteria had the same high microbe loads as flies injected with 100,000 bacteria, supporting the idea that these mutants alter resistance. This is visible in the tolerance curves, in which all of the points from infected mutant flies clustered on the bottom asymptote of the parental tolerance curve (Fig 6E–6H, S5 Table). An additional example of a fly strain with poor resistance is shown in the supplementary data (S3 Fig and S5 Table). Since flies suffering a loss of resistance showed no change in the maximum death rate of the infection, these results support the model in which bacteria are responsible for damage.
RNAseq analysis of CG2247 mutant flies suggests a molecular mechanism for the observed phenotype. We observed that in wild-type flies, the transcripts encoding the enzymes required to generate a reactive oxygen response against L. monocytogenes dropped over the course of the infection but recovered upon antibiotic treatment (S6 Fig) [11,35]. In contrast, these transcripts dropped to 10-fold lower levels in CG2247 mutants and did not recover to their original levels. We observed a reduction in the characteristic dark spots resulting from the action of this immune response (S6 Fig). We conclude that mutations in this gene disrupt the melanization immune response.
The disease-tolerance curve for the natural variant D. melanogaster strain, RAL 359, showed a reduction in the EC50 of the system without a change in resistance . RAL 359 was as capable as our lab control strain w1118 in controlling L. monocytogenes growth; however, low doses of the microbe had a larger effect on health in this strain than in the control. This shifted the EC50 from 922 to 83 colony-forming units per fly (Fig 6I–6L and S5 Table). The vigor and maximum death rate of these two strains was similar. This shift in EC50 was a common phenotype, as shown in S4 and S5 Figs.
Changing the virulence of the L. monocytogenes also altered the EC50 of the system. Mutant L. monocytogenes lacking the virulence factors actin assembly-inducing protein (ActA) or listeriolysin O (LLO) had previously been shown to kill flies more slowly than wild-type L. monocytogenes (Fig 5C versus Fig 6O) . The tolerance curves for flies infected with an ΔactA mutant showed a shift in the EC50 from 922 to 5,753 (Fig 6M–6P and S5 Table). We observed a ceiling for the number of L. monocytogenes that can be maintained in a wild-type infected fly (Figs 2A and 5A) and hypothesize that this is defined by the number of phagocytes in the fly that provide a niche for L. monocytogenes growth . The ΔactA mutant bacteria approached this limit before they induced maximal pathology and, thus, we did not observe a low asymptotic tail. Δhly mutants produced a similar result to ΔactA mutants, only more extreme (S4 Fig).
As a field, we can generate complex network diagrams showing how the parts of the immune system communicate with each other and identify key signaling pathways and nodes [36,37]. Though this lets us predict that the system will fail when we remove a necessary component of the network, evolution and medicine work by subtler means, for example, by changing rate constants in addition to deleting entire pathways. To predict how evolution or medicine will change an immune response, we need to identify mathematical functions that accurately describe the behavior of that process so that we can understand all of the parameters that control the behavior.
L. monocytogenes growth in the fly follows logistic kinetics; the variation of these curves observed in natural fly variants suggests that microbes are controlled by separable parameters defining the growth rate and carrying capacity of the host . It seems reasonable that this is not a property limited to L. monocytogenes growing in the fly and that it will be true for many pathogens, especially considering that this is a near textbook description of microbial growth [20,38,39]. Both of these properties should be under natural selection, but studies of infections in D. melanogaster typically do not measure microbe growth at all and, when they do, they measure only one time point, conflating growth rates with carrying capacities. The fly is studied because it is easily manipulated and has a relatively simple immune response, but despite decades of work, the field has been underestimating the number of dimensions in which natural variation can change the immune response. Thinking about this generally, it raises the question of whether there might be separate host mechanisms that control microbe growth rates versus ceilings and, thus, diseases might result from a defect in either of these mechanisms. To study these different disease mechanisms, we must ensure that our experiments let us observe the phenomenon.
The AMP response in the fly is under the control of two signaling pathways, Toll and imd [36,40]. The classical descriptions of these pathways argue that the pathways show specificity for different elicitors; a problem with the experiments supporting this model is that the experiments did not correlate response to elicitor levels, and most experiments tested just one arbitrarily determined time point [41,42]. We find that AMP induction is described well by a four-parameter sigmoid function. This means that there are parameters describing the basal level, EC50, maximum expression level, and slope, which may all vary independently of each other; that we don’t see a correlation between maximal gene induction and EC50 supports this hypothesis. If the field’s experiments measure gene expression at just one time point post infection and do not correlate this to microbe loads, we cannot learn which of the three induction parameters are changing. Thus, though it is clear that the Toll and imd signaling pathways, as well as sex, age, the environment, and evolution, can change the immune response, we don’t have a good definition of specificity in this system. Now that we understand that there are new variables to explain, we need to explain this from an evolutionary perspective; for example, what selective pressures cause changes in the EC50 of gene expression of an AMP rather than the maximal gene expression or slope? Will a host benefit from a quick induction of antimicrobials at low microbe loads, or should it invest in an enormous response as microbe loads climb higher?
We found that health was correlated with microbe load according to a four-parameter sigmoid function. As described above for microbe growth and immune induction, past experiments looking at health outputs in model infections are problematic because they don’t measure the full shape of the response curve and don’t report where an experiment is performed on the curve. Perhaps it should have been obvious that microbes would have a growth ceiling and AMPs would have a maximum expression level; classic infectious disease modeling texts start with chapters describing these functions [20,43]. However, one thing these books don’t do is link pathogen growth and the immune response to health. When we examine this relationship, we find that we can make simple models that predict the presence of more parameters than we’ve been studying. For example, the implication of a sigmoid response for health suggests that there is a rate-limiting step for death and that death has a maximum rate. This means that it should be possible not only to change the EC50 of the system to reduce the rate at which damage occurs, but we should also be able to increase the health reservoir of a host so that it has high stamina and will be able to suffer damage for longer periods of time.
The underlying problem with the field’s experimental characterization of immune responses is that we focus on when responses are induced in terms of time and not why they are induced in terms of the quantity of inducer. The result is that we systematically overlook and conflate control mechanisms. By correlating effects to effectors, we can better understand microbial pathogenesis.
The disease space analysis of recovering and dying flies reveals that far more is going on in these sick animals than AMP gene expression, and it lets us organize these events with a simple map. A commonly used time point for gene expression studies in Drosophila is 6 h post infection [44,45]; this is a particularly problematic time point because it combines transient expression of heat shock genes with expression of antimicrobials. Flies fated to die have a progressing gene signature in which a set of transcripts is increased without a corresponding increase in microbe load. We anticipate that one will need to measure the course of pathogenic infections to identify these genes, rather than follow microbes that simply elicit an immune response but do not kill wild-type flies (for example Escherichia coli or Micrococcus luteus [40,46]. Just as each pathogen causes a different disease in humans, we expect that there will be a range of pathologies caused by insect pathogens and do not assume that these L. monocytogenes-induced genes are the only morbidity genes in the fly. The nature of this particular death response is unclear, as the identity of the genes does not provide obvious clues. In contrast, recovering flies have a unique gene expression signature that suggests function; for example, enzymes in biosynthesis and energy metabolism are repressed during infection but pop up hysteretically as microbes are removed, suggesting the induction of a recovery response that rebuilds damaged tissues.
Why Does Shape Matter?
The shapes of tolerance curves are important because they will define which medications can be used to improve the health of an infected patient depending upon their position on the sigmoid curve. Here is a concrete example: If we think about the dose response curve to sepsis in humans as a linear response, then any drug that limits damage will help every patient. We come to a different conclusion if we consider a sigmoid relationship. Humans suffer from sepsis when relatively small numbers of microbes enter the blood, and very sick patients can have much higher levels of microbes. This suggests the sickest patients will be found on the asymptote of a sigmoid curve, where they will be suffering maximum pathological effects. Drugs that change the basal level of a response, EC50, or slope will not help these patients; they will only respond to drugs that manipulate maximal response levels. Thus, we need to understand the shape of these tolerance curves and where the patients lie on the curves to select appropriate treatments.
The discussion of tolerance in patients raises a tricky point. We’ve shown it is possible to measure a disease tolerance curve in a model system; this demonstrated the nonlinear nature of tolerance and suggested the existence of new dimensions we should follow when measuring disease outcomes. The problem is that this approach requires us to perform many more experiments than we do currently when analyzing phenotypes, and this approach is likely impossible to apply to most human infections for the following two reasons: First, disease tolerance is plotted using summary characteristics of an infection. For example, one might measure the maximum parasite load and minimum health for an infection . This is accessible experimentally, but it is unethical to gather these data from a patient, as you need to treat the patient when they enter the clinic. In one rare case of HIV, infected patients’ tolerance curves have been recorded because these chronically infected patients are followed for years, but that approach isn’t going to be useful for acute infections . Second, disease tolerance is a measurement of the behavior of a population and not an individual. The information we gather about an individual allows us to place a datum on a health by microbe graph, but we don’t know the shape of the curve that should be fit through that individual ; thus, we can’t easily determine which parameters need fixing in the sick patient. What we learn from model systems is that there are underlying rules that can be used to explain disease outcomes, and that these rules are nonlinear. By studying these rules in models, we can identify the molecular mechanisms corresponding to the mathematical parameters and then apply this knowledge to human biology by analogy. If we want to measure changes directly in human immune infections, we need to rely on descriptions of disease space, which are described in the accompanying paper .
Fly Stocks and Husbandry
Flies were maintained on standard dextrose fly media (129.4 g dextrose, 7.4 g agar, 61.2 g corn meal, 32.4 g yeast, and 2.7 g tegosept per liter) at 25°C with 65% humidity and 12 h light/dark cycles. Shortly after eclosion, adult flies were collected into bottles containing dextrose fly media. At least 24 h post eclosion, adult flies were anesthetized with carbon dioxide, and males were sorted into groups of 20 and placed into vials containing standard dextrose fly media. Experiments were performed on flies 5–7 d post eclosion unless otherwise indicated. CG2247 piggybac allele (BL18050), Pcmt piggybac allele (BL18398), kenny piggyback allele (BL11044), CG7408 piggyback allele (BL19305), piggybac allele parental strain w1118 (BL6326), RAL 359 (BL28179), RAL 787 (BL28231), RAL 375 (BL25188), RAL 309 (BL28166), RAL 73 (BL28131), RAL 380 (BL25190), and RAL 821 (BL28243) strains were obtained from the Bloomington stock center.
Bacteria were injected into flies essentially as described previously [10,12,14,49]. Flies were anaesthetized with carbon dioxide. A drawn glass needle carrying L. monocytogenes was used to pierce the cuticle on the ventrolateral side of the abdomen. A picospritzer III was used to inject 50 nl of liquid into the fly. Bacteria were delivered at different concentrations to produce injections of approximately 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000 or 100,000 CFU. Infectious doses were determined for each experiment by plating a subset of flies at time zero. Approximately 200–400 flies were used for each dose in the experiment to measure survival and to count colonies.
Bacterial Strains and Culturing Conditions
All L. monocytogenes stocks: Wild type/mutant parental strain (10403S), Δhly (DP-L2161) , and ΔactA (DP-L3078) were stored at -80°C in brain and heart infusion (BHI) broth containing 25% glycerol. To prepare L. monocytogenes for injection, bacteria were streaked onto Luria Bertani (LB) agar plates containing 100 ug/mL streptomycin and incubated at 37°C overnight. Single colonies of L. monocytogenes from the LB agar plate were used to inoculate 4 mL of brain and heart infusion (BHI) broth and incubated overnight at 37°C without shaking. Bacteria were removed from the incubator at log growth phase. Prior to injection, L. monocytogenes cultures were diluted to the desired optical density (OD) 600 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and stored on ice.
Single flies were homogenized in PBS using a motorized plastic pestle in 1.5 ml tubes. The supernatants were plated using an Autoplate spiral plater and counted using a Qcount automated counter. At least six samples were counted to determine the median number of bacteria for each inoculum. Bacteria were plated onto LB medium and incubated overnight at 37°C before counting.
Survival Curve Analysis
200–400 flies were injected and checked daily to measure mortality for each inoculum. Flies were housed in vials containing 20–25 flies each.
Each set of conditions was repeated at least three times; for example, an experiment for a mutant fly line would be set up independently on three different days to gather microbe load and survival data. Pairs of plating and survival data from these multiple experiments were all plotted on the same tolerance curve.
RNA Isolation for Microarray
Flies were injected with 50 nl of Listeria (OD600 = 0.001, or approximately 100 CFUs) or left manipulated. Following injection, flies were placed in vials containing dextrose fly media and incubated at 29°C. Samples were separated into three groups: Moribund, recovering, and uninfected control. Moribund flies were infected, and samples were collected on the following DPI: 0.25, 1, 2, 2.25, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Recovering flies were infected and flipped onto dextrose fly media containing 1 mg/ml ampicillin 2 DPI. Recovering samples were collected on the following DPI: 2.25, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 16. Uninfected control flies were not infected but were flipped onto dextrose fly media containing 1 mg/ml ampicillin 2 dpi. Uninfected control samples were collected on the following dpi: 2.25, 3, and 9. At each of the indicated time points, groups of 20 flies were homogenized in TRIzol, and RNA was isolated using a standard TRIzol preparation. Additional flies were used to determine CFUs and monitor survival. Biological triplicates were obtained from three independent experiments. Quality of RNA was determined using a BioAnalyzer 2100. Samples were labeled using the Quick Amp Labeling Kit, One-Color (Agilent), and hybridized to 4x44K (V2) Drosophila Gene Expression Microarray (Agilent) using the Agilent Gene Expression Hybridization kit following the manufacturer’s protocol. Microarrays were scanned using an Agilent Technologies Scanner, and processed signal intensities were determined using Agilent’s Feature Extraction software. RNA quality assessment, labeling, hybridization, and microarray feature extraction were performed at the Stanford Functional Genomics Facility.
The microarray data were analyzed using Genespring v12.1 (Agilent). Microarrays were normalized to the 75th percentile. The median expression level on 0 dpi was set as the baseline. Prior to statistical analysis, low-quality spots were removed based on flag calls. To determine differential gene expression, one-way ANOVA was performed comparing all samples to 0 dpi. P-values were corrected by the Benjamini-Hochberg method. Genes with p-values <0.05 at any time point with a fold-change greater than 2 were categorized as differentially expressed. Differentially expressed genes were then clustered using Mfuzz .
Topological Data Analysis
Only genes that were differentially expressed in moribund and recovering but not in uninfected control were used in the topological data analysis using the Ayasdi 3.0 software platform (ayasdi.com, Ayasdi Inc., Menlo Park, California). Nodes in the network represent clusters of samples of infected flies, and edges connect nodes that contain samples in common. Nodes are colored by the average value of their samples for the variables listed in the figure legends. TDA was used to map the way hosts loop through the disease space in an unsupervised fashion. Two types of parameters are needed to generate a topological analysis. First is a measurement/notion of similarity, called a metric, which measures the distance between two points in some space (usually between rows in the data). Second are lenses, which are real valued functions on the data points. Lenses are used to create overlapping bins in the dataset. Overlapping families of intervals are used to create overlapping bins in the data. Metrics are used with lenses to construct the Ayasdi 3.0 output. Multiple lenses can be used in each analysis. There are two parameters used in defining the bins. One is resolution, which determines the number of bins; higher resolution means more bins. The second is gain, which determines the degree of overlap of the intervals. Once the bins are constructed, we perform a clustering step on each bin, using single linkage clustering with a fixed heuristic for the choice of the scale parameter. This heuristic is described in . This gives a family of clusters within the data, which may overlap. We built a network with one node for each such cluster and where we connect two nodes, if the corresponding clusters contain a data point in common. We used two types of lenses. The first type was lenses based on dimension reduction algorithms such as multidimensional scaling and nearest neighbor analyses; these helped analyze the data in an unsupervised manner. The second type was lenses based on the data alone, for example, the levels of antimicrobial gene expression or recovery gene expression. The gene expression markers helped us dissect the graphs using knowledge about the biology of the system. To build our map, we analyzed our dataset with samples as rows and genes as columns. We used the Variance Normalized Euclidean metric. We used the PCA coord1 and PCA coord2 lens as well as two data lenses: CG32373 and Fuca (Resolution = 19, Gain = 6, and equalized was used for all lenses).
Model Rationale and Methods
To evaluate the impact of within-host infection dynamics on host health curves, we created a compartmental model consisting of four ordinary differential equations for microbes (M), immune effectors (I), microbial damage effectors (D), and health (H).
Microbes grow in a sigmoid fashion at rate r as they deplete the host substrate, and immune effectors can either kill microbes outright at rate ε per effector or inhibit microbial growth at rate η. In these simulations, growth rate limitation was used as the main immune response. Two mechanisms contribute to immune effector production. Reflecting the sigmoid relationship between microbe density and AMP levels, immune effectors can increase in proportion to microbe density up to a maximal rate of τ*kM until effector levels saturate immune pathway machinery (kI). The parameter σI reflects the microbe concentration at the inflection point for immune induction. Immune effectors decay at rate μ. Microbes secrete virulence factors and toxins at a maximal rate φ*kD, modulated by a sigmoidal relationship between damage factor production and microbe density to reflect a process like quorum sensing controls on virulence factor production. As with immunity, there is a carrying capacity imposed on damage effectors. This could reflect either negative feedbacks on further effector production at high effector densities or a bottleneck limiting flux through the system. The parameter σD reflects the microbe density that produces a half-maximal induction rate. Damage effectors degrade at rate ρ. Immunopathology and damage effectors deplete health (H) at rates γ and α, respectively, while hosts can recover health according to a sigmoidal relationship with current health (reflecting the difficulty of achieving recovery at low health due to organ failure and other catastrophe) at rate z. “Death” is called when health dips below 10% of maximum (kH). All simulations were conducted within a parameter space outlined in S4 Table and run in Matlab (v. 7.11.0) using the ode45 solver.
The sigmoidal curves were fit using the four-parameter method in Prism. We tested several models (linear, exponential, logistic, and sigmoid) and picked the model that gave the best adjusted r2. We used the adjusted r2 to account for overfitting. When the curve-fitting program suggested a clearly erroneous result, such as an extremely high top or low bottom, we fixed the top or bottom at the average level for the vigor or for the average of the last three points for the bottom.
Flies were injected with 50 nL of 0.01 OD600 (1000 CFUs) of L. monocytogenes resuspended in PBS. Flies were placed in vials containing dextrose fly media and incubated at 29°C. 3 DPI flies were flipped onto dextrose fly media containing 1 mg/mL ampicillin. Groups of 20 flies were homogenized in TRIzol for RNA extraction on the following DPI: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18. Additional flies were used to determine CFU and monitor survival. We tested w1118, CG2247, Pcmt, and RAL359 strains. As a control, additional sets of w1118 were left uninfected and flipped onto dextrose fly media containing 1 mg/mL ampicillin 3 dpi, and samples for RNAseq were collected at the indicated time points. RNA was isolated using standard TRIzol preparation. Library preparation and sequencing was performed by the Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology. Briefly, quality of RNA was assessed by Bioanalyzer 2100. Polyadenylated RNA was enriched from total RNA. Barcoded TruSeq cDNA Libraries were constructed and quality was assessed by Qubit and Agilent Tapestation. 50 bp single end reads were obtained by sequencing the libraries on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 using a full flow cell. Reads were mapped using STAR, and RPKM for each gene was determined by Cufflinks.
Groups of 20 female flies were anesthetized with carbon dioxide and injected with 50 nl of 0.01 OD600 (~1,000 CFUs) of L. monocytogenes resuspended in PBS. After injection, flies were flipped onto dextrose fly media and incubated at 29°C. At 2 dpi, the percent melanized for each group was determined by anesthetizing the flies with carbon dioxide and scoring each abdomen for presence of melanization spots. For each genotype, eight groups of flies were scored.
S1 Fig. Heat map depiction of recovery microarray experiment.
All differentially expressed genes were hierarchically clustered. Values are plotted as log2 fold changes relative to the median level of samples collected at 0 DPI. Blues are genes that have lower relative expression, and reds are genes that have higher relative expression.
S2 Fig. 50 fuzzy c-means clusters.
All differentially expressed genes were clustered into 50 fuzzy c-means clusters. Prior to clustering, data were standardized to have a mean value of zero and a standard deviation of one. The 50 fuzzy c-means groups were then manually curated into groups of similar expression patterns. Each line represents mean gene expression. Blue represents uninfected control. Red represents infected and no treatment. Green represents infected and ampicillin-treated. Cluster numbers highlighted in red contain mortality genes, and cluster numbers highlighted in green contain recovery genes.
S3 Fig. Variation of tolerance curves.
Tolerance curves showing variation in EC50 are shown in (A). (B) shows tolerance curves for flies with reduced resistance. (C) shows tolerance curves for flies in which vigor has changed from the wild-type flies. Data are reported in S2 Data.
S4 Fig. Full data for individual tolerance curves of mutant and aged flies.
Data are reported in S2 Data.
S5 Fig. Full data for individual tolerance curves of D. melanogaster Genetic Resource Collection flies.
Data are reported in S2 Data.
S6 Fig. CG2247 mutants have impaired melanization response during Listeria infection.
(A and B) RNAseq data for the phenol oxidases proPOA1 and proPO 45 showing that transcript levels drop in wild-type flies and recover upon antibiotic treatment at 2 DPI, while the CG2247 mutant does not. (C) reports the amount of melanization seen in infected flies 2 DPI (unpaired t test, p < 0.0001).
S2 Table. 50 fuzzy c-means clusters.
Differentially expressed genes were separated into 50 fuzzy c-means groups. Each fuzzy c-means group is labeled 1–50.
S3 Table. Significantly enriched gene ontology groups.
S4 Table. Parameter description for mathematical model.
We thank M. Chambers, K. Lightfield, D. Ramanan, J. Sonnenburg, D. Monack, and all of the members of the Schneider lab for thoughtful discussions and comments on the manuscript.
Conceived and designed the experiments: AL KHS AH DSS. Performed the experiments: AL KHS AH. Analyzed the data: AL KHS AH ATT DSS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AL KHS AH ATT DSS. Wrote the paper: AL KHS AH ATT DSS.
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- 10. Ayres J, Freitag N, Schneider D. Identification of Drosophila mutants altering defense and endurance of to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Genetics. 2008;178(3):1807–15. Epub 2008/02/05. doi: genetics.107.083782 [pii] pmid:18245331.
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- 14. Mansfield BE, Dionne MS, Schneider DS, Freitag NE. Exploration of host-pathogen interactions using Listeria monocytogenes and Drosophila melanogaster. Cellular Microbiology. 2003;5(12):901–11. pmid:14641175
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- 16. Linderman JA, Chambers MC, Gupta AS, Schneider DS. Infection-related declines in chill coma recovery and negative geotaxis in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(9):e41907. Epub 2012/10/03. pmid:23028430; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3441536.
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- 18. Dionne MS, Ghori N, Schneider DS. Drosophila melanogaster is a genetically tractable model host for Mycobacterium marinum. Infect Immun. 2003;71(6):3540–50. pmid:12761139.
- 19. Dionne MS, Pham LN, Shirazu-Hiza MM, Schneider DS. Akt and foxo dysregulation contribute to infection-induced wasting in Drosophila. Current Biology. 2006;16(20):1977–85. pmid:17055976
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- 23. Linderman MD, Bjornson Z, Simonds EF, Qiu P, Bruggner RV, Sheode K, et al. CytoSPADE: high-performance analysis and visualization of high-dimensional cytometry data. Bioinformatics. 2012;28(18):2400–1. pmid:22782546; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3436846.
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- 28. Li L, Cheng WY, Glicksberg BS, Gottesman O, Tamler R, Chen R, et al. Identification of type 2 diabetes subgroups through topological analysis of patient similarity. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7(311):311ra174. pmid:26511511.
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- 33. Mackay TF, Richards S, Stone EA, Barbadilla A, Ayroles JF, Zhu D, et al. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel. Nature. 2012;482(7384):173–8. pmid:22318601; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3683990.
- 34. Hotson A, Schneider DS. Drosophila melanogaster natural variation affects growth dynamics of infecting Listeria monocytogenes. G3. 2015.
- 35. Binggeli O, Neyen C, Poidevin M, Lemaitre B. Prophenoloxidase activation is required for survival to microbial infections in Drosophila. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10(5):e1004067. pmid:24788090; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4006879.
- 36. Buchon N, Silverman N, Cherry S. Immunity in Drosophila melanogaster—from microbial recognition to whole-organism physiology. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014;14(12):796–810. pmid:25421701.
- 37. Dionne MS, Schneider DS. Models of infectious diseases in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Disease Models and Mechanisms. 2008;1(1):43–9. pmid:19048052
- 38. May R, Nowak M. Virus dynamics: Mathematical principles of immunology and virology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000.
- 39. Zwietering MH, Jongenburger I, Rombouts FM, van 't Riet K. Modeling of the bacterial growth curve. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990;56(6):1875–81. pmid:16348228; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC184525.
- 40. De Gregorio E, Spellman PT, Tzou P, Rubin GM, Lemaitre B. The Toll and Imd pathways are the major regulators of the immune response in Drosophila. Embo J. 2002;21(11):2568–79. pmid:12032070.
- 41. Hoffmann J, Kafatos F, Janeway C, Ezekowitz R. Phylogenetic perspectives in innate immunity. Science. 1999;284(5418): p1313–8.
- 42. Lemaitre B, Hoffmann J. The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster. Annu Rev Immunol. 2007;25:697–743. pmid:17201680.
- 43. Perelson AS, Ribeiro RM. Modeling the within-host dynamics of HIV infection. BMC biology. 2013;11:96. pmid:24020860; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3765939.
- 44. Romeo Y, Lemaitre B. Drosophila immunity: methods for monitoring the activity of Toll and Imd signaling pathways. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, NJ. 2008;415:379–94. pmid:18370166.
- 45. Neyen C, Bretscher AJ, Binggeli O, Lemaitre B. Methods to study Drosophila immunity. Methods. 2014;68(1):116–28. pmid:24631888.
- 46. De Gregorio E, Spellman PT, Rubin GM, Lemaitre B. Genome-wide analysis of the Drosophila immune response by using oligonucleotide microarrays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(22):12590–5. pmid:11606746.
- 47. Regoes RR, McLaren PJ, Battegay M, Bernasconi E, Calmy A, Gunthard HF, et al. Disentangling human tolerance and resistance against HIV. PLoS Biol. 2014;12(9):e1001951. pmid:25226169; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4165755.
- 48. Torres BY, Oliveira JHM, Thomas Tate A, Rath P, Cumnock K, Schneider DS (2016) Tracking Resilience to Infections by Mapping Disease Space. PLoS Biol 14(4): e1002436.
- 49. Brandt SM, Schneider DS. Bacterial Infection of Fly Ovaries Reduces Egg Production and Induces Local Hemocyte Activation. Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 2007;31(11):1121–30. pmid:17400292
- 50. Jones S, Portnoy DA. Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis in a strain expressing perfringolysin O in place of listeriolysin O. Infect Immun. 1994;62(12):5608–13. pmid:7960143; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC303309.
- 51. Skoble J, Portnoy DA, Welch MD. Three regions within ActA promote Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation and Listeria monocytogenes motility. J Cell Biol. 2000;150(3):527–38. pmid:10931865; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2175181.
- 52. Futschik ME, Carlisle B. Noise-robust soft clustering of gene expression time-course data. Journal of bioinformatics and computational biology. 2005;3(4):965–88. pmid:16078370.
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This post is long overdue, (as is many others,) so I’m doing a little catch-up today by sharing a fun adventure my husband and I did back in July: Biking the Northern Central Railroad Trail and York County Heritage Rail Trail both ways for a total of 84 miles in two days!
A little backstory first, though.
See, for the longest time … I’m talking at least fifteen years … we’ve had a goal of biking the entire Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Towpath – all 184.5 miles of it. As a family, we used the bike the C & O with our kids all the time from Brunswick, Maryland to Harper’s Ferry, West Virginia for an ice cream break. Biking the entire distance always seemed like this major, awesome accomplishment.
It comes with some difficulties, though. Like, being dropped off at the start in Georgetown, DC and then being picked up in Cumberland, Maryland. Then there’s the amount of time it would take … would we bust butt and finish in three days, leaving little time to explore? Or stretch it to four or five? And who would watch our dogs during that time? Then there’s the biggest glitch: Sleeping. Many folks to take on this feat sleep in tents at bare-bone campsites.
We do NOT sleep in tents at bare-bone campsites.
For one night? Sure, I’d tough it out. But no more than that. There are hotels along the way that we could bike to but it all just seems like a ton of work for a goal that might not be as majorly awesome as we’re thinking.
But then we discovered the York County Heritage Rail Trail thanks to a friend’s tip. Ah, what a lovely trail! We had so much fun biking from Monkton, Maryland up to York, Pennsylvania where we grabbed a quick lunch at the White Rose Grill before heading back to Monkton. Then after doing some research, we realized that biking from Ashland, Maryland along the Northern Central Railroad Trail, (officially knows as the Torrey C. Brown Trail,) up to York was only 42 miles.
Hmm. What about a two day trip back and forth?
After all, we did celebrate our 24th wedding anniversary by buying two gorgeous Trex hybrid bikes. (This gal is not a flowers-jewelry-fancy-dinner kind of wife. Give me something I can use!)
Use we did, on a FANTASTIC two-day adventure! Want to see what happened from beginning to end? Awesome, check out this video I just posted this past weekend!
Will we ever take on the C&O? The answer is maybe … but probably no. The two trails are just so lovely and convenient, making the trip a challenge but still enjoyable.
Now what about you.
QOTD: Have you ever biked on either the Northern Central Railroad or York County Heritage Trail? Or have you ever gone on an overnight bike trip? If so, when and where? I’d love to hear about your adventure in the comments below.
Until then, thanks for reading, take care and have a joyful day!
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On the 17th of June, 2022, Meta CEO, Mark Zuckerberg, along with Instagram’s vice president of fashion partnerships, Eva Chen, announced that Meta will be launching a Meta Avatar store on Facebook, Instagram, and Messenger. The Avatars Store is where users can pay real money and purchase luxury brand clothes for their digital avatars across Facebook, Instagram, and Messenger.
Zuckerberg and Chen took to Instagram live to announce the launch of their Avatars Store. A recording of their live stream can now be watched on Eva Chen’s Instagram page.
The first brands on the Avatar store are Balenciaga, Thom Browne, and Prada. As of now, the digital clothes include a logo hoodie, a motocross outfit, a cropped T-shirt, low-rise jeans, suits, and a white belt. The current free clothing items will still be available in the store. In a post on Facebook, Meta CEO, Mark Zuckerberg said more brands would be added soon. Eva Chen said the same on her Instagram as well.
In the same post, both Eva Chen and Mark Zuckerberg also announced that they will be bringing the same option of buying branded digital clothes to Meta’s virtual reality through the company’s Meta Quest headsets in the future. The store will be rolling out starting next week in the United States, Canada, Thailand, and Mexico.
Saying, “Digital goods will be an important way to express yourself in the metaverse and a big driver of the creative economy,” the both of them have also expressed how we will be seeing more of the same in the Metaverse.
Meta has been working to enhance its avatars as it continues to invest in building the metaverse. The avatars were updated by Meta from 2D to 3D models on Facebook and Messenger, earlier this year. After a while, they were also brought to Instagram. It was only last year when Virtual Reality first overhauled the 3D avatars. But with further updates, they have added more skin tones, expressions, and assistive devices like wheelchairs and hearing aids.
The users are able to synchronize one avatar across all platforms. But if the users want to have 3 different avatars across Facebook, Messenger, and Instagram, then they can do that as well.
Luxury Brands, Virtual Stores, and Avatars:
While the thought of buying Luxury Brand clothes for your social media avatars might sound obnoxious, this isn’t actually the first time that these Luxury fashion brands have positioned themselves and their products in the virtual world.
Luxury brands like Balenciaga and Gucci have already partnered with technology companies to create branded digital garments that can be bought by their users using their real money.
Last year Balenciaga skins were introduced to Fortnite. This way Fortnite players could buy garments like branded Balenciaga body suits, and hoodies for their in-game characters. Whereas in Roblox, there is a town called Gucci Town, which players can visit. The Gucci Town is a complete town with a garden that features the brand’s logo and their virtual clothing store.
The Future Of Meta Avatar Store:
Despite the big clothing brand names in this new launch, the news was dropped quietly on the 17th afternoon. Also, the company is yet to respond to requests asking for further details. Meta says the store will launch “soon,” though information on how users will access the store isn’t available as of now.
Here’s hoping that the digital clothes will cost less than the real thing. We can see avatars of Mark Zuckerberg and Eva Chen wearing skins of the brands available.
In the live stream, Zuckerberg says, “I don’t know that I ever could have pulled that off,” and we agree! If you have ever wondered the same then you can try these skins from the Avatar Store too.
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Public defenders are heroes. That message rang loud and clear throughout the third annual Smart on Crime Innovations Conference. From opening remarks by John Jay College of Criminal Justice President Karol Mason who explicitly highlighted defenders as criminal justice reform leaders to the plenary session on day two when Mark Holden and Justice Programs Office Director Kim Ball had a passionate conversation about why the Sixth Amendment matters.
This is my third year attending the Smart on Crime Innovations Conference. Each year, there has been a public defense representative on a panel, and on occasion, that perspective has been highlighted during a plenary. This year, however, public defense was present throughout the entire conference: in multiple sessions, on the main stage, and in several plenaries. The reception from the audience matched the increased attention the topic received as the crowd applauded enthusiastically as Mark Holden proclaimed that public defenders are heroes.
Public defenders are heroes. They are tasked with protecting individuals’ liberty, the most precious freedom awarded by our country. In fact, it is such a critical task that they are the only profession mentioned in the Bill of Rights. Yet, they often are perceived in a negative light and left out of key criminal justice reform conversations.
Public defenders are protectors of the United States Constitution. They advocate in the best interest of the accused and help share their stories. They hold the government accountable and help legitimize court proceedings.
Today, however, they are overwhelmed with cases and have limited resources, time, and, sometimes, experience to successfully do their job and ensure that our system of justice is achieving its overall goal of justice. This scenario more adversely impacts low-income individuals accused of crimes, who are already most often overlooked by the system. The system needs to change.
Public defense needs support from all criminal justice system actors and the public to ignite change. The presentations at this year’s Smart on Crime Innovations Conference are an indicator that this change is brewing, and we are realizing the critical importance of public defense.
Public defense delivery systems are not their own system outside of the criminal justice system; rather, they are part of the criminal justice system and must be seen accordingly. Strengthening public defense can help solve some of the other criminal justice challenges we are now facing. For example, early appointment of counsel protects individual liberty, holds prosecutors and the government accountable, can avoid wrongful incarceration and conviction, and can mitigate mass incarceration and mass supervision. We have to recognize and act on the fact that by fixing the systemic and cultural challenges surrounding public defense, we can begin to transform our justice system as a whole.
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Patient-initiated versus fixed-interval patient-reported outcome-based follow-up in outpatients with epilepsy: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial
Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes volume 3, Article number: 61 (2019)
The use of patient-reported outcome (PRO) could potentially contribute to the reorganization of the health care system. AmbuFlex is a PRO system used in remote patient monitoring, in which questionnaires are sent to patients at fixed intervals. The PRO data are used by clinicians to decide whether patients need clinical attention. Better self-management and cost-saving follow-up activities may be achieved by letting patients initiate need of contact. We evaluated the effects of patient-initiated PRO-based outpatient follow-up on health care resource utilization, quality of care, and the patient perspective.
We conducted a parallel two-arm pragmatic randomized controlled trial at the Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. Outpatients with epilepsy (≥ 15 years old), attending fixed-interval PRO-based follow-up with web-based questionnaires, were randomly assigned in a ratio of 0.55:0.45 to either 1) patient-initiated PRO-based follow-up (open access telePRO) or 2) fixed-interval PRO-based follow-up (standard telePRO). The primary outcome was the number of outpatient hospital contacts related to epilepsy retrieved from a regional registry. Hospitals admissions and emergency room visits were also assessed. Secondary self-reported outcomes including general health, well-being, health literacy, self-efficacy, number of seizures, side effects, confidence, safety, and satisfaction were retrieved from questionnaires. Data were analyzed by the intention-to-treat and per-protocol approaches.
Between January 2016 and July 2016, 593 patients were randomized to either open access telePRO (n = 346) or standard telePRO (n = 247). At 18 months, no statistically significant differences were found between the arms regarding number of telephone consultations or outpatient visits. Patients in the open access arm had a slightly lower, statistically significant number of emergency room visits than patients in the standard arm. Self-reported mental well-being in the open access arm was slightly, statistically significantly lower than in the standard arm. Other secondary outcomes did not differ statistically significantly between arms.
This study did not find, as hypothesized, less use of health care resources or improved patient self-management or satisfaction in the patient-initiated PRO-based initiative compared to fixed-interval PRO-based follow-up. Patient-initiated PRO-based follow-up may be used as an alternative to fixed-interval PRO-based follow-up in patients who prefer this approach, but there is insufficient evidence for recommending a system-wide shift to patient-initiated PRO-based follow-up.
Registered 4 February 2016 with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02673580.
Health care systems are experiencing an increased volume of patients with chronic conditions concurrent with increased focus on patient involvement and patient self-management [1, 2]. The use of patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures in clinical practice could potentially contribute to reorganization of the health care system and support patient involvement. PRO is a measurement directly reported by the patients based on their own perceived symptoms and health status . Santana et al. describe a theoretical framework outlining the potential effects of using PRO measures in the care of chronically ill patients . According to this framework, letting patients contribute with self-reported information about the impact of their disease and its treatment can contribute to better communication, engagement, self-management, and patient outcomes . A number of reviews including randomized controlled studies have found that the use of PRO measures in a clinical setting improved patient-clinician communication, patient satisfaction, and detection of patients’ functional and mental health problems [4,5,6]. Furthermore, PRO has the potential to inform clinical decision-making and support self-management [7,8,9]. Findings related to clinical patient outcomes are less consistent [4, 6].
In Denmark, a generic configurable PRO solution, AmbuFlex, uses PRO measures as the very basis for outpatient follow-up in several chronic and malignant diseases [8, 10] including follow-up for outpatients with epilepsy. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent seizures affecting functional, mental, and social aspect of life [11, 12]. Studies have reported that persons with seizures have increased risk of mood disorders, reduced quality of life, and significantly more social stigma than persons with no seizures [12, 13]. These findings support the need for differential and individualized follow-up in the care for patients with epilepsy. Several PRO measures have been developed for use in patients with epilepsy at the aggregated level ; however, the evidence regarding use of PRO measures on the individual level is weak [15, 16]. In 2012, an epilepsy version of AmbuFlex was developed in Central Denmark Region, here called standard telePRO . In standard telePRO, the patients receive fixed-interval questionnaires at home instead of having pre-scheduled appointments at the outpatient clinic. Based on an automated algorithm, the patients’ PRO measures are used to decide the need for clinical attention, potentially leading to fewer visits and thus less treatment burden for well-treated patients. If the patient needs attention, the PRO measures are used to support patient-clinician communication.
Standard telePRO may not be an adequate solution if the patients have a variable need of clinical attention. A more patient-centered solution based on patient preferences to decide the timing of a clinical contact may be even more beneficial to enhance patient involvement and management of own care. Several reviews of randomized controlled trials have investigated the effect of patient-initiated interventions in which patients have direct access to the outpatient clinic if needed [17,18,19]. In studies of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and breast cancer, no differences were seen regarding clinical- or patient-reported health outcomes between patient-initiated intervention groups and clinician-initiated control groups. Furthermore, some studies found higher patient satisfaction and lower use of health care resources in the patient-initiated model [17,18,19]. We have not been able to find any studies that use a patient-initiated model in patients with epilepsy and no studies that use PRO as the main access point to flag the need for clinical attention.
In this study we evaluated the effects of patient-initiated outpatient follow-up in patients with epilepsy. The specific aims were to compare utilization of health care resources, quality of care, and the patient perspective in two outpatient follow-up activities: patient-initiated PRO-based follow-up (open access telePRO) versus fixed-interval PRO-based follow-up (standard telePRO).
We hypothesized that the number of contacts would be lower, quality of care at least as good, patient self-management better, and patient evaluation of health service improved among patients in the open access telePRO arm compared with those in the standard telePRO arm.
This study was a parallel two-arm pragmatic randomized controlled trial in which the participants were allocated to either patient-initiated PRO-based follow-up (open access telePRO) or fixed-interval PRO-based follow-up (standard telePRO). The study was carried out among epilepsy outpatients at the Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital in Denmark. Standard telePRO has been used at the department since 2012. In January 2016, approximately 2500 epilepsy outpatients were attending standard telePRO follow-up. The study followed the Consolidated Standard of Reporting Trial (CONSORT) guideline for reporting parallel group randomized trials and the CONSORT PRO extension (Additional file 1). A study protocol has been published .
Participants and settings
Participants were included between January 2016 and July 2016. From January 2016, all patients in standard telePRO follow-up at the Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, received a baseline research questionnaire combined with the fixed-interval epilepsy questionnaire from the outpatient clinic. Patients could choose to respond via a paper or web version of the questionnaires. Clinicians assessed the fixed-interval epilepsy questionnaire according to their normal routine, but were blinded to the research questionnaire. Approximately 14 days after the patients filled in the research questionnaire, eligible participants were randomized to either open access telePRO or standard telePRO. Patients were eligible if they were ≥ 15 years old, had an epilepsy diagnosis or suspicion of epilepsy, were attending standard telePRO follow-up, and had filled in the last questionnaire via the Internet. Patients were excluded if they were paper respondents or if they had stop attending standard telePRO follow-up before randomization.
The study coordinator enrolled participants approximately once a week during the inclusion period. After randomization, participants in the open access arm received detailed written information about the intervention via surface mail sent by the study coordinator. Participants were requested to contact the study coordinator if they did not want to participate in the open access telePRO intervention and preferred to continue with standard care (standard telePRO). Standard arm participants continued standard telePRO and there was no change in the follow-up. Blinding of the randomization allocation was not possible for either participants or clinicians. Follow-up assessments were conducted approximately 18 months after randomization . The rationale for 18 months was based on the fact that more than in 80% of patients attending standard telePRO follow-up, questionnaires were sent at fixed 12-months intervals. This means that patients in standard telePRO follow-up may not have had contact with the outpatient clinic before 12 months had passed; thus, a follow-up period longer than 12 months was required.
According to the inclusion criteria, patients were pre-randomized in a ratio of 0.55:0.45 to either open access telePRO or standard telePRO. In a pre-randomization design, patients in the intervention arm are informed about the allocation following randomization, and disappointment about the allocation in the control arm can be prevented . The skewed randomization allocation was applied because of an expected higher number of drop outs in the open access arm compared to the standard arm . A higher dropout rate in the open access arm was expected, since participation was voluntary and the participants could at any time during the study decide to continue standard telePRO, if, for example, they did not want to initiate contact to the clinic by themselves, but rather receive questionnaires at fixed intervals. To account for this, we decided to randomize 10% more patients to the open access arm, as this would enhance the statistical power of the per-protocol analysis . We used simple randomization due to an expected large study population and did not block randomization or other procedures to help achieve balance in the number or characteristics of the participants in the two arms. Computer-generated randomization was used. The computer code was developed and integrated into the WestChronic/ AmbuFlex system (Additional file 3, page 11) .
Standard arm – standard telePRO (usual care)
In standard telePRO, patients filled in fixed-interval disease-specific questionnaires every 3, 6, or 12 months, which were used as a partly automatic tool to support the decision regarding whether the patient needed clinical attention at the present time . In the questionnaire, all patients could request a telephone consultation or an appointment in the outpatient clinic, regardless of their response to the other questions in the questionnaire. The questionnaire development is described elsewhere , and the questionnaire can be found in the Additional file 2.
The patient’s response to the questionnaires was given a green, yellow, or red color by using a pre-defined automated algorithm [8, 25]. Green indicated no need of clinical attention, red indicated need of attention, whereas yellow indicated that the patient might need attention. Green responses were handled automatically by the server software, and a new questionnaire was automatically scheduled to be sent to the patient at the pre-defined fixed interval, for example, after 12 months. All yellow and red responses were shown on an alert list, available to the clinicians, who accessed the list daily. A red response indicated need of clinical attention, and the clinician contacted the patient as quickly as possible. Patients were either contacted by telephone or they received a face-to-face appointment. For yellow responses, patients were only contacted if the clinicians judged that it was necessary. The patient’s questionnaire response was graphically presented to the clinicians, who accessed all the yellow and red responses through the Electronic Health Record system together with other relevant data from the record (laboratory tests, medication, etc.) [8, 22].
Intervention arm – open access telePRO
For patients randomized to open access telePRO, patient contact with the outpatient clinic was based on the patient’s preferences. Patients were asked to contact the outpatient clinic by themselves when they felt it necessary. Thus, at any time during the follow-up period, these patients could indicate a need for contact with the outpatient clinic by filling in the disease-specific questionnaire (Additional file 2). For this purpose, an open access website ‘My Epilepsy’ was developed. The website contains four core elements to allow patients to: 1) answer a questionnaire when they needed to get in contact with the clinic, 2) view their previously questionnaire responses, 3) view information about the questionnaire, and 4) view contact information (e.g. telephone number) to the outpatient clinic . Full detail of the development and features of this website are available elsewhere . Patients had access to the open access website via a secure login to the Danish ehealth Portal “Sundhed.dk”. In addition, the patients could also phone the outpatient clinic if needed. All questionnaire responses in the open access arm turned red (definite need of attention) on the alert list to the clinicians, since these patients were instructed to only fill in the questionnaire if they needed to talk to a clinician. The clinician checked the alert list daily and assessed the red open access responses as quickly as possible in the same web-system as in standard telePRO [8, 22]. The patients were contacted by telephone, and a face-to-face appointment was scheduled if necessary. If the patient did not fill in a questionnaire to the outpatient clinic within a priori defined time-span, the web system automatically sent a reminder to the patients with instructions to fill in the questionnaire. For example, a reminder was sent after 12 months if the patient prior to randomization was originally referred to a 6-month fixed questionnaire interval in standard telePRO. The clinicians also received information on the alert list about patients who did not respond to these reminders, and they were subsequently contacted by a clinician.
The primary outcome was the number of outpatient hospital contacts related to epilepsy from baseline to follow-up (timeframe 18 months). The number of contacts included all outpatient telephone consultations and outpatient visits (face-to-face consultations) with a nurse or a physician. Data regarding hospital admissions and emergency room visits were also assessed. The number of telephone consultations, outpatient visits, hospital admissions, and emergency room visits during the 18-month period were retrieved separately from a regional registry: the Business Intelligence Register in Central Denmark Region, which contains information about routinely collected activity measures from the Department of Neurology and Aarhus University Hospital.
Secondary self-reported outcomes were retrieved from the baseline research questionnaire and a follow-up research questionnaire sent to patients before randomization and 18 months after randomization. Both questionnaires included information about number of seizures, side effects, well-being, general health, health literacy, self-efficacy, patient activation, confidence, safety, and satisfaction.
Clinical outcome measures
The number of seizures last year and the degree of side effects were extracted from two single items in the epilepsy questionnaire (Additional file 2). Test-retest reliability of the side effects item has been reported to be substantial , but validity has not yet been reported. The side effects item ranges from 1 (best) to 4. Mortality was recorded at the end of the follow-up period and retrieved from the Business Intelligence Register in Central Denmark Region.
Patient-centered outcome measures
Well-being was extracted from the WHO-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) [26, 27]. WHO-5 is a generic questionnaire, and the psychometric findings have been reported in other patient populations . The WHO-5 includes five items which are used to calculate a score that ranges from 0 (worst) to 100. General health (GH) was extracted from one single item: “In general, would you say your health is: excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor” from the generic questionnaire: The Short Form Health Survey SF-36 [28, 29]. The GH item was scaled from 1 (best) to 5.
Health literacy was extracted from the generic Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ), sub-scale 4: “Social support for health”, sub-scale 6: “Ability to actively engage with healthcare providers”, and sub-scale 9: “Understand health information well enough to know what to do” [30, 31]. HLQ sub-scale 4 is a 4-item scale that ranges from 1 (worst) to 4, whereas HLQ sub-scales 6 and 9 are 5-item scales ranging from 1 (worst) to 5. Self-efficacy was extracted from the generic 10-item General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) [32, 33]. The psychometric properties of GSE have been evaluated across many countries . The GSE score ranges from 10 (worst) to 40. Patient activation was extracted from two single items modified from a generic questionnaire: the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) . The two PAM items: “I am confident that I can tell when I need to get outpatient care” and “I am confident I can figure out solutions when new situations or problems arise with my health condition” range from 1 (worst) to 4.
Patient health service evaluation
Confidence, safety, and satisfaction were extracted from three single items, which were modified from a patient-reported experiences questionnaire developed by the Danish Cancer Society . Psychometric properties have not been reported. Scores for the three items range from 1 (best) to 4.
All Danish Citizens have a 10-digit unique personal identification number assigned to all citizens at birth . It encodes gender and date of birth, and was used to calculate age and gender at baseline. Other patient characteristics were extracted from the baseline research questionnaire including cohabitation status, education, and duration of epilepsy. The education variable was categorized into three levels: no or low (primary and lower secondary school), medium (upper secondary school and short cycle tertiary), and high (bachelor and master). Duration of epilepsy was divided into two groups with a cut-off point at 2 years duration, as this was considered an acceptable level of being experienced or not-experienced with the epilepsy diagnosis.
Automated computer logs were used to track and evaluate use of the open access website “My Epilepsy” in the WestChronic/AmbuFlex-system . Use was defined as number of questionnaires filled in by the patients. Number of reminders mailed to patients and the number of patients who responded to these reminders were also logged into the system.
Based on a two-sided statistical test, the study was designed to have a power of 90% (P-value 0.05) . This was based on a study that reported that the mean number and standard deviations (SDs) of outpatient visits were 4.12 (SD = 3.41) in the open access arm and 4.64 (SD = 2.38) in the control arm . We expected to detect a difference of at least one contact between the arms. This required a sample size of 386 participants. To account for attrition and loss to follow-up, the sample size was supplemented with 207 patients (132 in the open access arm and 75 in the control arm).
Data were analyzed based on the intention-to-treat (ITT) approach. Between-arm differences in the number of outpatient visits, telephone consultations, hospital admissions, and emergency room visits were analyzed by simple linear regression. Because the normality distributions were skewed, 95% confidence intervals were found by using the bootstrap method with 1000 replications [38, 39]. Between-arm differences in all secondary outcomes, apart from mortality, were analyzed by multiple linear regression by calculating differences at follow-up (18 months) adjusted for the baseline value.
Between arm differences were also analyzed on a per-protocol basis. The per-protocol analysis included only participants who completed the open access intervention. Patients were defined as ‘completers’ if they did not decline to participate in the intervention during the study period. Between-arm differences in the number of outpatient visits, telephone consultations, hospital admissions, and emergency room visits were analyzed by multiple linear regression adjusted for gender, age, education, cohabitation status, epilepsy duration, and seizures during last year. Confidence intervals were found by using the bootstrap method with 1000 replications [38, 39]. Between-arm differences at follow-up of secondary outcomes were analyzed by multiple linear regression adjusted for the baseline value, gender, age, education, cohabitation status, epilepsy duration, and seizures during last year.
Differences in baseline data between the arms were evaluated by chi-squared test for categorical variables and the Wilcoxon Mann–Whitney test or unpaired t-test for continuous variables. Normally distributed baseline data were presented with means and SDs, otherwise medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) were reported additionally. In PRO measures, information about item nonresponse was presented as numbers and percentages. Estimation of sum scores followed guidelines for handling items missing for each specific score. In the HLQ scores, the mean scores of the other items were used to estimate the score. If more than two items were missing, the score was not estimated. This instruction was obtained from a user package we received after signing a license agreement. We were not able to find a standardized guideline for the other scales (GSE and WHO-5) and thus, we decided not to calculate the score if items were missing.
To explore whether the results changed in sub-groups in the population, we performed supplemental explorative ITT analyses by stratifying on age, gender, and high/low health literacy (HLQ4: “social support for health”). The median values for age (median value = 45.7 years) and the HLQ4 scale (median value = 3.4) at baseline were used to define the threshold of the high (≥ 45.7 years and ≥ 3.4 HLQ4 score) and low groups (< 45.7 years and < 3.4 HLQ4 score). Furthermore, ITT-sensitivity analyses were used to establish the impact of missing self-reported data at follow-up. Sensitivity analyses were only performed for the WHO-5 score. If the WHO-5 score was missing at follow-up, the score was imputed by using the WHO-5 score from the baseline research questionnaire. Four scenarios of the imputed follow-up values were considered: 1. the baseline value was reduced with 5 points in the open access arm and was unchanged in the standard arm, 2. the baseline value was reduced with 5 points in the standard arm and was unchanged in the open access arm, 3. the baseline value was increased with 5 points in the open access arm and was unchanged in the standard arm, and 4. the baseline value was increased with 5 point in the standard arm and was unchanged in the open access arm. Then, between-arm ITT-differences in the WHO-5 score at follow-up were analyzed by multiple linear regression adjusted for the baseline WHO-5 value. All analyses were conducted in STATA version 15 (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA).
Participant flow and baseline data
A total of 593 outpatients with epilepsy were included from January 2016 to July 2016; 346 were randomized to the open access telePRO arm and 247 to the standard telePRO arm (Fig. 1). A total of six patients died (two patients in the open access arm and four patients in the standard arm), and one patient from the open access arm moved abroad within the follow-up period of 18 months: these seven patients were not included in the analyses. With respect to secondary self-reported outcomes, 202 (58%) in the open access arm and 150 (61%) in the standard arm responded to the questionnaire at both baseline and at follow-up. During the follow-up period, 43 patients declined to participate in the open access intervention and were excluded in the per-protocol analyses. The baseline characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 1. No statistically significant baseline differences were found between the open access arm and the standard arm. Also, no statistically significant differences were found between patients who completed the open access intervention (the per-protocol arm) and the standard arm.
No statistically significant differences were found between the arms regarding mean number of telephone consultations or outpatient visits (Table 2). The mean difference in telephone consultations between the open access arm and the standard arm was − 0.32 (95% CI: − 0.68 to 0.05). Patients in the open access arm had a statistically significant, slightly lower number of emergency room visits than those in the standard arm; the mean difference was − 0.11 (95% CI: − 0.21 to − 0.01). No statistically significant difference was found in hospital admissions.
No statistically significant differences were found between the open access arm and the standard arm regarding clinical outcome measures such as seizures during the last year, side effects (Table 3), and mortality. Patient-centered outcome measures showed a statistically significant difference of − 3.21 (95% CI: − 6.38 to − 0.05) in the WHO-5 well-being score at follow-up, giving a lower score in the open access arm than in the standard arm. General health status did not differ between the two arms. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were found in outcome measures related to patient self-management (health literacy, self-efficacy, patient activation) and health service evaluation (confidence, safety, satisfaction).
Per-protocol and stratified analyses
Results from per-protocol analyses are shown in Tables 2 and 3. No statistically significant differences were found in either primary or secondary outcomes. Explorative stratified ITT analyses with stratification on gender and high/low health literacy did not change the results noticeably (Additional file 3, pages 1 to 9). After stratification on age in the low age group (median age below 45.7 years), the participants in the open access arm had fewer telephone consultations and emergency room visits, − 0.67 (95% CI: − 1.29 to − 0.04) and − 0.21 (95% CI: − 0.38 to − 0.03), respectively, compared to the standard arm. However, the mental well-being was lower in the open access arm than in the standard arm, difference: − 5.95 (95% CI: − 10.81 to − 1.08). No statistically significant differences were found in the high age group.
Attrition and sensitivity analyses
Web (N = 648) and paper responders (N = 395) of the baseline research questionnaire were compared (Fig. 1). Web-responders were younger, had a higher level of education, and higher scores of health literacy and self-efficacy. No differences were found in gender, well-being, and general health. Responders (N = 352) to the follow-up research questionnaire were compared to non-responders (N = 241) by using data gathered at baseline. Participants who did not respond were younger, mean (SD) age 43.2 (17.0) years versus 49.0 (17.0) years, P = 0.0001. Furthermore, non-responders had a lower WHO-5 well-being score, mean (SD) 65.6 (19.1) versus 70.5 (18.8), P = 0.003, lower scores of the HLQ 6 “Ability to actively engage with healthcare providers”, mean (SD) 3.75 (0.90) versus 3.91 (0.83), P = 0.04, lower self-reported general health, P = 0.04, and lower level of education, P = 0.02. No differences were found with respect to gender, cohabitation status, “social support for health” (HLQ 4), “understand health information well enough to know what to do” (HLQ 9), self-efficacy (GSE), side effects, seizures during last year, and duration of epilepsy.
The sensitivity analyses showed that the difference in the WHO-5 score changed to not statistically significant if the missing data at follow-up were based on a 5-point lower baseline value in the standard arm, but were unchanged in the open access arm, 0.11 (95% CI: − 1.84 to 2.07) and a 5-point higher baseline value in the open access arm, but were unchanged in the standard arm, 0.18 (95% CI: − 1.81 to 2.17) (Additional file 3, page 10). The difference became stronger if the missing data was based on a 5-point higher baseline value in the standard arm, but were unchanged in the open access arm, − 3.83 (95% CI: − 5.78 to − 1.88) and a 5-point lower baseline value in the open access arm, but were unchanged in the standard arm, − 4.02 (95% CI: − 5.94 to − 2.10).
Process evaluation in the open access arm
Overall, activity in terms of number of logins to the “My Epilepsy” web site and questionnaires filled in initiated by the patients decreased during the follow-up period (Fig. 2). At the same time, an increased number of reminders were sent to patients; the response rate (37%) was, however, low.
The open access telePRO intervention showed no statistically significant differences in use of health care resources in terms of telephone consultations, outpatient visits, or hospital admissions compared to standard telePRO follow-up. The open access arm had a statistically significant, slightly lower mean number of emergency room visits. No statistically significant differences were found in clinical outcome measures such as mortality, number of seizures, and side effects. Further, for patient-centered outcome measures, the mental well-being was statistically significantly lower in the open access arm than in the standard arm, but there were no differences in general health status. No statistically significant differences were found in patient self-management and health service evaluation.
The main strength of this study was the pragmatic randomized design customized according to real life implementation of PRO-based follow-up in clinical practice. Furthermore, the study included a large study sample, and loss to follow-up in the analyses of the primary outcome was limited. However, some limitations should be noted. The baseline level of the HLQ subscales and the GSE in the epilepsy population was nearly the same as the in Danish population as a whole [31, 32]; thus a ceiling effect occurred, and it became difficult to observe improvement in these constructs over time. Another limitation was the low response rate of the questionnaires at 18-month follow-up. Only approximately 60% of the patients in both arms responded; thus, selection bias cannot be ruled out. The sensitivity analyses of self-reported WHO-5 well-being showed that the results could potentially be both underestimated or moved toward the null hypothesis of no effect. All eligible patients were referred to standard telePRO; therefore, we decided to use a pre-randomization design with few inclusion criteria. However, this study only included patients who were able to fill in the questionnaire via the Internet. As shown in Fig. 1, this is a selected standard telePRO group of patients because 395 paper responders (38%) were excluded. This should be taken into consideration in the generalization of the results.
Non-adherence to the use of health technology interventions is a common problem . Participants make use of the intervention differently and not all continue to use the intervention as intended . Data from Fig. 2 indicate that the number of patients who actually used the open access website was low. It is important to explain program failures if the intervention does not function as intended. Greenhalgh et al. describe the complexities of predicting if or how people engage with health technology in a new theoretical framework . The framework includes seven domains: the condition, the technology, the value proposition, the adopter system, the organization, the wider societal context, and the interaction between these domains over time . We have used elements of this framework to discuss challenges related to the open access intervention. At the organizational level, much effort was put into developing the intervention, but the implementation strategy was probably insufficient, leading to issues related to knowledge and confidence in using the intervention as intended by the patients. Information about the intervention was mailed to the participants only once during the follow-up period, and the participants were expected to take action by themselves if they declined to participate in the open access arm. At the individual patient level, the open access intervention demanded some self-management skills because the patients were expected to actively interact with the health care system. However, patients are only activated if “they understand their role in the health care process and have the knowledge, skills and confidence to carry it out” . There could be resistance by the patients regarding filling in a questionnaire in order to get in contact with the clinic, as they might have found it easier to call the clinic if they needed to talk to a clinician. Resistance could also be related to technical issues, for example, the login procedure to the open access website required some extra steps, and technical problems were experienced by some patients. Qualitative data regarding the patient perspective will be further investigated.
There is growing need for health care strategies to manage more effective and patient-centered care. This study did not find, as hypothesized, less use of health care resources or improved patient self-management or satisfaction in the patient-initiated PRO-based initiative compared to fixed-interval PRO-based follow-up. Patient-initiated PRO-based follow-up may be used as an alternative to fixed-interval PRO-based follow-up in epilepsy outpatients who prefer this approach, but there is insufficient evidence for recommending a system-wide shift to patient-initiated PRO-based follow-up. How patients are allocated to this health care service is important, and individuals’ self-management skills should be taken into consideration. Further work should explore the effects of using a patient-initiated PRO-based intervention in clinical practice, preferably, comparing these patients with patients using a fixed-appointment follow-up procedure.
Consolidated Standard of Reporting Trial
General Self-Efficacy Scale
Health Literacy Questionnaire
Patient Activation Measure
WHO-5 Well-Being Index
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Maindal, H. T., Sokolowski, I., & Vedsted, P. (2009). Translation, adaptation and validation of the American short form patient activation measure (PAM13) in a Danish version. BMC Public Health, 9, 209. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-209.
Danish Cancer Society (2017) Spørgeskema. En undersøgelse af dine behov og oplevelser under udredning og behandling for kræft (In Danish). Available via https://www.cancer.dk/dyn/resources/File/file/2/6912/1513860458/final_barometerskema_nyeste.pdf (Accessed Nov 2018).
Frank, L. (2000). Epidemiology. When an entire country is a cohort. Science, 287, 2398–2399.
Williams, J. G., Cheung, W. Y., Russell, I. T., Cohen, D. R., Longo, M., & Lervy, B. (2000). Open access follow up for inflammatory bowel disease: Pragmatic randomised trial and cost effectiveness study. BMJ, 320, 544–548.
Hesterberg, T. C. (2015). What teachers should know about the bootstrap: Resampling in the undergraduate statistics curriculum. The American Statistician, 69, 371–386.
Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas. Bootstrap manual. Available via https://www.stata.com/manuals13/rbootstrap.pdf Accessed 27 June 2019.
Robinson, A., Thompson, D. G., Wilkin, D., Roberts, C., & Northwest Gastrointestinal Research Group. (2001). Guided self-management and patient-directed follow-up of ulcerative colitis: A randomised trial. The Lancet, 358, 976–981.
de Jong, M. J., van der Meulen-de Jong, A. E., Romberg-Camps, M. J., Becx, M. C., Maljaars, J. P., Cilissen, M., van Bodegraven, A. A., Mahmmod, N., Markus, T., Hameeteman, W. M., Dijkstra, G., Masclee, A. A., Boonen, A., Winkens, B., van Tubergen, A., Jonkers, D. M., & Pierik, M. J. (2017). Telemedicine for management of inflammatory bowel disease (myIBDcoach): A pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 390, 959–968.
de Thurah, A., Stengaard-Pedersen, K., Axelsen, M., Fredberg, U., Schougaard, L. M. V., Hjollund, N. H. I., Pfeiffer-Jensen, M., Laurberg, T. B., Tarp, U., Lomborg, K., & Maribo, T. (2018). Tele-health Followup strategy for tight control of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Care and Research (Hoboken), 70, 353–360.
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Berkhof, F. F., Hesselink, A. M., Vaessen, D. L., Uil, S. M., Kerstjens, H. A., & van den Berg, J. W. (2014). The effect of an outpatient care on-demand-system on health status and costs in patients with COPD. A randomized trial. Respiratory Medicine, 108, 1163–1170.
Schougaard, L. M. V., de Thurah, A., Bech, P., Hjollund, N. H., & Christiansen, D. H. (2018). Test-retest reliability and measurement error of the Danish WHO-5 well-being index in outpatients with epilepsy. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16, 175. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-018-1001-0.
Kelders, S. M., Kok, R. N., Ossebaard, H. C., & Van Gemert-Pijnen, J. E. (2012). Persuasive system design does matter: A systematic review of adherence to web-based interventions. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14, e152.
Greenhalgh, T., Wherton, J., Papoutsi, C., Lynch, J., Hughes, G., A'Court, C., Hinder, S., Fahy, N., Procter, R., & Shaw, S. (2017). Beyond adoption: A new framework for theorizing and evaluating nonadoption, abandonment, and challenges to the scale-up, spread, and sustainability of health and care technologies. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19, e367.
We would like to thank all the clinical staff and the patients at the epilepsy outpatient clinic at Aarhus University Hospital.
This work was supported by Aarhus University, the Central Denmark Regions Health Research Foundation, and TrygFonden. These funding souces were not involved in the design, data collection or analyses, interpretation of data or writing the manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency (reference number 1–16–02-691-14). The Ethics Committee of Central Denmark Region was contacted and decided that approval was not a requirement for the study. All data were stored and treated with confidentiality. Data were stored in the WestChronic/AmbuFlex web-system, which is physically located in the Central Denmark Region’s Server Park protected behind the firewall and Treat Management Gateway .
Consent for publication
JC received honoraria serving on the scientific advisory board of UCB Nordic and Eisai AB, received honoraria giving lectures for UCB Nordic and Eisai AB, and received funding for a trip from UCB Nordic. The other authors have no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
About this article
Cite this article
Schougaard, L.M.V., Mejdahl, C.T., Christensen, J. et al. Patient-initiated versus fixed-interval patient-reported outcome-based follow-up in outpatients with epilepsy: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. J Patient Rep Outcomes 3, 61 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41687-019-0151-0
- Patient reported outcome measures
- Randomized controlled trial
- Ambulatory care
- Outpatient clinics, hospital
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Building your very first Electron app
Many applications, back in the day, were made with native windows client. A user will just have to click a desktop icon and voila! Ready to use app. Fast track today, most of the applications are already in the “cloud” and is web based.
With the delightful experience of programmers around the world using the web technology for creating stunning websites in just a short time, people from Github thought why not create a cross platform desktop app using the web technologies? And, why not? Then, Electron was born.
What will this article talk about?
What will this article will NOT talk about?
- API Authentication
- API Authorization
- Compiling to OS specific app (will create another article)
- Signing of production app
Now, lets get to work. Set up the dev env of Electron ready for development.
- Install the Vue CLI globally — (NodeJS must be installed in your machine)
npm install -g vue-cli
2. Initialize the Electron-Vue. More info here
vue init simulatedgreg/electron-vue my-project
3. Go to
my-project and run
npm install && npm run dev
Once everything is set up, we can now do our CMS.
Edit the landing route page
Route file in Electron is found in
By default, it has a landing page which we can customize. First, in the file
LandingPage.vue remove the inline CSS style and replace with:
List the POSTS
Now, edit the
Now, remove the contents of the
<table>and we will replace it with a dynamic content.
getPost() method in the
methodsblock of the script.
If you are not familiar with VueJs’s data and methods, refer here
Then, you need also the
createdproperty and the
datato render the data from external source
When everything is set up properly, you should have:
Check your console for the logs if it fetches the posts.
It is time to edit and render the dynamic posts from external source.
Edit your table into:
Create a POST
Create a link beside (or anywhere) of the Post title like this:
<h2>Posts <router-link to=”/post” class=”btn btn-sm btn-primary”>Add a post</router-link></h2>
then edit the router file in
After that, when the route definition is created, create the Add Post page like so:
You have created a post!
Delete the POST
Add the delete button on the
tablehtml like so:
and create the
onDelete()method to remove the post from the saved posts
Try it and see it in action!
We can set a success message whenever you have deleted a post! Create a data property to hold the message
create the success message in the html
update your delete method to show your message!
Now you have a message whenever you delete a post!
That is it for now! Hope you enjoy this article! See you next time!
You can find the sample app below:
Electron app sample for the Medium tutorial. Contribute to jsdecena/electron-tut development by creating an account on…
Author: Jeff Simons Decena
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BANOBAGI Vita Genic Jelly Mask Lifting
BANOBAGI Vita Genic Lifting Jelly Mask
Drenched in a formula with a high concentration of wild cactus, the Vita Genic Lifting Jelly Mask is made with all natural ingredients from Jeju Island, South Korea. The jelly-textured serum allows for maximum absorption and is drip-free.
- Packed with 20,000 ppm of Liposomal Vitamin A.
- Serum infused with a wild cactus native to Jeju Island.
- Recommended for preventive anti-aging and for detoxing skin.
- 100% pure cotton sheets.
- Made in Korea.
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2023-09-29T23:29:05Z
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Tortilla makers have played a crucial role in traditional Mexican cuisine for centuries, and their influence has extended beyond the borders of Mexico, captivating food enthusiasts worldwide. As a staple food, tortillas are a versatile and delicious accompaniment to a range of dishes, from tacos and enchiladas to quesadillas and burritos.
The art of making tortillas involves a delicate balance of ingredients, technique, and equipment. Tortilla makers, also known as tortilla presses, are mechanical devices designed to flatten dough balls into thin, circular discs.
These machines come in various designs and materials, each contributing to the unique texture and taste of the final product. In this article, we will explore the evolution of tortilla makers and their significance in shaping the culinary heritage of Mexico and beyond.
The Top tortilla makers
|Serial Number||Product Name||Check Price||Check Availability|
|1||Victoria 8 Inch Cast Iron Tortilla Press. Tortilla Maker, Flour Tortilla press, Rotis Press||$25.99|
|2||IMUSA USA 8-in. Aluminum Tortilla Press, 8 Inch, Silver||$14.39|
|3||Brentwood TS-127 Stainless Steel Non-Stick Electric Tortilla Maker, 8-Inch||$40.03|
|4||CucinaPro Electric Tortilla Maker – 10″ Roti, Flatbread, Non-Stick Cooking Plates with Ready Light and Cord Wrap||$59.99|
|5||Brentwood TS-129 Stainless Steel Non-Stick Electric Tortilla Maker, 12-Inch||$59.27 ($59.27 / Count)|
|6||Taco Tuesday Tortilla Bowl Maker For Baked Taco Bowls, Tostadas, Salads||$19.99|
Our Recommended Best Tortilla Makers ReviewsIn this subsection, we will be dissecting the ins and outs of a few top-quality tortilla makers in the current market. If you take a look at these options thoroughly, you won’t have any difficulty choosing a particular product for yourself.
1. Victoria 8 Inch Cast Iron Tortilla Press. Tortilla Maker, Flour Tortilla press, Rotis Press, Dough Press, Pataconera Seasoned with Flaxeed Oil, Black –
Introducing the Victoria 8 Inch Cast Iron Tortilla Press, the ultimate tool for unleashing your culinary creativity at home. With this versatile tortilla maker, you can now effortlessly craft your own mouthwatering tortillas, patacones, Rotis, empanadas, quesadillas, and Arepas in no time.
Designed with a reinforced base and handle, this cast-iron press guarantees consistent and even tortillas every single time, thanks to its ingenious engineering that prevents pinching. Crafted with heavy-duty construction, it is made of cast-iron seasoned at high temperatures with 100% non-GMO vegetable flaxseed oil, ensuring long-lasting durability and restaurant-quality results.
Not only does this tortilla press come with an extra screw for the lever, but it also includes detailed instructions on use and care, making it easy to operate and maintain. With an overall width of 11.25 inches and depth of 11 inches, it is compact yet spacious enough to handle your culinary creations. Authentic by Victoria, this tortilla press has been proudly made in Colombia since 1986, promising an authentic and reliable experience.
Embrace the joy of homemade tortillas and unlock a world of flavors with the Victoria 8 Inch Cast Iron Tortilla Press. Do-it-yourself, impress your loved ones, and elevate your cooking to new heights.
2. IMUSA USA 8-in. Aluminum Tortilla Press, 8 Inch, Silver
Introducing the IMUSA USA 8-in. Aluminum Tortilla Press, the ultimate tool to revolutionize your tortilla-making process! Crafted with precision, this silver beauty boasts an 8-inch press surface, providing ample space to create perfectly round and thin tortillas in just seconds.
Made from high-quality aluminum, this traditional press offers excellent leverage, ensuring effortless tortilla flattening with every single use. Ideal for large quantities, this remarkable press saves you precious time without compromising on the authentic taste and texture of your tortillas.
Experience pure convenience as you effortlessly insert the dough and press just once to achieve flawless results. Say goodbye to store-bought tortillas and embrace the satisfaction of homemade delights. With the IMUSA USA 8-in. Aluminum Tortilla Press, you hold the power to create an infinite array of mouthwatering Mexican delicacies at your fingertips.
Don’t miss out on this game-changing kitchen companion. Unlock a world of culinary possibilities and elevate your cooking to new heights.
Grab yours today and prepare to amaze your taste buds!
3. Brentwood TS-127 Stainless Steel Non-Stick Electric Tortilla Maker, 8-Inch
Introducing the Brentwood TS-127 Stainless Steel Non-Stick Electric Tortilla Maker, your ultimate solution to perfectly round and authentic tortillas. Say goodbye to imperfectly shaped tortillas as this innovative kitchen appliance ensures your tortillas are flawlessly round and deliciously consistent every time.
With its adjustable heat feature, you have the power to create soft, melt-in-your-mouth tortillas or crispy ones with a delightful crunch. Cleaning up is a breeze thanks to the easy-to-clean non-stick aluminum plates, allowing you to spend more time enjoying your homemade tortillas rather than scrubbing.
The power and pre-heat indicator lights provide convenience and ensure you’re ready to cook whenever you desire. Plus, with a 1-year manufacturer’s warranty, you can have peace of mind knowing you’re investing in a durable and reliable product. Elevate your Mexican feast and indulge in the perfect tortillas with the Brentwood TS-127 Tortilla Maker.
4. CucinaPro Electric Tortilla Maker – 10″ Roti, Flatbread, Non-Stick Cooking Plates with Ready Light and Cord Wrap
Introducing the CucinaPro Electric Tortilla Maker, the ultimate kitchen companion that effortlessly creates mouthwatering 10-inch tortillas and flatbreads! Say goodbye to tortilla presses and embrace the convenience of this innovative appliance. Its heavy-weight aluminum and non-stick coated cooking plates distribute heat evenly, guaranteeing perfectly baked delights every time.
Unleash your culinary creativity with this versatile machine and make authentic homemade tacos, tostadas, quesadillas, or gyros like a pro. No need to stress about cleaning up afterward, simply wipe clean for effortless maintenance.
The ready light and convenient cord wrap make this tortilla maker incredibly user-friendly, while its upright storage design saves precious counter space. With the CucinaPro Electric Tortilla Maker, you’ll not only save time and effort but elevate your cooking game to new heights. Bring the taste of Mexico into your home with this game-changing appliance. Dive into a world of delicious possibilities and tantalize your taste buds.
Explore the art of tortilla making with CucinaPro today!
5. Brentwood TS-129 Stainless Steel Non-Stick Electric Tortilla Maker, 12-Inch
Introducing the Brentwood TS-129 Stainless Steel Non-Stick Electric Tortilla Maker, a must-have appliance for every kitchen! This 12-inch tortilla maker revolutionizes the way you create delectable, perfectly round and authentic tortillas, while also catering to your cravings for roti, chapati, and more. With adjustable heat settings, you have the power to achieve either soft or crispy tortilla results, satisfying everyone’s preferences at the dinner table.
The non-stick aluminum plates make clean-up a breeze, saving you precious time in the kitchen. No more guessing games! The power and pre-heat indicator lights provide added convenience and ensure your tortillas are made to perfection.
Say goodbye to store-bought tortillas and embrace the joy of homemade goodness. The Brentwood TS-129 delivers exceptional value by solving the everyday problem of making round and delicious tortillas effortlessly. Get ready to wow your family and friends with your culinary skills. Dive into the world of endless possibilities by exploring our game-changing tortilla maker today!
6. Taco Tuesday Tortilla Bowl Maker For Baked Taco Bowls, Tostadas, Salads, Dips, Appetizers, and Desserts – 8 to 10 Inch Tortillas – Red
Introducing the ultimate kitchen companion for Taco Tuesdays and beyond – the Taco Tuesday Tortilla Bowl Maker! Say goodbye to messy taco shells and hello to flawless taco salads and guacamole bowls in a matter of minutes. This electric tortilla press effortlessly bakes store-bought tortillas into mouthwatering, crispy, and perfectly shaped bowls.
With its easy-to-use design, this tortilla bowl maker features two indicator lights that let you know when it’s ready to use. Cook time is a breeze, taking only 1-3 minutes, and the dual nonstick surfaces ensure an even bake for consistent results every time.
Plus, the locking latch keeps your shell firmly in place. But the fun doesn’t stop there! This multi-purpose appliance opens up endless possibilities for creating delectable dessert bowls. Fill them with cinnamon sugar churros, ice cream, fruit, parfaits, pies, and much more. The only limit is your imagination! Made from sturdy plastic, this compact tortilla maker adds a touch of nostalgia to your kitchen counter or table.
Its nonstick cooking surface allows for easy cleaning, and the bottom of the unit hides the cord for a neat appearance. At [Company Name], we take pride in offering unique, novel, and fun products for the whole family.
Embracing the past, present, and future, our Taco Tuesday Tortilla Bowl Maker combines functionality, durability, and a touch of nostalgic charm. Don’t miss out on the chance to elevate your taco game and explore a world of culinary possibilities – order yours today!
Faq Of Tortilla Makers
What are the main features to consider when purchasing a tortilla maker?
When purchasing a tortilla maker, it’s important to consider its size, material, and versatility. The size should suit your needs, whether you want to make small or large tortillas.
The material should be durable and food-safe, such as cast iron or stainless steel. Lastly, check if it can make different types of tortillas or adapt to your preferred thickness.
How long does the average tortilla maker take to heat up and cook tortillas?
The average tortilla maker typically takes around 5-10 minutes to heat up and cook tortillas. This may vary slightly depending on the specific model and temperature settings.
Once the maker has reached the desired temperature, it takes only a couple of minutes to cook each tortilla, resulting in warm and delicious homemade tortillas.
Can a tortilla maker be used to make other types of flatbreads or dough-based dishes?
Yes, a tortilla maker can be used to make other types of flatbreads or dough-based dishes. It can be used to make chapatis, rotis, naans, or even thin crust pizzas.
The versatility of a tortilla maker allows for a variety of dough-based delicacies to be created easily and efficiently.
Are there any maintenance or cleaning requirements for tortilla makers to ensure their longevity and optimal performance?
To maintain the longevity and optimal performance of tortilla makers, regular cleaning is essential. In addition, it is important to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for maintenance, such as oiling moving parts and tightening screws.
These simple steps will help keep the machine in good condition and ensure its efficient functioning.
Things To Consider When Buying Tortilla Makers
Size – consider the dimensions
When looking for a tortilla maker, one should carefully consider the size and dimensions of the appliance. The ideal size will depend on one’s specific needs and kitchen space.
A larger tortilla maker may be suitable for someone with a big family or for frequent use, while a smaller one can be more convenient for someone with limited counter space. Additionally, the diameter of the tortillas produced by the machine should also be taken into account, as it determines the versatility and variety of dishes that can be prepared.
By choosing the right size, potential buyers can ensure that the tortilla maker will be a perfect fit for their kitchen and cooking needs.
Material – choose quality materials
When it comes to tortilla makers, it is important to choose models made with quality materials. High-quality materials ensure durability and longevity of the machine, allowing it to withstand continuous use without wear and tear.
Investing in a tortilla maker constructed with superior materials also guarantees safety during the cooking process as it eliminates the risk of any harmful chemicals or toxins leaching into the food. By selecting a tortilla maker with quality materials, users can enjoy freshly made tortillas for years, promoting a healthier, homemade alternative over store-bought versions.
Design – opt for an ergonomic design
Opting for an ergonomic design when it comes to tortilla makers is essential. An ergonomic design ensures that the machine is user-friendly and comfortable to use.
It takes into consideration the user’s posture and body mechanics, reducing the risk of strain or injury. An ergonomic tortilla maker will have features like adjustable height, easy-to-reach controls, and a comfortable grip.
These design considerations not only improve the overall user experience but also enhance productivity and efficiency. By prioritizing an ergonomic design, tortilla makers can offer a safer and more satisfying cooking experience for both professional chefs and home cooks.
Ease of use – select a user-friendly model
When it comes to choosing a tortilla maker, one important factor to consider is the ease of use. Opting for a user-friendly model can enhance your overall cooking experience.
Look for features such as a clear LCD display, intuitive controls, and simple step-by-step instructions to ensure hassle-free operation. Models with preset programs or adjustable settings for different tortilla thicknesses and sizes can also be a bonus.
By selecting a tortilla maker that is easy to use, you can save time and effort in the kitchen, making the process of creating delicious homemade tortillas a breeze.
Functionality – check for versatile features
When considering tortilla makers, one important aspect to consider is functionality. A good tortilla maker should offer versatile features that allow for flexibility in making different types and sizes of tortillas.
For instance, it should be able to adjust the thickness of the tortilla or customize the diameter according to individual preferences. Additionally, features like a temperature control setting, non-stick plates, and an indicator to signal when the tortilla is ready, can greatly enhance the functionality of a tortilla maker.
By ensuring that the tortilla maker has these versatile features, one can enjoy the convenience and efficiency of making various types of tortillas with ease.
Price – consider the affordability
When considering tortilla makers, it is crucial to take into account the affordability of the product. The price range of tortilla makers can vary significantly, so it is essential to assess your budget before making a purchase.
Factors such as the product’s durability, features, and brand reputation may influence its price. By setting a budget and comparing different options, you can find a tortilla maker that meets your needs without straining your finances.
Remember that affordability doesn’t necessarily mean compromising on quality, so research the product thoroughly to ensure the best value for your money.
In conclusion, tortilla makers offer a convenient and efficient way to prepare traditional tortillas at home. With their easy-to-use design and quick cooking time, they provide a delicious homemade alternative to store-bought tortillas.
Whether for a Mexican-inspired meal or a simple snack, a tortilla maker is a valuable addition to any kitchen.
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I am not a fitness nerd. I have never liked exercise classes, and the only “exercise” I really enjoyed was kickboxing, which I did a lot of in University, but then became distant from it after leaving school. So when I was offered the opportunity to review this book, Fit and Fabulous in 15 Minutes, I was intrigued. The author, Teresa Tapp has created her “signature” exercise method called “T-Tapp” that has helped thousands of people shed inches and pounds. Here’s what I thought of the book.
What I liked:
1. The T-Tapp workout is done with no equipment, so it’s easy to do anywhere.
2. The workout is suitable for people of any fitness level, any age, and any body type. Teresa mentions people with different physical ailments that do the T-Tapp workout successfully and benefit from it.
3. Description of her “God-Made, Man-Made Food Plan” in Chapter 6. Teresa presents a really interesting way of not dieting – eating cleaner, unprocessed foods for a few days (God-Made Food), and then allowing for a day of “Man-Made Food” (not binge-eating, but allowing for “cheats”). I think it could work well for people who don’t have any food-related sensitivities and who have trouble sticking to one diet. I personally would not do it because most “Man-Made Food” just wreaks havoc on my system, but even if you’re just looking to start transitioning to “clean eating”, this could be a good way to do it.
4. She provides very thorough explanations and rationale for the exercises and why they work. If you ARE a fitness nerd, you will likely appreciate this. There is definitely some science behind it. Also, she does have photos of series of movements for different exercises that made a HUGE difference for me in terms of learning the workout.
What bugged me:
1. The first 3 chapters of the book were very… “rah rah, T-Tapp is awesome and amazing and the best workout EVER!!!! YEAHHHHH!!!!” If you like reading “real life stories” of how people shed inches and clothing sizes, then this will be right up your alley. I’ll be honest. I started skimming and wondering when we would get to the actual exercises.
2. The descriptions of how to do the exercises. Wow. They are very detailed and wordy descriptions, and I found it difficult to follow. She provides a lot of information about what she is trying to achieve with the exercise, which could be important to some people, but it is hard to weed through when you are just trying to learn the exercise itself and walk yourself through it. I brought the book with me to my personal trainer to look at, and see if she could figure it out more easily than me. We spent about 45 minutes going through the T-Tapp Basic Plus Workout in Chapter 4 (this is the one that’s supposed to take 15 minutes) and trying to figure out what the actual sequences were.
Here’s how my first few days looked doing the T-Tapp Basic Plus Workout:
Day 1: Scrunch my face and furrow my brows as I read through descriptions and try to get myself into positions. Then get out of position as I try to read through, flip pages and scan to the next step after all the explanation about “leverage isometrics”. Spend 30 minutes trying to work through what I think is the entire workout, then discover that I only completed the “Primary Back Stretch” – not actually part of the workout at all.
Day 2: Attempt to get through Primary Back Stretch quickly so as to move onto the actual workout – feel very doubtful if I’m doing it correctly. Start into the workout portion where I get very confused about how the steps are numbered, what movements go into the next, and how to sequence them when you’re supposed to go back and do some of the steps again. Takes 45 minutes to get through it all.
Day 3: Finally I am able to get through everything in 35 minutes, but am glossing over the parts where I can’t figure out what exactly I’m supposed to do.
I did the 15 minute workout (my version of it, anyways) 3 days in a row, then took a week off because I got sick, then did 6 days in a row, and then every other day for 2 weeks. I was getting to the point where I could do it in about 25-30 minutes. In my 3rd week I was able to get it down to 20 minutes. I’m still not entirely sure I’m doing the exercises correctly, but do feel that I have a better handle on some of them. What would be awesome is if the book had a summary page of all the different components of the workout as a quick reference sheet.
(The book also has the T-Tapp Total Workout which is supposed to be 45 minutes in length. Honestly I did not go through this because I was anticipating taking 1.5 hours to try to navigate through it, time I just didn’t have in my day.)
Although I am complaining about how difficult it was to learn the workout from the book, I did feel that it was “doing something”. I asked a few co-workers to do it with me during our lunch hour, and though it took about 25-30 minutes, we all felt we had gotten a workout. What’s great is that we are all at very different fitness levels (some not exercising regularly at all, others who run regularly and exercise almost daily) but we all felt some benefit from the workout. It is now becoming a regular thing for a few of my co-workers and me to do at lunch because it IS a quick enough workout that we can do and still have time to eat. It’s also pretty low-impact so nobody is sweating profusely at the end.
So – did I lose a dress size or two? Short answer is no. I did lose a few inches overall, though. I took pre and post measurements according to the book, and went down 5″ from various areas in total. It’s certainly possible that I am not doing the exercises correctly, but it may be a stretch to say that you can lose a dress size in a matter of weeks just with the 15-minute workout. However, it was nice to see that there was some change.
Bottom Line: Is Fit and Fabulous in 15 Minutes worth the purchase? It is significantly cheaper than buying the DVD sets, so if you aren’t a newbie to fitness, you’ll probably be able to navigate through it. I do think the workouts themselves have merit and are worth doing; it’s just deciding what medium works best for you to learn them.
What is your go-to workout?
(Disclosure: I received a digital copy of the book Fit and Fabulous in 15 minutes in order to facilitate this review. No other compensation was received and the opinions expressed are my own. I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program and the Amazon.com.ca, Inc. Associates Program, affiliate advertising programs designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com & amazon.ca. This post contains affiliate links. If you choose to purchase products via these links, a small percentage of the sale will be given to me at no extra cost to you. Thanks for supporting juicygreenmom.ca!)
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I know this resembles a commercial, but hear me out…
Windows Phones, everyone’s talking about them. In my office we’ve been throwing around cool app ideas, trying to out-do each other. (just wait, nifty and even some practical ideas coming out of our office) It’s new, it’s cool. Right?
Add a game to it, toss in some XNA…it’s really cool.
So, AT&T brings this developer webcast, it’s Thursday, July 15, 10-11 AM Pacific Time. Click thru below to register.
Any bets on if my 17 year-old will get up that early on summer vacation to attend?
Marketing blurb from the AT&T site…
“This webcast is designed to provide a developer overview of how to build games for Windows Phone 7 with Microsoft XNA Game Studio 4. Learn about the developer tools, the XNA Framework, and the resources available to build interactive, compelling, games with Windows Phone 7.”
Folks that attend (actually attend, not just register) might win a Smartphone.
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Connecting you to Loved ones on the "Other Side"
We love our customers, so feel free to visit during normal business hours.
po box 403, swansea, MA 02777, US
Monday - Friday: 9am - 5pm
Saturday: By appointment
June Edward Relationship Coach/Medium
office Indian Harbour Beach Florida 32937
Copyright © 2017 June Edward "The Massachusetts Medium" - All Rights Reserved. . Terms & Conditions Refund Policy Contact Us
Powered by GoDaddy
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Well, the year is coming to a close and I am looking back at what you enjoyed the most on my page!
So here are my top 5 posts this year..oh and not all of them were written this year!
Just a little hint on this last one…the entry changed a tad during Christmas vacation….
There you have it! My top posts of 2017! I have some exciting things planned for 2018 so be sure to follow me on all my social to get a little taste of everything!
Happy New Year!!
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Season four of No Activity, the first fully animated season, arrives on Paramount+ April 8.
This season will find Special Agent Nick Cullen (Brammall) finally realizing his dream of joining the FBI — but his excitement won’t last for long, as he quickly discovers this job is not at all what he expected it to be. A seemingly dull observation detail takes a turn and becomes the potential beginnings of a career-defining case when he learns of an emerging cult, and when a massive operation takes aim at this cult, it’s unclear which side will break first. Although this promotion means his life is far from the same as it once was, Cullen’s path does continue to cross with that of his former partner Judd Tolbeck’s (Meadows), who is going through his own adjustment period with a new partner.
Along with Brammall and Meadows, this season will feature an incredible roster of guest stars.
Guest stars to watch for include Louie Anderson, Kevin Bacon, Jillian Bell, D’Arcy Carden, Rob Delaney, Elle Fanning, Will Forte, Kimberly Hébert Gregory, Udo Kier, Lamorne Morris, Oscar Nuñez, Hannah Simone, June Squibb, and Samara Weaving, as well as returning guest stars Joe Keery as Officer Reinhardt, the new partner of Tim Meadows’ Judd Tolbeck, Sunita Mani as dispatch operator Fatima, Jason Mantzoukas as an undercover FBI agent, Bob Odenkirk as Greg, and Amy Sedaris as dispatch’s mother hen, Janice.
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By Gabby Chen
(JW Insights) Apr 12 -- China's leading smartphone makers -Xiaomi, Huawei, Honor and OPPO - are ramping up efforts to enter the premium market this year, according to a recent report by JW Insights analyst Sun Lili.
Global premium (≥$600 wholesale price) smartphone sales climbed 1% despite a 12% year-on-year decline in overall global smartphone sales in 2022 due to macroeconomic difficulties. This has allowed the premium segment to contribute to 55% of the total global smartphone market revenue for the first time ever, according to the latest report by Counterpoint.
Chinese smartphone makers are scrambling to establish a foothold in the premium segment, which is the largest revenue contributor to mobile phone market with a growth trend.
Xiaomi, a Chinese consumer electronics giant, rolled out its Xiaomi 13 series with a starting price of RMB7,330 ($1064.56) at 2023 Mobile World Congress (MWC) in late February in Barcelona of Spain.
Xiaomi's CEO Lei Jun is reported to believe that dominating the price range above RMB6,000 ($872.56) will provide a significant advantage in the current Android smartphone market. Without an advantage in the premium market, even the largest share of the mid-range and entry-level markets would eventually be lost.
Xiaomi set up its high-end strategy working group at the beginning of 2022, with the aim of surpassing Apple to become the top seller of premium smartphones in China within three years, said the company.
Huawei, the battered giant by US sanctions, launched the P60 Art smartphone in March 2023 with a starting price of RMB8,988 ($1305.35). The phone quickly sold out on three major e-commerce platforms, demonstrating Huawei's strong influence and user recognition in the premium market.
Honor, the mobile phone brand spun off from Huawei in 2020, achieved a remarkable growth of 110% in sales in the premium market in 2022, the Counterpoint report showed. At MWC 2023, Honor also made the debut of its latest flagship smartphone - the Magic 5 series.
In a bid to increase share in the premium segment, OPPO has made significant investments in its flagship smartphone series - the Find X6. It offers a significant leap forward in imaging capabilities, according to Liu Zuohu, senior VP and chief product officer at OPPO, at the launch event.
OPPO invested over RMB400 million ($58.09 million ) in algorithm upgrading and R&D, involving more than 400 imaging algorithm professionals to work together on the Find X6's imaging algorithms.
Counterpoint's report noted that affluent consumers are more resilient to macroeconomic challenges compared to low-end customers, which explains the relative strength of the high-end mobile phone market.
In comparison with the low-end mobile phone market, inflation, economic downturn, and other factors seem to affect it more severely. The high-end mobile phone market remains relatively unaffected.
So the premium market has become a crucial battleground for mobile phone manufacturers seeking higher profit margins this year. The intense competition in this market is prompting mobile phone companies to invest heavily in their products, said the JW Insights report.
BYD Electronics signs to acquire Jabil's mobile electronics manufacturing business for $2.2 billion09-28 16:24
Chinese tech conglomerate Huawei's HarmonyOS 4 has over 60 million users09-26 16:46
WIPO: Chinese companies Huawei, OPPO, and ZTE are the top three in PCT patent applications in 202209-22 13:28
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Multi-parameter water quality on-line monitoring system is mainly used for COD on-line monitoring of fixed pollution sources such as sewage discharge, industrial wastewater discharge and aquaculture wastewater discharge. The equipment adopts independent special technology and specially designed "high temperature and high pressure closed digestion device technology". It improves the reliability and temperature accuracy of "high temperature and high pressure closed digestion". Thus improve the digestion efficiency of organic matter (glutamic acid digestion rate up to 100%). Make the actual water sample test more accurate.
Multi - parameter water quality on-line monitoring system
Using modern sensing technology, computer application technology and related special analysis software and communication network composed of a comprehensive online automatic monitoring system. The water quality on-line automatic monitoring system can detect the abnormal changes of water quality as soon as possible. In order to prevent water pollution of water supply pipe network, we can make early warning and forecast quickly and trace pollution source in time, so as to serve management decision. Multi - parameter on-line detector is one of the main modern water quality testing equipment. It has good effect on deep-sea water quality detection and groundwater water quality detection. The multi-parameter on-line detector plays an effective role in urban water supply and guarantees the effectiveness and timeliness of the application of the equipment. Multi-parameter on-line detector is divided into water quality analysis instrument, on-line analysis and monitoring, liquid level measurement instrument, etc.
Ion sensor can monitor sodium ion, lead ion, potassium ion, calcium ion, copper ion, iodide ion in aqueous solution. Fast response, accurate measurement, high temperature and high pressure probe resistance.
The ion sensor can be widely used in continuous monitoring of chloride ion value and temperature in solutions such as thermal power/chemical fertilizer/metallurgy/biochemical/food and tap water.The parameters of each ionized water quality sensor can be obtained by contacting customer service.
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July 28, 2022
PLEASE READ THIS AGREEMENT CAREFULLY BEFORE USING ACCESSING OR CONSUMING THE SOFTWARE OR SERVICES. BY CLICKING YOUR ASSENT OR USING, ACCESSING OR CONSUMING SOFTWARE OR SERVICES, YOU SIGNIFY YOUR ASSENT TO AND ACCEPTANCE OF THIS AGREEMENT AND ACKNOWLEDGE YOU HAVE READ AND UNDERSTAND THE TERMS. AN INDIVIDUAL ACTING ON BEHALF OF AN ENTITY REPRESENTS THAT HE OR SHE HAS THE AUTHORITY TO ENTER INTO THIS AGREEMENT ON BEHALF OF THAT ENTITY. IF YOU DO NOT ACCEPT THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT, THEN DO NOT USE THE SOFTWARE OR SERVICES. YOU CONFIRM THAT YOU ARE AT LEAST 18 YEARS OLD OR THE AGE OF MAJORITY IN YOUR JURISDICTION.
1.1. These terms are collectively an agreement between Mirantis, Inc., a Delaware corporation, with offices at 900 E. Hamilton Ave., Suite 650, Campbell, CA 95008, USA (“Mirantis” sometimes “our” or “we”) and the user of the Mirantis software or services who accepts the terms of this agreement. Subject to the terms and conditions of this agreement, Mirantis provides software and tools for cloud native software development, devops and related purposes (the “Lens Software”), centralized cloud services (“Lens Cloud”), related support and other services (“Lens Services”), provided through and/or marketed at our website at k8slens.dev, including all sub-domains (the “Website”). Except to the extent you and Mirantis have executed a separate agreement, these terms and conditions exclusively govern your access to and use of the Lens Software, Lens Cloud, Lens Services and Website (collectively, the “Services”), and constitute a binding legal agreement between you and Mirantis (the “Terms”). These Terms, including all Additional Terms referenced in Section 1.2 below, are, collectively, the “Agreement”. If you accept or agree to the Agreement on behalf of a company, organization or other legal entity (a “Legal Entity”), you represent and warrant that you have the authority to bind that Legal Entity to the Agreement and, in such event, “you” and “your” will refer and apply to that company or other legal entity. You acknowledge and agree that, by accessing, purchasing or using the Services, you are indicating that you have read, understand and agree to be bound by the Agreement whether or not you have created a Lens ID account. If you do not agree to these Terms and all applicable additional terms, then you have no right to access or use any of the Services.
1.2. The Services are subject to additional terms as shown below (“Additional Terms”). For clarity, unless otherwise indicated in specific Additional Terms, Services are provided by Mirantis.
1.3. Mirantis may modify or discontinue Services and/or features or elements of Services at any time and without notifying you. Mirantis may, from time to time, make changes to this Agreement. When such changes are made, Mirantis will make the updated Agreement available and accessible through the Services, or by sending a notice to you via email. You shall be responsible for reviewing and becoming familiar with any such modifications. Your continued use of any part of the Services following such notification constitutes your acceptance of the modified Agreement. This Agreement may also be superseded by expressly-designated legal notices or terms applicable to specific features or services. These expressly-designated legal notices or terms are incorporated into this Agreement and supersede the provision(s) of this Agreement that are designated as being superseded.
1.4. For avoidance of doubt, this Agreement does not cover any Mirantis software other than Lens Software. Other Mirantis software may be distributed and licensed under separate software license terms.
2.1. Subject to terms and conditions of this Agreement, Mirantis grants you a limited, personal, non-exclusive, and non-transferable license to use Services. You may not modify, edit, copy, reproduce, create derivative works of, reverse engineer, alter, enhance or in any way exploit Services in any manner.
2.2. The Services are intended for persons above the age to consent to processing in their region (e.g. 13 in the US, 16 in the EU, etc.), however, you must be at least 18 to make purchases. If you are under the age of 18 or whatever is the age of majority where you access the Services, you may make purchases only with the involvement of your legal guardian, and you represent and warrant that your legal guardian has read, understood and agreed to this Agreement.
2.3. If you breach any of the terms of this Agreement, the license described in section 2.1 will terminate automatically and you must immediately stop using all Services, and delete any related downloaded software and printed materials.
3.1. The use of some features of the Services may require signing up and registering for a personal Lens ID account with Mirantis (“Lens ID”). If you choose to register for a Lens ID, you shall provide accurate, complete, and up-to-date registration information. Some Services may exchange your Lens ID login information to authentication keys or tokens (“Tokens”). You are responsible for all use of your Lens ID and for the security of your password and any Tokens that may be used to access and use your Lens ID. If you become aware of any unauthorized use of your Lens ID, you agree to notify Mirantis immediately, change your password, and revoke all tokens.
3.2. Your Lens ID is personal to you and you are allowed to create a single Lens ID for yourself. You are not allowed to create Lens IDs for others and you are not allowed to create multiple Lens IDs for yourself or others.
3.3. Some features of the Services may have usage limits. Mirantis reserves the right to enforce usage limits in its sole discretion. Repeated exceeding of the usage limits may lead to suspension or termination of your Lens ID.
4.1. Any personal information processed by Mirantis on behalf of you (i.e., where Mirantis is in position of the data processor or a similar position based on applicable data protection laws) will be processed as described in the Lens Data Processing Agreement available at https://www.mirantis.com/company/agreements/ which is hereby incorporated by this reference into this Agreement.
4.2. When The Software may automatically communicate with Mirantis servers to perform automated software updates and usage tracking. These features are designed to help provide a great end user experience.
Automated Software Updates. The Software may automatically communicate with Mirantis servers to determine whether there are updated version(s) of the Software available. You agree that the Software may be updated automatically on your computer without providing any further notice or receiving any additional consent. You may manually opt- out from automated Software updates.
Telemetry Usage Tracking. In the default mode, the Software automatically communicates with Mirantis servers to send certain telemetry data about the usage. This data is collected only for Mirantis legitimate interest and for the purpose of making the Software better. The telemetry data contain information about user interface events and generic information about the attached clusters. For avoidance of doubt, no sensitive data is sent, but some of the data can be qualified as data identifying an individual under various jurisdictions and you may manually opt-out from sending telemetry data.
More Information. For more information about how Mirantis handles and processes personal information, please visit https://www.mirantis.com/company/privacy-policy/.
5.1. Mirantis reserves the right to require payment of fees from you for certain services and features made available to you via Services. If you choose to subscribe to any features that carry a fee, you shall pay all applicable fees, as described and Order Form and in the then applicable price list for the features you select. “Order Form(s)” means each written order form(s) executed (including online) by you and Mirantis incorporating this Agreement and is subject to the terms and conditions herein.
5.2. When you subscribe to a feature that carries a fee (“Subscription”), we will invoice you for your first fee on the date that we process the order for your Subscription. We may suspend or terminate your Lens ID and/or access to any or all the Services if your payment is late and/or your offered payment method cannot be processed.
5.3. All fees are exclusive of any applicable sales, use, import or export taxes, duties, fees, value-added taxes, tariffs or other amounts attributable to your use of the Services (collectively, “Taxes”). You are solely responsible for the payment of any such Taxes. In the event we are required to pay Taxes on your behalf, you shall promptly reimburse us for all amounts paid.
5.4. Mirantis reserves the right to change its price list and to institute new charges at any time, upon notice to you, which may be sent by email to an email address associated with your Lens ID or made available to you through the Services. Your use of the Services following such notification constitutes your acceptance of any new or increased charges.
6.1. The Services are protected by copyright, trademark, and other laws of the United States and foreign countries. Except as expressly provided in the Agreement, Mirantis and its licensors exclusively own all right, title and interest in and to the Services, including all associated intellectual property rights. You will not remove, alter or obscure any copyright, trademark, service mark or other proprietary rights notices incorporated in or accompanying the Services.
6.2. As between you and Mirantis, you own all right, title and interest (including, all intellectual property rights) in and to the content you have created (“User Content”).
6.4. All trademarks, service marks, logos, trade names and any other proprietary designations of Mirantis or Lens used herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of Mirantis. Any other trademarks, service marks, logos, trade names and any other proprietary designations are the trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective parties.
6.5. Mirantis respects the intellectual property rights of others and encourages you to do the same. Accordingly, we have a policy of removing User Content that violates intellectual property rights of others, suspending access to the Services (or any portion thereof) to any user who uses the Services in violation of someone’s intellectual property rights, and/or terminating in appropriate circumstances the Lens ID of any user who uses the Services in violation of someone’s intellectual property rights.
6.6. Pursuant to Title 17 of the United States Code, Section 512, we have implemented procedures for receiving written notification of claimed copyright infringement and for processing such claims in accordance with such law. If you believe your copyright or other intellectual property right is being infringed by a user of the Services, please provide written notice to our Mirantis for notice of claims of infringement:
Mirantis, Inc. ATTN: Mirantis Legal 900 E. Hamilton Ave., Suite 650 Campbell, CA 95008 USA
To be sure the matter is handled immediately, your written notice must:
Unless the notice pertains to copyright or other intellectual property infringement, Mirantis will be unable to address the listed concern.
6.7. Mirantis reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to terminate the Lens ID and disable access to Services of any user who is the subject of repeated DMCA or other infringement notifications.
You may provide comments, bug reports, ideas or other feedback to Mirantis about the Services or Lens Materials, including without limitation about how to improve the Services or any other Mirantis products (“Feedback”). By submitting any Feedback, you agree that Mirantis is free to use such Feedback at its discretion and without any additional compensation to you. You hereby grant Mirantis a perpetual, irrevocable, nonexclusive license under all rights necessary to incorporate and use your Feedback for any purpose, including but not limited to, developing, manufacturing, having manufactured, licensing, marketing, and selling, directly or indirectly, products and services using such Feedback. You understand and agree that we are not obligated to use, display, reproduce, or distribute any such ideas, know-how, concepts, or techniques contained in the Feedback, and you have no right to compel such use, display, reproduction, or distribution.
As part of providing the Services, Mirantis may make services developed and maintained by third-parties available to you (“Third-Party Services”). You acknowledge that your use of any Third-Party Services may be subject to additional fees, a separate agreement between you and the Third-Party Services provider, and that Mirantis shall not be a party to any such agreement. Your use of such Third-Party Services is at your own risk and Mirantis does not endorse and is not responsible for the accuracy, functionality, usefulness, or intellectual property rights of or relating to any Third-Party Services.
Services may include hyperlinks to other web sites or resources (collectively, “External Sites”). Such links are provided solely as a convenience to our users and Mirantis has no control over any External Sites which are provided by companies or persons other than Mirantis. You acknowledge and agree that Mirantis is not responsible for the availability of any External Sites, and does not endorse any advertising, products or other materials on or available from the External Sites. If you decide to access any of the External Sites linked to from the Services, you do so entirely at your own risk and you must follow the privacy policies and terms and conditions for those External Sites.
10.1. Mirantis may terminate this Agreement at its sole discretion at any time without prior notice or liability.
10.2. You may terminate this Agreement at any time by deleting your Lens ID and discontinuing your use of the Services.
10.3. Upon any termination or expiration of this Agreement, whether by you or Mirantis, any information (including User Content) that you have submitted on or through the Services may no longer be accessed by you and Mirantis will have no obligation to maintain any such information in its storage, databases or to forward any such information to you or any third party. You are solely responsible for retrieving your User Content from the Services prior to termination of your account. If we terminate the Agreement or disable your Lens ID other than as a result of your breach of this Agreement, we will provide you a reasonable opportunity to retrieve your User Content.
10.4. Upon any termination of this Agreement, Sections 5 (Fees & Payments), 6 (Proprietary Rights), 7 (Feedback), 8 (Third-Party Services), 9 (External Sites), 10 (Termination), 11 (Exclusion of Warranties), 12 (Limitation of Liability), 13 (Indemnification), and 14 (Miscellaneous) shall survive.
YOU EXPRESSLY UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THAT YOUR USE OF THE SERVICES AND LENS MATERIALS IS AT YOUR SOLE RISK AND THAT THE SERVICES AND LENS MATERIALS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” AND “AS AVAILABLE” WITHOUT WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMISSIBLE PURSUANT TO APPLICABLE LAW, MIRANTIS MAKES NO EXPRESS WARRANTIES AND DISCLAIMS ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS, CORRECTNESS, ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY. WITHOUT LIMITING THE GENERALITY OF THE FOREGOING, MIRANTIS DOES NOT REPRESENT OR WARRANT TO YOU THAT: (I) YOUR USE OF THE SERVICES WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS; (II) YOUR USE OF THE SERVICES WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED, TIMELY, SECURE OR FREE FROM ERROR; (III) ANY DATA PROVIDED THROUGH THE SERVICES WILL BE ACCURATE; OR (IV) THE SERVICES, LENS MATERIALS, USER CONTENT, OR ANY OTHER CONTENT OR FEATURE MADE AVAILABLE ON OR THROUGH THE SERVICES ARE FREE OF VIRUSES OR OTHER HARMFUL COMPONENTS.
12.1. IN NO EVENT WILL MIRANTIS BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ANY INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, PUNITIVE, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES WHICH MAY BE INCURRED BY YOU, HOWEVER CAUSED AND UNDER ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY LOSS OF REVENUE OR PROFIT (WHETHER INCURRED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY), ANY LOSS OF GOODWILL OR BUSINESS REPUTATION, ANY LOSS OF DATA, THE COST OF PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES, OR OTHER INTANGIBLE LOSS, EVEN IF MIRANTIS OR A MIRANTIS AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
12.2. MIRANTIS’ TOTAL AGGREGATE LIABILITY TO YOU FOR ALL CLAIMS ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT IS LIMITED TO THE GREATER OF (I) THE AGGREGATE AMOUNTS PAID BY YOU TO MIRANTIS UNDER THIS AGREEMENT IN THE 12-MONTH PERIOD IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING THE DATE THE CLAIM AROSE, OR (II) $ 1.00 (USD) THE EXISTENCE OF MULTIPLE CLAIMS OR SUITS UNDER OR RELATED TO THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT ENLARGE OR EXTEND THIS LIMITATION OF DAMAGES. THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION DO NOT WAIVE OR LIMIT OUR ABILITY TO OBTAIN INJUNCTIVE OR OTHER EQUITABLE RELIEF FOR BREACH OF THIS AGREEMENT.
12.3. You acknowledge and agree that Mirantis makes the Services and Lens Materials available to you and enters into this Agreement in reliance upon the warranty disclaimers and the limitations of liability set forth herein, that the warranty disclaimers and the limitations of liability set forth herein reflect a reasonable and fair allocation of risk between you and Mirantis, and that the warranty disclaimer and the limitations of liability set forth herein form an essential basis of the bargain between you and Mirantis. Mirantis would not be able to provide the Services or Lens Materials to you without these limitations.
You agree to hold harmless and indemnify Mirantis and its subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, agents, employees, advertisers, licensors, suppliers or partners from and against any third party claim arising from or in any way related to (i) your breach of the Agreement; (ii) your violation of applicable laws, rules or regulations in connection with your use of the Services or Lens Materials; or (iii) your User Content, including any liability or expense arising from all claims, losses, damages (actual and consequential), suits, judgments, litigation costs and attorneys’ fees, of every kind and nature. In such case, Mirantis will provide you with written notice of such claim, suit or action; will provide you the opportunity to control the defense and/or settlement of such claim, suit or action; and will provide you reasonable assistance in such defense or settlement, upon reasonable request.
14.1. The Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between you and Mirantis regarding your use of the Services and Lens Materials and completely replaces any prior agreements between you and Mirantis in relation to the Services and Lens Materials. To the extent the terms of any purchase order, written terms or conditions, or other document that you submit to us that contains terms that are different from, in conflict with, or in addition to the terms of this Agreement, such terms are hereby rejected by Mirantis and will be void and of no effect.
14.2. You agree that Mirantis may provide you with notices, including those regarding changes to this Agreement, by email, regular mail, or postings on the Service. By providing Mirantis your email address, you consent to receiving electronic communications from us in lieu of communication by postal mail. These electronic communications are part of your relationship with us. You agree that any notices, agreements, disclosures or other communications that we send you electronically will satisfy any legal communication requirements, including that such communications be in writing. You may provide us with legal notices via email to email@example.com.
14.3. This Agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of California, without reference to its conflicts of law provisions. Any dispute regarding this Agreement will be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state courts in and for Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A. (or, if there is federal jurisdiction, the United States District Court for the Northern District of California). This Agreement will not be governed by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, the application of which is hereby expressly excluded. The Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA) or any similar laws or regulations do not apply to this Agreement. Any claim or action, regardless of form, arising out of this Agreement or an Order Form will be made against Mirantis, Inc. alone.
14.4. Any unauthorized use or disclosure of Website or Mirantis ’ intellectual property may cause immediate and irreparable injury to the Mirantis and, not withstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, in the event of such unauthorized use and/or disclosure, Mirantis will be entitled, in addition to any other available remedies, to seek immediate injunctive and other equitable relief, without bond and without the necessity of showing actual monetary damages.
14.5. Neither party may assign this Agreement or any of its rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of the other party, which shall not be unreasonably withheld; provided that either party may assign this Agreement or rights granted hereunder without the consent of the other party (i) to its Affiliate, and (ii) the transfer of this Agreement or rights granted hereunder to a successor entity in the event of a merger, corporate reorganization, or acquisition of all or substantially all the assets of a party. In no event shall the Agreement be transferred or assigned to a direct competitor of the other party. Any attempted assignment or transfer in violation of this Section 14.5 shall be null and void .
14.6. The waiver or failure of Mirantis to exercise in any respect any right provided for in this Agreement will not be deemed a waiver of any further right under this Agreement.
14.7. If any provision of this Agreement is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be unenforceable because it is invalid or in conflict with any law of any relevant jurisdiction, the validity of the remaining provisions will not be affected, and the rights and obligations of the parties will be construed and enforced as if this Agreement did not contain the particular provisions held to be unenforceable.
14.8. In the event that any provision of this Agreement is deemed by a court of competent jurisdiction to be illegal, invalid, or unenforceable, the court will modify or reform this Agreement to give as much effect as possible to that provision. Any provision that can’t be modified or reformed in this way will be deemed deleted, and the remaining provisions of this Agreement will continue in full force and effect.
14.9. Neither party will be liable to the other for any failure to perform any of its obligations (except payment obligations) under this Agreement during any period in which the performance is delayed by circumstances beyond its reasonable control, such as systemic, electrical, telecommunications, or other utility failures, earthquake, storms, fire, flood or other elements of nature, embargo, strike, riot, terrorism, change in law or policy, or the intervention of any governmental authority .
14.10. The parties are independent contractors. No provision of this Agreement creates an association, trust, partnership, or joint venture or imposes fiduciary duties, obligations, or liability between you and Mirantis. Neither party will have any rights, power, or authority to act or create an obligation, express or implied, on behalf of another party except as specified in this Agreement .
14.11. We may identify you as a customer to current and prospective clients. You hereby give us the permission to use your logo and name in any of our marketing materials, including our Services.
If you have any questions about this Agreement or otherwise need to contact us for any reason, you can reach us at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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https://k8slens.dev/legal/tos
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If you want more from your dog, expect more from your dog! It really is just that simple.
A lot of folks ask why they can’t rely on their pup for certain behaviors or in and around certain situations. It is all about standards.
That’s why repetition is just as important as consistency in our program here. The more you practice something the more it becomes routine, and in routine comes comfort and safety for the dogs. That’s why we are able to manage such a large pack at such a high level with just a few tools in our “tool box.”
The dogs know exactly whats expected of them day in and day out, so we barely have to ask for anything from them after a while. It’s hard work in the beginning, and it may seem like a lot for some folks, but the hard work does pay off in the end. So just keep holding your dog to that higher standard every day! Watch your dog soar in as little as even two weeks!
Be careful what you expose them too…monitor how much freedom and adrenaline levels you are letting them experience for free, and match that with how much structure you are or are not giving them as well.
It’s all about a happy balance, so if you ask a lot from your dog then give a lot. If you ask less from your dog, give less.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://k9kompaniontraining.com/k9-kompanion-training/raise-your-expectations-watch-your-dog-soar-up-to-them/
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2023-09-29T22:43:09Z
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Meet Attis! He is the people’s dog here at Kabo. Attis assists the HR department by being a good listener, creating a culture of good boys and girls and providing silent insight on Zoom calls.
Aveni, HR People Operations
Attis is a mixed breed from Morocco (so exotic)! You may look at his cute face and wonder, what is he a mix of? He is believed to be a mix of Husky and German Shepherd.
Huskies are known to be smart, hard working and outgoing dogs. German Shepherds are known to be loyal, smart and courageous.
Attis is a Pisces and was born March 1, 2020.
Attis enjoys a combination of Kabo’s fresh and kibble options. His favourites are the Luscious Lamb Recipe and the Fresh Chicken Kibble.
Attis is a fan of Monch bars. His favourite is the Lamb and Peas flavour.
When he’s not busy running the HR department, Attis enjoys chasing the ball, protecting his mom from squirrels and eating.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://kabo.co/blog/the-dogs-of-kabo-attis
|
2023-09-30T00:18:54Z
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Note: To protect client privacy, only initials are used.
Kali Patrick Adult Sleep & Well-being Coaching
“I was consistently going to bed at 2:30 am & getting up at 8:30 – not enough for a busy executive. I was exhausted all the time. My initial concern was that I would just hear more of the same–don’t watch TV in bed; don’t drink caffeine late; stay away from screens at night. But we talked very little about those things because they weren’t the problem! I appreciated Kali’s thought-provoking questions, which led me to new personal discoveries & got at the root cause of my sleep challenges. I’ve started other healthier practices as well; my lack of sleep was producing all kinds of negative side effects–-including body aches, fatigue, & low energy. If you’re being pulled in a million directions & realize your pace is not sustainable nor healthy, I encourage you to meet with Kali!” –C.N.
“After benefiting from a few coaching sessions offered as a supplement to the Sleep Academy course, I decided to do the full 12-week 1 – 1 coaching program with Kali. I chose to continue with her 1– 1 because I had found a kindred spirit, & my sleep already began to improve. One stand-out experience was when Kali coached me through writing & adopting a personal vision statement that directs my daily work, family, & self-care decisions. I am a better partner, employee, matriarch, & friend. Her methodology has helped me improve my sleep in a way that’s specific to my needs, & the results have been nothing short of transformative.” –K.G.
adult sleep coach boston
“I did not have true optimism when I started. But I received a high recommendation from someone I trust, & I made a mental decision to trust the process. The major change is my bedtime routine; I was surprised I could fall asleep without the TV on. I’m also better at my middle-of-the-night brain chatter & am able to shut that down. Kali is gentle, respectful & cheerful as she guides you through the coaching process.”
“I always gained new insights & ideas, but more importantly, felt like I made real progress. Before coaching, my mindset was, ‘how do I fix this ASAP?’ Now, my mindset is: ‘how might I lay a more solid foundation for what life will throw at me next?’ I loved how personalized the coaching experience was. I was engaged & excited about where our journey would lead to next.”
“I am a mom of three, a type-A personality, & work full time. Over several years, I slowly slipped into having very bad insomnia. I was incredibly skeptical that coaching would help me. I am happy to say, I was very wrong. Kali empowered me & made me realize how capable I am of getting a good night sleep without completely changing everything about my life.”
“When I started coaching with Kali I was super anxious, high strung, had poor sleep habits, & self care was last on the list. Kali helped me tackle my anxiety & redirect unhealthy behavior patterns so I could achieve restful sleep. She helped me recognize my strengths & build confidence. I am so much happier now–prioritizing myself has helped me become a better person in all areas of my life.”
“This is not just a sleep training program. There are so many unexpected & appreciated benefits–beyond better sleep–that I never thought possible from the outset. Watching everything unfold before my eyes & seeing the 360 approach of what I can unlock from inside myself was humbling & dramatic. Kali has a roadmap & a process that is tailored to your life & your needs. She is calming, patient, caring, inquisitive & easy to speak with. You’ll look forward to the sessions.”
“I appreciated the well-rounded, holistic nature of the coaching. Kali recognizes the multi-faceted nature of sleeping issues, & provides a toolkit of practices, techniques, & concepts that I can draw from & continue to develop further. I’m experiencing fewer middle-of-the-night wake-ups & greater facility in getting back to sleep. I’m reasserting control (or lack of, where needed) over certain areas of my life, e.g. stress & sleep; this is a positive & fundamental change.”
“I wasn’t sure it would be worth the spend, but it only took a session to realize how effective sleep coaching would be. Kali helped me solve my sleeping problem by addressing the real issues in my life that caused chatter & anxiety. She helped me make positive changes in my sleep patterns & habits. Now, I can absolutely say that I’m a great sleeper! I no longer obsess about it–which is as close to a miracle as you can get!!”
“One day out of complete frustration & desperation from another horrendous insomnia cycle, I found Kali through a Google search. I had tried numerous natural alternatives, over the course of 30 years, only to be disappointed. Working with Kali was one of the best decisions I’ve ever made. I learned how to repurpose my strengths to make a difference not only with my sleep, but in other aspects of my life. Kali listened to me & helped me prioritize my health & well-being without compromising my values–such as being there for others.”
“Kali makes wise & practical suggestions as well as helps you connect to your own wisdom. I greatly appreciated her guidance as well as felt empowered & grounded in my own ability to change. She is a uniquely wonderful combination of down-to-earth (working realistically with your current circumstances), intuitively insightful, & invites you to get curious about extending your limits so you can make lasting, fulfilling, & healthy changes that you deeply want.”
“Kali is supportive & very practical. I can’t recommend her enough if you need a little support in how to take better care of yourself.”
“I can’t speak highly enough about how much Kali’s approach has made a very positive difference in my life. Worth every penny & every minute!”
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://kalipatrick.com/client-testimonials/
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2023-09-30T00:23:21Z
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Nolans Corners Kitchens
The kitchen area in your Nolans Corners residence should have a refresh. Although not normally given attention like that of your bed room or living room, this location of the house is equally as important. Not just is it where you cook and prepare dishes, yet the kitchen area is likewise frequently a gathering area for family and friends.
As a leading service provider of kitchen area restorations in Nolans Corners and the surrounding area, our team at Nolans Corners Home Improvement Pros will certainly serve as your guide and companion throughout the entire procedure-- from start to finish.
Cooking Area Restoration Job
No matter if it's simply a small update or a total overhaul job, we will certainly be affording you the highest requirements of top quality and also service. Call us at (613) 693-0210. Whatever you need for your kitchen renovation is a call away.
Nolans Corners Cooking area Remodellings
For kitchen area remodellings in Nolans Corners, nobody else does it better than Nolans Corners Home Renovation Pros. We're a full-service professional that will certainly transform your boring as well as old-looking room into a heaven that will make food preparation and delighting a wind.
As a cooking area restoration firm, we offer a thorough approach that will look after every facet of the work. From the planning stage to the design as well as design, we'll exist with you every action of the means.
And since we recognize that a kitchen area refresh can be a significant investment, we provide practical financing alternatives to make your desire kitchen a fact.
For a complimentary kitchen remodel appointment and price quote, call us at (613) 693-0210 during your most hassle-free time. We're happy to start our partnership.
Nolans Corners Cooking Area Remodellings
So, how do you recognize if your kitchen requires to doll up? If you find yourself regularly preventing this space due to the fact that it doesn't quite fit your aesthetic, after that it might be time to take into consideration remodellings.
As well as if you're seeking the very best group of kitchen restoration specialists in Nolans Corners, you've pertained to the appropriate area. At Nolans Corners Residence Renovation Pros, we provide excellent solutions that will take your kitchen to the following degree.
See our successful jobs at https://kanatakitchens.com/.
The concept of renovating a cooking area can really feel complicated, yet with the help of our team at Nolans Corners House Restoration Pros, we'll make sure the process is as smooth as well as seamless as feasible. The idea is to protect both the visual as well as practical value of your kitchen area while making it extra comfortable and also reliable.
Our group will help you prepare the layout and also design of your new cooking area, bearing in mind your particular design preferences and requirements. We'll additionally look after all the essential permits and also approvals from the city. So, we are not simply your basic specialist, we can additionally be of any type of assistance.
Nolans Corners Cooking Area Remodellings
And also because we know that a cooking area refresh is a costly investment, our business supplies financing as well as flexible payment choices. You can talk with us by dialling (613) 693-0210. We're excited to assist you change your kitchen into the sensational space it should have to be.
Cooking area Remodel in Nolans Corners
At Nolans Corners House Improvement Pros, our kitchen redesigning process is basically composed of four indispensable steps. " Vital" implies that there is no other way for a task to prosper ought to any one of these actions are lost out or done poorly.
The initial step is the preparation process, where we'll review your objectives, budget plan, and timeline for the project. This step likewise includes examining your existing cooking area to see what can be recycled or repurposed.
Following is the layout phase, where our designers will certainly offer you 3D renderings of what your new kitchen will certainly appear like. This is additionally the stage where you'll be selecting the products, components, as well as ends up that will certainly be made use of.
After the design comes the building and construction stage, which is when our group of professional craftsmen will certainly start bringing your vision to life. We'll guarantee to cause as little disruption to your daily regimen as possible.
And finally, the last step is the installation of your brand-new cooking area home appliances. We'll also discuss the correct care and also maintenance of your brand-new space.
We agree to describe the whole procedure to you - simply dial (613) 693-0210 to obtain points started.
Did you know that we're Nolans Corners's most desired kitchen cabinet business? It holds true! And there are numerous reasons that our clients keep returning to us.
Initially, we provide a wide variety of designs as well as finishes to pick from. Whether you're opting for a contemporary or rustic appearance, we have the best cupboards for you. We furthermore have a variety of storage options to make the most of the room in your kitchen area.
Second, our closets are made from high-grade products that are built to last. We make use of a mix of strong timber, plywood, and particle board to see to it our closets can withstand the test of time.
And third, we offer competitive pricing without compromising on high quality or solution. Just give us a call at (613) 693-0210 to obtain a complimentary quote. See examples of our products at https://kanatakitchens.com/.
Bathroom and kitchen
Nolans Corners Home Renovation Pros is not only the leading kitchen area remodelling company in Nolans Corners - but we're additionally experts in bathroom improvement!
Our people will certainly transform your bathroom right into a extravagant and also stress-free haven that you can pull away to at the end of a exhausting day. We have a vast array of styles as well as surfaces to choose from, so you make sure to discover something that fits your taste.
Shower room Restoration
With thousands of consummated projects under our belt, we know what it takes to deliver a first-rate bathroom renovation experience. Our track record as well as performance history will certainly offer you the satisfaction that your cash is well-spent.
Pick Nolans Corners House Restoration Pros for your shower room renovation requires, as well as you will not be let down! Give us a call today at (613) 693-0210 to start.
Key Shower room
Your main washroom should give you with the excellent balance of function and style. At Nolans Corners House Improvement Pros, we can help you accomplish that.
Allow our team at Nolans Corners Residence Improvement Pros care for your major restroom remodelling requirements. We'll collaborate with you to find out the perfect layout, style, and also surfaces for your room.
Nolans Corners Pipes Components
We have a wide variety of pipes components for you to select from. Whether you're searching for a smooth as well as modern appearance, or something a lot more standard, we have the ideal fixtures for your shower room.
As well as since we take satisfaction in first-class high quality, all our components are made from high-grade materials that are constructed to last. Do not neglect to call us at (613) 693-0210 - we'll start this partnership with a free assessment.
We'll redesign your cooking area to transform your living experience
Nothing is much more important in any type of home enhancement project than the makeover of your home into a wonderfully useful and aesthetically pleasing atmosphere. The kitchen area serves you well when it gets on par or even surpasses your expectations in both function and also style.
This is where we are available in as the leading kitchen area redesigning firm in Nolans Corners, Ontario. Our job is to take your project throughout, making certain that every information is accounted for in the process.
You will certainly be blown away by the outcome!
Remodellings To Invigorate Your House
We're a full-service service provider, which basically suggests that we're the only contractor you will ever before require. From cooking area and bath to complete residence renovations, we do it all! Call our customer service agents today at (613) 693-0210. We'll see what we can do for your residence.
Trustworthy house renovation service provider in Nolans Corners
As a full-service home renovation service provider, we've obtained you covered. We're not only knowledgeable as well as knowledgeable, however we're likewise trustworthy and dependable. We recognize that your home is your most valuable property, as well as we're with you in the hope of keeping it the best home.
Every job we provide for you is highlighted by full disclosure and openness. We don't endure any kind of shady organization techniques, and also we constantly place your best interests first.
As the leading house renovation specialist in Nolans Corners, we assure that you will not be disappointed with our services! Give us a call today at (613) 693-0210.
Our Kitchen Area Renovations High Quality Guaranteed
It means whatever to a home owner in Nolans Corners when their recently refurbished kitchen area exceeds their assumptions in both feature and layout. Right here at Nolans Corners House Improvement Pros, we comprehend that a job well done is the only acceptable end result.
We pledge our craftsmanship and also products for a full 5 years after the completion of your task. This warranty is in enhancement to any kind of manufacturer's guarantees that might exist.
Get in touch with us
You may call us at (613) 693-0210, email us at ( e-mail address), or complete our online kind to ask for a cost-free assessment. Among our representatives will certainly get back to you as soon as possible to discuss your project thoroughly as well as respond to any inquiries. We can't wait to speak with you!
Where can I discover modern kitchen style ideas?
If you're searching for modern-day kitchen design suggestions, the most effective place to start is online. There are tons of different internet sites as well as blogs that include beautiful and distinct kitchen area styles. Yet to save you from the problem of combing the net, just call us at (613) 693-0210 and also it'll be our honour to help you out.
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<urn:uuid:2a53f56b-aa53-4d31-ad8c-bb340dfddf20>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://kanatakitchens.com/nolans-corners-kitchens/
|
2023-09-29T23:31:25Z
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How to Give and Receive Feedback Effectively
Feedback is an essential part of communication. It can be used to help people improve their performance, to build relationships, and to create a more positive work environment. However, feedback can also be difficult to give and receive.
Here are some tips on how to give and receive feedback effectively:
- Be specific. Don’t just say “good job” or “you could do better.” Instead, be specific about what the person did well or what they could improve on.
- Be timely. Give feedback as soon as possible after the event. This will help the person to remember what they did and to make changes if necessary.
- Be constructive. Focus on the person’s behavior, not on their personality. Offer suggestions on how they can improve.
- Be respectful. Remember that feedback is a gift. It can help people to improve, but it can also be hurtful if it is not given in a respectful way.
- Listen actively. Don’t interrupt the person giving you feedback. Listen carefully to what they have to say.
- Ask questions. If you don’t understand something, ask the person giving you feedback to clarify.
- Be open to feedback. Even if you don’t agree with the feedback, be open to hearing it.
- Thank the person for their feedback. Let them know that you appreciate their willingness to give you feedback.
Giving and receiving feedback effectively can be a challenge, but it is an important skill for anyone who wants to be successful in their career. By following these tips, you can learn to give and receive feedback effectively and help others to improve their performance.
Here are some additional tips for giving and receiving feedback effectively:
- Find a private place to give feedback. This will help to ensure that the person receiving the feedback feels comfortable and that the conversation is confidential.
- Be prepared. Think about what you want to say before you give feedback. This will help you to be more clear and concise.
- Be positive. Start by acknowledging the person’s strengths. This will help them to feel appreciated and to be more open to your feedback.
- Focus on the future. Don’t dwell on the past. Instead, focus on what the person can do to improve in the future.
- End on a positive note. Thank the person for their time and let them know that you believe in their ability to improve.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://kanzae.com/how-to-give-and-receive-feedback-effectively/
|
2023-09-29T22:36:34Z
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en
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|
Could the way that you’re sitting on the toilet be contributing to a prolapse? Maybe!
A pelvic organ prolapse is when the bladder, uterus and/or rectum lower into the vaginal canal. Women complain of pressure or irritation inside or near the opening of the vagina, a heaviness sensation, and can sometimes see organ tissue at or protruding from the vagina. Distressing to many, but don’t panic!
Many of my patients notice that they feel these symptoms following a bowel movement. If you notice the same thing, then keep reading for a few tips to help reduce the pressure when on the toilet.
- Manage your constipation – Ladies, this is no joke. The goal is for at least one soft, sausage shaped poo per day. No straining. No pain. Monitor your water intake, fiber intake and talk to your preferred healthcare professional (doctor, pharmacist, dietician, naturopathic doctor) if your poops are out of order! Straining puts pressure on those lowering organs and we want to reduce pressure as much as possible.
- Knees at least slightly higher than hips – You can use a step stool, a fancy squatty potty, or even some yellow-pages phones books. Just get those knees up and feet supported! The height of the step stool will depend on the height of your toilet and your leg length. Having your knees higher than your hips helps to fully relax the pelvic floor muscles (the muscles that help to close around the rectum). The last thing you want is to be pushing down against a rectum that is closed.
- No slouchy sitting – I get it. You’re tired. But sitting with an extreme slouch and bearing down to have a bowel movement puts more strain against the vaginal walls. If you look down and you can see your genitals, straighten up! I tell my patients to aim for the drain in the back of the bowl.
4. No purple pushing – No holding your breath and bearing down. See constipation advice above. But some people just have a bad habit of holding their breath while pushing. Always let at least a bit of air out as you bear down for pressure.
Hopefully those tips help to reduce pressure and prolapse symptoms. If you are struggling, you can always schedule an appointment with your nearest pelvic floor physiotherapist for more guidance.
Katie Kelly, Physiotherapist
BSc., MSc. PT
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://katiekellypt.ca/could-the-way-you-sit-on-the-toilet-cause-a-prolapse/
|
2023-09-29T22:40:27Z
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en
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KC: What was your first time like? Were you nervous? Was it a home run or did you bomb?
LM: My husband and I made a deal: he was going on a business trip for a couple of days and he said, “Before I get back, do your first open mic.” So I went.
KC: So your husband wanted you get up onstage for the first time without him there for support? How’d you do it?
LM: Whenever I go into something, I like to go in with a little 4-1-1, so I learned about this venue, The PIT in New York City, and it said you get five minutes to perform. I was planning and overanalyzing around these five minutes, but after they pulled my name, the host told me, “You have two and a half minutes.” So I’m thinking, “What!? Oh my god, what do I do?” I mean, I had a lead, a beginning, a middle, an end…but I did it and when I got off stage, my friend was like “Yeah, keep going.” Now 11 years later…
KC: What is it like performing standup?
LM: It’s an extreme rush of adrenaline. Steve Martin put it perfectly: you’re in the past, the present and the future, all in one moment. If you’re doing great, time goes fast, but if you’re bombing, oh man, it’s like you can hear the clock ticking with the seconds.
KC: That must feel awful. Tell me more! Has there been a time where you truly bombed? Where seconds felt like hours?
LM: I was doing a show at a festival, and after 90 seconds on stage I completely blanked! I didn’t know where to go, I didn’t know what to do, I couldn’t think of anything. It was like someone hit me in the head and this was the aftermath – like I had amnesia. I’ll always remember that one.
KC: Yikes! That really does sound awful. For balance, what’s your most memorable performance, in a good way?
LM: I was at Caroline’s in New York City to see a show, and I was lucky enough to meet D.L. Hughley. We had a great conversation before he went on, and he asked if I would open for him, so I did! I wasn’t planning to be onstage that night, but hearing my name called and walking to the stage – it was just one of those amazing moments. That night is also so significant to me because it shows that you always have to be ready. I mean, I just came out for a normal night!
KC: How did it go?
LM: Great! But I was wearing the worst shirt – it was like a poncho, and every time I opened my arms, it was just wideness all around me.
KC: How do you tame your nerves while performing? Do you picture the audience naked?
LM: I just remind myself to have fun with it. Sometimes, I get so analytical, but over analyzing and getting nervous never works. You know what works? Grabbing that mic and having a great time. That’s what it’s all about – having fun.
KC: Do you have any pre-performance rituals? Do you dunk your head in cold water or run laps before going on?
LM: No laps, but I used to pace back and forth before my shows. That stopped on the night of D.L Hughley because his crew was looking at me like I was crazy.
KC: What’s your new ritual?
LM: I give thanks to everyone, from the universe to God to my father and sister who passed. It’s a much more meditative and peaceful ritual, and it actually makes me more fun and put together.
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2023-09-30T00:40:23Z
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Sultanite Earrings, Sultanite Jewelry, Color Change Earring, Floral Stud Earrings, Floral Studs, Floral Earrings, Stud Earrings, Flower
THE STONE USED IN THE EARRINGS IS A STONE WHICH CREATED IN A LABORATORY SO IT’S NOT NATURAL!
THE PRODUCT YOU SEE IN THE PHOTO WILL BE SENT TO YOU
ALL OUR PRODUCTS ARE HAND MADE AND CUSTOM DESIGN.
ALL OF OUR PRODUCTS ARE 925K STERLING SILVER
If you have any questions please send me an message.
We send our products with PTT (Turkish Postage service with tracking number )
Thank you for looking..
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https://katresilver.com/product/sultanite-earrings-sultanite-jewelry-color-change-earring-floral-stud-earrings-floral-studs-floral-earrings-stud-earrings-flower/
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During the holiday season, there’s nothing quite like putting up a Christmas tree and adorning it with festive ornaments. In Ireland, we have many Christmas tree farms that are solely dedicated to harvesting these festive favourites.
While we may only think about Christmas trees during the festive time of year, they have a whole life cycle that’s incredibly interesting to know. So hold onto your sleigh bells, let’s take a ride into the life cycle of Christmas trees in Ireland.
Understanding Growing a Christmas Tree
In Ireland, most Christmas trees hail from the Evergreen pine family. They are usually planted in rows or pots, however, the latter isn’t usually recommended for full growth since they need ample space to grow and develop their cone-like shape. At home, though, pots are great (and we’ll talk about this more later on).
After a tree is planted is when a Christmas tree farmer’s work begins. As one of the Top-rated Irish Christmas tree farms, we take the time to fertilise the trees, shear them, maintain crop control and harvest them carefully once they become ready for sale.
A farmer is also responsible for making sure the Christmas tree can prosper in the right environment, and in some cases, adapt to the wrong environment. For example, some studies show that certain types of Christmas trees such as the Noble Fir grow best in minimum temperatures of minus 30 degrees Fahrenheit. This isn’t always possible, and so Christmas tree farmers have had to adapt to the ever-changing temperatures.
On average, it takes about 10-12 years to grow a 6-7’ Christmas tree from a seed.
What Happens When It’s Ready for Sale?
When a Christmas tree has hit maturity and is ready for sale, the Christmas tree farmer will cut them down. Once a tree is sold, the farmer will plant another seed so the farm has a continuous rotation of Christmas trees available for future seasons. So while you’re off to display your new tree, a Christmas tree farmer is already gearing up for the next season, continually planting, shearing, pruning, and protecting the crops for the next holiday season.
What Should I Do With My Christmas Tree After the Holidays?
Depending on the type of tree you purchased, there are several things you can do. First, if you purchased a potted Christmas tree, you can undecorate it and leave it on display in the home or office until the next holiday season. This is because potted Christmas trees can live for many years to come.
If you purchased a freshly cut Christmas tree, the shelf life won’t be as long, but that doesn’t mean there aren’t a lot of neat things you can do with it. Below, are some things you can do with your Christmas tree once you’re done with it:
- Use the pine needles for mulch. Pine needles decompose slowly, which means they are great to use as mulch. This is especially true since these needles are full of moisture and free of mould.
- Add it to your soil. If you have a chipper, you can toss your tree in to chip it and add it to your soil. This will help to prevent weeds from growing in your garden or underneath shrubs.
- Feed the birds. If you don’t want to throw your tree out or chop it up, you can leave it on its stand outside and hang bird feeders off it. This is a really fun and unique way to give back to wildlife. For a more cost-effective method, you can always cover pinecones in peanut butter and let them hang off the branches, as well.
- Light an outdoor fire pit. Outdoor bonfires are a ton of fun during the winter months, and pine needles are very flammable, making them a great option to use. Remember, you should only use a few of these branches due to how flammable they are and only use them outside. Do not ever put Christmas tree branches in an indoor fireplace, as this is an extreme safety hazard.
- Use the branches to stake up other plants around the house. Staking plants help them to grow. You can strip the pine needles off the tree branches and use them to help stake existing plants around your house. It’s a great cost-effective alternative to buying traditional materials.
The life cycle of a Christmas tree is interesting and we hope this blog inspired you to try something new during the upcoming holiday season. At Kavanagh Christmas Trees, our farmers take great pride in growing, nurturing, and protecting our crops so that they are in pristine condition for your holiday display. With every purchase, our family-run farm makes a donation to the Irish Osteoporosis Society Charity. (link to source) With Kavanagh, you can trust that you’re buying the best Christmas trees in Ireland. Visit us here to get your tree today.
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KCHI Sports Director, Brent Hesse, sat down with Coach Chad Smith of the Chillicothe Hornets Football team to discuss the upcoming fall season. The audio of the interview that played on the radio is included in this article, and Coach Smith’s responses are in bold.
This is Brent Hesse at KCHI with another fall sports season preview. I’m here with Coach Smith of the football team, Coach Smith, thanks for joining us today. How are you doing?
I’m good, thanks for having me.
I know it’s been a little bit since we talked after the youth football camp and getting just an idea of how the season is going, but can you talk us through how things have been going since then, I know that you had practices and then we had the jamboree this past weekend. Just tell us a feel for how the team is looking right now.
Things have been going good, yeah that was a fun night with the youth football camp and then getting to see the middle school guys and everybody all in one day with the high school, it was a fun event. We had our dead week and since then we picked up and had some practices, felt like the guys have done really well the first two weeks of camp, putting in a partly new offense, you’ll still see several things that are familiar, but we’ve added some more spread offense formations to our game plan and then also changed some things on defense to switch in a little bit to a 3-3-5 to give us some more secondary in and a linebacker in some of our passing sets to combat some of these spread teams that we play.
There’s been a lot of changes in terms of players because I think when we talk, you mentioned 14 seniors that started that graduated this past year. How is it getting new players up to speed and trying to get them familiar with both offense and defense?
I think maybe it was 14 total, I think we had 11 or 12 that played a lot and were very, very good football players but we’ve had several guys step up that were new to the team, young guys that’ll be in the lineup that will be pretty good and then we have several guys that are coming back. We have just had All-Conference players, you got Javon Kille, Cayden Larson, Brody Cairns and Silas Midgyett and then Lane Nickell and we had All-State player in Bo Smith, offensive and defensive lineman coming back and then several other starters like Trent Jacobs and Remington Isaacs, guys have a lot of experience and then got some guys Jaishon White started at defensive line as a freshman last year and he’s going to start both ways this year and Sol’jier Allen also has joined our team and he’s going to play a lot at defensive back and in some of our slot receiver formations.
Talking with Coach Chad Smith of the Chillicothe Hornets football team, you mention a lot of those key players coming back so there’s definitely excitement when it comes this time of the season. What do you think some of the strengths of this year‘s football team are going to be?
I think upfront our offensive line with so much experience coming back is going to be a big part and then having some of our running backs like Silas, Silas Midgyett averaged almost 8 yards a carry last year, rushed for over 1000 yards as a freshman which is outstanding. Cayden Larson, whos never played quarterback before but he’s been one of our better players, really really surprised everybody with how well he throws the football, getting everything from even just like getting plays in, people don’t understand when quarterbacks, it’s a lot just getting the formations from the coach to the rest the team, and he’s done an outstanding job and Javon Kille, and Grant Leamer have done really well in our passing game. We’ve been able to throw pretty well to those guys and they’ve been very good catching the ball so has Jaishon.
Yeah, I did notice that in the jamboree even, being able to make some plays down the field with the passing game and talking about looking ahead to this week now and beginning the season. What are your expectations to begin the season? What are you hoping to see in the first couple weeks, I know the first game is at Marshall this Friday night what are you hoping to see to begin the season?
I would just like us to be very physical on both sides of the football, being fast upfront both sides and win the line scrimmaging and being able to block from every single position, wide receivers, running backs, everybody just being physical with their blocking. Tackling, open field, tackling and just being aggressive with our tackles is going to be a huge thing for us.
And I know we just talked about it. You begin the season on the road at Marshall but five home games this year. What’s your message for fans and parents and supporters that come out to watch Chillicothe when they are playing here locally?
It’s always a great atmosphere here. People come out and the stands are full just about every week, even when we play teams that may be 2-7 we’ll still play in front of a couple thousand people and they’ll get the parking lot going behind the visitor side and it makes it so much fun to coach, it makes it so much fun for the guys to play. This town loves its football and that makes it real special and fun.
Thank you so much, talking with Coach Smith of the Chillicothe Hornets football team. We’re looking forward to the season, appreciate your time.
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YMCA of Greater Seattle
For Youth Development, For Healthy Living, For Social Responsibility
Information about YMCA of Greater Seattle
Company CategoriesFitness & Dance Facilities, Association, Healthy Living, Charitable Organizations & Foundations, Youth Development, Recreation, Social Responsibility, Hospitality, Summer Camp, Organizations, Child Care, Swim Lessons, Youth Sports, Chronic Disease Prevention, Fitness, Volunteers,
YMCA of Greater Seattle executive employees
Frequent questions about YMCA of Greater Seattle
How many employees does YMCA of Greater Seattle have?
What is YMCA of Greater Seattle's industry?
Where is YMCA of Greater Seattle headquarters located?
What is the website of YMCA of Greater Seattle?
Logic Systems Sound and Lighting is a stage lighting equipment supplier in Valley Park, Missouri.
Paradigm Software provides software solutions for the weighing and routing industry.
National Peroxide makes hydrogen peroxide.
A Portland, Maine-based vinyl window manufacturer
Logica is an IT company that offers application services, business consulting, business process services, and infrastructure services.
Bespoke software for business - applicationas and business intelligence
National Post is Canada's trusted source for national new
National Portrait Gallery is a digital entertainment company located in Greater London.
Logic PD is a complete product lifecycle solutions company for connected offerings serving the worldGÇÖs most demanding markets.
essDOCS enables paperless trade; focusing on digitizing paper-heavy shipping, trade and logistic processes.
Kendo does not guarantee or claim any of the information found on this public directory to be 100% accurate or up to date.Information found here is gathered from a variety of online and offline sources.
If you wish to exclude your personal data from this public directory send us an email to email@example.com
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|
8th Grade Math - Dueñas, Alonso
My name is Alonso Dueñas. I have been a teacher for 28 years. I have been at Kennedy Middle School for 18 years. If you have any questions or concerns, please contact me by phone at (650) 365-4611, ext. 3139, or email at firstname.lastname@example.org to set up an appointment.
Office Hours : Wednesday 10-12
Google Nickname : Duenaskms
E-mail address: email@example.com
Extension number: 3153
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https://kennedy.rcsdk8.net/our-school/our-teachers-and-staff/dueas-alonso
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Zabid is a beautiful place for relax, walks, hiking from or near Bayt al Faqīh, Yemen. It is ranked at #16 out of 29 locations in that region.
Zabid has no yet any user votes in Kenvuki's 5-star rating system, be the first to rate this place (click on a leaf
under the location title).
Do you know this location? Add some description
You can always add new photos and reviews for Zabid or mark it as your favorite location .
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Russell Hobbs Coffee Machine 20680
Russell Hobbs Buckingham Coffee Maker
If you love the taste of coffee, you’ll love the freshly filtered flavours of coffee from a Buckingham Coffee Maker. One of the reasons coffee from this Coffee Maker tastes the way it does is down to the brewing system.
Showerhead technology extracts more of the coffee flavour.
The Buckingham Coffee Maker uses showerhead technology during the filtering process. This showers all of the coffee grains in the permanent filter, making sure that all of the coffee is used. Because more of the coffee is captured and dissolved, you enjoy a richer coffee flavour - and less waste in filter. Whether you prefer intense or mild flavours, this machine makes coffee just how you like it.
Faster to optimum brewing temperature
The Buckingham Coffee Maker reaches the optimum brewing temperature, up to 50 per cent faster for optimal tasting coffee. It also has a 24 hour programmable timer that allows you to set your machine to have your coffee ready and waiting first thing in the morning or after your evening meal, whenever you like it best.
The Buckingham Coffee Maker is designed to be compact and stylish. It can make up to 10 cups at a time in its 1.25 litre glass carafe and, if you don’t need that many, it can be set to make two to four cups. It has a blue illuminated light ring that comes on during brewing and stays on during the ‘keep warm’ stage.
About Russell Hobbs
- 1 x Buckingham coffee maker
- 1 x Instruction manual
At the heart of your home
At Russell Hobbs, products offer more than just quality, style and innovation – they help create delicious moments to be savoured. That first cup of coffee in the morning, the warmth of a freshly ironed shirt, the simple joy of sharing a freshly cooked meal with family – these are the things that truly matter. From kettles and toasters to irons and food preparation, all appliances offer stylish ways to make life easier. Designed with real people in mind, for solutions that help make home life even more enjoyable.
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Below is a list of the top and leading Storage in Toronto. To help you find the best Storage located near you in Toronto, we put together our own list based on this rating points list.
Toronto’s Best Storage:
The top rated Storage in Toronto are:
- XYZ Storage Toronto Downtown – has been serving the GTA and Toronto area since 1997
- Public Storage – has helped Canadians with their storage needs by getting them the exact space they need, when they need it, and for as long as they need it
- Apple Self Storage – offers convenient features like covered docks and an oversized freight elevator for easy loading and unloading
- Access Storage – pleased to offer climate-controlled storage units, ensuring that everything you store with us will be protected from extreme environmental conditions
- Jiffy Self-Storage – designed from the ground up for the sole purpose of self storage in Toronto
XYZ Storage Toronto Downtown
XYZ Storage Toronto Downtown has been servicing the GTA and Toronto region since 1997. For their Canadian storage customers, they strive to provide the best level of customer care, professional business methods, and environmentally safe building designs. They provide reasonably priced and inexpensive self-storage options that represent the actual value of having your belongings properly kept. In addition, their new XYZ Storage brand exemplifies how they’ve reimagined public storage in Canada and how they’ll strive to enhance the experience.
Address: 459 Eastern Ave, Toronto, ON M4M 1C2
Phone: (416) 463 6363
“I have recently moved my stuff into Toronto downtown XYZ Storage, and my experience so far has been beyond any expectations! The facility is very conveniently located (easy access from Lake Shore boulevard and Eastern Avenue), clean, well-lit, secure and overall very well taken care of! The staff is extremely friendly and helpful. I was helped by Remy and Shaukath, who gave me an overview of the facility, explained storage options, helped to select the right unit type, and assisted with mobile app setup. They are also available for any follow-up inquiries via email.” – Oleksii Reshetniak
Public Storage has risen to the top of Canada’s self-storage market. In their firm, they keep things simple. Any of their locations offer everything you need on-site and is a fantastic value. Public Storage’s land management team was trained to be true storage specialists who were also solution-oriented. They take into account the uniqueness of each storage circumstance because no two are the same. As a result, their knowledgeable staff will be able to assist you in customizing the ideal storage solution for your needs, for any length of time, and at an inexpensive price.
Address: 914 Dupont St, Toronto, ON M6H 1Z2
Phone: (647) 697 8152
“Went to Public Storage on Dupont/Ossington because my realtor recommended me that place, he says he is using it for many clients. Roger was friendly, effective and very helpful. I am very glad I used Public Storage for my storage needs. It ended up being a non-stressful move at all!” – Silvia Tenenbaum
Apple Self Storage
Apple Self Storage has thought of everything to provide you a stress-free self-storage experience. Loading and unloading are simple with covered bays and a huge freight elevator. To provide you peace of mind, each unit is individually alerted, and a digital surveillance system is installed. Their units are all inside and include amenities like covered docks and an enormous freight elevator for easy loading and unloading. Our renters can easily access the property thanks to a unique PIN code entry system. Each apartment is individually alerted, and a computerized monitoring system records footage 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Address: 530 Adelaide St W, Toronto, ON M5V 1T5
Phone: (437) 637 5394
“I have used this unit a lot working with different brands for events. The staff is very supportive, they are always there to answer questions and are very welcoming in the office. It is a high traffic place and they make sure to keep things moving!” – Alex Grant
Access Storage makes renting a storage space in downtown Toronto simple. Access Storage Eastern Avenue offers a comprehensive selection of downtown Toronto storage spaces for both your home and commercial needs in the city’s lively east end, thanks to their closeness to film studios and fashionable, up-and-coming areas. Moreover, their storage spaces in downtown Toronto are kept clean and well-lit, and they are monitored by video security 24 hours a day, seven days a week. You can be confident that you will be able to collect any goods you need, when you need them, thanks to quick check-in and check-out and 24-hour gate access.
Address: 356 Eastern Ave, Toronto, ON M4M 1B8
Phone: (647) 931 3656
“Good pricing for a location so close to the city core. They’ve been nothing but professional and accommodating. Clean facilities and generous storage space. It certainly doesn’t hurt that they’re the Toronto Raptors official storage partner😁! Highly recommend.” – Christopher Neblett
Jiffy Self-Storage has it all and provides low-cost self-storage in Toronto. Their self-storage professionals have a combined experience of more than 35 years in the Toronto self-storage market. They can assist you in selecting the appropriate size for all of your storage requirements while also saving you money. You’ll be pleased you trusted your belongings to Jiffy Self Storage in Toronto, which has been in operation for more than 23 years. On top of that, they are a Better Business Bureau accredited company with the highest A+ rating and a pristine track record of zero complaints.
Address: 1805 Wilson Ave Unit #100, Toronto, ON M9M 1A2
Phone: (416) 745 4339
“I’ve had my storage at Jiffy since 2017, started with a small 4×10 locker and have gradually upgraded to a bigger 12×12 locker, the storage hallways and docking area is always clean, it feels secure and the customer service is from the cleaning lady to all the managers. Katherine is always so helpful with us. The location is great, price is fair and competitive and we plan to stay there for a long time!” – Marta Perboni
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1/4 Carat T.W. White Diamond Sterling Silver Star Ring - Assorted Colors
Fun and flirty, this sparkling diamond ring is a wonderful anytime choice. Crafted in sleek sterling silver, this shimmering design features a star-shaped diamond composite on each side of the bypass shank. Radiant with shimmering diamonds and a bright polished shine, this stellar ring is a look she’ll want to wear always.
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North Austin includes the area north of the University of Texas campus to Parmer Lane, flanking east of Interstate Highway 35 to northeast Austin and west of MoPac to northwest Austin. North Austin is home to a majority of Austin's technology industries as well as thousands of retail, healthcare and service businesses. Residents in north Austin use the Capital MetroRail and the Capital MetroBus for alternative means of transportation.
North Austin Homes For Sale
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Shopping in North Austin
North Austin is a mecca for diverse shopping opportunities from upscale to re-sale. The Domain is set in a mixed-use development with stone walkways, interior streets and upscale shops with street access. The Arboretum also offers a high-end shopping experience in an open-air setting and is within walking distance to more traditional shopping, such as HEB, Austin's local grocery store. For re-sale and vintage shopping stroll down Burnet road for furniture consignment stores, thrift stores and vintage boutiques.
North Austin Dining and Entertainment
Austin is one of the best places for dining no matter where you are in town. The Arboretum and the Domain have a plethora of dining from formal to casual. If you like to "go local", try Amy's Ice Cream in the Arboretum for made to order specialties and Chuy's on North Lamar or Highway 183 for some good old fashioned Tex-Mex. Live music in Austin isn't just on 6th Street, either. North Austin has live music venues too!
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|
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It is a Cannabis and Mushroom only market that is USA only site. You may also dark web drug marketplace like Dark Market the biggest darknet market. Darknet stock market. Darknet stock market! What is Dark Net? How is it being used for drugs, illegal trades. Image: Alamy Stock Photo You may remember stories about darknet drug markets in connection with news coverage of the demise of Silk Road and the arrest. Darkode Reborn is a centralized-wallet Market. We recommend staying away from About Dark Market: DarkMarket is a darknet 35/Ounce) In Stock. There is no real reason to trade information in that way. That said, there is somebody trying. There is a dark web site called Stock Insider:. #Moto G71 5G Price in India.#Prem Chopra.#IND vs SA 2nd Test.#VIVO Pro Kabaddi.#Bigg Boss 15.#Stock Market Updates.#Weather darknet stock market More.
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There r many pros trading without revealing any words....But KYY did voice his move...Whether it is real or jz to fool us nobody know....I think it makes thing complicated as he has a good track record and many followers....After tis is not the 1st and i dont think tis will be the last...Best thing is we need to be indepedent and not to be deceived again..
Wonder how many follow KYY to buy HY , next few days will get clues.I think every HY's traders also waiting eagerly for coming QR..Interesting to track.....It will be a good stock to trade in future..Jz get the timing rite
....When come to selling , it is on your own....Latest quote from KYY ;"Since then I have been selling all my Lii Hen to buy Jaks. I have been the 2nd largest shareholder of Lii Hen at one time. I do not have any more Lii Hen. Currently I have been selling Hengyaun to buy more Jaks. You can see from the company announcement that my wife and I have a total of about 150 million shares."....
It aint right to blame ppl whenever we lose , after all we r the one who press the buy button , if we make profit also , we dont share ...Think about it.. IF we keep blaming others and not improve our mistake , forever we cant survive in this market
I ve dumped long time Elliot wave , but HengYuan 's movement kept me remind of Corrective wave ... and it just forming , taking its course...Tis time dont want to believe also cannot ... Its path is so familiar...
My Ta point of view , it is still too early to call an END to HengYuan , be BB , VSA , Macd, ema and FB . Volume below average also indicates no heavy dumping by big boys , future bars needed to get more clues . I need to be confidence , after years of learning , execute what i believe and not to listen to whatever views from others.
Market is merciless, if u think u can earn money easy , wait and see how they slap u left and right kaw2. It is a place that we need to ve full focus.Look at how those contra players and weak holders getting slaughter
Stock cant get shined always , sometime it needs to land , building up the base for next surge..those with good chart reading skill might ve flown , left those late takers still licking the wound. it is very pain , market is merciless , jz get ur skill improve is a better option. I will try to improve also..When the time come , hope for another durian runtuh again from HengYuan.
We need to have our own judgement , if we r the kind that always listen to so call "expert". We r sure to be doomed. Buying and selling should be carry out thru proper way. I guess we ve developed our own system , so why dont we jz stick to it rather than let others "PULL" our ear.
Common , be rational , as far as i am concern the game aint over yet . IT JZ NEEDS TO FLUSH OUT THOSE SPECULATORS AND WEAK HOLDERS. yes , it needs time to rebuild the base again , and i believe it will regain the strength again..
My 10 mins chart shows climax action occurred at opening, momentum oscillator detects some weakness , a gap up ( not sure whether needs to be closed), and short term MACD pointed to consolidation..But good thing is price consolidates with small volume...
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In this attic transformation, the homeowners seized the opportunity to repurpose the previously unused walk-up space, crafting a luminous and inviting sanctuary separate from the activity of the main floors in their century-old home.
VERSATILITY + DISTINCTIVENESS
Through the attic renovation, we provided the family with an open, flexible space supporting different uses that could evolve over the years, and that still feels special and intentionally designed. Amid a home adorned with original wood molding and crafted features, the attic was envisioned to possess its own charm and appeal, albeit with a modern flair.
The redesign intentionally kept the floor plan open and bright. An airy, natural palette optimally harnesses the natural daylight entering through the existing trio of windows, with the selected materials and detailing imbuing the space with its distinctive character.
The maple wood floor is a continuation of the original flooring used throughout the house, and is reinterpreted in the custom milled maple veneer plywood guardrail the lines the attic stair. The plywood panels are thoughtfully perforated as one ascends into the attic landing, introducing a captivating interplay of dappled light in the stairwell. White painted ship lap is installed on the ceiling and complemented by an array of cardboard bubble lamps dispersed throughout the room, introducing captivating textural nuances that infuse warmth and personality into the space.
Do not hesitate to contact me to start your design project journey!
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Sanctuary Is Looking For Pen Pals To Write Letters To Farm Animals
By Hope Bidegainberry on June 4, 2020
This animal sanctuary is offering a really cool opportunity for kids to become pen pals with some of their animal residents. This program helps to connect kids with adorable animals such as pigs, goats, and cows.
The kids choose from a list of animals and then write them a letter. They will receive a letter back from the animal pen pal of their choice, along with a photo of the animal.
This sanctuary needed to get creative on how they could reach children and teach them about animal compassion and kindness after shelter-in-place happened.
The animals have already received almost 50 letters in just one week.
If you are interested in writing to one of the animals, you can send a letter to P.O. Box 171, Sultan, WA 98294. But be sure to include your name and age.
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The cleanup handlers are executed when the operator exits either by a signal (e.g. SIGTERM) or by catching an exception, or by raising the stop-flag, or by cancelling the operator’s task (for embedded operators):
import kopf @kopf.on.cleanup() async def cleanup_fn(logger, **kwargs): pass
The cleanup handlers are not guaranteed to be fully executed if they take too long – due to a limited graceful period or non-graceful termination.
Similarly, the clean up handlers are not executed if the operator is force-killed with no possibility to react (e.g. by SIGKILL).
If the operator is running in a Kubernetes cluster, there can be
timeouts set for graceful termination of a pod
terminationGracePeriodSeconds, the default is 30 seconds).
If the cleanup takes longer than that in total (e.g. due to retries), the activity will not be finished in full, as the pod will be SIGKILL’ed by Kubernetes.
Either design the cleanup activities to be as fast as possible,
Kopf itself does not set any implicit timeouts for the cleanup activity, and it can continue forever (unless explicitly limited).
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The automation of everythingMicroeconomic theory gets little attention. The public usually only hears about macro, tax or labor economics — the things that affect day-to-day life. But deep within the stygian recesses of academia, bright mathematical minds are working on the economics of the next century.
One of these is Yuliy Sannikov, a professor at Princeton. Known throughout his life as a mathematical genius, Sannikov recently wonthe John Bates Clark Medal, a notable award given each year to a prominent economist under the age of 40. In recent years, that award has been given mostly to empirical researchers, reflecting econ’s turn toward data-driven work. Sannikov is among the few who work with pure math and abstract concepts.
Since 2008, a lot of people have looked very unfavorably on purely mathematical economic theory. But in microeconomics, this kind of theorizing has been quite successful: It has enabled advances in online auctions, organ transplants and a number of other areas. This work is not as glamorous as the research done by people who claim to be able to explain recessions and unemployment, but by keeping a low profile, it is able to stay a lot more grounded in reality.
Sannikov’s work doesn’t have a lot of application to the world as it exists today. It has to do with the way parties would design and update contracts at incredibly high frequencies. For a more complete description of this research, check out the summary by the excellent econ blogger Kevin Bryan. In a nutshell, Sannikov’s theories describe how an employer would adjust a contractor’s compensation in real time, in response to changing performance and external conditions. Where most previous researchers only allowed contracts to be updated at regular intervals, Sannikov described what happens when they can be changed infinitely fast.
In reality, of course, Sannikov’s work is just pure math conducted in an econ department. No one adjusts contracts by the microsecond. Yet, that is. In the future, we will almost certainly design computers to manage our economic interactions for us. Instead of teams of human lawyers drawing up fixed rules on sheets of paper, machines will talk to one another, exercising broad powers to renegotiate deals on the spot. At that point, Sannikov’s work will go from esoteric math to reality.
Thirty years ago, stocks were traded by humans waving sheets of paper in a crowded room in lower Manhattan. Today, they’re traded thousands of times a second, by computer algorithms relying on data sets too big to be comprehended by the human mind. Imagine that same transformation applied to many areas of business.
Picture supply chains managed by algorithms, with purchasing contracts adjusted at high frequencies in response to constant flows of data about sales, shipping times, manufacturing costs, and so on. Imagine demand shifting back and forth across continents at close to the speed of light, switching small-batch production and shipping orders from one bidder to the next. Instead of high-frequency traders, imagine high-frequency lawyers, adjusting contracts to reward contractors appropriately for tiny improvements in efficiency, using sophisticated statistical analysis to figure out whether performance is being driven by outside conditions or by the contractor’s skill and effort. Of course, in this sci-fi vision, the contractor will also be a robot, using equally sophisticated procedures to optimize its payment relative to its cost.
This may be our future: a whole economy of ultra-fast robots, negotiating, making agreements and adjusting incentives. Sometimes, just like their financial counterparts, the high-frequency lawyers will try to fake each other out. They will try to shirk, to disguise their lack of effort and corner-cutting, to save money at the purchasers’ expense, just like human contractors do now. The government will even have its own high-frequency lawyers, monitoring private-sector robots for regulatory violations. The economy will become a beautiful ballet of data and math, dancing to the beat of equations like Sannikov’s.
And where will we fit into the equation? That, of course, is the big question with all automation. High-frequency lawyers will threaten the jobs of human lawyers, white-collar office workers and business service providers of all types. With advanced enough machine-learning techniques, they may even come for the jobs of top managers and executives. There will be near-infinite wealth floating around the economy, and our traditional systems for allocating it to human beings will become less and less useful. Business service robots will bring forward the day when we need to think hard about how to spread the massive wealth created by the automation of everything.
*The author is an assistant professor of finance at Stony Brook University.
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#TeamKori is celebrating further successes under the Considerate Constructors Scheme (CCS), including a company record. Our site at Thame, Oxfordshire, scored a fantastic 44 out of 45 in its most recent audit – the highest score we’ve ever attained – and our site in Godmanchester achieved a score of 43 out of 45.
The development at Thame is a 68 bed care home that will provide high quality later life services to residents, and is being built on behalf of leading care provider Care UK. The CCS team praised many aspects of the development, including the positive attitudes of the site team, the beneficial social value and CSR support, and the positive environmental performance.
In Godmanchester, we are constructing a 66 bed care home on behalf of Avery Healthcare. It is the third scheme the high quality care provider has appointed us to. The site was described as ‘excellent’ in the CCS report, with particular praise for work undertaken to minimise the impact on the local community and general public, as well as the extensive steps taken to protect natural habitats.
Elaine Kendall, Head of Corporate Responsibility at Kori Construction, said both scores were testament to the professionalism of the site teams and the wider culture of excellence within the business.
She said: “Both these projects are shining examples of the care and professionalism we bring to each of our developments, above and beyond the quality of construction. I cannot praise the site teams enough for their hard work and commitment to always doing the right thing for our clients, local communities, and the environment. Well done everyone.”
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(Disclosure: I maybe compensated if you make a purchase through my link.)
Fall is just around the corner and will be here soon! Right now Target (online) has a great deal going on for all of your Fall Clean-Up jobs!
*This offer is available until September, 3, 2016*
Please share this deal with your friends and family! Thank you 🙂
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2023-09-30T00:31:08Z
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- Babies like to tossing something. BabyFun blocks designed firmness and beat resistance.
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Product Dimension : 38*28*112 cm
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Over the centuries many people have complained that William Shakespeare did an inadequate job of steering the readers of Hamlet to a specific interpretation of each character. Each reader is left to decide the true extent of Hamlet’s evil and insane ways or to realize that he clearly is a victim of circumstances beyond his control, therefore declaring him innocent. Because of William Shakespeare’s writing style, the reader receives little help in discovering who is truly innocent and who is as guilty as Claudius.
Many scholars agree that Hamlet may be the most complex character presented by any playwrite. Over the centuries critics have offered many theories and explanations for Hamlet’s actions, but none have sufficiently explained him. Many people view Hamlet as a deeply troubled youth who caused many unnecessary deaths, such as those of Polonius and Laertes. Critics who support this theory point out the cruel actions carried out by Hamlet, one example being the indifferent and boastful way Hamlet describes the ingenious way he had his two good friend, Rosencrantz and Guildentsern killed.
But wilt thou hear now how I did proceed?I sat down, devised a new commission, wrote it fair. I once did hold it, as our satists do, a baseness to write fair, labored much how to forget that learning, but, sir, now it did me a yeoman’s service. Wilt thou know th’ effect of what I wrote?An earnest conjuration from the King, as England was his faithful tributarythat on the view and knowing of the contents, without debatement further more or less, he should those bearers put to sudden death. (Shakespeare 5:228-45)
The way Hamlet treats Ophelia, the woman he supposedly loved, also supports the portrayal of him being a barbarian.
If thou dost marry ,I’ll give thee this plague for thy dowry: be thou as chaste as ice, as pure as snow, thou shalt not escape calumny. Get thee to a nunneryreferring to a brothel, go and quickly, too.(Shakespeare 3:1 136-141)
Another offered interpretation suggests that using the information given by the ghost of King Hamlet, Hamlet seized the opportunity to regain what was rightfully his-the throne of Denmark. One less popular belief that has been expressed states that Hamlet was actually a girl, raised as a man, so there would be an heir to the throne. Critics who support this view say that this theory explains Hamlet’s reluctance and hesitation to commit murder(which is most often viewed as a masculine act). This is highly unlikely because there is, in fact, no evidence in the play that supports this explanation. All critics do agree that Hamlet is exceptionally intelligent and a sensitive young man, however his actions are left to personal interpretations.
Queen Gertrude, Hamlet’s mother, is perceived by most as a loving yet mysterious figure throughout the play. Her innocence is not only questioned by Hamlet in Act 3 scene 4 (“A bloody deed-almost as bad Mother, as to kill a king and marry his brother”)but by the readers as well. Many readers believe the final scene, in which Gertrude drinks the poisoned cup, is the clue to determining her guilt or innocence. Perhaps Gertrude drank the poison out of guilt from her role in her first husband’s death. It’s possible that she drank the wine without knowing that is would be fatal. It all depends on how the reader interprets one of the last things Gertrude says in the play, “I will my Lord, I pray you pardon me”.
Cladius is often thought of as the villain of the play. Shakespeare portrayed Cladius as a true politician-tactful, manipulative and deceitfully clever. His power over people is demonstrated by his control over Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, whom he sent as spies .
And can you by no drift of conference get from him why he puts on this confusion, grating so harshly all his days of quiet with turbulent and dangerous lunacy?Good gentlemen, give him a further edge and drive his purpose into these delights.reply from Rosencrantz: We shall, my lord. (Shakespeare 3:1 1-28)
Some scholars suggest that we are supposed to view Caldius as being better suited to be king than Hamlet, that is why Cladius does the things he does.
Polonius is viewed as a mixture of good and evil. He is clearly an intelligent man who was influential and well liked in the Danish court. Most critics speculate the Polonius’ intentions were usually good but he had a sinister side as well. His sinister side was demonstrated by his eagerness to obtain a higher political position by any means possible, such as trickery, spying and marrying his only daughter into the Royal family.
Ophelia, walk you here-gracious, so please you, we will bestow ourselves. Read on this book, that show of such an exercise may color your loneliness. We are oft to blame on this-tis too much proved-that with devotion’s visage and pious action we do sugar o’er the devil himselfI hear him coming. Let’s withdraw, my lord.(Shakespeare 3:1 43-56)
A will come straight. Look you lay home to him. Tell him his pranks have been to broad to bear with, and that Your Grace hath screened and stood between much heat and him. I’ll shroud me even here. Pray you, be round with him.
(Shakespeare 3:4 1-5)
Every character in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, from Hamlet himself to the priest, can be interpreted a number of different ways. There is no right or wrong character analysis. Even the reasons for a character’s actions can be interpreted different ways and tied to a number of the play’s hidden themes.
I used <a href=”http://www.folger.edu/”>http://www.folger.edu/ to write my essay
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Lagos State Government on Monday said volunteerism is key in enhancing massive development at the grassroots level in the state.
Special Adviser to the Governor on Civic Engagement, Mr Kehinde Joseph, who spoke at a one day awareness programme, with the theme: ‘Volunteerism, a tool for Community Development’, stated that it was an open fact that the various communities in the state could not get all they needed from government which was why creating the space and the environment for the people to volunteer was necessary.
Encouraging the participants at the programme, which were predominantly members of the Community Development Committees, CDCs and the Community Development Associations, CDAs in the local governments and Local Council Development Areas, LCDAs, Joseph urged them to embrace self-help through volunteerism in their respective communities.
According to him, this became critical because volunteerism promoted understanding among various community groups and equally helped to build community social relationship that connected people to each other and their communities.
“It also strengthens trust and solidarity among citizens by giving voice to stakeholders and mobilises the people to contribute to solutions.
“From the foregoing, it is evident that volunteerism is crucial to sustainable community development. Let me clarify here that volunteering is not taking the place of community development associations, rather the CDAs should adopt volunteering as a strategy in developing their communities,” he said.
Joseph asked community leaders to always endeavour to identify individuals and groups in their respective communities that could work together for the good of the community.
“Once you have done this, we enjoin you to inform this office so that they can form alliances to deliver on the shared aspiration of the people.”
The special adviser said the current administration had from the outset indicated its resolve to run an all-inclusive governance where everyone irrespective of ethnic affiliation, religious belief and social status would be given the opportunity to contribute to the growth and development of the State.
Delivering a lecture titled: “Volunteerism: A Tool for Community Development, ” Dr. ‘Dele Ashiru of the Political Science Department, University of Lagos said volunteerism bring about integrity, selflessness, creativity, energy, flexibility, reliability and commitment and team player.
Ashiru stated that voluteerism would help to save cost, saying that in one study of local governments, it was found that 91 % of volunteer supervisors felt that volunteers permitted local governments to do considerably more without expense or undue cost.
He added that volunteerism was generally recognized to be an effective way to encourage public participation into non-profit or governmental operations and decision-making processes.
Ashiru said volunteers would supplement the normal workforce during times of crisis and especially when workload demands peak, adding that volunteers, who were trained and experienced, provided a ready pool of applicants for employment.
The lecturer also said that volunteers often provide services outside the normal purview of government employees, such as fund raising and advocacy.
“Volunteerism strengthens social connections; it builds a strong, safe and cohesive community and it enhances civic engagement; and delivery of public goods and services,” he said.
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28 Page Booklets
Introducing our new 28 Page Booklets Half Page! mini booklets perfect for conventions, trade shows, or any other small marketing event! This product is full color, 28 pages, and measures 8.5×5.5 inches. It is printed on high quality 80pt gloss text and saddle stitched for durability.
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Measuring 8.5×5.5 inches, these booklets are perfect for a wide range of applications. They’re printed on high-quality 80pt gloss text with full-color printing on both sides, ensuring vibrant colors and clear text for a professional appearance. Plus, they’re saddle stitched for durability.
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| 0.904828
| 350
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Cbd Diamond Gummies | 10mg Cbd Gummies | La Tour Boucry
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There’s a distinctive dry and cool quality to the breeze today that’s got me anxious for the fall days ahead. We have a couple weeks of summer left though, so I want to share a beautiful wedding I photographed in June at The Lodge at Mountain Springs Lake Resort in the Poconos!
I fell in love with Mountain Springs way back in 2005 or so when I shot my first wedding there, and every time I have the chance to work there, I fall in love all over again.
I was so excited to photograph Liz & Dan’s June wedding there this year, and we had the most sparkling, perfect June day. Liz & I worked months ahead of time to plan the perfect timeline so that we had plenty of time to prioritize amazing moments by the lake with the entire bridal party.
I love helping couples plan ahead knowing that we’ll have time to make incredible photos happen with a minimum of stress. If you have questions about your timeline, drop me a line!
Creative team: venue: The Lodge at Mountain Springs Lake Resort | Florals: Floral Boutique | Gown: Louvienne | Boutique: Lovely Bride | Makeup: Amber Helverson | Photobooth: The Kishing Booth | DJ: Dave Kish
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2023-09-29T22:58:12Z
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Sumatra Aceh Takengon
Roast Level: Medium
Roasting Process: Semi-washed
Description: Single Origin Dark Chocolate, Herbal, Grapefruit, Earthy, Cedar.
This coffee is sourced from various small coffee producers around the town of Takengon, on the shores of Lake Laut Tawar, in the far north-west region of the Island of Sumatra in Indonesia. These are very traditional, small family farms that produce limited amounts of coffee, usually alongside other crops that are used for the family’s own consumption. This coffee produces an earthy complexity that is typical to Sumatran origins.
Origin: Aceh Province
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2023-09-29T22:39:26Z
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Liberal Politics Yet Conservative Drinking
It is interesting to compare my political viewpoints with my longtime preferences for wine – I realize I am a liberal person who likes drinking with a conservative ideology at times; I’m sure I am not the only one. I typically do not like to label myself as any one category in my writing–or on the internet for that matter–as I feel in today’s divisive times, an expression of any type of affiliation with an ideology seems to come off as judgmental against those who have a different label. But a label or political view does not completely explain the nuances of my character and how I view others, or similarly, represent anyone else, just like our views about wine may be more intricate than simply saying we like one thing over another.
Focus on Native Varieties
Perricone is a native red grape variety of Sicily, which means that it has been there for at least 1,000 years. It was never extensively planted in the past because of its inconsistent yields, and in recent times, it has only gained a bit of popularity as a blending grape that would help bring more body and texture to those Sicilian reds that needed it. There has been a focus on these indigenous varieties not only in Sicily, as I learned during my last trip there in May of 2018, with 76 indigenous grapes currently in production– but all Italian vintners are deciding to place many of their regional local grapes at the forefront when it comes to promoting their wines.
It is interesting to see this shift as “Super Tuscans”–which use international varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot–were once heralded for their artistic open-mindedness while the dogma of only using Italian grapes was criticized. Conversely, there is now an outcry from those in the wine world to protect those native grapes that are at risk of becoming extinct and as there is a growing market for authenticity in wines, these once disregarded grapes now offer potential sales for wine producers.
Experiences Shape Our Ideology
It is fascinating to consider how our experiences have shaped our world. Many of us would like to think that we would be the same person regardless of our upbringing, but I wonder if that would be true of me. I came from a dysfunctional family with an absent father and a drug-addicted mother who only dealt with me when she needed to use me for something. When I came to New York City at the age of 18, I moved into a low-income, somewhat dangerous neighborhood, where the good, hardworking people banded together to help each other out; those people came from all over the world, they were Jewish, Muslim, Christian, atheist; some spoke English while others spoke various languages from a multitude of countries and cultures where they originated. And so, when there is a rise in xenophobia, I become extremely concerned, not out of a feeling of elitism, but out of a fear for those around me who helped me when I had no one else.
But I understand that perhaps, I might have felt differently had I been raised in a small community where I had a real family; a place where I was accepted and loved, where those who protected me and shaped me taught me to fear something that seemed different than the America I knew. I cannot say for sure if I would be the same person and so I know I cannot have judgment for those people who, despite wanting to be on the right side of history deep down, are fearful that they will be demonized and discarded because progress has passed them by.
Easy Road vs. Tough Road
No truly fair answer to these issues is an easy one as all the easy answers seem to discount the feelings and fears of one group. The difficult road of trying to live in a balanced world where we have international and native influences is one that can be complicated and explosive at times, hence it was put off so many times in the past. But we have gotten to the point where we cannot stop globalization and so there is a mad rush to protect everything being threatened by any means. I cannot truly understand what that feels like as the first time I felt accepted and at home was in a global setting, but I also know what it feels like to be unwanted and unaccepted from my childhood, and I wouldn’t wish that on anyone.
When it comes to Italian wines, I am certainly thrilled by all the native grapes that are finding new life and I personally feel that urgency to protect these varieties. But I cannot help loving a great example of an Italian wine made from international grapes such as an outstanding Franciacorta rosé (rosato) sparkling wine made from Pinot Nero (Pinot Noir) and Chardonnay, just like basking in the native beauty of a Perricone rosé (rosato) still wine gives me so much joy.
A Glass of Rosé
Many of these issues and conflicts just take time, time to listen, and perhaps most of us do not have that time as we are struggling to keep our heads above water. But that is where a glass of rosé comes into the picture with long summer days ahead, whether in the country, at the beach, or the gritty city streets, we can take the time to talk to those in our lives that have different world views than us; drinking a Perricone rosé wine and talking about how nice it is that there is a new focus on this native grape, albeit difficult to grow, because its home is in Sicily. Then, as we drink we both realize that everyone needs to feel useful and wanted and it is a horrible feeling when that it is not the case, whether it is someone having their home taken away or someone that has never felt at home. And we both agree that just because someone (or something) is considered difficult in light of the changes in the world doesn’t mean it is right to toss him away. It is amazing how the world can find harmony over a glass of rosé.
Everyday Drinking Wine (less than $15)
2018 Mandrarossa, Perricone, Rosé Costadune, Terre Siciliane IGT, Sicily, Italy ($12): 100% Perricone. It may seem odd to hardcore Italian wine lovers to call this a rosé instead of a rosato but for export purposes, the name rosé is more widely recognized on the label. This wine is an incredible value at only 12 bucks and it delivers so much. Sweet red fruit on the nose with hints of fennel seeds, a dry palate and a nice background of minerality and fresh acidity that was balanced by the fleshy mid-palate.
Special Occasion Wine (from $15 to $50)
2018 Bertani, ‘Bertarose’, Verona IGT, Veneto, Italy ($16): A rosé (rosato) blend of 75% Molinara (native of Verona) and 25% Merlot (international). The high acidity and fruit expression of Molinara comes through combined with pretty floral notes that I am guessing came from the Merlot, with a linear body and a lemon peel, chalky finish; a native and international variety living in harmony. Another great value wine.
Fantasy Wine (over $50)
NV Ca’ del Bosco, Franciacorta Cuvée Prestige Rosé, Franciacorta DOCG, Lombardy, Italy ($65): 80% Pinot Nero and 20% Chardonnay. The term Pinot Nero is used sometimes in Italy as Pinot Noir because it has existed in some of the northern areas so long that it is considered a traditional variety in certain regions. But Franciacorta is a wonderful example of how Italy has taken international varieties and made them their own. This traditional sparkling wine has a beautiful salmon color with an enchanting nose of pressed flowers and wild strawberries with hints of spiced toast; elegant body with fine bubbles that have a good backbone of acidity with intoxicating aromas of orange blossoms and marzipan on the expressive finish.
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(a) Whenever the Attorney General has reason to believe that any person or enterprise may be in possession, custody, or control of any documentary materials relevant to a racketeering investigation, he may, prior to the institution of a civil or criminal proceeding thereon, issue in writing, and cause to be served upon such person, a civil investigative demand requiring such person to produce such material for examination.
(b) Each such demand shall—
(1) state the nature of the conduct constituting the alleged racketeering violation which is under investigation and the provision of law applicable thereto;
(2) describe the class or classes of documentary material produced thereunder with such definiteness and certainty as to permit such material to be fairly identified;
(3) state that the demand is returnable forthwith or prescribe a return date which will provide a reasonable period of time within which the material so demanded may be assembled and made available for inspection and copying or reproduction; and
(4) identify the custodian to whom such material shall be made available.
(c) No such demand shall—
(1) contain any requirement which would be held to be unreasonable if contained in a subpena duces tecum issued by a court of the United States in aid of a grand jury investigation of such alleged racketeering violation; or
(2) require the production of any documentary evidence which would be privileged from disclosure if demanded by a subpena duces tecum issued by a court of the United States in aid of a grand jury investigation of such alleged racketeering violation.
(d) Service of any such demand or any petition filed under this section may be made upon a person by—
(1) delivering a duly executed copy thereof to any partner, executive officer, managing agent, or general agent thereof, or to any agent thereof authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process on behalf of such person, or upon any individual person;
(2) delivering a duly executed copy thereof to the principal office or place of business of the person to be served; or
(3) depositing such copy in the United States mail, by registered or certified mail duly addressed to such person at its principal office or place of business.
(e) A verified return by the individual serving any such demand or petition setting forth the manner of such service shall be prima facie proof of such service. In the case of service by registered or certified mail, such return shall be accompanied by the return post office receipt of delivery of such demand.
(1) The Attorney General shall designate a racketeering investigator to serve as racketeer document custodian, and such additional racketeering investigators as he shall determine from time to time to be necessary to serve as deputies to such officer.
(2) Any person upon whom any demand issued under this section has been duly served shall make such material available for inspection and copying or reproduction to the custodian designated therein at the principal place of business of such person, or at such other place as such custodian and such person thereafter may agree and prescribe in writing or as the court may direct, pursuant to this section on the return date specified in such demand, or on such later date as such custodian may prescribe in writing. Such person may upon written agreement between such person and the custodian substitute for copies of all or any part of such material originals thereof.
(3) The custodian to whom any documentary material is so delivered shall take physical possession thereof, and shall be responsible for the use made thereof and for the return thereof pursuant to this chapter. The custodian may cause the preparation of such copies of such documentary material as may be required for official use under regulations which shall be promulgated by the Attorney General. While in the possession of the custodian, no material so produced shall be available for examination, without the consent of the person who produced such material, by any individual other than the Attorney General. Under such reasonable terms and conditions as the Attorney General shall prescribe, documentary material while in the possession of the custodian shall be available for examination by the person who produced such material or any duly authorized representatives of such person.
(4) Whenever any attorney has been designated to appear on behalf of the United States before any court or grand jury in any case or proceeding involving any alleged violation of this chapter, the custodian may deliver to such attorney such documentary material in the possession of the custodian as such attorney determines to be required for use in the presentation of such case or proceeding on behalf of the United States. Upon the conclusion of any such case or proceeding, such attorney shall return to the custodian any documentary material so withdrawn which has not passed into the control of such court or grand jury through the introduction thereof into the record of such case or proceeding.
(5) Upon the completion of—
(i) the racketeering investigation for which any documentary material was produced under this chapter, and
(ii) any case or proceeding arising from such investigation, the custodian shall return to the person who produced such material all such material other than copies thereof made by the Attorney General pursuant to this subsection which has not passed into the control of any court or grand jury through the introduction thereof into the record of such case or proceeding.
(6) When any documentary material has been produced by any person under this section for use in any racketeering investigation, and no such case or proceeding arising therefrom has been instituted within a reasonable time after completion of the examination and analysis of all evidence assembled in the course of such investigation, such person shall be entitled, upon written demand made upon the Attorney General, to the return of all documentary material other than copies thereof made pursuant to this subsection so produced by such person.
(7) In the event of the death, disability, or separation from service of the custodian of any documentary material produced under any demand issued under this section or the official relief of such custodian from responsibility for the custody and control of such material, the Attorney General shall promptly—
(i) designate another racketeering investigator to serve as custodian thereof, and
(ii) transmit notice in writing to the person who produced such material as to the identity and address of the successor so designated.
Any successor so designated shall have with regard to such materials all duties and responsibilities imposed by this section upon his predecessor in office with regard thereto, except that he shall not be held responsible for any default or dereliction which occurred before his designation as custodian.
(g) Whenever any person fails to comply with any civil investigative demand duly served upon him under this section or whenever satisfactory copying or reproduction of any such material cannot be done and such person refuses to surrender such material, the Attorney General may file, in the district court of the United States for any judicial district in which such person resides, is found, or transacts business, and serve upon such person a petition for an order of such court for the enforcement of this section, except that if such person transacts business in more than one such district such petition shall be filed in the district in which such person maintains his principal place of business, or in such other district in which such person transacts business as may be agreed upon by the parties to such petition.
(h) Within twenty days after the service of any such demand upon any person, or at any time before the return date specified in the demand, whichever period is shorter, such person may file, in the district court of the United States for the judicial district within which such person resides, is found, or transacts business, and serve upon such custodian a petition for an order of such court modifying or setting aside such demand. The time allowed for compliance with the demand in whole or in part as deemed proper and ordered by the court shall not run during the pendency of such petition in the court. Such petition shall specify each ground upon which the petitioner relies in seeking such relief, and may be based upon any failure of such demand to comply with the provisions of this section or upon any constitutional or other legal right or privilege of such person.
(i) At any time during which any custodian is in custody or control of any documentary material delivered by any person in compliance with any such demand, such person may file, in the district court of the United States for the judicial district within which the office of such custodian is situated, and serve upon such custodian a petition for an order of such court requiring the performance by such custodian of any duty imposed upon him by this section.
(j) Whenever any petition is filed in any district court of the United States under this section, such court shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine the matter so presented, and to enter such order or orders as may be required to carry into effect the provisions of this section.
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Sociology of Law, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
This chapter may be read as an attempt not only to further develop the critique of rationality, but also to elaborate on some of the theoretical and methodological concerns of the previous chapters regarding the tension between law and sociology. Sociology and the anthropology of law were developed from their inception partly to address empirically the complexity of the relationship between law and society. Many of their insights into how law is socially constructed through the interaction between cultural, religious, economic and political factors remain incompatible with the aims and concerns of mainstream legal scholarship. Most social-scientific approaches to the study of legal institutions and legal behaviour have revealed the plurality of forms of law, demonstrating that it can simultaneously manifest itself in different forms and at different levels of social reality. By contrast, various schools of legal positivism have conceptually separated law from morality, legality from justice and facts from norms, in order to create a normative basis for justifying the unity and autonomy of law. This chapter starts by exploring the tension between Western and Islamic legal cultures in relation to immigrant communities living in the West. It then goes on to argue that the use of such antinomies as facts and norms, or law and morality, which are employed by legal theory in order to organise itself conceptually, diverts our attention away from the fact that law, whether it is defined as the command of the sovereign or the inner order of associations, is not divided into two opposing or contradictory poles. Instead, it consists of countless fragments which are not necessarily related in a formal rational manner.
This chapter is a revised version of ‘The Politics of Legal Cultures’. In (2008) Retfœrd: The Nordic Journal of Law and Justice 31(4): 37–60.
The concern with the limits of rationality, which we discussed in light of Kafka’s writings in the previous chapter, constitutes the backdrop against which we shall explore the relationship between law and culture in contemporary society. By turning to the works of two contemporaries of Kafka, to Eugen Ehrlich’s ‘living law’ and Hermann Hesse’s Steppenwolf, this chapter will attempt to throw new light on the ‘irrational’ elements of modern law, legal thought and legal cultures. This also allows us to view the tension between sociology and legal studies, and the separation between facts and norms, from a different angle than the one we used in Chap. 2. Our immediate point of departure, however, is more mundane and concerned with how law and legality is debated in multicultural Britain. Can UK law recognise and accommodate aspects of Sharia, such as Islamic family law, which is widely employed by certain Muslim groups living in Britain? To explore this question, we need to form a general understanding of the relationship between law and culture generally and examine how various cultures, religions, systems of beliefs and groups interact in modern Britain. We also need to consider that the interaction between ethno-cultural and religious groups takes place within a societal context which is permeated by history and forms of power and domination.
A case is made that we cannot satisfactorily explore the interaction between Western legal cultures, which emphasise democratic values and principles of human rights, and those of certain Muslim immigrant communities, which are neither based on Western democratic principles nor are sensitive to Western standards of human rights, without considering the political processes through which such interactions are realised. In this chapter, the relationship between the Western and Islamic legal cultures of immigrant communities living in the West is conceptualised, not only in terms of the compatibility of their value systems, but also in terms of the imbalance of power and authority which shapes this relationship. Which factors influence the interface of legal cultures, where one legal system is operating within the jurisdiction of the other and thus is subject to its conception of legality and moral standards? To what extent is the acceptance or rejection of the legal culture of the ‘other’ the function of an assessment of the actual compatibility of the cultures in question, assessing whether they can or cannot coexist in the same social space, and to what extent is it the outcome of legal ideologies and transient socio-political interests?
This chapter is divided into four sections. Section 1 explores the interaction between legal cultures by reference to three case studies: (1) a study of how the Bolsheviks attempted to engineer the modernisation of Muslim parts of Soviet Central Asia during the 1920s, (2) a 25-year-old case of domestic violence from the lower court in Sandviken, Sweden (tingsrätten i Sandviken), where the court regarded the cultural background of a Kurdish immigrant as a mitigating circumstance in sentencing, and (3) the negative reactions to the Archbishop of Canterbury’s proposal in 2008 to integrate parts of Sharia law into UK law, in order to address the needs of certain Muslim communities living in Britain. These case studies are used to conceptualise and examine the relationship between law, culture, religion and politics in the multicultural setting of late modern societies.
Section 2 defines ‘legal culture’ as a sub-category of the concept of culture, emphasising the importance of a shared language for the formation of a common cultural identity. This draws attention to the misleading presentation of Muslim communities in terms of a single mono-cultural or mono-ethnic identity.
Section 3 revisits Eugen Ehrlich’s work and argues that his sociology of law, which was neither a contribution to legal pluralism nor to comparative studies of legal cultures, was nonetheless sensitised by the cultural diversity he experienced in the Bukowina, and that his theory of ‘living law’ remains a useful tool for studying law in multicultural settings. The incompatibility of Ehrlich’s ‘living law’ with the formalist project of legal positivism of the time was captured in his debate with Hans Kelsen, who criticised him for confusing ‘is’ and ‘ought’. This chapter argues that Kelsen could not acknowledge Ehrlich’s sociology of law as a bona fide theory of law because ‘living law’ described how law manifested itself empirically and, at times, in a contradictory fashion. This allows a twofold reinterpretation of ‘living law’, either as an approach that recognises the irrational (or contradictory) elements of law or as a theory which introduces a different form of rationality (e.g. communicative rationality), thereby transcending the understanding of law as a system which coheres internally.
Section 4 concludes the discussions by referring briefly to Hermann Hesse’s novel Steppenwolf. The story is about a middle-aged man who has become aware of his inner duality. Outwardly, he is a cultivated and moral man, while inwardly he is a ‘wolf of the Steppes’. As the story unfolds, the man discovers that his belief that he was made of one or even two souls or personalities is illusionary, for every human being consists of ten, a hundred or a thousand souls or identities. This idea is used to return to the distinction between ‘is’ and ‘ought’ and to throw new light upon the three case studies in this chapter.
1 Three Case Studies on Law, Culture, Gender and Religion
1.1 The Bolsheviks’ Modernisation
In a study published in 1968, Gregory Massell describes how the Bolsheviks, during the 1920s, attempted to engineer the modernisation of the Muslim areas of Soviet Central Asia, by legally strengthening the standing of women in these regions (cf. Kidder 1983, p. 39). The Bolsheviks decided that women, who hardly had any social or legal rights and were excluded from public life, could be used as ‘a surrogate proletariat’ and an instrument to remove ‘backward’ Islamic customary practices. Although women did not represent the working class, which in these agricultural regions was yet to emerge, they could nevertheless be empowered to gradually ‘loosen and disintegrate traditional social relations’ which hampered the progress of modernisation (Massell 1968, p. 184). The Bolsheviks assumed that Muslim women would readily welcome and embrace such a reform and that a fundamental improvement in their legal status would lead automatically to the gradual demise of traditional Islamic structures and institutions. This would in turn pave the way for the transformation of these communities into modern societies. Subsequently, Muslim women were granted civil rights, which were supported by a new judicial system staffed, in part, by women. These legal reforms ensured that women could publicise grievances against their husbands, file for divorce and take employment—and thus participate in public life. At the same time, traditional court structures, including religious and customary tribunals, were abolished and replaced by Soviet courts.
The changes that ensued took the Bolsheviks by surprise. Women took advantage of the new laws reluctantly, and the male population subjected those who did so to hostile treatment and acts of violence. Moscow-trained judges and officials, who were imported to administer the new system, had neither knowledge of the local language nor any understanding of the culture of the local people. Understandably, they soon felt lost in the maze of claims and counterclaims that flooded the courts. To make matters more complicated, women who dared to leave their husbands, in search of the promised emancipation, often found no employment and were either forced into prostitution or had to return to their husbands. Far from revolutionising or modernising Muslim societies, or improving the situation of women, Soviet social engineering through law reforms reinforced traditional attitudes, values and structures. The brand of modernity which the Bolsheviks—and other Western imperialist powers—brought to the underdeveloped areas of Asia and other continents aimed at establishing their colonial hegemony. This ‘modernisation’ was not mediated through enlightenment but imposed on natives through the barrel of the gun and without consideration for their cultural identity, religious beliefs, political autonomy or national sovereignty (for a discussion on ‘colonial modernisation’ see Dabashi 2007).
The Bolsheviks started transplanting their own set of political values, socio-cultural norms, brand of law and legal institutions into the body of communities which already had functioning cultural norms, formal and customary laws and legal institutions. In addition, they did not attach any importance to Central Asia’s ‘patchwork of religious and tribal tribunals, usages, and laws’ (Massell 1968, p. 182). Far from being uniform, the natives’ legal order consisted of two systems with local variations: official or semi-official Islamic courts, which implemented the rules of Sharia, and the local customary rules of adat. This meant that in these societies ‘conflict resolution could be formal or highly informal, public or private, and the prevailing legal forms, norms and practices depended to a large extent on the particular region, communal organisation, and ethno-cultural milieu, as well as on the personal charisma of the particular judicial mediator’ (Massell 1968, p. 182). The combination of formal Sharia laws and the local customary laws of adat were related intimately to the social structures and dominant forms of social life in these societies. While the Bolsheviks could restrict the practice of Sharia, which had to be conducted publicly, they could not curb adat, which was an extension of cultural traits and did not require publicly implemented procedures.
Similar examples to that of the Bolshevik experiment can be found in the studies of how British colonial rule disrupted the lives of the people of India, by reproducing its own legal system in the country, and how the natives reacted by ‘perverting’ the new legal system through, for example, flooding ‘the courts with law suits against each other’ (Kidder 1983, p. 41). In contrast to the Bolsheviks, the British did not try to transform the customary rules of the native Indians but instead tried to enforce Hindu and Muslim customs, using the procedural frameworks and traditional institutions of English law. This approach, which appears to be more sensible than the Bolshevik’s method, was not without its problems. Hindu law ‘assumed the hierarchical caste system, and the ancient codes prescribed different penalties for the same crime, varying with the caste of the offender’, while Muslim law distinguished between the Muslims and the Kafir (infidel) (Smith 2005, pp. 160–161). In such a legal setting, where justice is realised through unequal treatment, the British introduced the principle of equality before law, but they gave too much regard to the homogeneity of Hindu and Muslim customary laws, which led them to ignore the differences between the practices of numerous Hindu sects and sub-sects, on the one hand, and Shia and Sunni Muslims, on the other. In addition, the British ignored the localised variations of Muslim laws and customs. In order to bring these customary rules within the framework of English law, they had to be recorded, which meant that the two laws had to be codified. This task was carried out by learned scholars using authoritative texts (Smith 2005). By codifying the customary law of Hindus and Muslims, the British deprived them of their dynamic property and their ability to register and respond to the changing conditions of the lives of the people who used them. As a result, the version of Hindu and Muslim customary laws, as described by the courts, soon came to be viewed as alien by the natives. According to Derrett (2005, p. 71), ‘if Hindu law “stagnated” under the British, Islamic law died’.
1.2 The Sandviken Case
In October 1989, a 24-year-old Kurdish immigrant from Iraq was brought before the Sandviken Lower Court in Sweden charged with assaulting, coercing and threatening his pregnant ex-girlfriend, who had left him to live with another man (Case B 61/89, Sandvikens tingsrätt). Although the court found the defendant guilty as charged, it nevertheless released him on a suspended sentence and fined him 3,000 Swedish Kronor (ca $400). Convictions for this type of criminal offence against a person ordinarily carried six months’ imprisonment, but in this case, when the court came to sentencing the accused, it argued that his ‘cultural’ background provided a mitigating circumstance’. According to the court’s judgement, the fact that the accused had a different (non-Swedish) culture meant that his perception of his own actions, which were in Swedish law labelled ‘assault’, were different (Case B 61/89, Sandvikens tingsrätt, p. 7). Moreover, the court added that at the time when the assault took place, the accused felt that his integrity had been violated.1 It should be noted that the judge and the lay judges who participated in making this decision were all Swedes and the court had not called for any independent expert opinion on Kurdish customs and traditions.
This ruling was met with protest from several quarters. Lawyers and the judiciary questioned the relevance of the assumed cultural background of the accused for sentencing, while various women’s associations and interest groups highlighted that the ruling legalised violence against women. Immigrant associations, each in their own way, regarded the wording of the judgement as a threat to the precariously balanced ethno-cultural relations in the country. In an article in the editorial pages of one of the morning newspapers (Svenska dagbladet, 19 January 1990), Ingrid Fredriksson, the chairperson of the Conservative Women’s Association in Malmö, asked if Swedish women married to foreigners, from that point onwards, were to be subjected to a different set of legal rules than those under Swedish law. Also, many Kurds challenged the court’s interpretation, arguing that violence against women was not, as it was implied in the judgement, a part of their custom (during the 1980s, few people had heard of ‘honour killing’ among Kurdish immigrants). The prosecutor also criticised the ruling, pointing out that although an immigrant’s cultural background might explain his actions, it could not provide an excuse for assault. Not surprisingly, the Sandviken ruling was appealed and the accused was sentenced to two months’ imprisonment.
The significance of this case lies in the court’s acknowledgement that Sweden was ethno-culturally diverse and that the recognition of the ‘other’ was unavoidable. What appeared as a progressive step failed disastrously because the ideological structures of Swedish law and legal policy were mono-culturally constructed and not conducive to recognising the ‘other’. The court’s attempt to acknowledge the ethno-cultural diversity of Swedish society thus revealed not only law’s male-centric perceptions of gender relations, but also its ethnocentric images of other cultures.
A final issue concerning this 20-year-old case is that neither in the court’s judgement nor in the public debate that followed the ruling can we find arguments that explain the defendant’s behaviour in terms of his religious beliefs. This is in stark contrast to the way recent cases involving Kurds living in Sweden have been presented and discussed publicly. In these cases, the Kurdish culture is linked to, or defined in terms of, Islam. In a recent case of honour killing we read: ‘The father who is suspected of the crime is a Muslim’, suggesting a causal relationship between Islam and honour killing.2 This demonstrates how religion, or more specifically Islam, has recently become an ethnic signifier in public debates. However, this religious marker of ethnicity can function meaningfully only as long as one works with a monolithic conception of Islam, in other words, as long as one regards Islam as a system of immutable principles which produce a uniform set of social practices across cultural, linguistic and national boundaries. It is noteworthy that a similar monolithic conception of Islam and Muslims also informed the Bolsheviks and the British colonialists’ understanding of the religious and cultural practices of the natives. In addition, since 9/11, the public debate on Islam has been shaped by the paradigm of the ‘clash of civilizations’, according to which Islam poses direct threats to Western civilizations and the spirit of democracy (cf. Huntington 1997).
1.3 Incorporating Aspects of Sharia into UK Law
In a lecture delivered to the Royal Courts of Justice in London on 8 February 2008, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams, argued that the legal system in Britain needed to engage constructively with the religious concerns and motivations of members of the diverse communities which make up contemporary British society. There are some 1.6 million Muslims currently living in Britain (2.7 % of the total population), many of whom use Sharia law in matrimonial and private law-related matters to settle disputes. Yet, the decisions of Sharia courts are not recognised by UK law. In his lecture, the Archbishop argued that UK law should incorporate parts of Sharia into its corpus. He further pointed out that the accommodation of aspects of Sharia being placed into the law was ‘unavoidable’ and would, in his opinion, enhance community cohesion by making various religious minority communities part of the public process.
In an interview with BBC Radio 4, ahead of his lecture, Dr Williams explained that the recognition of certain aspects of internal laws of various religious communities by the British legal order could not be rejected casually as impossible, because there were already instances where UK law recognised the internal law of religious communities. Jewish courts, for example, already operated in Britain legally because there were ‘modes of dispute resolution and customary provisions which apply there in the light of Talmud’ (Williams 2008). The Archbishop made it clear, however, that he did not advocate the indiscriminate adoption of all aspects of Sharia, and neither did he condone the inhumane way in which it had been interpreted and enforced in certain Islamic states through extreme punishments and the oppressive treatment of women. UK law was in such a strong position in relation to Sharia to allow it to provide the right of appeal and the necessary safeguards against possible extreme and inhumane interpretation and the application of Sharia. The Archbishop added that Britain did well to avoid situations where the law challenged ‘religious consciences’ over issues such as abortion and treated them as a secular matter, saying ‘we have no room for conscientious objections’ (Williams 2008). Neither did Britain want a situation ‘where, because there’s no way of legally monitoring what communities do, making them part of public process, people do what they like in private in such a way that becomes a way of intensifying oppression within a community…’ (Williams 2008).
Despite these clarifications, most headlines run by both the broadsheet and the tabloid press suggested that the Archbishop was advocating the introduction of the whole of Sharia law to Britain. Even liberal newspapers such as the Guardian carried the headline: ‘Uproar as archbishop says Sharia law inevitable in UK’ (Guardian 8/2/2008). One of the free London papers (thelondonpaper 8/2/2008) wrote on its front page:
Dr Rowan Williams said the adoption of elements of Islamic Sharia law – which includes all women wearing burkhas – in the UK seems unavoidable.” He hopes a “constructive accommodation” in areas such as marriage which could allow Muslim women to avoid Western divorce proceedings.
The Archbishop was criticised by the British Government, his own church and the representatives of other religions, including the Muslim Council of Britain, Liberal Judaism and other organisations. The British prime minister’s spokesman swiftly distanced the Government from the Archbishop’s proposal by declaring that British law had to be based on British values and ‘Sharia could not be used as a justification for committing breaches of English law, nor should principles of Sharia be included in a civil court for resolving contractual disputes (Timesonline 5/3/2008). Similarly, the Conservative Shadow Minister for Community Cohesion stressed that ‘All British citizens must be subject to British laws developed through Parliament and the courts’ (Guardian 7/2/2008). Britain’s only Asian Bishop, the Bishop of Rochester, went further, by pointing out that it would be impossible to introduce Sharia into the corpus of UK law because ‘English law is rooted in the Judaeo-Christian tradition’ (Timesonline 5/3/2008). Dr Williams’s predecessor, Lord Carey, who does not usually directly criticise the Archbishop, made an exception in this case, stating that ‘… there could be no exceptions to the laws of our land, which have been painfully honed by the struggle for democracy and human rights’, adding, ‘acceptance of some Muslim laws within British law would be disastrous for the nation’ (Independent 11/2/2008). Finally, two members of the General Synod in London called for him to resign, whilst other senior figures agreed with the remark that ‘Dr Williams’s standing as the [Anglican] Church’s worldwide leader had been diminished’, thus making it difficult for him to resolve other disputes within his church (Independent 11/2/2008).
The Archbishop’s lecture, published on his website, amounts to a 7,000-word long paper, in which he tries to ‘… tease out some of the broader issues around the rights of religious groups within a secular state, with a few thoughts about what might be entailed in crafting a just and constructive relationship between Islamic law and the statutory law of the United Kingdom’ (Williams 2008). His overall approach is pluralistic. His message is based upon the assumption that we all possess overlapping identities and that the ‘membership of one group’ should not restrict our freedom as a member of other groups (Williams 2008). The sources which the Archbishop uses in his paper to argue his case consist of the works of reformist Muslim scholars who wish to bring about what amounts to the reformation of Islam. Sharia, admittedly, does depend on the Qur’an for its legitimacy, but as the Archbishop argues:
[I]t is to some extent unfinished business so far as codified and precise provisions are concerned. To recognise Sharia is to recognise a method of jurisprudence governed by revealed texts rather than a single system… [A]n excessively narrow understanding of Sharia as simply codified rules can have the effect of actually undermining the universal claims of the Qur’an. (Williams 2008)
One interpretation of this notion is that the Archbishop is suggesting that by engaging with Sharia, which is currently operating within certain (but not all) Muslim communities in Britain, in a constructive fashion, and by recognising its already functioning courts, one could support the reformist movement in Islam. However, the angry reactions sparked by this suggestion revealed that the media and other interest groups and organisations in Britain were not concerned with having a ‘constructive’ dialogue with anyone related to or representing the Muslim faith. Instead of asking if such incorporation was feasible legally, if such a step would support the reformists to introduce a new interpretation and practices of Sharia, which were in line with the democratic underpinnings of English law, and if it would strengthen the community cohesion as suggested by the Archbishop, the general tendency was to reject the proposal as ‘impossible’ (Telegraph, 9/2/2008), denounce it as ‘the pitiful contortions of a dying Church’ (Independent 11/2/2008) or dismiss it as an idea which, if implemented, would lead to ‘all women wearing burkhas’ (thelondonpaper
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[G.R. Nos. L-5717 & L-5751 to L-5756. August 30, 1952. ]
SCOTTISH UNION & NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY; LONDON AND SCOTTISH ASSURANCE CORPORATION, LTD.; and ST. PAUL FIRE & MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY, Petitioners, v. HIGINIO B. MACADAEG, Judge of the Court of First Instance of Manila and YU HUN & COMPANY, Respondents.
Gibbs & Chuidian, for Petitioners.
Paredes, Balcoff & Poblador and Angel C. Cruz for Respondents.
1. EXECUTION PENDING APPEAL; GOOD CAUSE JUSTIFYING SUCH EXECUTION. — When there is danger for the judgment to be ineffective if and when it becomes final, there is good cause to issue and advance writ of execution under Sec. 2 of Rule 39.
2. EXECUTION PENDING APPEAL; WHERE JUDGMENT IS IN DANGER OF BECOMING INEFFECTIVE; INSURANCE; FOREIGN INSURANCE COMPANIES WITHDRAWlNG FROM BUSINESS. — Where a foreign insurance company against which the appealed judgment was rendered, obtained a permit under Republic Act 447, to withdraw from business in the Philippines, and the bonds and securities it had deposited with the Insurance Commissioner at the beginning of its business operations are its only properties here, there is danger for the judgment to become ineffective.
3. INSURANCE LAW; WITHDRAWAL OF FOREIGN INSURERS; REVIEW OF DISCRETION OF INSURANCE COMMISSIONER. — When the Insurance Commissioner approves the withdrawal of a foreign insurance company from business in the Philippines, the courts may review the discretion exercised by him and substitute their own judgment therefor, where the insurer has accrued "liabilities," which the law requires it to discharge before withdrawal.
4. EXECUTION PENDING APPEAL. — The fact that other insurers agree to assume the liability of the withdrawing insurer is no obstacle to issuance of execution.
5. ID.; ID.; WHEN INSURANCE COMMISSIONER MAY NOT PERMIT WITHDRAWAL. — Under section 202-D of Republic Act No. 447, the Insurance Commissioner may permit the foreign insurer to withdraw (and get back the securities it has deposited for the benefit of policy holders) only when he finds that such foreign insurer "has no outstanding liabilities to residents of the Philippines." If the Commissioner is fully aware of pending cases against the foreign insurer, the Commissioner may not declare that the insurer has no "outstanding liabilities" to residents of the Philippines.
6. ID.; ID.; REINSURANCE BY WITHDRAWING FOREIGN INSURANCE. — The whole idea of Republic Act 447 is to require the foreign insurer to show that it has no more responsibilities to any resident here, and may therefore go home with its securities. It is clearly improper to construe the second part of section 202-C of Republic Act 477 as permitting the withdrawing foreign insurer — without the consent of the insured - to transfer to another insurer his accrued liabilities under a policy.
D E C I S I O N
The petitioners are three of seven defendants in as many civil cases of the Manila court of first instance, now on appeal, and the respondent Yu Hun & Co., is the plaintiff therein.
As a result of the fire that destroyed its warehouse and goods in May 1949, Yu Hun & Co. filed in 1949 and 1950 the above suits seeking to recover the total sum of P240,000 from the defendants, foreign insurance corporations who had issued insurance policies covering the said properties.
After a protracted trial characterized by several delaying incidents, on December 28, 1951 the respondent Judge rendered judgment the dispositive part of which reads partly as follows:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"IN VIEW OF THE FOREGOING, the Court hereby renders judgment in favor of the plaintiff and against each and everyone of the defendants as follows:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
In Civil Case No. 9251, defendant Scottish Union National Insurance Co., shall pay the plaintiff, Yu Hun & Co., the sum of P50,000 plus 8 per cent interest thereon in accordance with section 91-B of the Insurance Act from the date of the filing of the complaint up to full payment thereof. Defendant shall also pay the costs.
In Civil Case No. 11136 defendant, London & Scottish Insurance Corp. Ltd. shall pay the plaintiff, Yu Hun & Co., the sum of P5,000, plus 8 per cent interests thereon in accordance with section 91-B of the complaint up to full payment thereof. Defendant shall also pay the costs.
In Civil Case No. 11137, defendant, St. Paul’s Fire & Marine Insurance Co., shall pay to the plaintiff, Yu Hun & Co., the amount of P5,000 plus 8 per cent interests thereon in accordance with section 91-B of the Insurance Act from the date of the filing of the complaint up to full payment thereof. Defendant shall pay the costs.." . .
On January 30, 1952, all defendants filed a motion for reconsideration and/or new trial, which was denied on February 18, 1952.
But on January 28, 1952, Yu Hun & Co. submitted an urgent petition for execution pending appeal, under the provisions of section 2, Rule 39 of the Rules of Court. And notwithstanding vigorous opposition, the respondent judge directed the issuance of writs of execution against the petitioners, the London & Scottish Assurance Corporation, the Scottish Union and Insurance Co. and the St. Paul’s Fire and Marine Insurance Co.
Wherefore, charging grave abuse of discretion, the last-mentioned corporations promptly interposed this petition for prohibition and certiorari with prayer for preliminary injunction. As requested, we issued the restraining writ upon presentation of a suitable bond.
The disputed order reads as follows:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"Petition for advanced execution of judgment is before this Court for consideration.
Section 2, Rule 39, of the Rules of Court, allows the issuance of an advanced writ of execution for "good cause." This so-called "good cause" does not have a definite meaning. It must be interpreted in accordance with the circumstances of a particular case. It is the opinion of this Court that when there is danger for the judgment to be ineffective if and when it becomes final, there is good cause to issue an advanced writ of execution.
The defendants in these cases are all foreign corporations; they may cease business operation and, as a matter of fact, defendants Scottish Union and National Insurance Co., London and Scottish Assurance Corporation, Ltd., and St. Paul’s Fire and Marine Insurance Co. did cease business operation. It may be stated, in this connection, that these defendants ceased operation in the Philippines in accordance with law and that other companies assumed their obligations. This, of course, is perfectly legal in so far as business transaction is concerned. The question involved, however, is the right of the plaintiff to be secure. Immediate relief must be given to the prevailing party as soon as the judgment of the Court becomes executory. Any delay to the granting of that relief should be discouraged.
Under the circumstances of the instant cases, justice and equity demand that the right of the plaintiff be protected and secured. The only way to secure and protect such right is the issuance of a writ of execution or for the defendants to file their respective bonds to stay execution. This holds true, however, in so far as defendants Scottish Union and National Insurance Co., London and Scottish Assurance Corporation, Ltd., and St. Paul’s Fire and Marine Insurance Co. are concerned. They have ceased business without giving notice to the Court, and the assuming companies also failed to do the same. In so far as the latter are concerned, the Court has no jurisdiction over them. And the Court feels that it would have been a demonstration of good faith on the part of defendants Scottish Union and National Insurance Co., London and Scottish Assurance Corporation, Ltd., and St. Paul’s Fire and Marine Insurance Co. and the assuming companies had they given notice to the Court of their transaction.." . . .
There is no question that, with the approval of the Insurance Commissioner, on June 30, 1951, the London and Scottish Assurance Corporation and the St. Paul’s Fire and Marine Insurance Co. — each sued for P5,000 in their respective cases — withdrew from business in the Philippines and all their outstanding risks were assumed by Northern Assurance Co. Ltd. and Firemen’s Fund Insurance Co. under Rep. Act No. 447. There is also no question that on November 25, 1950 the Scottish Union and National Insurance Co. with P50,000 involved in its case, withdrew from business in the Philippines and all its liabilities were assumed by the Commercial Union Assurance Co. under the provisions of Rep. Act No. 447 with the approval of the Insurance Commissioner.
It is admitted by the parties that, pending appeal, the trial court has discretion to direct execution of its own judgment, provided there are good reasons therefor expressed in its order of execution (Sec. 2 Rule 39). Therefore the issue in this litigation is narrowed down to whether the petitioners’ withdrawal from business in this country during the pendency of the case constitutes a sufficiently good reason for decreeing execution notwithstanding the appeal. Inasmuch as appellate courts will not interfere with the lower court’s discretion unless abuse thereof is shown, 1 the question should perhaps be framed negatively: Is that withdrawal not a good reason for execution?
The respondent judge in the contested directive explains that "when there is danger for the judgment to be ineffective if and when it becomes final, there is good cause to issue an advanced writ of execution." That appears to be good law. In fact, Petitioners, making no effort to dispute the legal proposition, merely deny that the circumstances show the existence of the danger apprehended by His Honor.
Under the Insurance Law, when a foreign insurance corporation applies for permission to engage in business in the Philippines it must deposit with the Insurance Commissioner "for the benefit and security" of its policyholders and creditors in the Philippines securities and bonds for the total amount of P250,000 (Sec. 178 as amended), valuables which said officer is required to retain until the day when such corporation ceases to do business in this jurisdiction and applies, and is permitted by said Commissioner, to get them back. (Sec. 179)
Republic Act No. 447 prescribes the procedure to be followed upon cessation of business: The foreign insurer must apply. Its application must be published in two newspapers. It must discharge its liabilities to policyholders and creditors in this country, and cause its policies insuring Philippine residents to be taken up by other qualified insurers. Then "the Insurance Commissioner shall make an examination of the books and records of the withdrawing company and if upon such examination he finds that the insurer has no outstanding liabilities to residents of the Philippines, he shall . . . permit the insurer to withdraw."cralaw virtua1aw library
We are told that petitioners obtained the permit to withdraw under Rep. Act No. 447. We must assume that they have secured from the Commissioner or will secure from him the return of the bonds and securities they had deposited at the beginning of their business operations. And the probable result will be that when Yu Hun & Co. finally wins his P60,000 suit on appeal, there will be no leviable assets of the foreign insurers (petitioners) in this country. Because it is generally known that these securities on deposit are the only properties here of these foreign insurance companies.
Therefore it may not be held that his honor was clearly mistaken in requiring execution in advance on the ground that upon petitioner’s withdrawal there is danger for Yu Hun’s judgment to be ineffective.
The situation would be no different from the case where the debtor who is defendant-appellant in a litigation is found to be liquidating his properties preparatory to transferring his permanent residence to foreign countries.
Anyway these foreign insurers have a remedy: file a bond. 2
But it might be argued, that having withdrawn under Rep. Act No. 447 with the permission of the Insurance Commissioner, the petitioners should not be prejudiced by such withdrawal. In reply they must be reminded that one of the conditions precedent for such withdrawal is that they shall "discharge their liabilities to policyholders and creditors in this country." (Sec. 202-C) They have failed to discharge their liabilities to Yu Hun & Co. Granting that upon issuing the permit, the Insurance Commissioner must have been convinced that the petitioners "had no outstanding liabilities to residents of the Philippines," yet there is nothing in the law to make his findings conclusive upon the courts. They could not be, because they are based only upon the "examination of the books and records of the withdrawing company."cralaw virtua1aw library
The procedure outlined in Rep. Act 447 is intended to govern the conduct of the Insurance Commissioner where petitions are made for return of the deposit upon withdrawal of foreign insurers. It does not attempt to regulate the liquidation of liabilities of such foreign insurers, nor the rights of claimants against them. Of course there is no doubt that if the Insurance Commissioner is advised that there are unpaid claimants against the foreign insurers he will refuse to allow withdrawal or the return of the securities deposited with him or such portion thereof as may be necessary to satisfy the local claimants. Yet it would be incorrect to assert that whenever he allows the return of such securities, there are factually and legally no unpaid claimants.
The petitioners contend that when the Insurance Commissioner, pursuant to law, approves the withdrawal of a foreign insurance company from business in the Philippines the courts may not contest the discretion exercised by him and substitute their own judgment therefor "declaring that the outstanding risks of the withdrawing company are not sufficiently protected by the measures taken" by said officer. The contention must be overruled, because the matter now at issue does not concern "outstanding risks" but accrued "liabilities", which the law requires to be discharged before withdrawal (Sec. 202-C Insurance Law as amended by Rep. Act No. 447) The statute does not authorize a foreign insurer to assign to another insurer its accrued liabilities to a policy-holder, foisting a new debtor upon the latter. And even supposing it does permit such assignment, there is no denying that once the substitution is accomplished, the judgment which Yu Hun & Co. would get in the above cases would practically become useless, since it would be unenforceable by execution against the new debtor, who is not a party to the case. Thus the frustration or circumvention of the action would entirely be owing to the voluntary act of the petitioners, who neither advised the court nor secured the consent of Yu Hun & Co. to the substitution. Consequently it was meet and proper to adopt measures calculated to forestall such frustration, especially after the Court had found the petitioners unreasonably delayed settlement of Yu Hun’s claim for losses.
Premises considered, the petition is denied, and the preliminary injunction heretofore issued is hereby dissolved. Costs in favor of respondents. So ordered.
Paras, C.J., Pablo, Padilla, Tuason, Montemayor, Bautista Angelo and Labrador, JJ., concur.
November 19, 1952.
The petitioners, thru counsel, wrote a letter to the Insurance Commissioner enclosing copy of our decision and after expressing the opinion that it approved a review of his administrative acts, they invited him to "apprise" "the Supreme Court of what he considers to be the proper interpretation of Republic Act No. 447." Then the petitioners submitted to the Commissioner several questions already touched upon in our decision.
The Commissioner could have properly declined to answer the inquiries upon the excuses that, (a) the matters were subjudice, (b) he did not want to appear as taking sides 1 in a judicial controversy between policyholders and insurers, because his office is supposed to be impartial to both and (c) anyway, the core of the controversy related to execution of a court’s judgment which is a subject peculiarly within the jurisdiction of the courts. He could have adopted the attitude that the incidental pronouncements on the workings of Republic Act 447 were not binding on his office, the same not having been party to the litigation.
But he must have realized that if he chose to disregard the indications in our decision, and as a result, a policyholder is prejudiced by reason of his having allowed a defendant insurer to withdraw its securities, notwithstanding the court proceedings against such insurer, he might face a litigation for damages (article 27, New Civil Code). So, we take it, his action in giving answers designed to be presented to this court, amounts to no more than a desire to submit his views for judicial confirmation, if according to law.
The issue is now clearer with the statements made by the insurance commissioner:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
Yu Hun & Co. sued to recover on fire policies issued by the petitioners, who are foreign insurance companies. Although the fire has occurred, the insurers deny liability. Pending the court’s decision, the insurers apply for permission to withdraw under the terms of sections 202-A to 202-E of the Insurance Act as amended by Republic Act No. 447.
The insurance commissioner believes that such permission may be granted provided the insurers caused another insurance company doing business in this country to assume whatever liabilities the withdrawing petitioners may have in the pending suits.
The law, in our opinion, does not justify such belief. Under section 202-D of Republic Act No. 447, the Commissioner may permit the foreign insurer to withdraw (and get back the securities it has deposited for the benefit of policyholders) 2 only when he finds that such foreign insurer "has no outstanding liabilities to residents of the Philippines." Being "fully aware" of the pending cases of Yu Hun & Co. against these petitioners, the Commissioner may not declare that these petitioners have no "outstanding liabilities" to residents of the Philippines, unless, assuming judicial powers and with abuse of discretion, the Commissioner should administratively decide that the aforementioned suits are entirely without foundation.
But the Commissioner argues that, inasmuch as the "liabilities" of the petitioners to Yu Hun have been "reinsured", the withdrawal may be permitted.
Section 202-C which the Commissioner invokes, reads as follows:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"SECTION 202-C. — Every foreign insurance company which withdraws from the Philippines shall, prior to such withdrawal, discharge its liabilities to policyholders and creditors in this country. In case of its policies insuring residents of the Philippines, it shall cause the primary liabilities under such policies to be reinsured and assumed by another insurance company authorized to transact business in the Philippines. In the case of such policies as are subject to cancellation by the withdrawing company, it may cancel such policies pursuant to the terms thereof in lieu of such reinsurance and assumption of liabilities."cralaw virtua1aw library
Carefully analysed, the section consists of three parts. The first speaks of liabilities of the foreign insurer to policyholders and creditors. The second and third obviously refer to its outstanding policies, i.e. policies on which no claim has as yet arisen, because the risk insured against has not yet happened. In other words the first refers to accrued liabilities (outstanding claims) to be discharged; the second and third to contingent liabilities (outstanding risks) to be reinsured.
The situation of the herein petitioners and Yu Hun & Co. is governed by the first part - not by the second nor the third, that expressly relate to "policies insuring residents." The third, permitting "cancellation" obviously contemplates outstanding policies on which the risk has not yet happened, because evidently the insurer may not cancel a policy on which a claim has already accrued by the occurrence of the risk. Wherefore, the inference becomes unavoidable that "policies insuring residents" in the second and third parts imply policies as to which the risk insured against has not yet happened. And the requirement that the foreign insurer "reinsure", backs this interpretation because, usually the subject-matter of the original insurance "must be in existence at the time the contract of reinsurance is made." (32 C. J.
, p. 46)
But let us suppose it is correct to hold, as the Commissioner holds that the herein petitioners’ liabilities to Yu Hun may be considered as "primary liabilities" in the second part of section 202- C, supra. 2
There is no doubt that the whole idea of Republic Act 447 is to require the foreign insurer to show that it has no more responsibilities to any resident here, and may therefore go home with its securities.
Now the second part of section 202-C requires the foreign insurer to "reinsure." Our insurance act defines reinsurance as "one by which an insurer procures a third person to insure him against loss or liability by reason of such original insurance" (Section 88). This kind of reinsurance is not, obviously, what section 202-C contemplates, because the foreign insurer is not thereby relieved of local responsibility. Yet the term reinsurance is also sometimes "applied to a contract between two insurers by which the one assumes the risks of the other and becomes substituted to its contracts, so that on the assent of the original policyholders, the liability of the first insurer ceases, and the liability of the second is substituted." (46 C. J. S., p. 196). This is naturally the kind of "reinsurance" contemplated in the second part of section 202-C, 3 i.e., a reinsurance that frees the original insurer from liability. However, as Corpus Juris Secundum implies, in such kind of reinsurance, the assent of the original policyholder is essential. "The original insurer will be released only when the insured agrees with the insurer and reinsurer that he will accept the reinsurer." 3 Yu Hun & Co. has not agreed.
It is clearly improper to construe the second part of section 202-C as permitting the foreign insurer — without the consent of the insured — to transfer to another insurer his accrued liabilities under a policy, because it is fundamental in our civil laws 4 that the debtor (insurer) may not have himself substituted by another without the consent of the creditor (the policyholder). 5
In addition to the foregoing considerations, Republic Act No. 447 should not be so interpreted as to permit foreign insurers to escape the results of pending actions against them by withdrawing from the Philippines with all the securities they have deposited, provided they get the sanction of the Commissioner. That would be giving the Commissioner discretion to frustrate orders of courts in litigations against foreign insurers and to liberate the latter from claims of local policyholders, whose interest it is his principal duty to protect, and for whose benefit he is given such broad powers of supervision over insurance companies as are seldom conferred upon parallel administrative agencies. And although this court has refused to heed pleas for preference of resident policyholders in litigations against foreign insurers, 6 it is not disposed to permit any foreign insurer to evade or frustrate efforts to collect from them in our courts.
The explanatory note of House Bill No. 165 which was enacted into Republic Act No. 447 is clear.
"Furthermore, in the event that claims would be taken to court, altho our courts have jurisdiction over said claims, Philippine policyholders would be greatly inconvenienced in the execution of a favorable judgment. It is then not unlikely that the intervention of our Government, thru our diplomatic representatives abroad, would have to be sought to enforce judgments of our courts against such insurance company as might have withdrawn from this country.
Under this bill, however, a foreign insurance company operating in the Philippines will not be allowed to withdraw from this country until after it shall have discharged its liabilities to policyholders and creditors in the Philippines." (Emphasis ours.)
Undesirable consequences flowing from the Commissioner’s attitude are not far to seek. If Yu Hun & Co. obtains judgment against one of petitioners, say the Scottish Union and National Insurance Co., it may not obtain execution directly against the substitute Commercial Union Ass. Co., as the latter is not a party to the litigation. If that substitute refuses to pay, 7 Yu Hun & Co., has to sue again. Pending the suit, the substitute may transfer its liability to another foreign insurer, and let Yu Hun & Co., afterwards implead such second substitute, only to be foiled by another "reinsurance", and so on, ad infinitum. And the insurance commissioner may not stop such substitutions and withdrawals of foreign insurers, if his view on reinsuring "liabilities" is upheld.
Another possibility. Five or more foreign insurers, sued in our courts upon policies aggregating half a million pesos decide to withdraw, by "reinsuring" all their liabilities with another foreign insurer. When judgment is obtained against all, execution against the substitute may only be levied on the securities it has deposited here the maximum amount of which is P250,000 only. Under the view of the Commissioner, such "reinsuring" (without the consent of policyholders) could be done with disastrous effects upon resident policyholders. Of course we know that such lone "reinsurer" has or may have other assets in its home office. But shall we require — contrary to the purposes of Republic Act 447 — our residents to pursue their remedy outside of the Philippines?
If it be argued that the Commissioner in that case would not permit "reinsuring" by five or more foreign insurers with one insurer only, the reply is that Republic Act No. 447 does not empower such officer to select the "reinsurer."cralaw virtua1aw library
The motion for reconsideration will be denied.
Let a copy of this resolution be furnished the Insurance Commissioner, and the Honorable, the Secretary of Finance. So ordered.
, Pablo, Padilla, Montemayor, Jugo, Bautista Angelo and Labrador, JJ.
1. Gamay v. Gutierrez David, 48 Phil. 768.
2. Mapua v. Gutierrez David, 43 Off. Gaz. 2039.
1. He is practically testifying as witness for petitioners without Yu Hun & Co., having an opportunity to cross-examine him.
2. Section 179 Insurance Act.
2a. No definition of "primary" liability in Insurance Act. Since "primary" equals "original" the word probably refers to original insurance (Sec. 88) — not reinsurance. It may also mean insurance which is specific - not general. (Consolidated Shippers Inc., v. Pacific Employers Ins., Co. Et. Al., 112 Pac. Rep. 2d 673; New Amsterdam Casualty Co., v. Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co., 18 Fed. Supp. 707.) Whether one or the other, it makes no difference in this connection.
3. Supposing as we said, the interpretation given by the Commissioner to "primary liabilities" is correct.
3a. Weil v. Fed. Life Ins. 264 Ill. 425, 106 N. E. 246 Vance on Insurance 2d ed. p. 950.
4. And a majority of the legislators who introduced the bill that became Republic Act No. 447 were lawyers.
5. Article 1205 Civil Code; article 1293 New Civil Code. Unconstitutional impairment of obligations of contracts might even be asserted.
6. Constantino v. Asia Life, 47 Off. Gaz., Suppl. 12 p. 428.
7. It might allege that although it had assumed "all the liabilities" of the Scottish Union, Yu Hun’s claim was not one of them.
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Student profile: Niamh
Niamh is studying on the Human Geography Pathway with the ESRC Midlands Graduate School. Read more about her experiences of studying at Leicester below.
Rural gentrification and transformations in the rural real estate complex.
Where did you study for your undergraduate/masters?
I studied at Loughborough University for both my BSc (Geography) and MSc (International Financial and Political Relations).
Why have you chosen Leicester for your PhD?
The University of Leicester is widely recognised for its research culture especially in the department of geography. This reputation for high quality research combined with the fact that this studentship is joined with Loughborough University, which from my own personal experience is an excellent department for academic research, were the main reasons for my decision.
Why have you chosen the Midlands Graduate School?
I have chosen the Midlands Graduate School as it provided a unique opportunity to be a part of a cohort of PhD students across a number of universities. Also, the fact that my PhD is a joint studentship with two universities within the Midlands Graduate School created the opportunity to work with both Martin Phillips and Darren Smith within this field of research. This is a unique opportunity primarily because of their extensive knowledge of the subject area and the fact that they are both leading researchers in this field.
Why did you decide to do a PhD?
Following my undergraduate and subsequent postgraduate studies I decided I would like to continue my academic career by undertaking a PhD. This was because a PhD will enable me to extend my theoretical and conceptual understanding of geographical phenomena as well as providing me with the means to further develop my geographical knowledge and also my career in higher education.
How did you find out about Leicester/MGS?
I found out about this fellowship through my lecturers at Loughborough University, who highlighted that the university was a part of this Midlands Graduate School. Also, researching the subject of rural gentrification led me to discover that a key figure, Martin Phillips, was a member of the geography department at the University of Leicester.
What do you think will be most enjoyable about your PhD?
I think that the most enjoyable aspect of my PhD will be the opportunity to contribute a new piece of research to the academic community. Also, the dedication of the three years to a specific area of research and also the opportunity to travel and collect data is another aspect of the PhD which I am looking forward to.
What do you think will be most challenging about your PhD?
I think that time management will be a challenging aspect of my PhD, in terms of knowing when to take a break and switch off from research, knowing that it is ok to take time away from my studies.
Do you have any plans for after your PhD?
I would like to continue my research into this field and I would also like to gain a lecturing position at a university.
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Whatever profession you’re in, you will have to learn, one way or another, how to understand pictures. The medical field is very dependent on diagrams and images, too. You’ll need to possess this ability to become more communicative with patients, especially since many diagnostic examinations are image-dependent.
When you take anatomy and physiology class, you’ll have to study various images and diagrams. You’ll also have to master how to interpret them, especially those concerning cells, bones, muscles, and other body parts. You become more effective in doing your job as a healthcare professional with this kind of mastery.
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In Puffball Panic, students help the friendly dust bunnies add to their sock collection while avoiding obstacles. They are introduced to conditional loops that they use to repeat tasks until a condition is satisfied. They detect patterns and apply nested loops to reach a goal. They play in a physics-enabled sandbox where wacky interactions ensue!Do you have information on this course? Suggest an edit
Tynker is the #1 Kids Coding Platform, where millions learn to code. Tynker offers self-paced online courses for children to learn coding at home, as well as specially designed curriculum for schools and camps.
No reviews were returned. Would you like to write one? 😊
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As the COP26 summit kicks off, members of a new group, called Net Zero Watch (NZW), have been featuring on GB News and TalkRadio, decrying what they say is ‘climate hysteria’.
As the COP26 summit kicks off, members of a new group, called Net Zero Watch (NZW), have been featuring on GB News and TalkRadio, challenging the summit and decrying what they say is ‘climate hysteria’.
NZW says it exists to “highlight the serious economic and societal implications of expensive and poorly considered climate and energy policies” and has sought to cultivate public anxiety over who will pay for the government’s plans to reach net-zero by 2050.
So who exactly are NZW, what do they believe in and what are their aims and motivations?
We might be able to get a better idea if we look at where NZW emerged from. The twitter handle of the Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF), a group that has rejected mainstream climate science for over a decade, was replaced last month by Net Zero Watch. The former Global Warming Policy Forum URL now re-directs to the Net Zero Watch website.
The GWPF was founded in November 2009 and was headquartered at Tufton Street in London, a Westminster building home to a network of organisations, including pro-Brexit thinktanks and lobby groups. Among NZW’s board members is Lord Nigel Lawson, founder of the Global Warming Policy Foundation and Benny Peiser, director of the GWPF.
If the link between the GWPF and NZW wasn’t clear enough, it’s also worth pointing out that the NZW website also hosts GWPF’s seven demands, which include calls to scrap a range of net zero emissions policies, and the removal of “fiscal and other disincentives to oil and gas exploration”.
Why should we be concerned?
The group’s rebranding signals that having realized that they’ve been unable to convince people that climate change isn’t real, they’ve now shifted focus towards how fast to cut emissions and who will pay for it, which they hope will be the next ‘polarizing issue’.
NZW already has the support of influential Tory MP Steve Baker and is seeking to whip up fears and anxieties over the cost of net zero. Their argument, as Will Dunn wrote recently in the New Statesman, seems to be that “hard-working voters shouldn’t have to pay through the nose to avert catastrophe, as if the catastrophe itself were a cheaper option.” They’ve already been mobilizing opposition to what commitments the government can make at COP26.
As Brexit showed, groups and ideas that some may initially consider to be crazy outliers can go a long way when championed by just a few powerful people with the right connections and access to funds.
As some of the country’s most powerful think tanks run a coordinated campaign behind the scenes against net zero, we should all guard against the attempts by some to tap into populist anxiety and to rebrand their climate denialism in a bid to make it more palatable.
Net Zero Watch have been approached for comment
Basit Mahmood is editor of Left Foot Forward
As you’re here, we have something to ask you. What we do here to deliver real news is more important than ever. But there’s a problem: we need readers like you to chip in to help us survive. We deliver progressive, independent media, that challenges the right’s hateful rhetoric. Together we can find the stories that get lost.
We’re not bankrolled by billionaire donors, but rely on readers chipping in whatever they can afford to protect our independence. What we do isn’t free, and we run on a shoestring. Can you help by chipping in as little as £1 a week to help us survive? Whatever you can donate, we’re so grateful - and we will ensure your money goes as far as possible to deliver hard-hitting news.
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Splish Splash, It’s Time for a Bath!
For most dogs, “bath time” is a dirty word. More than likely, your pal even knows how to spell it. And he can probably also second guess your game of charades as you creep silently around the house, stealthily retrieving a towel from the closet and grabbing his special bottles of shampoo and detangling conditioner.
A bath needn’t be an ordeal. It doesn’t take much to turn it into a nice quality time experience for both of you. In fact, with the enormous variety of aromatherapy and organic dog products available, you can turn bath time into a doggy spa experience.
Start by making a special canine aromatherapy candle part of your bath ritual. Light it in advance and place it in the bathroom so that its calmative effect fills the room. You can now find candles designed specifically to remove that wet dog smell that tends to linger long after the dog has gone.
Slipping and Sliding
One of the main reasons your pal may resist the tub is that he probably doesn’t feel secure slipping and sliding on the wet surface of the bath or shower floor. If you put down some rubber mats, he will instantly feel more comfortable. There are now various portable dog baths that can be used both in your tub or outside on the lawn. If you decide to go this route, make sure you purchase a tub with a stopper to let the water out.
Never let your pal jump in to the bath by himself. If you have a large dog, enlist help to place him in the tub and continue playing with him before getting down to the main event. It’s a good idea to get some special extra squeaky bath time toys such as a rubber duck or a koi fish to distract him while you get going with the water and shampoo.
Head to Toes
Dog shampoos are categorized by skin types or relevant skin conditions, such as dry flaky skin or hot spots, rather than by hair type and texture. Never use human “tearless” or “baby” shampoos on your pal, as a dog’s skin has a different Ph factor that is different from yours.
After wetting the coat, begin shampooing at the neck and work your way down his body. Use a sponge to work up a nice lather. He will enjoy the massaging motion too. Don’t forget under his tail and between his toes. One shampoo should be enough unless his coat is very dirty.
Many owners are reluctant to wash their dog’s face for fear of getting shampoo in their pet’s eyes. Instead, use special facial products such as a blueberry facial cleanser designed for these sensitive areas. Don’t forget to put balls of cotton in his ears to stop excess water from getting in, but remember to remove them afterwards too! Your pal won’t mind if you use a soft damp face cloth to wipe his nose and inside his ears.
It’s a good idea to rinse everything off his face before proceeding to the rest of his body. If you are applying a moisturizing conditioner or detangler, once again begin at the neck and work it down to the tail. A wide-toothed rubber brush is a great way to move the conditioner efficiently through your dog’s hair. And remember to keep rinsing until he is squeaky clean. Any remaining products could cause his skin to itch afterwards.
The Best Bath Time Accessory
Probably one of your best bath time investments is a doggy bathrobe. They come in all sizes from Chihuahua to Great Dane. Basically the design is nothing more than a body-shaped towel with a belt. By placing it on your pup and tying it securely in place while he is still standing in the tub, you will automatically stop him from shaking water all over the place.
Because of the noise factor, hairdryers, like vacuum cleaners, probably rank high on your dog’s hate list. Most people dryers are far too hot and will burn your pet’s skin even on the lowest heat setting. Consider investing in a special low noise pet dryer. Depending on the size of your dog, you can get one with a stand or with a clip that attaches to a counter. This way, you will have both hands free to brush out his coat and get him dry quickly.
It’s a good idea to bathe your dog once a month. Consider a weekly bath if your pal has a very active outdoor lifestyle.
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Legends Airways, We've Been Places.
Legends Airways, LLC is a Part-135 Air Carrier, that operates across the domestic 48 states, Canada, Mexico, & Caribbean. We operate a fleet of cargo Saab 340B+'s, backed by a team of experienced crew members, management, and maintenance personnel. With over 150 years of combined airline operational experience, we are ready to meet and exceed your expectations.
There is a reason our motto is: Any Mission, Anytime, Anywhere!
As an international Part-135 Air Carrier, with a leadership team comrpised of over 150 years of experince, we are ready to service your requirements. From last minute expedited freight to cross country operations, our twenty-four hour department of pilots, mechanics, and flight followers are ready to meet your needs... Any Mission, Anytime, Anywhere.
To receive a quote for your next trip, please fill out the form at the bottom of the page, and one of our Trip Planning Specialist will contact you within 24 hours.
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