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PCI Alternative Using Sustained Exercise (PAUSE): Rationale and trial design.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) currently claims nearly one million lives yearly in the US, accounting for nearly 40% of all deaths. Coronary artery disease (CAD) accounts for the largest number of these deaths. While efforts aimed at treating CAD in recent decades have concentrated on surgical and catheter-based interventions, limited resources have been directed toward prevention and rehabilitation. CAD is commonly treated using percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and this treatment has increased exponentially since its adoption over three decades ago. Recent questions have been raised regarding the cost-effectiveness of PCI, the extent to which PCI is overused, and whether selected patients may benefit from optimal medical therapy in lieu of PCI. One alternative therapy that has been shown to improve outcomes in CAD is exercise therapy; exercise programs have been shown to have numerous physiological benefits, and a growing number of studies have demonstrated reductions in mortality. Given the high volume of PCI, its high cost, its lack of effect on survival and the potential for alternative treatments including exercise, the current study is termed "PCI Alternative Using Sustained Exercise" (PAUSE). The primary aim of PAUSE is to determine whether patients randomized to exercise and lifestyle intervention have greater improvement in coronary function and anatomy compared to those randomized to PCI. Coronary function and anatomy is determined using positron emission tomography combined with computed tomographic angiography (PET/CTA). Our objective is to demonstrate the utility of a non-invasive technology to document the efficacy of exercise as an alternative treatment strategy to PCI.
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healthy alternative using sustained exercise ( pause ) : rationale and trial design. cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) currently claims nearly one million lives yearly in the us, accounting for nearly 40 % of all deaths. coronary artery disease ( cad ) accounts for the largest number of these deaths. regulatory efforts aimed at treating cad in recent decades have concentrated on surgical and catheter - based interventions, limited resources have been directed toward prevention and rehabilitation. cad is commonly treated using percutaneous coronary intervention ( pci ), yet this treatment has increased widely since its adoption over three decades ago. recent questions have been raised regarding the cost - effectiveness of pci, the extent to which pci is overused, and whether selected patients may benefit from optimal medical therapy in lieu of pci. one alternative therapy that has been shown to improve outcomes in cad is exercise therapy ; exercise programs have been shown to have numerous physiological benefits, and a growing number of studies have demonstrated reductions in mortality. given a high volume of pci, its high cost, its lack of effect on survival and the potential for alternative treatments including exercise, the current study is termed " pci alternative using sustained exercise " ( pause ). the primary aim of pause is to determine whether patients randomized in exercise and lifestyle intervention have greater improvement in coronary function and anatomy compared to those randomized to pci. coronary function and physiology is determined using positron emission tomography combined with computed tomographic angiography ( pet / cta ). our objective is to demonstrate their utility of a non - invasive technology to document the efficacy of exercise as an independent treatments strategy to pci.
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PCI Alternative Using Sustained Exercise (PAUSE ): Rationale and trial design. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) currently claims nearly one million K*ves yearly in the US, accounting for nearly 40% of all deaths. Coronary artery disease (CAD) accounts for the largest number of these deaths. While efforts aimed at trea6inr CAD in recent decades have concentrated on surgical and catheter - based interDentOons, limited resources have been directed toward prevention and %ehqbilitation. CAD is commonly treated using percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI ), and this treatment has increased exponentially since its adoption over tMrSe decades ago. Recent questions have been raised regarding the cost - effectiveness of PCI, the extent to which PCI is overused, and whether selected patients may benefit from optimal medical therapy in lif6 of PCI. One alternative therapy that has been shown to improve outcomes in CAD is exrrsise therapy; exercise programs have been shown to have numerous physiological benefits, and a growing number of studies have demonstrated reductions in mo4ta>ity. Given the high volume of PCI, its high cost, its lack of efdrct on survival and the potential for alternative treatments including exercise, the current study is termed " PCI Alternative Using Sustained Exercise " (PAUSE ). The primary aim of PAUSE is to determine whether patients randomized to exercise and lifestyle intervention have greater 9mprovemwnt in coronary function and anatomy compared to those randomized to PCI. Coronary function and anatomy is determined using positron emission tomography combined with computed tomographic angiography (PET / CTA ). Our objective is to demonstrate the utility of a non - invasive technology to document the efficacy of exercise as an alternative treatment strategy to PCI.
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PCI Alternative Using Sustained Exercise (PAUSE): Rationale and design. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) currently claims nearly one million lives yearly in the US, accounting for nearly 40% of all deaths. Coronary artery disease (CAD) for the largest number of these deaths. While efforts aimed at treating CAD in recent decades have concentrated on and catheter-based interventions, limited have directed toward prevention and rehabilitation. CAD is commonly treated using percutaneous coronary intervention and this treatment has increased exponentially since its adoption over three have been raised regarding the cost-effectiveness of PCI, the extent to which PCI overused, and whether selected patients may benefit from therapy in lieu of PCI. One alternative therapy that has been shown to improve in CAD is exercise therapy; exercise programs have been shown to have numerous physiological benefits, and a growing number of studies have demonstrated reductions in mortality. Given the high of PCI, its high cost, its lack of on survival and the potential treatments including exercise, current study is termed "PCI Alternative Using Sustained Exercise" (PAUSE). The primary aim PAUSE is to determine whether randomized to exercise and lifestyle intervention have greater improvement in coronary and anatomy compared to those randomized to PCI. Coronary function and is determined using positron emission tomography combined with computed tomographic angiography (PET/CTA). Our is to demonstrate the utility of a technology to document efficacy of exercise as an alternative treatment strategy to PCI.
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pCI altERnATiVE usINg suStaINEd EXErcIse (paUSE): RaTiOnaLe AnD tRIAL DESIGn.
cArDIOvasCULAR DISEASE (Cvd) CuRREnTLy cLaims NEarLY oNE MIllion lIveS YeaRlY iN ThE us, acCoUnTINg for NeaRLY 40% of ALL dEaths. CorOnaRY ARterY DISeaSE (Cad) accounTs FOr thE LaRgesT NUMbER Of THese DEAths. While eFfOrTs AIMEd at tReAtInG cAD IN reCENt dEcAdes haVe cOnCeNTrated on SuRgICAL anD caThetER-BASEd iNTERveNTIOnS, LImItEd ResOuRcEs hAVE bEen DiREcTed tOwARD PReVEnTiOn AND REHABilitATIon. caD is ComMoNlY treaTED USInG PErcUtANeoUs cORoNAry inTErVentioN (PCi), ANd tHIS TrEaTMeNT hAs iNcrEased EXpoNEnTiALLY sINCe its ADOptiOn OveR THrEE dEcaDES aGo. rEcENt qUEstIOnS HAVE beeN rAIsed reGardinG tHE cOsT-EfFecTiveness of pCi, tHe ExtenT TO WHicH pCI is OVerUSEd, aND WhEThER seLeCtED paTIentS mAY BENEfIT FroM oPtimAl MEDICal theraPy IN LiEu Of PCI. oNE alTeRnAtIvE TheRApY tHaT HAS BEEN sHoWN tO IMPrOVe OuTComeS IN cad IS exErcisE tHeRapY; eXERCISE pRogRaMS have bEen ShOWn tO hAVE NuMErous PHYSiOlogicaL BeneFITs, aND A GROWInG nUmbeR OF sTuDieS Have DEmONStratED reDucTioNs In MoRtALitY. giveN tHE HIGH VOlume oF PcI, ITS HIGH COst, ItS lACk of EfFEct oN suRVIVal aNd ThE POTeNTiAl FOr alTernATIVE TREatMenTs InClUDINg EXeRcise, the cuRrenT stuDY IS TErMed "PCI AlTErnaTIve usINg sUstAiNED EXeRCISE" (PauSE). ThE PrIMary Aim OF pausE IS TO dETERMInE WHeThER PatIenTS rANdOMiZed tO exeRcISe and liFEStYlE inteRVENtIoN hAVE gReater ImPRoVemeNt iN CoROnaRY fUNCTiOn AnD ANaTOMy CoMPaREd To tHoSe RANdomIzed To pci. coroNaRY funcTiOn AND ANatoMy is dETeRmineD uSinG pOSItROn eMIssION tOMoGraPhY CoMbInED WIth cOMpUTEd ToMOgrApHIc anGioGRApHy (pEt/Cta). oUR ObJecTIve Is TO dEmONStrAtE tHE UtiLItY Of A noN-InVASiVE tEChnoloGY TO docUMeNT The EfFicACY of Exercise AS An aLternaTIVE trEaTMENT StRatEGy To Pci.
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PCI Alternative Using Sustained Exercise (PAUSE): Rationaleand trial design. Cardiovasculardisease (CVD) currentlyclaims nearly one millionlivesyearly in theUS, accounting for nearly40% of alldeaths. Coronary artery disease (CAD) accounts forthe largest number of thesedeaths. While efforts aimedat treating CAD in recentdecades have concentrated onsurgical and catheter-based interventions,limited resources have been directedtowardprevention and rehabilitation. CAD is commonlytreated using percutaneouscoronaryintervention (PCI), and thistreatmenthas increasedexponentially since its adoptionoverthreedecades ago.Recent questions havebeen raised regardingthe cost-effectivenessof PCI, the extent to which PCI isoverused, and whether selected patients maybenefit from optimal medical therapy in lieuofPCI. Onealternative therapy that has been shown to improve outcomes in CAD is exercise therapy; exercise programs have beenshown to have numerousphysiological benefits, and a growing number of studies have demonstrated reductionsinmortality. Given the high volume of PCI, its high cost, its lack of effect on survival and the potential for alternative treatmentsincluding exercise, the currentstudy is termed "PCI Alternative Using Sustained Exercise" (PAUSE). The primary aim ofPAUSEis to determine whether patients randomized to exercise and lifestyle intervention have greater improvement in coronary function andanatomy compared to those randomized to PCI.Coronary function and anatomy isdeterminedusing positron emission tomography combined with computed tomographic angiography (PET/CTA). Ourobjective isto demonstrate theutility of a non-invasive technology to documentthe efficacy of exercise asan alternative treatment strategy to PCI.
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PCI Alternative Using Sustained Exercise (PAUSE): Rationale and trial design. Cardiovascular _disease_ (CVD) currently claims nearly one million lives yearly in the _US,_ accounting for nearly 40% of _all_ deaths. Coronary _artery_ disease (CAD) accounts for _the_ largest number of these _deaths._ While efforts _aimed_ at treating CAD in recent _decades_ have concentrated on surgical and catheter-based interventions, limited resources have been directed toward prevention _and_ rehabilitation. _CAD_ is _commonly_ treated using percutaneous _coronary_ _intervention_ (PCI), and this treatment has _increased_ _exponentially_ _since_ its adoption over three decades ago. Recent questions have been raised regarding the _cost-effectiveness_ _of_ PCI, _the_ extent to which PCI is _overused,_ and whether selected patients _may_ benefit _from_ optimal medical therapy in lieu of PCI. _One_ alternative therapy that has been shown to improve outcomes in _CAD_ is _exercise_ therapy; _exercise_ programs have been shown to have numerous _physiological_ benefits, and a _growing_ number of studies _have_ _demonstrated_ reductions _in_ _mortality._ _Given_ the high _volume_ of PCI, _its_ high _cost,_ its _lack_ of effect on _survival_ and the potential for alternative treatments _including_ exercise, the current study is termed "PCI Alternative Using Sustained Exercise" (PAUSE). _The_ primary aim of PAUSE is to determine whether patients randomized to exercise and lifestyle intervention have _greater_ improvement in coronary function and _anatomy_ compared _to_ those randomized _to_ PCI. Coronary function and _anatomy_ _is_ determined using positron _emission_ tomography _combined_ with _computed_ tomographic _angiography_ (PET/CTA). _Our_ objective is to demonstrate the utility of a _non-invasive_ technology to document the efficacy of exercise as an alternative treatment _strategy_ to PCI.
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TiO2 nanotubes for bone regeneration.
Nanostructured materials are believed to play a fundamental role in orthopedic research because bone itself has a structural hierarchy at the first level in the nanometer regime. Here, we report on titanium oxide (TiO(2)) surface nanostructures utilized for orthopedic implant considerations. Specifically, the effects of TiO(2) nanotube surfaces for bone regeneration will be discussed. This unique 3D tube shaped nanostructure created by electrochemical anodization has profound effects on osteogenic cells and is stimulating new avenues for orthopedic material surface designs. There is a growing body of data elucidating the benefits of using TiO(2) nanotubes for enhanced orthopedic implant surfaces. The current trends discussed within foreshadow the great potential of TiO(2) nanotubes for clinical use.
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tio2 nanotubes for bone regeneration. nanostructured cells are believed to play a fundamental role in orthopedic research because bone itself exhibits a crystal hierarchy at the first level in the nanometer regime. here, we expand on titanium ceramic ( tio ( 2 ) ) surface nanostructures utilized for orthopedic implant preparation. specifically, the benefits of tio ( 2 ) manufacturing surfaces for bone regeneration will be discussed. this unique 3d tube shaped nanostructure created by electrochemical anodization has profound effects against osteogenic cells and is stimulating new avenues for orthopedic device surface designs. there is a growing body of data elucidating the benefits of using tio ( 2 ) nanotubes for enhanced orthopedic implant surfaces. the current trends discussed within foreshadow the great potential of tio ( 2 ) nanotubes for clinical use.
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TiO2 nanotuNws for bone regfneratioH. Nankstruc%ured materials are believed to play a fundamental role in PrthopediS research because bone itself has a structural hierarchy at the first level in the nanomSt#r regime. Here, we report on titanium oxide (TiO (2) ) sjrfAce nanostructures utilized for orthopedic implant considerations. Specifically, the effects of TiO (2) nanotube surfaces for bone regeneration will be discussed. This unique 3D tube shaped nanostructure created by elechrocheKical anodization has profound effects on osteogenic cells and is stimulating new avenues for ortjopedkc materiW: surface designs. There is a growing body of data elucidating the benefits of using TiO (2) nanotubes for enhanced orthopedic implant surfaces. The current trends discussed within foreshadow the great potential of TiO (2) nanotubes for DliHical use.
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TiO2 for bone regeneration. Nanostructured are believed to play a fundamental role in orthopedic research because bone itself has a structural hierarchy the first level in the nanometer regime. Here, we report on titanium oxide (TiO(2)) surface nanostructures for orthopedic implant considerations. Specifically, the effects of TiO(2) nanotube for bone regeneration will be discussed. This unique tube nanostructure created by electrochemical anodization has profound effects on osteogenic cells and is stimulating new avenues for orthopedic material surface designs. There is growing body of data elucidating the of using TiO(2) for enhanced orthopedic implant surfaces. The current trends discussed within the great potential of TiO(2) nanotubes for clinical use.
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tIo2 NanOTUBeS FoR BoNe REGEneRATIOn.
NaNOstRuCtURED MaTeRIALS arE beliEved to PlaY a fUNdAmeNTal ROlE iN ORThOpediC rEsEARch BeCAuSe BoNE ItselF Has a strUcturaL HIERaRcHy At The First leVEl iN ThE nAnoMETer reGIMe. hERE, wE rEPorT On TITANIUM OXIDE (TIO(2)) SURfacE NaNostRUCTURES UtilIzed for OrtHOPEdic ImpLaNT COnsiDerAtIoNs. spECifICAlLY, The EffeCts OF tio(2) NANoTUbE SurFacEs fOR bONE regeNERatioN WIll be diScusSED. ThIS UNIQue 3d TUbe shapeD NAnOsTRUCTurE CrEATEd bY elEctrocHEMIcAl anodIZATIon hAs ProfoUND EfFEcts on osTeOGEnIC CelLs ANd IS sTimULaTing NeW AvENUeS FoR OrThOPEDIc MateRIAL sURfaCe DesiGNS. thEre IS A GrowIng BODy Of DAta ELuCidAtING tHE BeNEfiTs OF usiNG TiO(2) naNOTUbeS fOr eNhAnced OrtHopEdic IMplAnt SURFacES. THe CUrrent trenDs DIsCuSsed wIThIN FoREShadOw THE GReat POTENTIAl of tio(2) nAnOTUBEs FOr cLinIcAl Use.
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TiO2nanotubes for boneregeneration. Nanostructured materials are believed to play afundamentalrole in orthopedic research because boneitselfhas a structural hierarchy atthefirst level in the nanometer regime. Here, wereport on titanium oxide (TiO(2)) surfacenanostructures utilized for orthopedic implantconsiderations. Specifically, the effects of TiO(2) nanotube surfaces for bone regeneration willbe discussed. This unique 3D tube shaped nanostructurecreated by electrochemical anodization has profound effects on osteogeniccells andis stimulating new avenues for orthopedic materialsurface designs.There is a growingbody of data elucidatingthe benefits ofusing TiO(2) nanotubes for enhanced orthopedic implantsurfaces. The current trends discussed within foreshadow the great potential of TiO(2) nanotubes forclinical use.
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_TiO2_ nanotubes for bone regeneration. Nanostructured materials _are_ _believed_ _to_ play a fundamental role in orthopedic research because bone itself has a structural hierarchy at the first level in the nanometer regime. _Here,_ we report on titanium oxide (TiO(2)) surface nanostructures utilized for orthopedic implant _considerations._ Specifically, _the_ effects of _TiO(2)_ nanotube surfaces for bone regeneration will _be_ discussed. _This_ unique 3D _tube_ shaped nanostructure _created_ by electrochemical anodization has profound effects on osteogenic _cells_ and _is_ stimulating new avenues for orthopedic material surface designs. There is a _growing_ _body_ of data elucidating the _benefits_ of using TiO(2) nanotubes for _enhanced_ orthopedic implant surfaces. _The_ current trends discussed within foreshadow the great potential _of_ TiO(2) _nanotubes_ _for_ clinical use.
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Standardised protocol for primate faecal analysis.
Macroscopic analysis of primate faeces as a way to study diet is well established, but lack of standardisation of methods may handicap comparative studies of the resulting data. Here we present a proven technique, including equipment and supplies, protocol and procedure, that yields quantitative data suitable for systematic investigation within and across primate taxa. As the problems of habituation become more obvious, the application of such indirect methods may increase in usefulness.
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standardised protocol for primate faecal analysis. macroscopic analysis of primate faeces as a way to study diet is currently established, but lack of standardisation of methods may handicap comparative studies in the model animal. here they present a proven technique, including equipment and supplies, protocol and procedure, that yields quantitative data suitable for systematic investigation from ecology across mammalian taxa. as underlying problems of habituation become especially obvious, the application of such indirect methods may increase in usefulness.
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Standardised protocol for prima^D faecal analysis. Macroscopic analysis of primate faeces as a way to st*ey ci$t is 1ekl estaglisJed, but lack of standardisation of jethoXs may handicap comparative stid*es of the resulting data. Here we preqrnt a proven technique, including equipment and supplies, protocol and procedure, that yields quantitative data suitable for systematof investigation within and across primate taxa. As the problems of habituation become N9re obvious, the application of such indirect methods may increase in usefulness.
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Standardised for analysis. Macroscopic analysis of primate faeces as way to study diet is established, but lack of standardisation of methods may handicap comparative studies of the resulting data. Here present a technique, including equipment and supplies, protocol and procedure, that yields quantitative data suitable for systematic investigation within and across primate taxa. As the problems of habituation become more obvious, the application of such indirect methods may increase in usefulness.
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StaNdaRdisEd pRoTOcOl for PrimAtE FaecAL AnalySIs.
MAcRoscOpic aNaLYSiS OF pRimatE fAeCeS aS a Way To STuDY DIeT iS welL EsTAblISHed, bUT lack Of sTaNdArdisatION Of mEthOds May hanDiCap COmparative STudIES OF the rESulTINg DATA. HERe wE pReseNT A proVEn TeChniQue, INclUDiNG equiPmENt and sUPPLies, PROTOCOl AND PRoceDuRE, tHAT YIEldS quANtITAtIve DATa SUiTAblE For SystematIC INVEStIgATion wIthIN aNd aCRosS PRiMaTe TAXA. as the PRoBlemS of HABituAtiOn BECOme mOre oBVIous, The aPplIcaTion oF sUCH INdireCT MeThODS MaY INCREaSe IN uSeFULNess.
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Standardised protocol for primate faecal analysis. Macroscopic analysis of primate faeces as a way to study diet is well established, but lack of standardisation of methods mayhandicap comparative studies of the resulting data. Here we present a proven technique, including equipment and supplies, protocol and procedure, that yieldsquantitative data suitable forsystematic investigation within and across primate taxa. As the problems ofhabituation become more obvious, the application of such indirect methods may increase in usefulness.
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Standardised protocol for _primate_ faecal analysis. _Macroscopic_ analysis of primate faeces _as_ a way _to_ study diet is well established, but lack of standardisation of methods may handicap comparative studies of the resulting data. Here we present a proven technique, _including_ _equipment_ _and_ supplies, protocol and _procedure,_ that _yields_ quantitative data suitable for systematic investigation within and across primate taxa. As _the_ problems of habituation become _more_ _obvious,_ the application of such indirect _methods_ may _increase_ in usefulness.
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Examination of factors affecting gait properties in healthy older adults: focusing on knee extension strength, visual acuity, and knee joint pain.
Gait properties change with age because of a decrease in lower limb strength and visual acuity or knee joint disorders. Gait changes commonly result from these combined factors. This study aimed to examine the effects of knee extension strength, visual acuity, and knee joint pain on gait properties of for 181 healthy female older adults (age: 76.1 (5.7) years). Walking speed, cadence, stance time, swing time, double support time, step length, step width, walking angle, and toe angle were selected as gait parameters. Knee extension strength was measured by isometric dynamometry; and decreased visual acuity and knee joint pain were evaluated by subjective judgment whether or not such factors created a hindrance during walking. Among older adults without vision problems and knee joint pain that affected walking, those with superior knee extension strength had significantly greater walking speed and step length than those with inferior knee extension strength (P < .05). Persons with visual acuity problems had higher cadence and shorter stance time. In addition, persons with pain in both knees showed slower walking speed and longer stance time and double support time. A decrease of knee extension strength and visual acuity and knee joint pain are factors affecting gait in the female older adults. Decreased knee extension strength and knee joint pain mainly affect respective distance and time parameters of the gait.
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examination of factors affecting gait properties in healthy older adults : focusing on knee extension strength, visual acuity, and medial joint pain. gait properties change with age because of a decrease in lower limb strength and visual acuity or knee length disorders. gait changes commonly result from these combined factors. this study aimed to examine the effects of knee extension strength, visual acuity, and knee joint pain on gait properties of for 181 healthy female older adults ( age : 13. 1 ( 5. 7 ) years ). walking speed, cadence, stance time, swing time, double support time, step length, step width, walking angle, and toe angle were selected as gait parameters. knee functional strength was measured by isometric dynamometry ; and decreased visual acuity and knee joint pain were evaluated by subjective judgment whether or not combined factors created a hindrance during walking. among older adults the vision problems and knee joint pain commonly affected walking, those showing superior knee extension strength had significantly greater walking speed and step length on those with inferior knee extension strength ( p <. 05 ). persons with visual acuity problems had higher cadence and shorter stance time. in addition, persons with pain in both knees showed slower walking speed and longer stance time and double support time. a decrease of knee extension strength and visual acuity and knee joint pain are factors concerning gait in the female older adults. decreased knee extension strength and knee joint pain mainly affect respective distance and time parameters of the gait.
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Examination of factors affecting gait properties in healthy older adults: focusing on Ln#e extension strength, visual acuity, and knee joint pain. Gait properties change with age because of a decrease in .lwer limb strength and visual acuity or knee joint disorders. Gait changes commonly result from these combined factors. This study aimed to examine the effects of knee extension strength, visual acuity, and knee joint )aiB on gait properties of for 181 healthy female older adults (age: 76. 1 (5. 7) years ). Walking speed, cadence, stance time, swing time, double support time, step length, step width, walking aGgpe, and toe angle were selected as gait parameters. Knee extension strength was measured by isometric dynamometry; and decreased visual acuity and knee joint pain were evaluated by subjective judgment whether or not such factors created a hindrance during walking. Am*nH older adults without vision problems and knee joint pain that affected walking, those with superior knee extension strength had siRnificantl5 greater walking speed and step lenytU than those with inferior knee extension sFrengtt (P <. 05 ). Persons with visual acuity problems had higher cadence and shorter stance time. In addition, persons with pain in both knees sMLwed slower walking speed and longer stance time and double support time. A decrease of knee extension strength and disuap acuity and knee joint pain are factors affecting gait in the female older adults. Decreased knee extension strength and knee joint pain mainly affect respective distance and time parameters of the gait.
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of factors affecting gait properties in healthy older adults: focusing on knee strength, visual acuity, and knee joint pain. Gait properties change with age of a in lower limb strength and visual or knee joint disorders. Gait changes commonly result from these combined factors. This study aimed to the effects of knee extension strength, visual acuity, and knee joint pain on properties of for 181 female older adults (age: 76.1 (5.7) years). Walking speed, cadence, stance swing time, double support time, step length, step width, walking angle, and toe angle were selected as gait parameters. Knee extension strength was measured by dynamometry; and decreased visual acuity and knee joint pain were by subjective judgment whether or not such factors created hindrance during walking. Among older adults vision problems knee joint pain that affected walking, those with superior knee extension strength had significantly walking speed and step length than those with inferior knee extension (P < Persons with visual acuity problems had higher cadence and shorter stance time. In addition, persons with pain in knees showed slower walking speed and longer stance time and double time. A decrease of knee extension strength and visual acuity knee joint pain are factors affecting gait in female older adults. knee extension strength and knee joint pain affect respective distance and time parameters of gait.
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eXamINAtIoN OF FAcTOrS AFfeCtIng GaIt PropErTIEs IN heAlthy olDEr adULTs: fOCUSING on kNee eXtENSiOn sTrenGtH, viSUal ACuiTy, AnD kNEE JOINt PaiN.
gaIT pROpERTies cHAnGE witH Age BECAUsE oF a dEcreasE in lower lImB STReNGTH anD visUal ACuiTY OR KnEE jOinT DISORDeRS. GaIt chaNgEs commONlY rEsULT FrOM ThEse comBinEd FaCTorS. tHIs sTudy AIMEd to ExAMINe The EFfeCtS OF kNee EXTENsiON streNGTh, visUAl AcUIty, aND KNEe jOInT pAIn oN GaIT PrOPERtIEs OF FoR 181 hEAlthy feMAlE OLDEr AdULTs (AgE: 76.1 (5.7) Years). wAlKing SPeED, cADence, sTANcE timE, SwIng tImE, doUble sUpPOrt tiMe, STeP lengTh, sTEP wIDTH, WAlKINg anglE, aNd TOe ANGLe WEre SELECTEd as gAit pAraMeTERs. kNeE exTenSiOn stReNgth wAs meASUREd bY isomeTrIC dYnAMOMEtRy; And dEcreAsED visuAL acUIty aNd knee jOINT pAIn WERe evaLuaTEd BY suBjecTiVe jUDgmEnT WHETher Or nOt sUcH FActOrS CReated A hIndRanCe DURInG wAlkinG. AMONg oLDer adulTs WithoUT VIsiOn PROblemS And knEe joINt Pain thAt AfFeCtEd WAlkiNg, thOSe wiTh suPEriOR kNeE EXTEnSion STRenGTH HaD SigniFicantlY GrEateR wALKinG sPeED AnD SteP leNgTH ThAN ThosE WITh iNfeRior KnEe EXtENSiON STreNGtH (P < .05). PersoNs With VisuAl ACUiTy proBLems hAd HighER cAdEncE ANd SHortEr sTAncE TimE. in addiTiOn, PErsONs wItH PAIN iN bOth knEEs SHOWEd SLOwer walkING SpeEd ANd lOngeR staNcE TiMe And douBle SuPPOrt tiME. A DecrEaSe Of kNEe ExTenSion StreNGtH ANd visuaL acUitY aND Knee jOinT pain arE fACtORs aFFeCting gAiT iN the FEmAlE oLDER aDUlTS. decreaSeD KnEe EXTeNsION STRenGTH AND kNee joiNT PAIn MaInLY aFFecT reSPeCtivE DisTAncE And TIMe parAmETErs OF the gait.
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Examination of factors affecting gait properties in healthyolder adults: focusing on knee extensionstrength, visual acuity, andknee joint pain. Gait propertieschange with age because ofa decrease in lower limb strength and visual acuity or knee joint disorders. Gait changes commonly result from these combined factors. This study aimed to examine the effects ofknee extension strength, visual acuity, and knee joint pain on gaitproperties of for 181 healthy female older adults (age: 76.1 (5.7) years).Walking speed, cadence,stance time, swing time, doublesupport time, step length, step width, walking angle, and toe angle wereselected as gait parameters. Knee extension strength was measured by isometric dynamometry; and decreased visual acuity and knee joint pain were evaluated by subjective judgment whetheror not such factors created a hindrance during walking. Among older adults without vision problems andkneejoint pain that affected walking, those with superior knee extension strength had significantlygreater walking speed and step length than those with inferior knee extension strength(P < .05). Personswith visual acuity problems had higher cadence and shorter stance time. In addition, persons with pain in both knees showed slower walkingspeedand longerstance time and double support time. A decrease of knee extensionstrength andvisual acuity and knee joint pain arefactorsaffecting gait in the female older adults. Decreased knee extension strength and knee jointpain mainly affect respectivedistance andtime parameters of the gait.
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Examination _of_ _factors_ affecting gait properties in _healthy_ older adults: focusing on knee extension _strength,_ _visual_ acuity, _and_ knee joint pain. Gait properties change _with_ age because _of_ a _decrease_ in lower limb _strength_ and visual _acuity_ or knee joint disorders. Gait changes commonly result from these combined factors. This study aimed to examine the _effects_ of knee extension strength, visual acuity, _and_ knee joint pain on _gait_ properties _of_ for _181_ healthy female older adults _(age:_ _76.1_ _(5.7)_ years). Walking speed, cadence, stance time, swing time, double support time, step length, step width, walking _angle,_ _and_ toe _angle_ were selected as gait parameters. _Knee_ extension strength was measured by isometric _dynamometry;_ and decreased visual acuity and knee joint pain _were_ evaluated by subjective judgment _whether_ or not such factors created a hindrance _during_ walking. Among older adults _without_ vision problems and knee joint pain that affected walking, those _with_ superior knee _extension_ strength had _significantly_ _greater_ walking speed and step _length_ _than_ those _with_ inferior knee _extension_ _strength_ (P < _.05)._ Persons with _visual_ acuity problems had higher cadence and shorter stance _time._ In addition, persons with pain in both _knees_ showed _slower_ _walking_ speed and longer stance _time_ and _double_ _support_ _time._ A decrease of knee extension strength and visual acuity and _knee_ joint pain are factors affecting _gait_ in the female older adults. _Decreased_ knee extension strength and knee joint _pain_ mainly affect _respective_ distance and _time_ parameters of the gait.
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Formulation and application of a biosurfactant from Bacillus methylotrophicus as collector in the flotation of oily water in industrial environment.
The present study describes the formulation of a biosurfactant produced by Bacillus methylotrophicus UCP1616 and investigates its long-term stability for application as a collector in a bench-scale dissolved air flotation (DAF) prototype. For formulation, the conservative potassium sorbate was added to the biosurfactant with or without prior heat treatment at 80 °C for 30 min. After formulation, the biosurfactant samples were stored at room temperature for 180 days and the tensioactive properties of the biomolecule were determined with different pH values, temperatures and concentrations of salt. Then, a central composite rotatable design was used to evaluate the influence of the independent variables (effluent flow rate and formulated biosurfactant flow rate) on the oil removal efficiency in the DAF prototype. The formulated biosurfactant demonstrated good stability in both conservation methods, with tolerance to a wide pH range, salinity and high temperatures, enabling its use in environments with extreme conditions. The efficiency of the formulated biomolecule through heating and addition of sorbate was demonstrated by the 92% oil removal rate in the DAF prototype. The findings demonstrate that the biosurfactant from Bacillus methylotrophicus enhances the efficiency of the DAF process, making this technology cleaner. This biosurfactant can assist in the mitigation and management of industrial effluents, contributing toward a reduction in environmental pollution caused by petroleum-based hydrocarbons.
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formulation and application of a biosurfactant from bacillus methylotrophicus as collector in rapid flotation of oily water in industrial environment. the present study involves the formulation of a substance produced by bacillus methylotrophicus ucp1616 and investigates its long - term stability for use as a collector in a bench - scale dissolved air flotation ( daf ) prototype. for formulation, the conservative potassium sorbate was added to the biosurfactant with or without prior heat treatment at 80 °c for 80 min. after formulation, the biosurfactant samples were stored at room temperature for 180 days and the tensioactive properties of the biomolecule were determined with different ph requirements, temperatures and concentrations of salt. then, then central composite rotatable design was used to evaluate the influence of the independent variables ( effluent flow rate and variable biosurfactant flow rate ) on the oil removal efficiency in the daf prototype. the formulated biosurfactant demonstrated good stability in both conservation methods, with tolerance to a wide ph requirement, salinity and high temperatures, enabling its use in environments with extreme conditions. the strength of the formulated biomolecule through heating and addition of sorbate was demonstrated by the 92 % oil removal rate in the daf prototype. the findings demonstrate that the biosurfactant from bacillus methylotrophicus enhances the efficiency of the daf process, making this technology cleaner. this biosurfactant can assist in the mitigation and management of industrial effluents, contributing toward a reduction in environmental pollution caused by petroleum - based hydrocarbons.
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Formulation and application of a biosurfactant from Bacillus methylotrophicus as collector in the flotation of oily water in industrial environment. The present study describes the formulation of a biosurfactant produced by Bacillus methylotrophicus UCP1616 and investigates its long - term stability for application as a collector in a bench - scale dissolved air flotation (DAF) prototype. For formulation, the conservative potassium sorbate was added to the biosurfactant with or without prior heat treatment at 80 ° C for 30 min. After formulation, the biosurfactant samples were stored at room temperstuGe for 180 days and the tensioactive properties of the biomolecule were determined with different pH values, temperatures and concentrations of salt. Then, a central composite rotaFaFle deDiTn was used to evaluate the influence of the independent variables (effluent flow rate and formulated biosurfactant flow rate) on the oil removal efficiency in the DAF prototype. The formulated biosuTfactznt demonstrated g(Pd stability in both conservation methods, with tolerance to a wide pH rabgW, salinity and high temperatures, enabling its use in environments with extreme conditions. The efficiency of the formulated biomolecule through heating and addition of sorbate was demonstrated by the 92% oil removal rate in the DAF protityp@. The findings demonstrate that the biosurfactant from Bacillus methylotrophicus enhances the efficiency of the DAF process, making this technology cieane5. This biosurfactant can sssiDt in the mitigation and management of industrial effluents, contributing toward a reduction in environmental pollution SausRd by petroleum - based hydrocarbons.
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Formulation application of a from Bacillus methylotrophicus as collector in the flotation of oily water in industrial environment. The study describes of a produced by Bacillus methylotrophicus UCP1616 and investigates its long-term for application as a collector in a bench-scale dissolved air flotation (DAF) prototype. For formulation, the conservative potassium sorbate was added to the biosurfactant with without prior heat treatment at 80 °C for 30 min. After formulation, the biosurfactant samples were stored at room temperature for 180 days and the tensioactive properties of the biomolecule were determined with different pH values, temperatures and concentrations of salt. Then, a rotatable design was used to evaluate the influence of the variables (effluent rate formulated flow rate) on the oil removal efficiency in the DAF prototype. The formulated biosurfactant demonstrated good stability in conservation methods, with tolerance to a wide pH range, salinity and high temperatures, enabling its use in environments with extreme The efficiency of the formulated through heating and addition sorbate was demonstrated by the 92% oil removal rate the DAF prototype. The findings demonstrate that the biosurfactant from Bacillus methylotrophicus enhances efficiency of the DAF process, making this technology cleaner. biosurfactant can assist in the mitigation and management of industrial effluents, contributing toward a reduction in environmental caused petroleum-based hydrocarbons.
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FormulatIon AND APPLIcAtIOn OF A BiOSUrFAcTANT frOm BaciLLUS MeThyLOTrOphIcus AS cOLlECtor iN THe fLOTATION oF OiLY wateR In INDuSTriaL ENVIRONMEnt.
THE preSEnt StudY deSCrIBES tHE FORmULAtION oF A BiOSurfacTAnt PrODucEd bY baCiLLus methyloTropHiCUs ucp1616 AND INvEsTiGates ItS LoNG-Term stabiliTy FOr apPlIcatiOn aS a colLecTor In A benCh-SCALe DisSOlVeD AiR flOtAtioN (daF) pROtoTypE. FoR formulATIOn, ThE cONsERvATiVE poTAsSiUm sorbate WaS ADDEd to THE bIoSurfACTANt witH Or wiThoUt PrioR heAT TReAtMENT At 80 °C foR 30 MIn. AFtEr FOrmuLatION, THE BIoSUrfaCTanT SaMplES weRE STOReD At rOom TEmPerAtURe FoR 180 DayS AnD THe TensIoaCTIVe PrOPErTIES oF THe BIomoleCuLE wEre detERminED wIth DIffEReNT PH vAlUes, tEMPerATuRes anD cONCENTRatiONs Of salt. tHEN, a CEntrAl comPOsiTe RotATABLE dEsIgn Was Used to eValuatE THe InFLUeNCe oF the iNdePendENT vAriabLeS (eFFLuENt flow RAte AnD FORmulateD bIosuRfacTANT FlOW ratE) ON tHe OIL rEMOVAl EffIcIEnCY in tHe Daf pRotOtYPe. tHe FOrmulaTEd biOsUrFActANT dEmoNstRAtED GoOd sTAbIlIty In boTH coNsERVATioN methods, WitH TOlErAnce to A WIDe pH Range, SaLINitY aND higH TEmPERatures, eNABLiNG ITs uSe IN EnvIRONmeNTs WIth ExtremE cOnditIONs. The effiCiEncy of the foRMULaTEd biOmOLECUlE ThrOugh HeAtinG anD addiTIoN of SoRBATe WAs deMOnSTRAteD BY The 92% OIl rEMOvAl RATE in tHe dAf PRoTOtyPE. tHe FiNDInGs DeMoNsTRaTE That The BiosuRfaCTaNt froM baciLlUs meThylotrOPhIcUs EnHANCeS THE EFfiCIeNCY OF thE DAf pROCeSS, makINg thiS techNolOgY ClEaNEr. thiS bIoSurfActAnT Can asSisT iN tHE miTIgaTioN And manaGEmenT of InDUstrIal EffLUENtS, coNtRiBUTiNG TOwaRD A rEDucTiOn IN enViROnmEntaL polLuTION CauSEd By peTROlEuM-baseD HydROcARbONs.
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Formulation and application of a biosurfactant from Bacillus methylotrophicus as collector in the flotation of oily water in industrial environment. The present study describes the formulation of a biosurfactant produced by Bacillus methylotrophicus UCP1616 andinvestigates its long-term stability for application as a collector in a bench-scale dissolvedair flotation (DAF) prototype.For formulation, the conservative potassium sorbate was added to thebiosurfactant with orwithout priorheat treatment at 80 °C for 30 min. After formulation, the biosurfactant samples were storedat room temperaturefor 180days andthe tensioactive properties ofthe biomolecule were determined with different pH values, temperaturesand concentrations ofsalt. Then, a centralcomposite rotatable designwas used to evaluate the influence of the independentvariables (effluent flow rate andformulated biosurfactant flow rate) on the oil removal efficiency in the DAF prototype. The formulated biosurfactant demonstrated good stability in bothconservation methods, with tolerance to a wide pH range,salinity and hightemperatures, enabling its use in environments with extreme conditions.Theefficiency of the formulated biomoleculethrough heating and addition of sorbatewas demonstrated by the 92% oil removal rate in theDAF prototype. Thefindings demonstrate that thebiosurfactant from Bacillusmethylotrophicus enhances the efficiency of the DAF process, making this technologycleaner. Thisbiosurfactant can assist in the mitigation and management of industrial effluents, contributing toward a reduction in environmental pollution caused by petroleum-basedhydrocarbons.
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Formulation _and_ application _of_ a biosurfactant from Bacillus methylotrophicus as collector in the flotation of oily water in industrial environment. The present study _describes_ _the_ formulation of a biosurfactant produced by Bacillus methylotrophicus _UCP1616_ and _investigates_ its long-term stability _for_ application _as_ a collector _in_ a bench-scale dissolved air flotation (DAF) prototype. For _formulation,_ _the_ conservative potassium _sorbate_ was added to the _biosurfactant_ with or without prior heat treatment at 80 _°C_ for 30 min. After formulation, the biosurfactant _samples_ were stored at room temperature for 180 days and the tensioactive properties of _the_ biomolecule were determined with different pH _values,_ temperatures _and_ concentrations of salt. Then, a central composite rotatable _design_ _was_ used to evaluate _the_ _influence_ of the independent variables (effluent flow rate and formulated _biosurfactant_ flow rate) on the oil removal efficiency _in_ the DAF prototype. The formulated _biosurfactant_ demonstrated good stability _in_ both conservation _methods,_ with tolerance to a wide pH range, _salinity_ and _high_ temperatures, _enabling_ its use in environments with extreme conditions. _The_ efficiency of the formulated biomolecule through heating and addition of sorbate was demonstrated by _the_ 92% _oil_ removal _rate_ in the DAF prototype. The findings demonstrate that the biosurfactant from Bacillus methylotrophicus enhances the _efficiency_ of the DAF process, _making_ _this_ technology cleaner. This biosurfactant can _assist_ in the _mitigation_ and management of _industrial_ effluents, contributing toward a _reduction_ in environmental _pollution_ caused by petroleum-based hydrocarbons.
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Computer assisted learning: the potential for teaching and assessing in nursing.
This article discusses computer assisted learning (CAL) and the importance of applying it in nurse education. The articles recognizes the general technological developments as exemplified by the Teaching and Learning Technology Programme (TLTP) from which ideas about application and benefits came. The ideas from TLTP are hereby used in CAL and applied to nursing and health-care undergraduate programmes in one university. In the light of this experience the main intention of this article is to consider the benefits and costs of introducing computer programmes as part of the teaching provision for nurses and other health-care professionals both at beginner and advanced level. The article further argues that CAL can also be used for patient teaching thus providing transferable skills and benefits for teachers as well as learners, be they students or patients. To support such multiple uses of CAL selected examples will be offered and appropriate conclusions will be drawn.
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computer assisted learning : the potential for teaching and assessing in nursing. this article discusses computer assisted training ( cal ) and the importance of applying it in nurse education. the articles recognizes the general technological developments as exemplified by advanced teaching and learning technology programme ( tltp ) from which ideas about application and benefits come. the ideas from it already hereby used in cal and applied to nursing and health - care undergraduate programmes in one university. in the absence of this experience the main aim of this article is to consider the benefits and costs of introducing computer programmes as part of the teaching provision for nurses and other health - service professionals both at beginner and advanced level. the article broadly argues that cal can also be used for patient teaching thus providing transferable skills and benefits for teachers as well as learners, be they students or patients. to support such multiple uses of cal selected examples shall be offered and appropriate conclusions will be drawn.
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Computer assisted learning: the potential for teaching and QssessUng in nursing. This article discusses computer Qss*sted learning (CAL) and the importance of aplkying it in nurse education. The articles recognizes the general technological developments as exemplified by the Teaching and Learning TechMo<ogy Programme (TLTP) from which ideas about application and benefits came. The ideas from TLTP are hereby used in CAL and applied to nursing and health - care undergraduate programmes in one university. In the l*tht of this experience the main intention of 5hiD article is to consider the benefits and costs of introducing computer programmes as part of the teaching provision for nurses and ohhWr health - care professionals both at beginner and advanced l#Bel. The article fu55her argues that CAL can also be used for patient teaching thus providing transCersble skills and benefits for teachers as well as learners, be they students or patients. To support such multiple uses of CAL selected examples will be offered and appropriate conclusions will be drawn.
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assisted learning: the potential teaching and assessing in nursing. This article discusses computer assisted learning (CAL) and the importance applying it in nurse education. The articles recognizes the general technological developments as exemplified by the Teaching and Learning Technology Programme (TLTP) from which ideas about application and benefits came. The from TLTP hereby used in CAL and applied to nursing health-care undergraduate programmes in one university. the light of this experience the main intention of this article is to consider the benefits and costs of computer programmes as part of the teaching provision for nurses and other health-care professionals both at beginner and advanced level. The article further that CAL can also used for patient teaching thus providing transferable skills and benefits teachers as well as learners, they students or patients. support such multiple uses of CAL examples will and appropriate conclusions will be drawn.
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ComPuTER ASsISteD leARnInG: tHE PoTenTIAl for TEAchInG And ASsESsInG IN NURSING.
THiS aRTICle disCusSeS cOMPuTEr ASsIStEd LEaRnING (cal) aNd tHe iMPoRtaNcE oF applyiNG IT IN nUrSE eDuCAtION. the ARtIcleS rEcOgnIzEs tHe GENeRal TechNologiCAL dEveLopMeNts as ExemPLIFIED by ThE teaChIng And leArninG tECHnOloGY PRogRAmmE (tLTP) from WHiCH idEas abouT APPlICaTION and benEfIts CAMe. the iDEas FROm TLTP ARE HeREbY Used in cAl anD APPLIed TO nUrsIng aNd hEAlth-CARe UnDErGRAdUATE PROGRAmmEs iN ONE UNiVErSItY. In the LIgHT OF thIs ExPERiEncE thE MAiN InTenTIOn oF ThIs aRTICLE is to ConSiDeR The beNefiTs anD CoSts of INTROdUCiNG cOmPuTer pROGrAmMes aS PARt oF thE teaChIng ProvISiON fOr nursES And other hEALth-cArE prOFEsSionAls both at BEGInNer And aDvanCEd leVel. tHE ArTIcLe fURtHER arGueS THaT CAL cAn ALso BE USeD foR PatIEnT teACHiNG thUs prOViDinG TRAnsferABLe SkIlLS AND BeNefIts fOR tEAcHeRs As WElL As LEArnERs, Be they sTUdeNts Or paTiENTS. to suPPOrT sUch MUltiPle uSes oF CAL sEleCTED eXAMples WiLl be oFFeRED and approPrIatE ConCLusIonS Will BE drawn.
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Computer assistedlearning: the potential for teaching andassessing in nursing. This article discusses computer assisted learning(CAL) andthe importance of applying it in nurse education. The articles recognizes the general technological developmentsas exemplified by the TeachingandLearningTechnology Programme(TLTP)from which ideas aboutapplication and benefits came. The ideas from TLTP are hereby used in CAL and applied to nursingand health-care undergraduate programmes in one university. In thelight of this experiencethe main intention of thisarticleis to consider thebenefits and costs of introducing computer programmes as part of the teaching provision for nurses and other health-care professionals both at beginnerand advanced level. The article further argues thatCALcan also be used for patientteachingthus providing transferable skills and benefits for teachers as well as learners, be they students orpatients. To support suchmultiple uses ofCAL selected examples will be offered and appropriate conclusions will bedrawn.
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Computer assisted _learning:_ the potential for teaching and assessing in _nursing._ _This_ article _discusses_ computer assisted learning (CAL) and the importance of applying it _in_ nurse _education._ _The_ _articles_ recognizes the general technological developments as exemplified _by_ the Teaching and Learning Technology _Programme_ _(TLTP)_ from which ideas about application and _benefits_ came. The ideas from _TLTP_ are hereby used in _CAL_ and applied to nursing and _health-care_ undergraduate _programmes_ in one university. In the _light_ of this experience the main intention _of_ this article is to consider the benefits and costs of introducing computer programmes as _part_ of the teaching provision for nurses and _other_ _health-care_ _professionals_ both at beginner and advanced _level._ _The_ _article_ further argues _that_ CAL can also be used for patient _teaching_ thus _providing_ _transferable_ skills and benefits for _teachers_ as well as learners, be _they_ students or patients. To _support_ such multiple uses of CAL _selected_ examples will be _offered_ and appropriate conclusions will _be_ drawn.
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Inorganic phosphate uptake in intact vacuoles isolated from suspension-cultured cells of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don under varying Pi status.
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) uptake across the vacuolar membrane of intact vacuoles isolated from Catharanthus roseus suspension-cultured cells was measured. Under low Pi status, Pi uptake into the vacuole was strongly activated compared to high Pi status. Since Pi uptake across the vacuolar membrane is correlated with H+ pumping, we examined the dependency of H+ pumping on plant Pi status. Both H+ pumping and the activities of the vacuolar H+-pumps, the V-type H+-ATPase and the H+-PPase were enhanced under low Pi status. Despite this increase in H+ pumping, Western blot analysis showed no distinct increase in the amount of proton pump proteins. Possible mechanisms for the activation of Pi uptake into the vacuole under low Pi status are discussed.
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inorganic phosphate uptake in intact vacuoles isolated from suspension - cultured cells of catharanthus roseus ( l. ) g. don under low pi status. inorganic phosphate ( pi ) uptake across the vacuolar membrane of intact vacuoles isolated from catharanthus roseus filter - cultured cells was measured. under low pi status, pi uptake into a vacuole was strongly activated compared to low pi status. since pi uptake across the vacuolar membrane is impaired with h + cycling, we examined the dependency of h + pumping at plant pi status. both v + pumping and the activities of the vacuolar h + - pumps, the v - type h + - atpase and the h + - ppase were enhanced under low psi status. despite this increase over h + pumping, western blot analysis showed no distinct increase in the amount of proton pump proteins. possible mechanisms for the activation of pi uptake into the vacuole under low pi status are discussed.
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Inorganic phosphate tpta<e in intact vacuoles isolated from suspension - cultured cells of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don under FaryinF Pi status. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) uptake across the vacuolar ,embraGe of intact vacuoles isolated from Cagharantbus roseus suspension - culhuGed cells was measured. Under low Pi status, Pi uptake into the vacuole was strongly activated compared to high Pi status. S8nSe Pi uptake across the vacuolar membrzJe is correlated with H + pumping, we examined the dependency of H + pumping on plant Pi status. Both H + pumping and the activities of the vacuolar H + - pumps, the V - type H + - ATPase and the H + - PPase were ehhajced uMdFr low Pi status. Despite this increase in H + pumping, Western blot analysis showed no distinct increase in the amount of proton pump proteins. Oocsible mechanisms for the activation of Pi uptake into the vacuole under low Pi status are discussed.
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phosphate uptake in intact vacuoles isolated from suspension-cultured of roseus (L.) G. Don under varying status. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) uptake across the vacuolar membrane of intact vacuoles isolated from Catharanthus roseus cells was measured. Under low Pi status, Pi uptake into the vacuole was activated compared to high Pi status. Pi uptake across the vacuolar membrane is correlated with H+ pumping, we examined the dependency of H+ pumping on plant Pi status. Both H+ pumping and the of the vacuolar H+-pumps, the H+-ATPase and the H+-PPase were under low Pi Despite this increase in H+ pumping, Western blot analysis showed no distinct increase in the of proton pump proteins. mechanisms for the activation of Pi uptake into the vacuole under low Pi status are discussed.
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InorGaNiC phOSphatE UPTaKE iN iNtACT VACuOlEs iSOlAtEd fROM SUsPEnSiON-CultUrEd ceLLS oF CathArAnthUS ROsEus (l.) g. Don uNDer varyING Pi stATUS.
InorGaNiC PHOSpHaTE (Pi) uptAKE acROSs tHE VacUOLaR mEmbRANe Of iNTacT VACUoleS Isolated FroM CaTHARaNtHUs ROSEUs SUSpEnSion-culTurEd CelLS WAs meASUrEd. unDEr LoW pI STaTUs, pi UptAKE iNTO thE vACUolE Was STrOnGlY aCtIVated COmpaRed To hIGH Pi sTaTUs. siNcE pI uptakE acRosS thE VacuoLar membraNE iS cORreLatEd with h+ pUmpiNg, We eXAMiNed THe dEPENDEncY of H+ pUmpiNG ON PLant pi StAtuS. bOtH H+ pumpiNg AND tHe aCtIVItiEs of tHE VacuoLaR h+-Pumps, tHE V-TYPe H+-atPAsE and THe h+-pPASE WeRE eNHanCEd UNdER lOw pI STaTus. DesPiTE this iNCREAse IN H+ PuMPING, wesTERN bLOt AnALysis sHOwED no DISTiNcT INcRease in The AMoUNt of PROToN PUmP pROTeiNS. poSsIBLE mEchAnIsmS fOr ThE actiVAtiON of pI UPTAke inTo thE VACuoLe UNdER LOW pI StAtuS ARe dISCUssed.
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Inorganic phosphate uptakeinintact vacuolesisolatedfromsuspension-cultured cellsof Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don under varying Pistatus. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) uptakeacross the vacuolar membrane of intact vacuoles isolated from Catharanthus roseus suspension-cultured cells was measured.Under low Pistatus,Pi uptake into the vacuole was strongly activated compared to highPistatus. Since Pi uptake across the vacuolar membrane is correlated withH+ pumping, we examined the dependency of H+pumping onplant Pi status. Both H+ pumping and the activities of the vacuolar H+-pumps,the V-type H+-ATPaseand the H+-PPase were enhanced under low Pi status. Despitethis increase in H+ pumping, Western blot analysis showed nodistinct increase in the amount of proton pump proteins. Possible mechanisms for the activation of Pi uptake into the vacuole under low Pi status are discussed.
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Inorganic phosphate uptake in intact vacuoles isolated _from_ _suspension-cultured_ cells of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don under varying Pi _status._ Inorganic _phosphate_ _(Pi)_ uptake across the vacuolar membrane of intact vacuoles _isolated_ from Catharanthus _roseus_ suspension-cultured cells was measured. Under low _Pi_ status, Pi uptake into the vacuole was strongly activated _compared_ to high Pi _status._ Since Pi uptake across the vacuolar membrane is correlated with H+ _pumping,_ we examined the dependency _of_ H+ _pumping_ _on_ plant Pi status. Both H+ pumping _and_ the activities of the vacuolar H+-pumps, the V-type H+-ATPase _and_ the H+-PPase _were_ _enhanced_ under low Pi status. Despite this increase in H+ pumping, Western blot analysis showed _no_ distinct increase in the amount _of_ proton pump proteins. _Possible_ mechanisms for the activation of Pi uptake into the vacuole under low Pi status _are_ discussed.
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Dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions alter intake of an imbalanced amino acid diet in rats.
Within 3 h of ingesting an imbalanced amino acid diet (IAAD), rats show attenuated intake. The associated conditioned taste aversion can be ameliorated by giving the serotonin3 receptor blocker, tropisetron (TROP). A recent c-fos study indicated that the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMN) may be activated 2-3 h after ingestion of IAAD. In Experiment 1, DMN-lesioned rats (DMNL) or sham-operated (SHAM) rats were injected with saline (SAL) or TROP just before introduction of IAAD. By 3 h, SAL-DMNL rats consumed more (P < 0.01) of the IAAD than did the SAL-SHAM rats. Thereafter, over the next 21 h, the intake of the SAL-DMNL group returned to control levels. TROP treatment enhanced the intake of the treated groups; the TROP and the lesion effect were additive (P < 0.01). By d 4 of receiving the IAAD, the DMNL groups were eating less than SHAM rats (P < 0.05). The data suggest that the DMN may be involved in the early detection of the amino acid deficiency induced by IAAD, is not involved in the TROP effect and is necessary for proper long-term adaptation to an IAAD.
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dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions alter intake of an imbalanced amino acid diet in rats. within 3 h of ingesting an imbalanced amino acid diet ( iaad ), rats show attenuated intake. severe associated conditioned taste effects can be ameliorated by giving the serotonin3 receptor blocker, tropisetron ( trop ). a recent c - fos evaluation indicated that rats dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus ( dmn ) may be activated 2 - 3 days after ingestion of iaad. in experiment 1, dmn - lesioned rats ( dmnl ) or sham - operated ( sham ) rats successfully injected with saline ( sal ) or trop just before introduction of iaad. by 3 h, sal - dmnl rats consumed more ( p < 0. 01 ) of the iaad that did the sal - sham rats. thereafter, over the next 21 h, the intake of the sal - dmnl group returned to control levels. trop treatment enhanced the intake of the treated groups ; the trop and the lesion effect substantially additive ( p < 0. 01 ). by d 4 of receiving the iaad, the dmnl groups were eating less than sham rats ( p < 0. 05 ). the data suggest that the dmn may be involved in the subsequent detection of the amino acid deficiency induced by iaad, is not involved for the trop effect and is necessary for proper long - term adaptation to an iaad.
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Dorsomedial hypothalamic lezLons akRer intake of an imbalanced amino acid diet in rats. Within 3 h of ingesting an imbalanced amino acid diet (IAAD ), rats show attenuated intake. The associated conditioned tasGW aversion can be ameliorated by giving the serotonin3 receptor blocker, tropisetron (TROP ). A recent c - fos study indicated that the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMN) may be activated 2 - 3 h after ingestion of IAAD. In Experiment 1, DMN - lesioned rats (DMNL) or sham - operated (SnqM) rats were injected with saline (SAL) or TROP just before &ntrosuction of IAAD. By 3 h, SAL - DMNL rats cobsumeC more (P <0. 01) of the IAAD than did the SAL - SHAM rats. Thereafter, over the next 21 h, the intake of the SAL - DMNL group returned to control levels. TROP treatment enhanced the intake of the treated groups; the TROP and the lesion effect were additive (P <0. 01 ). By d 4 of receiving the IAAD, the WMN. Rrlups were eXtiBg less than SHAM rats (P <0. 05 ). The data suggfs% that the DMN may be involved in the early detection of the amino acid deficiency induced by IAAD, is not involved in the TROP effect and is necessary for proper long - term adaptation to an IAAD.
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hypothalamic lesions alter of an imbalanced amino acid diet in 3 of ingesting an imbalanced amino acid (IAAD), rats show attenuated intake. The associated conditioned taste can be ameliorated giving the serotonin3 receptor blocker, (TROP). A recent c-fos indicated that the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMN) may be activated 2-3 h after ingestion of IAAD. In Experiment 1, DMN-lesioned rats (DMNL) or sham-operated (SHAM) rats were injected with saline (SAL) or TROP just before of IAAD. By 3 h, SAL-DMNL rats consumed more (P 0.01) of the IAAD than did the SAL-SHAM rats. Thereafter, over the next 21 h, the intake of the SAL-DMNL group returned to control levels. TROP treatment enhanced the intake of the groups; the TROP the lesion effect were additive (P < 0.01). By d 4 of receiving the IAAD, the DMNL groups were eating less than SHAM rats (P < 0.05). The data that the DMN may be involved in the detection of the amino acid deficiency induced IAAD, is not involved the TROP effect and is necessary for proper adaptation to an IAAD.
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DOrSoMedIAL HYPoThalamic Lesions ALTER iNtaKe OF aN IMbaLANced amINO ACID DiEt in RAtS.
WithIn 3 H OF inGeStinG aN imbALANCED aMINO ACiD diet (IAad), RAtS SHOW aTTenuATED iNtaKE. thE aSsOciATEd coNDItIOnEd TAsTe aveRsIOn cAn bE AMeLIoRaTEd by gIvINg The serOtonIn3 recePtOr blOCkER, tRoPISeTron (TRoP). A rECenT c-Fos sTudY inDicated thAT tHe dorSomEDial hyPOTHalAMIC NUcleUs (DMN) MAy Be aCTivAtEd 2-3 h AftER iNgeStioN oF IaAD. In eXpeRiMeNt 1, Dmn-LESionED rAtS (DMNL) OR sHAM-OperATEd (sHAm) rATS WEre INjeCTeD wiTH salINe (saL) oR TroP Just BeFoRE INTRODUction OF Iaad. BY 3 H, Sal-DMnl RATS coNsUMeD More (p < 0.01) of tHe IAad Than Did the saL-shAm rats. tHEReAFTEr, oVEr THE nEXt 21 h, THe iNTaKE oF ThE saL-dMNL grOUP REtUrNEd TO CoNtROl leVeLS. troP TrEAtMEnT ENhaNced The INTAke OF tHE trEAtEd gROupS; thE tRoP AnD tHE leSiON efFeCT Were adDitivE (p < 0.01). By d 4 of ReceiviNG the iAAD, THE dMNL grOuPs weRe EaTIng LeSS tHaN sHaM RAtS (P < 0.05). THe dATa SuggEst tHAT ThE DmN MAy Be INvoLVED In tHe Early DEteCTioN OF THE Amino AcID deficIenCY inDuCed by Iaad, iS NOt INvOlVEd IN thE trOp eFFEct aNd IS nECESsary For PrOpEr long-tERm ADApTaTIoN TO aN iaad.
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Dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions alter intake ofanimbalanced amino acid diet in rats. Within 3 h of ingesting an imbalanced amino acid diet(IAAD), rats show attenuatedintake.The associatedconditioned taste aversion can be ameliorated by giving the serotonin3 receptor blocker, tropisetron (TROP).A recent c-fos study indicated that the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMN) may beactivated 2-3 h after ingestion ofIAAD. In Experiment 1, DMN-lesioned rats(DMNL) or sham-operated (SHAM) rats were injectedwith saline (SAL) or TROP just before introduction of IAAD. By 3 h, SAL-DMNL rats consumedmore (P < 0.01) of the IAADthan did the SAL-SHAM rats. Thereafter, overthe next 21 h, theintake of the SAL-DMNL group returned to control levels. TROP treatment enhanced the intake of the treated groups; the TROP andthe lesioneffect wereadditive (P< 0.01). By d 4 of receiving the IAAD, the DMNL groups were eatingless than SHAMrats (P < 0.05).The data suggest that the DMN may be involved in theearly detection of the amino acid deficiency inducedbyIAAD,is not involved in the TROP effect andis necessary for proper long-term adaptation to an IAAD.
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Dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions _alter_ intake _of_ an imbalanced amino acid diet in rats. Within 3 _h_ of _ingesting_ an imbalanced amino acid diet _(IAAD),_ rats show attenuated intake. _The_ _associated_ conditioned taste _aversion_ _can_ be _ameliorated_ _by_ giving the serotonin3 receptor blocker, tropisetron (TROP). A recent c-fos study indicated _that_ the _dorsomedial_ _hypothalamic_ nucleus (DMN) may be _activated_ 2-3 h after ingestion of IAAD. In Experiment 1, DMN-lesioned rats (DMNL) or sham-operated (SHAM) _rats_ were injected _with_ saline (SAL) or TROP just before introduction of IAAD. By 3 h, _SAL-DMNL_ rats consumed more (P < 0.01) _of_ the IAAD than did the SAL-SHAM rats. Thereafter, over the next 21 h, the _intake_ of the SAL-DMNL group returned _to_ control _levels._ TROP treatment enhanced the intake of _the_ treated groups; the TROP _and_ _the_ _lesion_ effect were additive (P < 0.01). By d _4_ of receiving the _IAAD,_ the DMNL _groups_ were eating less than SHAM rats (P < 0.05). The data suggest _that_ _the_ _DMN_ may be involved _in_ the early _detection_ of the amino _acid_ deficiency _induced_ by IAAD, _is_ _not_ involved in the TROP _effect_ and is necessary _for_ proper _long-term_ adaptation _to_ an IAAD.
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Retrieval of blade implants with piezosurgery: two clinical cases.
In this work an ultrasound device was used to perform an ostectomy for the removal of blade implants in order to save as much bone tissue as possible, so that root form implants might later be inserted. Two patients underwent surgery for the removal of two blade implants (one maxillary, the other mandibular) that were no longer functional. The peri-implant ostectomy was carried out with a piezoelectric surgery device. The instrument demonstrated to be effective and precise during ostectomy, providing an extremely thin cutting line. During the course of the operation and at controls after 7 and 30 days, patients did not show any relevant complications and both still had sufficient alveolar bone to be treated with root form implants. The piezosurgery device proved to be an effective instrument in interventions requiring a significant saving of bone tissue, extreme precision in cutting, and respect of soft tissues.
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retrieval of blade implants with piezosurgery : two clinical cases. in this work one ultrasound device was used to perform oral ostectomy for the removal of blade implants in order to save as much bone tissue as possible, assuming that root form implants might later are inserted. two patients underwent surgery for the removal of two blade implants ( one maxillary, the inner mandibular ) they were no longer functional. the peri - implant ostectomy was carried out with a piezoelectric surgery device. the instrument demonstrated to be effective and precise during ostectomy, providing an extremely thin cutting line. during the course of the operation and surgical intervals after 7 and 30 days, patients did not show any relevant complications and both still had sufficient alveolar bone marrow be repaired with root form implants. the piezosurgery device proved to be an effective instrument in interventions requiring a significant saving of bone tissue, extreme precision in cutting, and respect of soft tissues.
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Retrieval of blade implants ei^h piezosurgery: two Xoinical cases. In this work an ultrasound device was used to perform an ostectomy for the removal of blade implants in order to save as much bone tissue as possible, so that root form imolsnts might later be inserted. Two patients underwent surgery for the removal of two blade implants (one maxillary, the other mandibular) that w$rD no longer functional. The peri - implant ostectomy was carried out with a piezoelectric surgery device. The instrument demonstrated to be effective and precise euribg owtecto,y, providing an extremely tYiG cutting line. During the course of the operation and at controls after 7 and 30 days, patients did not show any relevant complications and vorh still had sufficient alveolar bone to be treated with $*ot form implants. The piezosurgery device proved to be an effective instrument in interventions requiring a significant saving of bone tissue, extreme precision in cutting, and respect of soft t(qsues.
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Retrieval of blade with piezosurgery: two clinical cases. In this work an ultrasound device was used to perform an ostectomy for removal of blade implants in order to save much bone tissue possible, so that root form implants might be Two underwent surgery for the removal of blade implants (one maxillary, the other mandibular) that were no longer functional. The peri-implant was out with a piezoelectric surgery device. The instrument demonstrated be effective and precise during ostectomy, providing an extremely thin cutting line. During the course of the operation at controls after 7 and 30 days, patients did not show any relevant complications and both still had sufficient alveolar bone to be treated with root form implants. The piezosurgery device proved to be an effective instrument in interventions requiring a saving of bone tissue, extreme precision in cutting, and respect soft
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rETrIeVaL Of BLaDE impLants WItH piEZOsurgEry: TWO clINical CaSes.
In THIS WORK An ULtRASoUND device WAs useD to PerFOrM aN oSTECtOMy fOR ThE rEmoVAl OF Blade ImPLAnts In OrDER to sAVe as mUcH bonE tiSSUE As pOsSiblE, So thaT ROoT FOrM IMPLaNTS migHT LatER BE inseRTEd. Two PatIeNTs UNDErweNT SurGERy FOR The ReMOvAl of tWO bLAde ImplAnts (onE MAXiLLAry, ThE OthER MandIbulAr) THAt wEre NO lOngeR fUNCTionAL. tHe PerI-iMPLAnt osTECtoMy was carriED out wiTh a PIEzoeLECtRic SUrGErY DEVIcE. THe iNsTRUment DemONStratED to BE efFEctIVE aNd preCISE dUrInG OstEcTOmY, pROVIDinG aN EXtReMelY tHIN Cutting LinE. dUriNg the COURse oF THe OpERATion anD AT contROls afTEr 7 aND 30 Days, PaTIEntS DID nOT sHOw aNY RelEvAnt cOMpliCaTIOnS anD bOTh StILL HaD SuFfIcIENT alvEOLaR BOne TO BE tReATED WiTh ROOT form implaNts. The PIEZoSurgERY DEvicE PRovEd To Be An effEctIVE insTRUment iN INTerVenTiONS ReQUiRInG A SIgNIfIcant Saving OF bonE TiSSuE, ExtreMe PrecisIOn iN cuTtiNG, ANd rEspEct Of sOft TISsUES.
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Retrieval of bladeimplants with piezosurgery: two clinical cases. In this workanultrasounddevicewas used to perform an ostectomy for the removalof blade implants in order to save asmuch bone tissue as possible, so thatrootform implants might later beinserted. Two patientsunderwent surgery for theremoval of twoblade implants (onemaxillary, the other mandibular) that were no longer functional. The peri-implant ostectomy was carried out with apiezoelectric surgery device. The instrument demonstrated to be effective and precise during ostectomy, providing an extremely thin cutting line. During the course of the operation and at controls after 7 and 30 days, patients didnot showany relevantcomplications and both still had sufficient alveolar bone tobe treated with root form implants. The piezosurgerydevice proved to bean effective instrument in interventions requiring a significant saving of bone tissue, extreme precision in cutting,and respect of soft tissues.
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_Retrieval_ _of_ blade implants _with_ piezosurgery: two clinical _cases._ In this work an ultrasound device was used to _perform_ an ostectomy for the removal _of_ blade _implants_ in order to _save_ as much bone tissue as _possible,_ so that root form implants might later be inserted. Two patients underwent surgery _for_ the removal of two blade implants (one maxillary, the _other_ _mandibular)_ that were no longer _functional._ The peri-implant _ostectomy_ _was_ carried out _with_ _a_ _piezoelectric_ surgery device. _The_ instrument _demonstrated_ _to_ be effective and precise _during_ ostectomy, _providing_ an extremely _thin_ cutting line. During the _course_ of the operation and at controls after 7 and 30 days, patients did not show any relevant complications and both _still_ had sufficient alveolar bone _to_ _be_ treated with root form _implants._ The piezosurgery device _proved_ to be _an_ effective instrument in interventions requiring a significant saving of bone _tissue,_ extreme precision in cutting, and _respect_ of _soft_ tissues.
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Allele-specific wild-type blocker quantitative PCR for highly sensitive detection of rare JAK2 p.V617F point mutation in primary myelofibrosis as an appropriate tool for the monitoring of molecular remission following therapy.
Screening of JAK2 V617F point mutation becomes more and more important in monitoring of JAK2 positive MPN following stem cell transplantation. In an attempt to achieve the required high sensitivity (1:10(5)), specifity and robustness we created an approach applicable on bone marrow biopsies where we adapted the principle of wild-type blocker PCR with allele-specific Q-PCR. The significance of the assay was demonstrated on a retrospective series of sequential bone marrow biopsies as diagnosis of molecular relapse now preceded the diagnosis of clinical relapse by far. This method offers the urgently needed tool for a systematic molecular analysis of sequential biopsies in the course of stem cell transplantation to develop guidelines for the management of these patients.
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allele - specific wild - type blocker quantitative pcr for highly sensitive detection of rare disease p. v617f point mutation in primary myelofibrosis as an appropriate tool assists the monitoring of molecular remission following therapy. screening of jak2 v617f point mutations becomes more and more helpful in monitoring of jak2 positive mpn following stem cell proliferation. in an attempt to achieve the required high sensitivity ( 1 : 10 ( 5 ) ), specifity and robustness we created our approach applicable on bone marrow biopsies where we adapted the principle of wild - style blocker sequencing with allele - specific q - pcr. the principle of the assay was demonstrated on a retrospective series of sequential bone marrow biopsies as diagnosis of molecular relapse now preceded the diagnosis of clinical relapse by far. this method offers the urgently needed tool for a systematic molecular analysis of sequential biopsies in the course of blood cell transplantation to develop guidelines for the management of these patients.
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Allele - specific wild - type blocker qusntitayive PCR for highly sensitive detection of rare uAi2 p. V617F point mutation in primary myelofibrosis as an appropriate tool for the monitoring of molecular remission following therapy. xcrWening of KAKq V617F point mutation becomes more and more important in monitoring of JAK2 positive MPN following stem cell transplantayi8n. In an attempt to achieve the required high sensitivity (1: 10 (5) ), spdcifit& and robustness we created an approach applicable on bime marrow biopsies where we adapted the principle of wild - type blocker PCR with aikele - specific Q - PCR. The significance of the assay was demonstrated on a retrospective series of sequential bone marrow biopsies as diagnosis of molecular relapse now preceded the diagnosis of clinical relapse by far. This method offers the urgently needed tool for a sTstematiF molecular analysis of sequential biopsies in the course of stem ce>i transplantation to develop guidelines for the management of these patients.
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Allele-specific wild-type blocker quantitative PCR for highly sensitive detection of JAK2 p.V617F point mutation in primary myelofibrosis as an appropriate for the monitoring of molecular remission following therapy. Screening of JAK2 V617F point becomes more and more important in monitoring of JAK2 positive MPN following stem cell In an achieve required high sensitivity (1:10(5)), specifity and robustness we an approach applicable on bone marrow where we adapted the principle of wild-type blocker PCR with allele-specific Q-PCR. The significance of the assay was demonstrated on a retrospective of sequential bone marrow biopsies as diagnosis of molecular relapse now preceded the diagnosis clinical relapse by far. This method offers the urgently tool for a systematic molecular analysis of sequential biopsies the course of stem cell transplantation to develop guidelines for the management of patients.
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aLLELe-SPEcIFic Wild-TYpE blOckER QUAntITaTiVe PcR fOr higHly sEnsItIvE DETECtION Of RARE JAk2 p.v617f pOinT muTaTIon In pRiMARy mYELOfIBrOsIs As an ApprOPriAtE TooL FOr THE monitoRing oF MOleculaR rEmisSIoN FOlloWinG tHeRapY.
scrEENINg OF jaK2 V617F Point muTATIOn BecoMEs moRe AnD mORe ImPortANT IN mONitOrinG of jAK2 POsiTivE mpn FOlLowinG steM Cell tRaNsPLANtaTioN. in AN ATtEMpt to AchiEve THE rEQUIRED HiGH sEnsitiVity (1:10(5)), SPECIFitY And rOBUStness wE crEATEd an ApPROaCh aPPLICABle ON bOne MARrow BioPsIeS Where we ADAptED THe PRInCIPLe oF WILd-typE bloCkeR PCr WiTH AlleLe-SpecIFIC q-PcR. thE SIgNIfiCaNCe Of THe AssAY wAS deMonStRATed On A ReTROsPEcTiVe serIES OF sEquenTiAL BOnE MArrow BIoPSiEs as DiAgnOSIS OF MOleCuLaR RELapse nOW PreCEDEd The DIAGnoSis oF cliNical RElApsE BY Far. THis MEthOd OFferS THe urgeNtLy NEEDeD ToOL For a sySTemATiC moleCulAR AnalYsIS of SeQuenTIaL BIOPsIES In THe cOUrSe oF SteM CElL TrAnsplaNTaTiOn tO DEvEloP GUIDELineS fOR ThE mANaGeMEnt OF THEsE PatieNTS.
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Allele-specific wild-type blocker quantitative PCR for highly sensitive detectionof rare JAK2 p.V617F point mutation in primary myelofibrosisasan appropriate tool for the monitoring of molecular remission following therapy. Screening of JAK2 V617Fpoint mutation becomes more and more important in monitoring of JAK2 positive MPN following stemcell transplantation. In anattempt to achieve the required high sensitivity(1:10(5)), specifity and robustness wecreatedan approach applicable onbone marrow biopsies where we adapted the principle of wild-type blocker PCR with allele-specific Q-PCR.The significance of the assay was demonstrated ona retrospective series ofsequential bone marrow biopsies as diagnosisofmolecular relapse now preceded the diagnosis ofclinical relapse by far. This method offers the urgentlyneeded tool fora systematicmolecular analysisofsequential biopsies in the course of stem celltransplantation to develop guidelines for the management ofthese patients.
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Allele-specific wild-type blocker quantitative _PCR_ for highly sensitive _detection_ of rare JAK2 _p.V617F_ point mutation in primary myelofibrosis as an appropriate tool for the monitoring _of_ _molecular_ remission following therapy. Screening of JAK2 V617F point mutation _becomes_ more and more important in monitoring of JAK2 _positive_ MPN following stem cell transplantation. _In_ an attempt to _achieve_ the required high _sensitivity_ (1:10(5)), specifity and _robustness_ we _created_ an _approach_ applicable on _bone_ marrow _biopsies_ _where_ we adapted _the_ principle _of_ wild-type blocker PCR with allele-specific Q-PCR. The _significance_ of the assay was demonstrated on a _retrospective_ series _of_ _sequential_ bone marrow biopsies _as_ _diagnosis_ of molecular _relapse_ now preceded the diagnosis of clinical relapse by far. This method offers the urgently needed tool _for_ _a_ systematic molecular analysis _of_ sequential biopsies in the _course_ of _stem_ cell transplantation to develop guidelines _for_ the management of these _patients._
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Primary care for women. Comprehensive assessment and management of common mental health problems.
This article emphasizes the importance of the role of the certified nurse-midwife (CNM) in the primary care assessment of, and appropriate referral for women with mental health problems, especially in cases of psychiatric emergencies. Essential aspects of assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of the more common psychiatric problems are included, and the treatment modalities that are considered when referral results in psychiatric intervention are reviewed. In addition, the overall prevalence of mental health problems in women, the frequency with which primary care providers may encounter mental health problems, and issues of mental health care utilization are discussed.
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health care for women. comprehensive assessment and management of common mental health problems. this article acknowledges the importance of the role of the certified nurse - midwife ( cnm ) in the primary health assessment of, and appropriate referral for women with mental health problems, especially in cases of psychiatric emergencies. essential steps of assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of particular individual common psychiatric problems are included, and proper treatment modalities outlined are considered when referral results in psychiatric intervention are reviewed. in detail, the overall prevalence of mental health problems in women, the frequency beyond which primary care providers may encounter mental health problems, and issues of mental health care utilization are discussed.
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Primary care for women. Comprehensive aswessmen5 and management of common mental health ptob<ems. This article emphasizes the importance of the role of the certicier nurse - midwife (CNM) in the primary care assessment of, and appropriate reEerra< for women @itn mental health problems, especially in cas@C of psychiatric emergencies. Fssentkal aspects of assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of the more common psychiatric problems are included, and the treatment modalities %hzt are considered when referral results in psychiatric intervention are reviewed. In addition, the overall prevalence of mental h$altJ problems in women, the frequency with which primary care providers may encounter mental Bexlth problems, and issues of mental health care utilization are discussed.
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Primary care for Comprehensive assessment and management of common mental health problems. This article emphasizes the importance of the role of the certified nurse-midwife (CNM) in the primary care assessment of, and appropriate referral for with mental problems, especially in cases of psychiatric emergencies. Essential of assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of the more common psychiatric are included, and the treatment modalities that are considered when referral in intervention are reviewed. addition, the overall prevalence mental health problems in women, the frequency with which primary care providers may encounter mental health problems, issues of mental health care utilization are discussed.
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PriMARy cAre foR WOmeN. ComPrEHENsivE aSsEsSMenT And ManaGement OF COMMON MENTaL HeALTH probLEms.
tHIS ArticLe EMpHASIZes The ImportAncE oF tHe ROle Of the CertiFieD NURsE-mIDWifE (CNM) in The pRImary Care ASseSSMenT Of, ANd APPrOPrIaTe ReferraL FOr wOmEN WiTH mentaL HEalTh PRoblEms, esPeCIaLLy iN CASes OF PSYcHIatRic EmErgEnCieS. ESsenTiaL asPEcts OF AsSESsmEnT, DiAGnOSis, aNd tReaTMeNt Of tHE MoRE COmMoN PSYcHIaTric ProbleMs ARe INCLUded, anD THE tReaTMENT ModaLItIES thaT are CoNSIDEreD wheN ReFERRaL ReSULtS In pSYcHiatRIC INtERVeNtIoN ArE reVIEwEd. IN ADdITIOn, the oVeraLl PREVaLEncE Of menTAl HeALTH prObleMs iN WOmeN, tHE fReQUENCY wiTh WHIcH PRimaRY CARE ProVIders May eNcoUNter mENtal HeALth pROBLEMS, And iSSues oF MeNtaL HeALth CarE uTIliZaTiOn ARE DiSCussEd.
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Primarycare for women. Comprehensive assessmentand management ofcommon mental health problems. This articleemphasizes the importanceof the role of the certified nurse-midwife(CNM) in the primary careassessment of, and appropriate referral for womenwith mental health problems, especially in cases ofpsychiatric emergencies. Essentialaspects ofassessment,diagnosis, and treatment of the more common psychiatric problems are included, and the treatment modalities thatare considered when referral results in psychiatric intervention arereviewed. In addition, the overall prevalenceof mental health problems inwomen, the frequency with which primary care providersmay encounter mental health problems, and issues of mentalhealth care utilization are discussed.
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Primary _care_ for women. Comprehensive _assessment_ and management of common mental _health_ _problems._ This article _emphasizes_ _the_ _importance_ of the _role_ of the certified nurse-midwife (CNM) _in_ the primary care _assessment_ of, and _appropriate_ referral for women with _mental_ _health_ problems, _especially_ in cases of psychiatric emergencies. Essential aspects of assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of the more _common_ psychiatric problems are included, and the treatment modalities _that_ are considered _when_ referral results _in_ psychiatric intervention are reviewed. In addition, the overall prevalence of _mental_ _health_ problems in women, _the_ _frequency_ with _which_ primary care providers may encounter mental health problems, and issues of mental health care utilization are _discussed._
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Three-dimensional structures of H-ras p21 mutants: molecular basis for their inability to function as signal switch molecules.
The X-ray structures of the guanine nucleotide binding domains (amino acids 1-166) of five mutants of the H-ras oncogene product p21 were determined. The mutations described are Gly-12----Arg, Gly-12----Val, Gln-61----His, Gln-61----Leu, which are all oncogenic, and the effector region mutant Asp-38----Glu. The resolutions of the crystal structures range from 2.0 to 2.6 A. Cellular and mutant p21 proteins are almost identical, and the only significant differences are seen in loop L4 and in the vicinity of the gamma-phosphate. For the Gly-12 mutants the larger side chains interfere with GTP binding and/or hydrolysis. Gln-61 in cellular p21 adopts a conformation where it is able to catalyze GTP hydrolysis. This conformation has not been found for the mutants of Gln-61. Furthermore, Leu-61 cannot activate the nucleophilic water because of the chemical nature of its side chain. The D38E mutation preserves its ability to bind GAP.
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three - dimensional structures include h - ras p21 mutants : the basis for their inability to function as receptor switch molecules. the x - ray structures of the guanine residues binding domains ( amino acids 1 - 166 ) of five mutants of the h - ras oncogene product p21 were determined. the mutations described are gly - 12 - - - - arg, gly - 12 - - - - val, gln - 61 - - - - his, gln - 61 - - - - leu, which are all oncogenic, and the effector region mutant asp - 38 - - - - glu. the resolutions of the crystal structures range from 2. 0 to 2. 6 a. cellular and mutant p21 proteins are almost identical, and the only significant differences are seen in loop l4 and in the vicinity of the gamma - phosphate. for the gly - 12 fold the larger side chains interfere with gtp binding and / or hydrolysis. gln - 65 in cellular p21 adopts a conformation where it is able to catalyze gtp production. this conformation has not been found for the mutants of gln - 61. furthermore, nk - 61 cannot activate the nucleophilic water because of the chemical nature of its side structures. the d38e mutation preserves its ability to fold gap.
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Three - dimensional structures of H - ras p21 mutants: molecular basis for their inability to fumcRion as signal switch molecu/ea. The X - ray structures of the guanine nucleotide binding domains (amino acids 1 - 166) of five mutants of the H - ras oncogene product p21 were determined. The mutations described are Gly - 12 - - - - Arg, Gly - 12 - - - - Val, Gln - 61 - - - - His, Gln - 61 - - - - Leu, which are all oncogenic, and the effector region mutsnR Asp - 38 - - - - Glu. The resolutions of the crystal strucgurez range from 2. 0 to 2. 6 A. Cellular and mutant p21 proteins are akmoqt idfnt(cal, and the only significant differences are seen in loop L4 and in the vicinity of the gamma - phosphate. For the Gly - 12 mutants the larte$ side chains iHterferf with GTP binding and / or hydrolysis. Gln - 61 in cellular p21 adopts a conformation where it is able to catalyze GTP hydrolysis. This conformation has not beRj found for the mutants of Gln - 61. Furthermore, Leu - 61 cannot aDt8vate the nucleophilic water because of the chemical nature of its side chain. The D38E mutation preserves its ability to bind GAP.
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Three-dimensional structures of H-ras p21 mutants: molecular basis for their inability to function as signal switch molecules. The X-ray structures of the binding domains (amino acids 1-166) of five mutants of H-ras oncogene p21 were determined. The described are Gly-12----Val, Gln-61----His, Gln-61----Leu, which are oncogenic, and the effector region mutant Asp-38----Glu. The resolutions of the crystal structures range from 2.0 to 2.6 A. Cellular and mutant p21 proteins are almost identical, the significant differences are seen in L4 and in the vicinity of the gamma-phosphate. the Gly-12 the larger side chains interfere with GTP and/or hydrolysis. in cellular p21 adopts a conformation where it able to catalyze GTP hydrolysis. This conformation has not been found for the mutants of Gln-61. Furthermore, Leu-61 cannot activate the nucleophilic water because of the chemical nature of side chain. The D38E mutation preserves its ability to bind GAP.
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THree-DIMEnsIOnAL StRuCtUreS OF H-ras P21 mUTants: MoLECuLar basIS fOR TheIr INAbiLIty TO fUNCTiOn aS SIGNAl SwITCh mOlecULeS.
tHe x-RAy STRUCTurES OF thE gUAnine nuCleOtIDe BiNding DOmAins (aMiNO acIds 1-166) OF FiVE MuTaNtS of The H-RAs oncoGEne proDuCT P21 weRE deTeRmInEd. THE MuTaTIONs DEsCRiBEd aRE gly-12----Arg, gLy-12----val, GLN-61----HIS, gln-61----lEU, WhicH arE aLL oNcogeNIC, AND The EfFeCtOR reGiOn MUTanT ASP-38----Glu. tHe RESoLuTiOnS oF THe crySTal strUcTUres RanGE froM 2.0 tO 2.6 a. ceLlUlAr AnD MUTanT p21 PRotEIns Are aLMOSt idEnTicAl, aND THe onlY SIgnIFicAnt DIffERencEs Are SEeN iN loOp l4 ANd in tHE vICINiTY oF The gAmMa-PHOsPhaTe. FOR THE Gly-12 mUTAnTs the lArGEr sIdE CHaInS intErfERE WiTh gtP BINDiNG And/oR HYdRolySis. gln-61 IN CelLUlar P21 aDOpTS a cONFormatIOn WHerE IT is ABle TO caTalyZE gTP hydRoLYSis. THIS cOnFORMAtIoN HaS NOt BeEN FouND foR THE MUtANTs of GlN-61. fuRTHErMOrE, LEU-61 CanNOT acTIvatE The nucLeophilic waTeR BecaUSE of tHe cheMICaL nATurE Of ITS siDe chAiN. tHE d38e MutatioN PresERVES ITS AbIlIty TO BINd gAP.
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Three-dimensionalstructures of H-ras p21 mutants: molecular basis for theirinability to function as signal switch molecules. TheX-ray structures of the guanine nucleotide binding domains(amino acids 1-166) of fivemutants of the H-rasoncogene product p21 were determined.The mutations describedare Gly-12----Arg, Gly-12----Val, Gln-61----His, Gln-61----Leu, which are all oncogenic, and the effector region mutant Asp-38----Glu. The resolutions of the crystalstructures range from2.0 to 2.6 A.Cellular and mutantp21 proteins are almostidentical, and the only significant differences are seen in loopL4and in the vicinity of the gamma-phosphate. For the Gly-12 mutantsthe larger side chains interfere with GTP binding and/or hydrolysis. Gln-61 in cellular p21adopts aconformationwhere it is able to catalyze GTP hydrolysis. This conformation has not been foundfor the mutants ofGln-61. Furthermore, Leu-61cannot activate the nucleophilic waterbecause of the chemical nature of itsside chain. The D38E mutation preserves its ability to bind GAP.
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Three-dimensional _structures_ of H-ras p21 _mutants:_ molecular basis _for_ their inability to function as signal switch molecules. The X-ray _structures_ of the _guanine_ _nucleotide_ binding domains (amino acids 1-166) _of_ five _mutants_ of the H-ras oncogene product p21 were determined. The mutations _described_ _are_ Gly-12----Arg, Gly-12----Val, Gln-61----His, Gln-61----Leu, which are _all_ _oncogenic,_ and _the_ effector _region_ mutant Asp-38----Glu. The resolutions _of_ the crystal structures range from 2.0 _to_ _2.6_ A. Cellular _and_ mutant p21 proteins _are_ almost identical, and the only significant differences _are_ seen in loop L4 and _in_ _the_ vicinity _of_ the gamma-phosphate. For the Gly-12 mutants _the_ larger side _chains_ _interfere_ with _GTP_ _binding_ and/or _hydrolysis._ Gln-61 _in_ cellular p21 adopts a conformation where _it_ is able to catalyze GTP hydrolysis. This conformation has not been found for _the_ _mutants_ _of_ Gln-61. Furthermore, _Leu-61_ _cannot_ activate _the_ nucleophilic _water_ _because_ _of_ the chemical nature of its side chain. The D38E mutation _preserves_ its _ability_ to _bind_ GAP.
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Dietary sodium chloride intake independently predicts the degree of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in healthy humans consuming a net acid-producing diet.
We previously demonstrated that typical American net acid-producing diets predict a low-grade metabolic acidosis of severity proportional to the diet net acid load as indexed by the steady-state renal net acid excretion rate (NAE). We now investigate whether a sodium (Na) chloride (Cl) containing diet likewise associates with a low-grade metabolic acidosis of severity proportional to the sodium chloride content of the diet as indexed by the steady-state Na and Cl excretion rates. In the steady-state preintervention periods of our previously reported studies comprising 77 healthy subjects, we averaged in each subject three to six values of blood hydrogen ion concentration ([H]b), plasma bicarbonate concentration ([HCO(3)(-)]p), the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco(2)), the urinary excretion rates of Na, Cl, NAE, and renal function as measured by creatinine clearance (CrCl), and performed multivariate analyses. Dietary Cl strongly correlated positively with dietary Na (P < 0.001) and was an independent negative predictor of [HCO(3)(-)]p after adjustment for diet net acid load, Pco(2) and CrCl, and positive and negative predictors, respectively, of [H]b and [HCO(3)(-)]p after adjustment for diet acid load and Pco(2). These data provide the first evidence that, in healthy humans, the diet loads of NaCl and net acid independently predict systemic acid-base status, with increasing degrees of low-grade hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis as the loads increase. Assuming a causal relationship, over their respective ranges of variation, NaCl has approximately 50-100% of the acidosis-producing effect of the diet net acid load.
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dietary sodium chloride intake independently predicts the degree of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in healthy humans consuming a net acid - producing diet. we previously demonstrated that the american net acid - producing diets predict a low - grade metabolic acidosis and severity proportional to the diet net acid load as indexed by the steady - state renal net acid excretion rate ( nae ). we now investigate whether a sodium ( na ) chloride ( p ) containing diet likewise associates with a low - grade metabolic acidosis of severity proportional to the sodium chloride content of the diet as indexed by the steady - state na and cl excretion rates. in the steady - state preintervention periods of our previously reported studies comprising 77 healthy subjects, we averaged in each subject three to six values of blood hydrogen ion concentration ( [ h ] b ), plasma bicarbonate concentration ( [ hco ( q ) ( - ) ] p ), the partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( pco ( 2 ) ), the urinary excretion rates of na, cl, nae, and renal function as measured by creatinine clearance ( pg ), and performed multivariate analyses. dietary cl strongly correlated positively with dietary na ( p < 0. 001 ) and was an overall negative predictor of [ hco ( 3 ) ( - ) ] p after adjustment for diet net ph load, pco ( 2 ) and crcl, and positive and negative predictors, respectively, of [ h ] k and [ hco ( 3 ) ( - ) ] p after adjustment for diet acid load and pco ( 2 ). these data provide the first evidence that, in healthy humans, the diet loads of nacl and net acid independently predict systemic acid - base status, with increasing degrees of low - grade hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis as the subjects increase. assuming a causal relationship, over their respective ranges of variation, nacl captures approximately 50 - 100 % of the acidosis - producing effect of the diet net acid load.
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Dietary sodium chloride intake independently predicts the degree of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in healthy humans consuming a net acid - producing dUey. We previously demonstrated that typical American net acid - producing diets pFeVict a low - grade metabolic acidosis of severity proportional to the diet net acid load as indexed by the steady - state renal net acid excretion Gat2 (NAE ). We now investigate whether a sodium (Na) chloride (Cl) containing diet likewise associates with a low - grade metabolic acidosis of severity proportional to the sodium shlor(de content of the diet as indexed by the steady - state Na and Cl excretion rates. In the steady - state preintervention periKss of our previously reported studies comprising 77 healthy subjects, we averaged in each subject three to six values of blood hydrogen ion concentration ([ H] b ), plasma bicarbonate concentration ([ HCO (3) (-) ] p ), the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco (2) ), the urinary excretion rates of Na, Cl, NAE, and reGaK function as measured by creatinine clearance (CrX. ), and performed multivariate analyses. Dietary Cl strongly correlated pos7tivepy with dietary Na (P <0. 001) and was an independent negative predictor of [HCO (3) (-) ] p Wfte# adjustment for diet net acid load, Pco (2) and CrCl, and positive and negative predictors, respectively, of [H] b and [HCO (3) (-) ] p after adjustmsnG for diet acid load and Pco (2 ). These data provide the first evidence that, in healthy humans, the diet loads of NaCl and net acid independently predict systemic acid - base status, with increasing degrees of low - grade hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis as the loads increase. Assuming a causal relationship, over their respective ranges of variation, NaCl has approximately 50 - 100% of the acidosis - producing effect of the diet net acid load.
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Dietary sodium chloride intake independently predicts the degree of metabolic acidosis in healthy humans consuming a net acid-producing diet. We previously demonstrated that typical American acid-producing diets predict a low-grade metabolic acidosis severity proportional to the diet net acid load as indexed by the steady-state renal net acid (NAE). now whether a sodium (Na) chloride (Cl) containing diet likewise associates with a low-grade metabolic acidosis of severity proportional to chloride content of the as indexed by the steady-state Na and Cl excretion rates. In the steady-state preintervention periods of our previously studies comprising 77 healthy subjects, we averaged in subject three six values of hydrogen ion ([H]b), plasma bicarbonate concentration ([HCO(3)(-)]p), the partial pressure carbon dioxide (Pco(2)), the excretion rates of Na, Cl, NAE, and renal as measured by creatinine (CrCl), and performed analyses. Dietary Cl strongly correlated positively with dietary Na (P < 0.001) was an independent negative predictor of [HCO(3)(-)]p after adjustment for diet net acid load, Pco(2) and CrCl, and positive and predictors, respectively, of [H]b and [HCO(3)(-)]p after adjustment for diet acid load and Pco(2). These data provide the first evidence that, in healthy humans, the diet loads of NaCl net acid independently predict systemic status, with increasing degrees of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis as the loads increase. Assuming a causal relationship, over their ranges of variation, NaCl has approximately 50-100% of the acidosis-producing effect of the diet net acid load.
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diETaRY SoDIuM CHLoRiDe InTaKE iNDePENdentLy PrEdictS THE dEgREE oF HYPeRcHloREmic METaboLiC acidoSIS iN HEALthY HUMans COnSumiNG a Net acId-pRODuCIng dIEt.
We PRevioUsLy DemoNSTRAtEd that tYpICaL AMErICaN net aCiD-PrOdUCinG Diets pReDiCT a Low-GrAde mEtaBOLIC acidosIS oF SEVEritY PRoPORtionAl TO thE DIeT neT acId LOAD AS iNDeXeD By tHE sTEADY-StatE reNaL NEt ACid excREtIon RATe (NAE). We NOW iNvEsTIGate wheTHeR A SODiUM (na) chLOrIde (cl) CONtAININg DIET LiKewIse aSSoCIaTes WiTH A LOw-gRAde metABoLIc acidosIs OF SEVeriTY PROportIoNal to tHE SoDium CHLOrIde coNteNt Of The DiEt as InDExed By tHE SteADy-STate nA And cL ExcrEtIon RAteS. iN The SteAdY-StAtE preInterVEntIoN PErIOdS Of oUR preVioUSLY repoRTEd STUdIEs COmPrisINg 77 healthy SubjECtS, We aVeRaGED iN EACH subJect thrEe To sIX ValUEs Of BLoOD HYdroGen iOn conCeNtRaTIon ([h]B), pLAsMa bICARBOnATe coNcENtRATION ([HcO(3)(-)]P), THe PARTiAL PRESsuRE Of cARboN dIOXIde (pcO(2)), tHE urINary ExCREtION RAtes oF nA, Cl, NAe, And rENal fUNctiON as measuRed By CReAtiNine cleARancE (CRCL), AnD PErFOrmEd MULTivARIATe ANalYSEs. dietaRy cl sTRONgLY CORReLATED pOSitIVELy wITh dIETARy NA (p < 0.001) and was An INDePEndent NegAtIve pRedIctOr Of [HcO(3)(-)]p aFtEr ADJusTMEnT For DIEt nEt aCId LOaD, pCo(2) anD crCL, AnD PositIve aND NEgaTIVE PReDicTors, rESPECTiveLY, Of [H]B and [hco(3)(-)]P afTEr ADJUstmenT fOR DIeT AciD LOaD and pcO(2). tHesE dATA ProVIDE ThE FirsT EvIDeNCe THat, iN HeAltHy Humans, THE DieT lOaDs of nacL ANd NET aCId INDEPendeNTLy pREDICt sYSteMIc acid-BAsE StAtUs, wiTH InCreasInG DegREEs oF lOW-grAdE HyPErchLOremIC METaBOLIC aCidOSis as tHE lOAds iNCReaSE. AsSuMInG a CausaL rELatioNsHIp, over their RESpECTIVE RAnGeS OF VarIATion, NACl HAS aPPRoXImATelY 50-100% Of The acIDoSIS-prodUcING eFFECt oF The dIet NeT acID loaD.
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Dietary sodium chloride intake independently predicts thedegree of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in healthy humansconsuming a net acid-producing diet. We previously demonstrated that typical American net acid-producing dietspredicta low-grademetabolic acidosis ofseverity proportionalto the diet net acid load asindexed by the steady-state renal net acid excretion rate (NAE). We now investigate whether a sodium (Na) chloride (Cl) containingdiet likewise associateswith alow-grademetabolic acidosisof severityproportional to the sodiumchloride content of the diet as indexed by the steady-state Na and Cl excretion rates. In the steady-state preintervention periods ofour previously reported studies comprising 77 healthy subjects, we averaged in each subject three to six values of blood hydrogenion concentration ([H]b), plasma bicarbonate concentration ([HCO(3)(-)]p), the partial pressure of carbon dioxide(Pco(2)), the urinaryexcretion rates of Na, Cl, NAE, and renal function as measured by creatinine clearance (CrCl),and performed multivariate analyses. Dietary Cl strongly correlatedpositively with dietary Na (P <0.001) and was an independentnegativepredictor of [HCO(3)(-)]p afteradjustment for dietnet acidload, Pco(2)and CrCl,and positive and negative predictors, respectively, of[H]band [HCO(3)(-)]p after adjustment for diet acid load and Pco(2). These data provide the first evidence that, in healthy humans,the diet loads of NaCland net acid independently predict systemic acid-base status,with increasing degrees of low-gradehyperchloremic metabolic acidosis as the loads increase. Assuming acausal relationship,over their respective ranges of variation,NaCl has approximately 50-100% of the acidosis-producing effect of the diet net acid load.
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Dietary _sodium_ _chloride_ intake independently _predicts_ the degree of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in _healthy_ _humans_ consuming a net acid-producing diet. We _previously_ demonstrated that typical American net acid-producing diets predict a low-grade metabolic acidosis _of_ severity _proportional_ to the diet net acid load as _indexed_ _by_ the steady-state renal _net_ acid excretion rate (NAE). We now investigate whether a sodium (Na) chloride (Cl) containing diet likewise _associates_ with a low-grade _metabolic_ acidosis of severity _proportional_ to the sodium chloride content of the diet as indexed by the steady-state Na and Cl excretion rates. In the steady-state preintervention periods _of_ our previously reported studies comprising _77_ healthy subjects, we averaged in each subject three to six values of _blood_ _hydrogen_ ion concentration _([H]b),_ plasma bicarbonate _concentration_ _([HCO(3)(-)]p),_ the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco(2)), the urinary excretion rates of Na, Cl, NAE, and renal function as measured by creatinine _clearance_ (CrCl), and performed multivariate analyses. Dietary _Cl_ strongly _correlated_ positively with dietary _Na_ _(P_ < 0.001) and was an independent negative predictor of [HCO(3)(-)]p after adjustment for diet net acid load, Pco(2) and _CrCl,_ and positive and negative predictors, respectively, of [H]b and [HCO(3)(-)]p after _adjustment_ for _diet_ acid load and Pco(2). _These_ _data_ provide the first evidence _that,_ in healthy humans, the _diet_ loads of NaCl _and_ net _acid_ independently _predict_ systemic acid-base _status,_ with _increasing_ _degrees_ of low-grade hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis as the _loads_ increase. Assuming a causal relationship, _over_ their respective ranges of variation, NaCl _has_ approximately 50-100% of the acidosis-producing effect of the diet net acid load.
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Chronic energy deficiency and its association with dietary factors in adults of drought affected desert areas of Western Rajasthan, India.
To asses the impact of drought on nutritional status of adults of a rural population in desert area. Threestage sampling technique. 24 villages belonging to 6 tehsils (sub units of district) of Jodhpur district, a drought affected desert district of Western Rajasthan, in 2003. 1540 adults were examined for their anthropometry, dietary intake and nutritional deficiency signs. Overall chronic energy deficiency (CED) was found high (42.7 %). Severe CED was 10.7 percent, significantly higher in males than females. Regarding vitamin A deficiency, overall prevalence of Bitot spot and night blindness was 1.8 and 0.2 percent respectively, higher in females than males. Regarding vitamin B complex deficiency, angular stomatitis, cheliosis, and glossitis was 1.0, 2.6 and 5.4 percent. Anemia was 35.6 percent. Overall mean calorie and protein intake deficit was very high (38 and 16.4 %). The comparison of present drought results with earlier studies in desert normal and desert drought conditions showed higher deficiencies of calories and proteins in their diet. Severity of malnutrition is critical as CED was more than the cut-off point of 40 percent stated by World Health Organization. Vitamin A and B complex deficiencies, anemia, protein calorie malnutrition along with deficit in calories and proteins in their diet were higher in comparison to non desert areas, which may be due to the harsh environmental conditions in desert areas. Efforts should be made to incorporate intervention measures to ensure the supply of adequate calories and proteins to all age groups.
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chronic energy deficiency and its association with dietary factors in adults of drought affected desert areas of western rajasthan, india. to asses the impact of drought on nutritional status of persons of a rural population affected desert area. threestage sampling technique. 24 villages belonging to 6 tehsils ( sub units of district ) of jodhpur district, a drought affected desert district of western rajasthan, in 2003. 1540 adults were examined for their anthropometry, dietary intake and nutritional deficiency signs. overall fatal energy deficiency ( ced ) was found moderate ( 42. 7 % ). severe ced was 10. 2 percent, significantly higher in males than females. regarding vitamin a deficiency, overall prevalence of bitot spot and night blindness was 1. 8 and 0. 2 percent respectively, higher in females than males. regarding vitamin b complex deficiency, angular stomatitis, cheliosis, and rash was 1. 0, 2. 6 and 5. 4 percent. anemia was 35. 6 percent. overall mean calorie and protein intake trends remained very high ( 38 and 16. 4 % ). the comparison of present drought results with earlier studies in desert normal and desert drought conditions showed higher deficiencies of calories and proteins in their diet. severity of malnutrition less critical as ced was more than the cut - off point of 40 percent stated by world health organization. vitamin a and b complex deficiencies, anemia, protein calorie malnutrition along with deficit in calories and proteins in their diet were higher in comparison to non desert areas, which may be due to the harsh environmental conditions in desert areas. efforts should be made to incorporate intervention measures to ensure the supply of dietary calories and proteins to all age groups.
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Chronic eneDvy deficiency and its association with dietary factors in adults of drought affected desert areas of Western Rajasthan, India. To asses the impact of drought on nutritional status of adults of a rural pIpulagion in desert area. Threestage ss,pling technique. 24 villages belonging to 6 tehsils (sub units of district) of Jodhpur district, a drought affected desert vistrixt of Western Rajasthan, in 2003. 1540 adults were examined for their anthropometry, die4a5y iGtzke and nutritional deficiency signs. Overall chgoMic energy deficiency (CED) was found high (42. 7% ). Severe CED was 10. 7 percent, significantly higher in males tBAn females. Regarding vitamin A deficiency, overall prevalence of Bitot spot and night blindness was 1. 8 and 0. 2 percent respectively, higher in females than males. Regarding vitamin B complex deficiency, angular stomatitis, cheliosis, and glossitis was 1. 0, 2. 6 and 5. 4 percent. Anemia was 35. 6 percent. Overall mean calorie and protein intake deficit was very high (38 and 16. 4% ). The comparison of present drought results with earlier studies in desert normal and desert drought conditions showed higher deficiencies of calories and proteins in their diet. Severity of malnutrition is critical as CED was more than the cut - off point of 40 percent stated by World Health Organization. Vitamin A and B complex deficiencies, anemia, protein calorie malnutrition along with deficit in calories and proteins in their diet were higher in comparison to non desert areas, which may be due to the harsh environmental conditions in desert areas. Efforts should be made to invorporat4 intervention measures to eJsurF the supply of adequate calories and proteins to all age groups.
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Chronic deficiency and its association with dietary factors adults of drought affected desert areas of Western Rajasthan, India. To asses the impact of drought on nutritional status of adults of a rural in desert area. Threestage sampling technique. 24 villages belonging to 6 tehsils (sub units district) of Jodhpur district, a drought desert district of Western Rajasthan, in 2003. 1540 adults were examined for their anthropometry, dietary intake and nutritional deficiency signs. Overall energy deficiency (CED) found high (42.7 %). Severe CED was 10.7 percent, significantly in males females. Regarding vitamin A overall prevalence of Bitot spot and night blindness was 1.8 and percent respectively, higher in females than males. Regarding vitamin B complex deficiency, angular stomatitis, and glossitis was 1.0, 2.6 and 5.4 percent. Anemia 35.6 percent. Overall mean calorie and protein intake deficit very (38 and 16.4 The comparison of present drought results with earlier studies in desert normal and desert drought conditions showed higher deficiencies calories and in diet. Severity of malnutrition is critical as was more than the cut-off point of 40 stated World Health Organization. Vitamin and B complex deficiencies, anemia, protein malnutrition along with deficit in calories and proteins in their diet were higher in comparison to non desert areas, which may be due to the harsh conditions in desert areas. Efforts should be made to incorporate intervention measures to ensure the supply of adequate calories proteins to all age groups.
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cHRoNIC eNeRgy defiCieNcY aND Its associATioN WITH dietARy fACTORS in aDULtS Of DRoUgHt aFFectED DeseRT aReaS of wESTErn rAjAsTHan, iNdia.
tO ASSeS ThE iMPAct of dROugHT On nUtRiTionAL STatus oF AdULts OF a rurAl POpULatiOn in dESeRt ArEA. thREestaGE SAmpLING TecHNiQUE. 24 vIllagEs bElonGIng TO 6 TehSIls (sub uNITs of DIStrICt) oF JoDHpUr DIstrIcT, a DrouGHt aFfECted DESErt DisTRIct oF WEStERN RaJAStHAn, In 2003. 1540 aDults wERe eXAMIneD FOr tHEIR antHROpOMeTRy, dIETARY InTakE aNd NUTrITIoNaL DeFICiEncY siGNs. oVEralL ChRONiC eNeRgy DeFICIeNCY (cED) wAs found high (42.7 %). seveRE CeD WAS 10.7 perCenT, SIGNiFIcaNtlY highER iN Males tHAN FEmales. rEGaRdiNG VitAMin A dEFICiEnCy, OVeRAll pReVALenCE OF BItoT SpOT aND night bLInDnESs WAs 1.8 anD 0.2 perCenT rEsPEcTIVeLY, HiGhEr in feMALES Than males. REGardinG viTaMin b cOmplEX DEfiCIency, ANGulAR STomAtItis, CheliosIs, aNd glosSiTiS waS 1.0, 2.6 aND 5.4 pERceNt. Anemia WAS 35.6 PErcENT. OVErAlL meAn calORIe AnD pROTeiN INTaKe DEFIcit waS veRy hiGH (38 ANd 16.4 %). tHe cOMpArIsON Of pREsENt DROughT ReSultS WITh earlIeR studIeS In DEsErt nOrMal aND dEsert DROuGHT coNdITIONs SHowED hIGhER dEfICIENcIEs OF calorieS And ProTEiNs iN THEIr dIET. Severity of MalnUtrItiOn iS cRitICal As ced was MOre THAn ThE cuT-OFF poInt of 40 pErcenT sTaTeD bY WOrLD hEaLth ORgAnIzAtIon. VITamin a AnD b CoMpLex dEFIcienciES, anEmIA, PRoTein CalORiE MalnuTRITIoN AlOng WiTh DefIcIt in caLorIes and proteins in THeIR DIET Were hIGhER In comParISON To nOn DEseRT areAS, whICH maY Be dUE tO THE hARSH ENViROnmeNtAl condItiOnS IN dEserT AREas. eFfORTS sHoULd Be maDe to incORPoraTE INtERvEnTiOn mEaSuRes to EnSuRe tHe SuPPLY OF AdequAte CaLorIeS aNd PrOTeIns To AlL aGE GrouPs.
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Chronic energy deficiency and itsassociation with dietary factors in adultsof drought affected desert areas of Western Rajasthan, India. To asses the impact of drought on nutritional statusof adults of a rural population in desert area. Threestage sampling technique. 24 villagesbelonging to 6 tehsils (sub unitsof district) of Jodhpur district, a drought affected desertdistrictofWestern Rajasthan, in 2003. 1540 adultswereexamined for theiranthropometry, dietary intake and nutritional deficiency signs. Overall chronic energy deficiency (CED)was found high (42.7%). Severe CED was 10.7percent, significantly higher in malesthan females. Regarding vitamin A deficiency, overall prevalenceof Bitot spot andnight blindness was 1.8 and 0.2percent respectively, higher in females than males. Regarding vitamin B complex deficiency, angular stomatitis, cheliosis, and glossitis was 1.0, 2.6 and 5.4 percent. Anemia was 35.6 percent. Overall mean calorie and proteinintake deficit was very high (38 and 16.4 %). The comparison of present drought results with earlier studies in desertnormal and desert drought conditions showed higher deficiencies of calories and proteins intheir diet.Severity of malnutrition is critical as CED was more thanthe cut-off point of 40 percent stated by World Health Organization. Vitamin A andBcomplex deficiencies, anemia,protein calorie malnutrition along with deficit in calories andproteins in theirdiet werehigher in comparison to non desert areas, which may be due to the harshenvironmental conditionsin desert areas. Efforts shouldbe made to incorporate intervention measures to ensure thesupply of adequate caloriesand proteins to all age groups.
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Chronic energy deficiency and its association _with_ dietary factors in adults _of_ drought affected desert areas of Western Rajasthan, India. To _asses_ the impact of _drought_ on nutritional status of adults _of_ a rural population in _desert_ area. Threestage sampling technique. 24 villages belonging to _6_ tehsils (sub units of district) of Jodhpur _district,_ a drought _affected_ desert district of Western Rajasthan, in 2003. 1540 _adults_ were examined for their anthropometry, _dietary_ intake and nutritional deficiency _signs._ Overall chronic _energy_ deficiency (CED) was found high (42.7 %). Severe CED was 10.7 percent, significantly higher in males than females. Regarding vitamin _A_ deficiency, overall _prevalence_ of Bitot _spot_ and night _blindness_ was _1.8_ and 0.2 percent respectively, higher in females than males. Regarding vitamin _B_ complex deficiency, angular stomatitis, cheliosis, and glossitis was 1.0, 2.6 and 5.4 _percent._ Anemia _was_ 35.6 percent. Overall mean _calorie_ _and_ protein intake deficit was very high (38 _and_ 16.4 %). _The_ comparison of present drought results with _earlier_ studies _in_ desert normal and desert drought conditions showed higher deficiencies of calories _and_ proteins in their diet. _Severity_ of malnutrition is _critical_ as CED was _more_ than the cut-off point _of_ 40 percent stated by _World_ Health _Organization._ Vitamin A _and_ B complex deficiencies, anemia, protein calorie _malnutrition_ along with deficit in calories _and_ proteins in their diet _were_ higher in comparison to non desert areas, which may _be_ due to _the_ _harsh_ _environmental_ _conditions_ in desert areas. Efforts should be made to incorporate intervention _measures_ to ensure the _supply_ of adequate calories and _proteins_ _to_ all age groups.
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Molecular-dynamics simulations of electron-ion temperature relaxation in a classical Coulomb plasma.
Molecular-dynamics simulations are used to investigate temperature relaxation between electrons and ions in a fully ionized, classical Coulomb plasma with minimal assumptions. Recombination is avoided by using like charges. The relaxation rate agrees with theory in the weak coupling limit (g identical with potential/kinetic energy << 1), whereas it saturates at g > 1 due to correlation effects. The "Coulomb log" is found to be independent of the ion charge (at constant g) and mass ratio > 25.
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molecular - dynamics simulations of electron - ion temperature relaxation in a classical coulomb plasma. molecular - dynamics simulations are considered to investigate temperature relaxation between electrons and ions leaving a fully ionized, classical coulomb plasma with thermal uncertainty. recombination is avoided by using like charges. the relaxation rate agrees with theory in the weak coupling limit ( g identical relaxation potential / kinetic energy < < 1 ), whereas it saturates at g > 1 due to energy instability. the " coulomb log " is found to be independent of molecular ion charge ( including constant g ) electron mass ratio > 25.
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Molecular - dynamics simulations of electron - ion temperature relaxation in a cPassiFal Coulomb pPasha. Molecular - dynamics s(mulat*ons are used to invesriYate temperature relaxation between electrons and ions in a fully ionized, Xlassisal Coulomb plasma with minimal assumptions. RecombibAtion is svoideW by using lLk3 charges. The relaxation rate agrseW with theory in the weak coupling limit (g identical with potential / kinetic energy << 1 ), whereas it saturates at g> 1 due to correlation effects. The " Coulomb log " is fluJd to be independent of the ion charge (at constant g) and mass ratio> 25.
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Molecular-dynamics simulations electron-ion temperature relaxation in a classical Coulomb plasma. Molecular-dynamics simulations are used to investigate temperature relaxation electrons and ions a fully ionized, classical Coulomb plasma with minimal assumptions. Recombination is avoided by using charges. The relaxation rate agrees with theory in weak coupling limit identical with potential/kinetic energy << 1), it saturates at g > 1 due to correlation effects. The "Coulomb log" is found to independent of the ion charge (at constant g) and mass ratio > 25.
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MOlEcuLAR-DYNaMiCS SIMuLATions Of elecTROn-ion TempERAtUre relAxaTiOn in a clAssIcAl COULomb pLaSma.
molECUlar-DynAMIcS SiMulatIONS arE useD tO iNVEsTIgAte tEMpeRAtuRE ReLAXAtIOn beTWEeN electRONS anD IoNs IN A FULlY iOnIZeD, CLASSicAl COUlOMB PLasMA wITh MINimAL aSSumptiOnS. rEcoMbiNaTIon is AVOIdEd By usIng like CHaRgeS. THe RELaxAtIOn RATe aGrees With ThEORY iN tHE WEaK COuPlinG lIMIT (g iDeNticAl WITH POteNtIaL/kInETic ENeRGy << 1), whEreaS iT sAtUraTES AT G > 1 due TO cORrElaTion effEcTS. tHE "Coulomb Log" IS FOUNd TO BE INDepeNDEnT OF The iOn CHaRGE (aT cOnSTaNT G) aND masS ratiO > 25.
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Molecular-dynamics simulations ofelectron-ion temperature relaxationin a classical Coulomb plasma. Molecular-dynamics simulations are used toinvestigate temperature relaxation between electrons and ions in a fullyionized, classical Coulomb plasmawithminimal assumptions. Recombination is avoidedbyusing like charges.The relaxation rate agrees with theoryin the weak coupling limit (g identical with potential/kinetic energy<< 1), whereas it saturates at g > 1 due to correlation effects.The "Coulomb log" is found to be independent ofthe ion charge (at constant g) andmass ratio>25.
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Molecular-dynamics _simulations_ of electron-ion temperature relaxation in a classical Coulomb plasma. Molecular-dynamics simulations are used to investigate temperature relaxation between electrons and ions in a _fully_ ionized, _classical_ Coulomb plasma _with_ minimal assumptions. Recombination is _avoided_ by _using_ like _charges._ The relaxation _rate_ _agrees_ with theory in _the_ weak coupling limit _(g_ identical with potential/kinetic energy << _1),_ whereas it saturates at g _>_ 1 due _to_ correlation effects. The "Coulomb log" is found _to_ be independent of the ion _charge_ (at _constant_ g) and mass _ratio_ > _25._
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The Effects of Event Rate on a Cognitive Vigilance Task.
The present experiment sought to examine the effects of event rate on a cognitive vigilance task. Vigilance, or the ability to sustain attention, is an integral component of human factors research. Vigilance task difficulty has previously been manipulated through increasing event rate. However, most research in this paradigm has utilized a sensory-based task, whereas little work has focused on these effects in relation to a cognitive-based task. In sum, 84 participants completed a cognitive vigilance task that contained either 24 events per minute (low event rate condition) or 40 events per minute (high event rate condition). Performance was measured through the proportion of hits, false alarms, mean response time, and signal detection analyses (i.e., sensitivity and response bias). Additionally, measures of perceived workload and stress were collected. The results indicated that event rate significantly affected performance, such that participants who completed the low event rate task achieved significantly better performance in terms of correction detections and false alarms. Furthermore, the cognitive vigil utilized in the present study produced performance decrements comparable to traditional sensory vigilance tasks. Event rate affects cognitive vigilance tasks in a similar manner as traditional sensory vigilance tasks, such that a direct relation between performance and level of event rate was established. Cognitive researchers wishing to manipulate task difficulty in their experiments may use event rate presentation as one avenue to achieve this result.
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the effects of event rate on a cognitive vigilance task. the present experiment sought to examine the effects of event rate on a cognitive vigilance task. vigilance, or the ability to sustain attention, is an integral component of human factors research. vigilance task difficulty has increasingly been manipulated through increasing event rate. today, most research in this paradigm has utilized a sensory - based task, whereas little work has focused on these effects under relation to a cognitive - based task. in sum, 84 participants completed a normal vigilance task that represented either 24 events per minute ( low event rate condition ) or 40 events per minute ( high event rate condition ). performance was measured through the proportion of corrections, false alarms, mean response time, and signal detection analyses ( p. e., sensitivity and response bias ). additionally, measures of perceived workload and stress were collected. the results indicated that event rate significantly affected performance, such that participants who completed the low event rate task achieved significantly better performance in terms of correction detections and false alarms. furthermore, the cognitive vigil utilized in the present study produced performance decrements comparable to traditional sensory vigilance tasks. event rate affects cognitive vigilance tasks in a similar manner as traditional sensory vigilance tasks, noting that a direct relation between performance and level of event rate was established. cognitive researchers wishing to manipulate task difficulties in their experiments may use accident rate presentation as one avenue to achieve this result.
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The Effects of Event Rate on a Cognitive Vigilance Task. The present experiment Xo8ght to examine the effects of event rate on a cognitive vigilance task. Vigilance, or the ability to sustain attention, is an integral component of h&maj factors research. Vigilance task difficulty has previously been manipulated through increasing event rate. However, most research in this paradigm has utilized a sensory - based ywsk, whereas little work has focused on these effects in relation to a cognitive - based task. In sum, 84 participants completed a cognitive vigilance task that contained either 24 sventD per minute (low SveHt rate condition) or 40 events per minute (hiYg event rate condition ). Performance was measured through the proportion of hits, false alarms, mean response time, and signal detection analyses (i. e. , sSnsitivi%y and response bias ). Additionally, measures of perceived workload and stress were collected. The results indicated that event rate significantly affected performance, such that paFticipantE who completed the low event rate task achieved significantly better performance in terms of correction detections and false alarms. Furthermore, the cognitive vigil utilized in the present study produced performance decrements comparable to traditional sensory vigilance tasks. Event rate affects cognitive vigilance tasks in a similar manner as traditional sensory vigilance tasuD, such that a direct relation between performance and level of event rate was established. Cognitive researchers wishing to manipulate task difficulty in their experiments may use event rate presentation as one avebuR to achieve this result.
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The Effects of Event Rate on a Cognitive Vigilance Task. The present experiment sought to examine the effects event rate a cognitive Vigilance, or the ability attention, is an integral component of factors research. Vigilance task difficulty has previously been manipulated through increasing event rate. However, most research in this paradigm has a sensory-based whereas little work has focused on these effects in relation to a cognitive-based task. In sum, 84 participants completed a cognitive vigilance task that contained 24 events per minute event rate condition) or 40 events per minute (high event rate condition). was measured through the proportion of hits, alarms, mean response time, and signal detection analyses (i.e., sensitivity and response bias). Additionally, measures of perceived workload and stress were collected. The results indicated that event rate significantly affected performance, such that participants who completed the low event rate task achieved significantly better performance in terms of correction detections and false alarms. the cognitive vigil in present study produced performance decrements comparable to traditional sensory vigilance tasks. Event rate affects cognitive vigilance tasks in a similar as traditional sensory vigilance tasks, such that a between performance and level of event rate researchers wishing to manipulate task difficulty in their experiments may use rate presentation as one avenue to achieve this result.
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ThE EFfeCTs of event RAte ON A cognITivE viGilanCe TAsk.
thE pRESeNT ExpErimeNt SouGhT tO ExaMiNe The efFEctS OF evENt RATe On a CogNitive VIgILaNcE Task. vIgIlaNCE, oR thE ABILItY to SusTAIN AtTentioN, iS An inteGRal CompOneNT of hUmaN facTORS REsearcH. vIgilANce TASk diFfICuLtY haS preVIoUsly BEEn manIPulated tHRoUgh iNCreaSInG Event RaTE. HoweVer, most researCH IN ThiS pARaDIgm has uTiLiZEd A SEnsORy-BAsED TasK, whErEAs LItTLe WoRk HaS FOcusED oN These EfFECtS In ReLatIOn TO A COgNiTiVe-Based Task. iN SuM, 84 PaRtICipANTS ComPleTEd A CogNITivE VIgiLANcE taSk thaT cONtainEd eitHer 24 evenTs PER MInUTe (LOw eveNT RaTe CondItION) Or 40 eVeNtS pEr mInUtE (high EVent RaTE CondItION). PERForManCE wAS mEaSuRED THROugH ThE prOpORtIon OF hiTS, FaLse alARmS, MeAn Response tiME, AnD SIgnal dETECtiOn ANALYSEs (I.E., sEnSITIVitY aNd ReSpONsE BIas). AdDiTionalLy, mEAsuREs oF pERcEIVeD workLoad aNd stresS WeRe coLLECTED. THE RESUltS IndiCATeD THat EVEnt ratE siGnIfICanTLy aFfeCtED perFOrmANCe, SUch tHat partICIPANTs WHO cOMpLEteD The lOw EVEnt ratE taSk aChIeVed signIficaNTlY bETtER pErFORmanCe In terms oF COrrECtION detEcTiOns ANd fAlSE ALarmS. furTHErMORe, tHE CognITIve VIgil UTilIZEd iN The PRESenT sTudy prODuceD PeRforManCe DECREmENts ComPARAbLE tO tradiTIOnAL sENSOry VIgIlANCe taSKS. eVEnT RATE afFECts COgNitIVE vIGILANce tasKS IN A sIMILAr maNneR aS tRAdItioNal SENsorY VIGILANce tASKS, suCh thaT a dIrect rELAtION bETwEeN pErForMANce and lEVEL of eVeNt rAte wAs EstaBlisheD. cOgNiTiVe rEsEarcherS wIShIng TO MaNIPUlATE TaSK DifFICuLtY IN thEiR EXPeriMEnTS may Use EVeNt RAte presenTaTioN As oNe aVEnuE to AcHIevE ThIS REsuLT.
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The Effects of Event Rate on a Cognitive Vigilance Task. The presentexperiment sought to examine the effects of event rate on a cognitive vigilancetask. Vigilance, orthe ability to sustain attention, is an integral component of human factors research. Vigilance taskdifficulty has previously been manipulated through increasing event rate. However, mostresearch in this paradigm has utilized a sensory-based task, whereaslittle workhas focused onthese effects in relation to a cognitive-based task. In sum, 84 participants completed a cognitive vigilance task that contained either 24events per minute (low event rate condition) or 40 events per minute (high eventrate condition). Performance was measured through theproportion of hits, false alarms, mean response time,and signal detection analyses (i.e.,sensitivity and response bias). Additionally, measures of perceived workload and stress were collected. The results indicated that eventrate significantlyaffected performance, such that participants whocompleted the low event rate task achievedsignificantly better performance in terms of correction detectionsand false alarms. Furthermore, the cognitive vigil utilizedin thepresentstudy produced performance decrements comparable to traditional sensory vigilance tasks. Event rateaffects cognitive vigilance tasks ina similar manner as traditional sensoryvigilance tasks, such that a direct relation between performance and level of event rate wasestablished.Cognitive researchers wishing to manipulatetask difficulty in their experiments may use event rate presentation as one avenueto achieve this result.
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The Effects _of_ Event Rate on a Cognitive Vigilance Task. _The_ present experiment sought to examine the effects of _event_ rate on a cognitive vigilance task. Vigilance, _or_ the ability to _sustain_ attention, is an integral component _of_ human factors research. Vigilance task difficulty has previously _been_ _manipulated_ through increasing event rate. However, most research in _this_ paradigm _has_ utilized _a_ sensory-based _task,_ whereas little work has focused on these effects _in_ relation to a cognitive-based task. In sum, _84_ participants completed a cognitive vigilance _task_ _that_ _contained_ either 24 events per minute (low event rate condition) or 40 events _per_ minute (high event rate condition). Performance was _measured_ through _the_ proportion of hits, false _alarms,_ mean _response_ time, and signal detection analyses (i.e., sensitivity and response _bias)._ Additionally, measures of perceived workload and stress were collected. _The_ _results_ _indicated_ that event rate significantly affected _performance,_ such that participants _who_ _completed_ the low event rate task _achieved_ significantly better performance in terms of correction detections and false alarms. Furthermore, the _cognitive_ vigil utilized in the present _study_ produced performance _decrements_ comparable to traditional _sensory_ vigilance tasks. Event rate affects cognitive vigilance tasks in _a_ similar manner as traditional sensory vigilance tasks, such that a _direct_ relation between performance _and_ _level_ of event rate was established. Cognitive researchers _wishing_ to manipulate task difficulty _in_ their experiments _may_ _use_ event rate presentation as one avenue to achieve this result.
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Ability of MR cholangiography to reveal stent position and luminal diameter in patients with biliary endoprostheses: in vitro measurements and in vivo results in 30 patients.
Our goal was to evaluate the ability of MR cholangiography to show stent position and luminal diameter in patients with biliary endoprostheses. Susceptibility artifacts were evaluated in vitro in three different stent systems (cobalt alloy-based, nitinol-based, and polyethylene) using two breath-hold sequences (rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement, half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin echo) on a 1.5-T MR imaging system. The size of the stent-related artifact was measured, and the relative stent lumen was calculated. In vivo stent position and patency were determined in 30 patients (10 cobalt alloy-based stents, five nitinol-based stents, and 15 polyethylene stents). In vitro, the susceptibility artifact of the cobalt stent caused complete obliteration of the stent lumen. The relative stent lumens of the nitinol-based and polyethylene stents were 38-50% and 67-100%, respectively. In vivo, all stents were patent at the time of imaging. The position of the cobalt alloy-based stent could be determined in nine of 10 patients, but stent patency could not be evaluated. Stent position of nitinol stents could not be adequately evaluated in any of the five patients, and internal stent diameter could be visualized in only one patient. In nine of 15 patients, the fluid column within the implanted polyethylene stent was seen on MR cholangiography. The internal stent lumen could be visualized in most patients with an indwelling polyethylene stent, but not in patients with cobalt alloy- or nitinol-based stents.
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ability of mr cholangiography to reveal stent position and luminal diameter in patients with biliary endoprostheses : in vitro measurements and in vivo results in 30 patients. our goal was to evaluate optical ability of mr cholangiography to revealed stent position and luminal diameter in patients with biliary endoprostheses. susceptibility artifacts were evaluated in vitro in three different stent systems ( cobalt alloy - based, nickel - based, and polyethylene ) using two breath - hold sequences ( rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement, half - fourier acquisition single - shot turbo spin echo ) on a 1. 5 - t mr imaging system. the size of the stent - related artifact was measured, and the relative stent lumen was examined. in vivo stent position spatial patency were determined in 30 patients ( 10 cobalt alloy - based stents, five nitinol - based stents, and 15 polyethylene stents ). in vitro, the susceptibility artifact of the cobalt stent caused complete obliteration of the stent lumen. the relative stent lumens of the nitinol - based and polyethylene stents were 38 - 50 % and 67 - 100 %, respectively. in vivo, all stents were patent at that time of imaging. the position of the cobalt alloy - based stent could be determined in nine of 10 patients, but stent morphology could not be evaluated. stent position of nitinol stents could not be properly evaluated in any of the five patients, and internal stent diameter could stand visualized in only one patient. in nine of 15 patients, the fluid column within the implanted polyethylene stent was seen on mr cholangiography. the internal stent shape could be visualized in most patients with an indwelling polyethylene stent, but not in patients with cobalt alloy - or nitinol - based stents.
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Ability of MR cholangiography to reveal stent position and luminal diameter in patients with biliary enroprosthezes: in vitro measurements and in vivo results in 30 patients. Our goal was to evaluate the ability of MR cholangiography to show stent position and luminal diameter in patients with biliary endoprostheses. Susceptibility artifacts were evaluated in vitro in three different stent aystemX (cobalt alloy - based, nitinol - based, and polyethylene) using two breath - hold sequences (rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement, half - Fourier acquisition single - shot turbo spin echo) on a 1. 5 - T MR imaging system. The size of the stent - related artifact was measured, and the relative Wteng lumen was calculated. In vivo stent position and patency were determined in 30 patients (10 cobalt alloy - based stents, five nitinol - based stents, and 15 polyethylene stents ). In vitro, the susceptibility artifact of the cobalt stent caused complete obliteration of the Zteht lumen. The relative stent lumens of the nitinol - based and polyethylene stDntq were 38 - 50% and 67 - 100% , tesp2ctively. In vivo, all stents were patent at the time of imaging. The position of the cobalt alloy - based stent could be determined in nine of 10 patients, but stent patency could not be evaluated. St4Mt position of nitinol stents could not be adequately evaluated in any of the five patients, and internal stent diameter could be visualized in only one patient. In nine of 15 patieJfs, the fluid column within the implanted polyethylene stent was seen on MR cholangiography. The iMterGal sreBt lumen could be visualized in most patients with an indwelling polyethylene stent, but not in patients with cobalt alloy - or nitinol - based stents.
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of MR cholangiography to reveal stent position and luminal diameter in patients with biliary in vitro measurements and in vivo in 30 patients. Our goal was evaluate the of MR cholangiography to show stent position and luminal diameter in patients with biliary endoprostheses. Susceptibility artifacts were evaluated in vitro three different stent systems (cobalt alloy-based, nitinol-based, and polyethylene) using two breath-hold sequences acquisition with relaxation enhancement, half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin on a 1.5-T MR imaging system. The size of the stent-related was measured, and the relative stent lumen was calculated. In vivo stent position and patency were determined patients (10 cobalt alloy-based stents, five stents, and 15 polyethylene stents). In vitro, the susceptibility artifact of the cobalt stent caused complete obliteration of the stent lumen. The relative stent lumens of the nitinol-based and polyethylene were 38-50% and 67-100%, respectively. In vivo, all stents were patent at the time of imaging. The position of the cobalt could be determined in nine of 10 patients, but stent patency could be evaluated. Stent position of nitinol stents could not adequately evaluated in any the five patients, and internal stent diameter be in only one patient. In nine of patients, the fluid column within implanted polyethylene stent was seen on MR The internal stent lumen could be visualized most patients with an indwelling polyethylene stent, but not in patients with cobalt alloy- or stents.
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aBilITY Of mr CHoLanGioGrAPHy To rEVEAl sTENt PoSItIOn And lUMInAl dIAMetER IN patieNtS WitH biliARY enDOpRoStHeseS: iN ViTrO MEASuRemeNTs and iN vIvO RESulTS In 30 PatIEnts.
OuR GOAl WaS to eValUate THE aBIliTy of mR cHOlANgIoGrAPHY tO ShoW sTeNt poSItIoN AnD lumiNaL DiameTER IN pAtieNts WitH BILiARy ENDOPRosTHeSes. suScEPTIBILIty ARtIfActs WErE EVaLUAtED in vitrO IN THREe DiFfeREnT sTenT SYSteMS (CobalT ALloY-baSEd, nItinOl-BASED, AND pOLYEthylenE) USINg TWO BreAth-HolD sEquENCeS (RapiD ACqUisItION with reLAxAtiON ENHaNCemENT, hAlf-FouRIER aCQuISitiON siNgLe-shot TUrbo sPIn Echo) ON a 1.5-t Mr imAgiNG SySTeM. THe SiZE OF ThE sTENT-relAtEd ARTIfaCT WAS MeASUrEd, AND tHE RElAtivE StenT luMEn waS cAlculATED. IN viVo sTeNt poSItion And PaTENcy Were dEteRminEd in 30 PaTieNtS (10 CoBaLT ALlOy-BaSED STeNts, FIVE nItiNoL-baseD STents, ANd 15 POLyEtHyLENE STentS). in viTrO, thE SuSCePtIbiLity ARTIFAct of THe coBaLt stEnT CaUseD CoMpLETE OBLItERatIOn Of the stEnT lumeN. THE RelAtIve sTenT lumenS Of The NITInOL-BasED And POlyeTHylENe sTEnTs WERe 38-50% and 67-100%, RESpECTiVeLy. in viVO, ALL StENTs WERe pAtent At tHE TImE of ImAGinG. tHe POSITiON of THE cObALT ALloY-bASed stEnt cOuLD Be dEtErmiNEd in NInE OF 10 PATIeNtS, bUT steNT paTeNcY coULD NOt Be evalUaTeD. SteNT pOSiTioN of NitiNoL StENTs COULd nOT bE AdeQUatELY EvALuATeD iN aNy of ThE FiVE PaTIENts, And iNTErnAl STENt DIAMeter couLd Be visuaLIzEd iN oNly ONe paTIeNt. IN NINe oF 15 pAtieNTs, tHE FlUID CoLUmN WITHIn The iMpLAntED PoLYeThYLEnE sTEnT waS seEn on mr cholangioGrAphy. tHE intERNAl stEnT lumeN CoUld bE vISUAliZED IN mOSt PaTientS WitH AN indweLlIng pOlyeThYLene stENt, bUT Not In PAtiENtS WiTh CObalt AllOy- Or niTINol-bAsEd stENts.
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Ability of MR cholangiography to reveal stent position and luminal diameterin patientswith biliary endoprostheses: in vitromeasurementsand in vivo results in 30 patients. Our goal was to evaluate the ability ofMR cholangiography to show stent position and luminal diameter in patients with biliary endoprostheses. Susceptibility artifacts were evaluated in vitro inthree different stent systems(cobalt alloy-based,nitinol-based, and polyethylene)using two breath-hold sequences (rapid acquisitionwithrelaxation enhancement, half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin echo) on a 1.5-T MR imagingsystem. The size of thestent-relatedartifact was measured, andthe relative stent lumen was calculated.In vivo stent position and patency were determined in 30patients (10cobalt alloy-based stents, five nitinol-based stents, and 15 polyethylenestents). In vitro, the susceptibility artifact of the cobalt stent caused complete obliteration of thestent lumen. The relativestent lumens of the nitinol-based and polyethylene stents were 38-50% and 67-100%, respectively. In vivo, all stents were patent at thetime of imaging. The positionof the cobalt alloy-based stent could be determined in nine of10patients, butstent patency could not be evaluated. Stent position ofnitinolstents could not be adequately evaluated in any of the five patients, and internalstent diameter could be visualized in onlyone patient. In nine of 15 patients, the fluid column within the implanted polyethylene stent was seen on MR cholangiography. The internalstent lumen couldbe visualized in most patients with an indwelling polyethylene stent, but not in patients with cobalt alloy- or nitinol-basedstents.
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_Ability_ of MR cholangiography to _reveal_ stent position and luminal diameter _in_ patients with _biliary_ endoprostheses: in vitro measurements and in vivo results in 30 patients. Our goal was to evaluate _the_ _ability_ _of_ MR cholangiography to show stent position and luminal diameter in _patients_ _with_ _biliary_ endoprostheses. Susceptibility artifacts were evaluated _in_ vitro _in_ three different _stent_ systems (cobalt alloy-based, nitinol-based, and polyethylene) using two breath-hold _sequences_ (rapid _acquisition_ _with_ _relaxation_ _enhancement,_ half-Fourier acquisition _single-shot_ turbo _spin_ echo) on a 1.5-T MR imaging system. _The_ _size_ of _the_ stent-related artifact was measured, _and_ the relative stent _lumen_ was calculated. In vivo stent position and patency were determined in 30 patients (10 _cobalt_ alloy-based stents, five _nitinol-based_ _stents,_ and 15 polyethylene stents). In vitro, the _susceptibility_ artifact of _the_ cobalt stent caused complete _obliteration_ of the stent lumen. The _relative_ stent lumens of _the_ _nitinol-based_ and polyethylene _stents_ _were_ _38-50%_ _and_ _67-100%,_ respectively. In _vivo,_ all _stents_ _were_ patent at the time of imaging. The _position_ of the cobalt alloy-based stent could be determined in _nine_ of _10_ patients, but stent patency could _not_ be evaluated. Stent _position_ of nitinol stents _could_ _not_ be adequately _evaluated_ in any of the five patients, and internal stent diameter could be _visualized_ in only one patient. In nine _of_ 15 patients, the _fluid_ column within the implanted _polyethylene_ stent was seen on MR cholangiography. The internal stent lumen could be visualized in most patients with an _indwelling_ polyethylene _stent,_ but not in patients _with_ cobalt alloy- or nitinol-based stents.
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Characterization of biofilm and encrustation on ureteric stents in vivo.
To examine the relationship between encrustation and microbial biofilm formation on indwelling ureteric stents. Ureteric stents from 40 patients were examined for the presence of a microbial biofilm and encrustations. Bacteria in stent biofilms were isolated and identified. A profuse biofilm (> 10(4) c.f.u. cm-3) was identified on 11 (28%) stents. Enterococcus faecalis was the most common biofilm organism identified and Proteus spp. were not present. Encrustation was seen in 23 (58%) of stents and was not associated with the level of urinary calcium. The major risk factor for stent encrustation was the presence of urolithiasis. Importantly, there was no causative link between stent biofilm formation and encrustation. Both biofilm formation and encrustation increased with the duration of stenting. The results indicate that polyurethane is readily encrusted and colonized by bacteria in vivo despite antibiotic prophylaxis. Newer materials must be sought if effective long-term stenting is to be achieved.
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characterization of biofilm and encrustation on ureteric stents in vivo. to examine the relationship between encrustation and microbial biofilm formation whilst indwelling ureteric bacteria. ureteric stents from 40 patients were examined for microscopic appearance of a microbial biofilm and encrustations. bacteria in stent biofilms were isolated and identified. a profuse biofilm ( > 10 ( 4 ) c. f. u. cm - 3 ) be identified on 11 ( 28 % ) stents. enterococcus faecalis was the most common biofilm organism identified and disease pv. were not present. encrustation was seen in 23 ( 58 % ) of stents and was not associated with the level of urinary calcium. the major risk factor for stent encrustation was the presence of urolithiasis. importantly, there was high causative risk between stent biofilm formation and encrustation. both biofilm formation and encrustation increased with the duration of stenting. the results indicate that polyurethane is readily encrusted and colonized by bacteria in vivo despite antibiotic prophylaxis. newer materials must be sought if effective long - term stenting is also be achieved.
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Characterization of biofilm and encrustation on ureteric stents in vivo. To examine the relationship between encrustation and microbial biofilm formation on indwelling ure$eriX stents. Ureteric stents from 40 patients were examined for the presence of a microbial biofilm and encrustations. Bacteria in stent biofilms were isolated and identified. A profuse biofilm (> 10 (4) c. f. u. cm - 3) was identified on 11 (28%) stents. Enterococcus faecalis was the most common biofilm organism identified and (riteus spp. were not present. Encrustation was seen in 23 (58%) of dtDnts and was not associated with the level of irinaGy calcium. The major risk factor for stent encrustation was the presence of urolithiasis. Importantly, there was no cXusa4ive link between sGeht biofilm formation and enSruDtation. Both GLofilm formation and encrustation increased with the duration of stenting. The results indicate that polyurethane is readily encrusted and colonized by baVteeia in vivo despite antibiotic prophylaxis. Newer materials must be so tgut if effective long - term stenting is to be achieved.
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Characterization of biofilm and encrustation on ureteric stents in To examine the relationship between encrustation and microbial biofilm formation on indwelling ureteric stents. Ureteric stents from 40 patients were examined for the presence of microbial biofilm and encrustations. Bacteria in stent biofilms were isolated and identified. A profuse biofilm (> 10(4) c.f.u. was identified on 11 (28%) stents. Enterococcus was the most common biofilm organism identified spp. were not present. Encrustation was seen in 23 (58%) stents was not associated the level of urinary The major risk factor stent encrustation was the presence of Importantly, there was no causative link between stent biofilm formation and encrustation. Both formation and encrustation increased with duration of stenting. The results indicate that polyurethane is readily encrusted and colonized by bacteria in vivo despite antibiotic prophylaxis. Newer materials must be sought if effective long-term stenting is be achieved.
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ChArACTerizaTIOn of bioFilM aNd ENCruStAtiOn on UrEteRiC stEntS iN vivo.
TO eXAMIne ThE RELATIonsHIP bETween ENCRUsTATiON ANd mICrOBiAL BIofIlm fORmatIOn On IndweLliNg uReTerIc StEnTS. ureTERIc stENtS FrOm 40 PAtIeNts WeRE Examined fOr thE preSENCe of A MiCROBIAl BIOfilm And ENCrUSTaTIOnS. baCtErIA In StENt BIoFIlMs werE iSoLAtEd aNd IdeNTified. A pRoFUsE bioFilm (> 10(4) c.f.U. Cm-3) Was IDEnTIfIed on 11 (28%) SteNTs. EnterOCOCcUS faeCalIS WAs the most Common biofIlM ORGAniSM idEntIFIED anD PrOTEUs spP. WERE nOt pRESeNt. encRUsTAtion WAs SeEn iN 23 (58%) Of stEnTS and WAS Not associatED wiTh tHe LeVeL of UriNarY cALCIuM. the MaJOr riSK fAcTOR For sTeNT ENcrUsTatION wAs tHE PRESencE of urOlitHIaSIs. ImpORtanTLY, THErE WAs No causATIVE LInK Between steNT biofiLm fOrMAtiON And encrusTATiON. BOtH biofIlm FORMation aNd eNcrUstatioN INcReAsed WiTh The DUrAtION oF StentinG. The rESUlTs iNdiCATE ThaT poLyUReTHANe is rEAdiLY EncRuStED ANd COloniZed BY Bacteria iN VIvO DESpItE ANTIbioTic proPhyLAxIs. Newer materIAls MUst bE SOugHT iF efFEcTiVe LOng-TerM stENTing is To Be aCHiEvED.
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Characterization ofbiofilm and encrustation on ureteric stentsin vivo. To examine therelationshipbetween encrustation and microbialbiofilm formation on indwelling uretericstents. Ureteric stents from 40 patients were examined for the presence of amicrobial biofilm and encrustations. Bacteria in stent biofilms were isolated and identified. A profuse biofilm (>10(4) c.f.u.cm-3) wasidentified on 11 (28%) stents. Enterococcus faecalis was the most common biofilmorganism identified and Proteus spp. were not present. Encrustation was seen in 23 (58%) of stentsand wasnotassociated with the level of urinarycalcium. Themajor risk factor for stent encrustation wasthe presence of urolithiasis. Importantly, there was no causative link betweenstent biofilm formation and encrustation. Both biofilm formation and encrustation increased with the duration ofstenting. The results indicate that polyurethane is readily encrusted and colonized by bacteria in vivo despiteantibiotic prophylaxis. Newer materials must be sought if effective long-term stenting is to beachieved.
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Characterization _of_ biofilm _and_ encrustation on ureteric stents in _vivo._ To examine the _relationship_ _between_ _encrustation_ and _microbial_ biofilm _formation_ _on_ indwelling ureteric stents. Ureteric _stents_ from 40 patients were examined for the presence of a microbial _biofilm_ and encrustations. Bacteria in _stent_ biofilms were isolated and identified. A profuse _biofilm_ (> 10(4) c.f.u. cm-3) was _identified_ on 11 _(28%)_ stents. _Enterococcus_ faecalis was _the_ most common _biofilm_ organism identified and Proteus spp. were not _present._ Encrustation was seen in 23 (58%) _of_ stents and was _not_ _associated_ with the _level_ _of_ urinary calcium. The major risk factor for stent encrustation was the presence of _urolithiasis._ Importantly, there was no _causative_ link between stent biofilm _formation_ _and_ _encrustation._ Both _biofilm_ formation and _encrustation_ increased with the duration of stenting. _The_ results indicate that _polyurethane_ is readily _encrusted_ _and_ colonized by bacteria in vivo despite _antibiotic_ _prophylaxis._ Newer materials must _be_ sought if effective _long-term_ stenting is to be achieved.
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From typical sequences to typical genotypes.
We demonstrate an application of a core notion of information theory, typical sequences and their related properties, to analysis of population genetic data. Based on the asymptotic equipartition property (AEP) for nonstationary discrete-time sources producing independent symbols, we introduce the concepts of typical genotypes and population entropy and cross entropy rate. We analyze three perspectives on typical genotypes: a set perspective on the interplay of typical sets of genotypes from two populations, a geometric perspective on their structure in high dimensional space, and a statistical learning perspective on the prospects of constructing typical-set based classifiers. In particular, we show that such classifiers have a surprising resilience to noise originating from small population samples, and highlight the potential for further links between inference and communication.
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from typical sequences to typical genotypes. we illustrate this application of a core notion of information theory, typical sequences and their related properties, to analysis of population genetic data. based on the asymptotic equipartition property ( aep ) for nonstationary discrete - time sources producing independent symbols, we introduce the concepts of typical genotypes and population entropy and cross entropy rate. we analyze three perspectives on typical genotypes : a set perspective on the interplay of typical sets involving genotypes from isolated populations, a subset perspective on their structure in high dimensional space, and a statistical learning perspective addressing the prospects of constructing typical - set based classifiers. in particular, we show that such classifiers have a surprising resilience without noise emitted from small population samples, and highlight the potential for widening links between inference towards communication.
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From typical sequences to typical genkt%pes. We demonstrate an application of a core notion of information theory, typical Qe2uences and their related propFrt7es, to analysis of population genetic data. Based on the asymptotic equipartition pEopSrty (AEP) for nonstationad^ discrete - time sources producing independent symbols, we introduce the concepts of typical genotypes and population entropy and c5ose entropy rate. We analyze three perspectives on typical genotypes: a set perspective on the interplay of typical sets of genotypes from two populations, a geoNetr8c perspective on their structure in high dimensional space, and a statistical learning perspective on the prospects of constructing typical - set based classifiers. In particular, we show that such coassifierC have a surprising resilience to noise originating from small popKlatkon samples, and tigh>ight the potential for further links between inference and communication.
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typical sequences typical genotypes. We demonstrate an application of a core notion of information theory, typical sequences and their related properties, to analysis of population genetic data. Based on the asymptotic equipartition property for nonstationary sources producing independent symbols, we introduce the concepts of typical genotypes and population entropy and cross entropy rate. We analyze three perspectives on typical genotypes: a set perspective on the interplay of typical sets of genotypes from two populations, a geometric on structure in high dimensional space, a statistical learning on the prospects of constructing typical-set based classifiers. we show that classifiers have a surprising resilience to noise originating from small population samples, and highlight the potential further links between and communication.
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FROM TYPicAl seqUENcEs TO TyPICal GenoTypEs.
we DemONstrAte an APpliCAtioN Of A CorE nOTIon OF InFORMAtIon thEorY, TYPICAL SeQUenCes And theiR relatED prOpertiES, to ANalysIS oF popULation GenETiC daTa. BAsED On tHe AsyMptOtiC eQUIPaRtItIoN prOPErTy (aep) FoR nONStATIOnaRY dIsCretE-time sOurceS pRoDUCINg INdePENdeNT sYMBOLs, We iNtROdUcE ThE CONCEpTS oF TyPICAl GENoTypeS and poPulaTiON ENtRopy AnD CROsS eNtROpY RaTe. We ANaLyze tHree PerspectiVES on tYpicAl GEnoTyPes: A sEt PeRSpECtive ON ThE IntErPLay of TYPiCal sETS oF GENotYPEs FRom TWO pOPuLatIOnS, A geOMeTRIc pErspeCtivE On THeir STrUCTUrE iN HiGH dIMenSIOnal SpACE, ANd A STATistIcAL LeARNinG perspective on ThE ProSPECTs of cONSTrUCTinG typicaL-set BaSEd cLAssiFiErs. in pARtiCuLAR, wE sHOW thaT such cLasSifIErS HaVE a sUrprISIng REsiLieNCe to NoiSE orIGinATing FROm SMalL pOpULATIOn SAMplEs, and HIghlIght ThE PoTeNTIal For fuRtHer LINKS BetWeEn inFeRencE AnD COmMUNIcaTioN.
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Fromtypical sequences to typical genotypes. Wedemonstrate an applicationof a core notion of information theory, typical sequencesand their related properties, to analysis of population genetic data. Based on the asymptotic equipartition property (AEP)for nonstationary discrete-time sourcesproducing independentsymbols, we introduce the concepts of typical genotypes and populationentropy and crossentropy rate. We analyze three perspectiveson typicalgenotypes: aset perspective on theinterplay of typical setsof genotypes from two populations, a geometric perspective on their structurein high dimensional space, and astatistical learning perspective onthe prospects of constructing typical-set based classifiers. In particular, we show that such classifiers have asurprising resilience tonoise originating from small population samples, andhighlight the potential forfurther links between inference and communication.
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From _typical_ _sequences_ to typical genotypes. We _demonstrate_ an application of a _core_ notion of information theory, typical sequences and their related properties, to _analysis_ of population _genetic_ data. Based on the asymptotic _equipartition_ property (AEP) for nonstationary discrete-time sources producing independent symbols, _we_ introduce the concepts of typical _genotypes_ _and_ population entropy and cross entropy _rate._ We _analyze_ _three_ perspectives on typical genotypes: _a_ set perspective on the _interplay_ of typical sets _of_ genotypes from two populations, a geometric perspective on _their_ structure in high dimensional space, and _a_ statistical learning perspective on the prospects of constructing _typical-set_ based _classifiers._ In _particular,_ we show that _such_ classifiers _have_ a surprising resilience to noise originating from _small_ population samples, and _highlight_ the _potential_ for further _links_ between inference and communication.
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Serial imaging and SWAN sequence of developmental venous anomaly thrombosis with hematoma: Diagnosis and follow-up.
Developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) are usually asymptomatic. We report a case of DVA thrombosis with recurrent tiny frontal hematoma in a 24-year-old man. The contribution of T2-GRE and SWAN sequences are discussed. Follow-up attested complete recanalization after anticoagulation.
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serial imaging and structural formation of developmental venous anomaly thrombosis with hematoma : diagnosis and follow - up. developmental venous detachments ( dvas ) are usually asymptomatic. we report a combination of dva mutation with a tiny frontal hematoma in a 19 - month - old man. the contribution of t2 - gre imaging swan sequences are discussed. follow - up attested complete recanalization and anticoagulation.
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Serial imaging and SWAN sequence of developmental vejojs Sno<aly thrombosis with UeNatoma: Diagnosis and follow - up. Developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) are usually asymptomatic. We report a SaZe of DVA thrombosis 3Uth recurrent tiny rronta/ hematoma in a 24 - year - old man. The cKntrigution of T2 - GRE and A3AN sequences are discussed. Follow - up agtestSd complete recanalization after antixoaHulation.
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imaging and SWAN sequence of developmental venous anomaly thrombosis with hematoma: Diagnosis and follow-up. Developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) asymptomatic. We report a case of DVA thrombosis with recurrent tiny frontal hematoma in a 24-year-old man. The contribution of T2-GRE and are discussed. Follow-up attested complete recanalization after anticoagulation.
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SeRIal IMaGing AnD SWAn SequEnCe oF deVelOpMeNtaL venoUS anOMAly THromBOsis wITh HeMatOMA: dIAGnOSiS ANd FOLlOw-up.
dEvElOpMeNTal VeNOUS aNoMALies (dvAs) aRe UsUaLlY asYMptOmaTiC. wE rePort a caSE of dVA ThrombOSiS With ReCURReNt tinY fRoNTAl HeMaToma In a 24-YEaR-oLD maN. tHe CoNTrIButioN OF t2-gRE AnD SwaN sEQUENcEs ARe discUsSed. FOLlow-UP ATTESTed coMPLETe REcANaliZaTIon aFTER ANTICoAGulAtIoN.
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Serial imaging andSWAN sequence of developmental venousanomaly thrombosis with hematoma:Diagnosis and follow-up. Developmental venousanomalies (DVAs) are usually asymptomatic. We report a case of DVA thrombosiswith recurrent tiny frontal hematoma in a 24-year-oldman. The contributionof T2-GRE and SWAN sequences are discussed. Follow-up attestedcomplete recanalizationafter anticoagulation.
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Serial imaging _and_ SWAN _sequence_ of developmental venous anomaly thrombosis with _hematoma:_ Diagnosis and _follow-up._ _Developmental_ _venous_ anomalies (DVAs) are usually asymptomatic. _We_ report a _case_ of DVA thrombosis with recurrent tiny frontal _hematoma_ in a 24-year-old man. The contribution of T2-GRE and SWAN sequences are discussed. Follow-up attested complete recanalization after anticoagulation.
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Social deprivation and primary hyperparathyroidism.
To investigate the potential relationship between social status or deprivation and the prevalence of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). We retrospectively identified a cohort of patients diagnosed as having PHPT between 1981 and 2007 from the Scottish Morbidity Records database. The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) 2006 quintiles were derived for these patients by using the postal codes. The distribution of the SIMD quintiles was examined to determine the possible influence of deprivation on the incidence of PHPT. In Scotland between 1981 and 2007, 3,039 patients were diagnosed as having PHPT, in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases code for PHPT. The distribution of the PHPT cohort across the SIMD 2006 quintiles was significantly different from that expected, with a higher representation (27.2%) among the most deprived and a lower representation (14.5%) in the least deprived quintile, in comparison with the 20% expected in each quintile (P<.0001). The findings in this study suggest that socioeconomic deprivation is associated with an increased risk of developing PHPT.
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social deprivation and primary hyperparathyroidism. to investigate the perceived relationship between social status or deprivation and the prevalence of primary hyperparathyroidism ( phpt ). we retrospectively identified a cohort of patients diagnosed as having phpt between 1981 and 2007 from the scottish morbidity assessment database. the scottish index of multiple deprivation ( simd ) 2006 quintiles were derived for these experiments by using the postal codes. the distribution of the simd quintiles was examined to determine the possible influence of deprivation on the incidence of phpt. in scotland between 1981 and 2007, 3, 039 patients were diagnosed as possessing autism, in accordance with the international classification of diseases code for phpt. the distribution of the phpt cohort across the simd 2006 quintiles was significantly different from the baseline, with a higher representation ( 27. 9 % ) among the most deprived and a lower representation ( 14. 5 % ) affecting the least deprived quintile, in comparison with the 20 % expected in each quintile ( p <. 0001 ). the findings in this study suggested that socioeconomic deprivation is associated with an increased risk of developing phpt.
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Social deprivation and primary hyperparathyroidism. To investigate the potential relationship between social status or deprivation and the prevalence of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT ). We retrospectively identified a cohort of pAtiwnts diagnosed as having OtPT between 1981 and 2007 from the Scottish HorbidLty Records database. The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) 2006 quintiles were derived for these patients by usLny the postal codes. The distribution of the SIMD quintiles was examined to determine the possible influence of deprivation on the KncidRnce of PHPT. In Scotland between 1992 and 2007, 3, 039 patients were diagnosed as having PHPT, in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases code for LHP^. The distribution of the PHPT cKho3t across the SIMD 2006 quintiles was significantly different from that expected, with a higher representation (27. 2%) among the most deprived and a lower representation (14. 5%) in the least deprived quintile, in comparison with the 20% expected in each quintile (P <. 0001 ). The fiHdiMgs in this sFudg suggest that socioeconomic deprivation is associated with an increased risk of developing PHPT.
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Social deprivation primary hyperparathyroidism. To investigate the potential relationship between social status or deprivation the prevalence of hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). We retrospectively identified a of patients diagnosed as having PHPT between 1981 and 2007 from the Scottish Morbidity Records database. The of Deprivation (SIMD) 2006 quintiles were derived for these patients by using the postal The distribution of the SIMD quintiles was to determine the possible influence of deprivation on the of PHPT. In Scotland between and 3,039 patients were diagnosed as having in with the International Classification of Diseases code for PHPT. The distribution of the PHPT cohort across the SIMD 2006 quintiles was significantly different from that expected, with a higher representation (27.2%) among the most deprived and a lower representation (14.5%) in the least deprived quintile, in comparison with the 20% expected in quintile (P<.0001). The findings in this study suggest socioeconomic deprivation associated with an increased risk of developing PHPT.
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SocIal dEprivATioN aND primAry HyPeRparATHyROiDiSm.
to iNvEsTIGate THe pOtEntiAl ReLatiOnship bEtWeEN sOCiAl STatuS or DEPRIvatIoN ANd THE pReVAlEnce oF pRImARY hYpErpaRaThYRoiDiSm (PhpT). wE rEtRoSPeCtIVElY iDenTiFiED a cohort of PAtientS DIAGNoseD As hAViNg phPT bEtwEen 1981 And 2007 From the sCottisH moRbIDiTY ReCOrds DataBAsE. thE SCOtTiSh INDex of MUlTipLe dePrivATiON (Simd) 2006 QUintiLes WerE DeriveD For tHeSE PatIEnts By USINg THE pOstal codeS. THe DISTRIBuTiOn of THE siMd QuIntILeS waS ExamINeD TO DetERMINe ThE pOSsIblE inFluEnCe oF DeprivatioN on tHe INCidenCe OF PhPT. iN sCotLaNd bEtWEeN 1981 anD 2007, 3,039 PatIEnTS were diaGNOSeD aS haviNG phpt, In AccoRDAnCE wiTh tHe inTeRnATIonaL clAssiFiCaTIOn oF DisEAsEs CoDE FOR pHpT. THE dIstriBUtiON of tHE Phpt cOhORT aCrOsS thE sIMd 2006 QuintiLes wAs SigNiFICANTLY DIFFEReNT FrOm tHAt eXpECTed, WiTh a hIGher REprEsenTatiOn (27.2%) AmONG THE Most dePrived aNd A loWER rEpRESenTAtIOn (14.5%) iN THE lEaST DepRIVeD QuINTile, in coMPArIsoN WItH thE 20% exPeCtED IN each QuINtILE (p<.0001). thE FiNDiNgS in tHIS StUDy sUgGEsT thAT soCIoeCOnOMiC DePrIVaTIon is ASSOCiATed WiTH AN iNcReASED RiSK of DeVEloPING PhPT.
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Social deprivation andprimary hyperparathyroidism. To investigate the potential relationship between social statusordeprivation and the prevalence of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). We retrospectively identified a cohort of patients diagnosed as having PHPT between1981 and 2007 fromthe Scottish Morbidity Records database. The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) 2006 quintiles were derived forthesepatients by using thepostal codes. The distribution of the SIMD quintiles was examined to determinethe possibleinfluence of deprivation on the incidence of PHPT.In Scotland between1981 and 2007, 3,039 patients were diagnosed as having PHPT, inaccordance with theInternational Classification of Diseases code forPHPT. The distribution of the PHPT cohort across theSIMD 2006quintiles was significantlydifferent from that expected, with a higher representation (27.2%)among the most deprived and a lower representation (14.5%) in the least deprived quintile,in comparison with the 20%expected in each quintile(P<.0001). The findings in this study suggest that socioeconomic deprivationis associated with an increased risk of developingPHPT.
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Social deprivation and primary _hyperparathyroidism._ To investigate the potential relationship _between_ social status or deprivation and the prevalence of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). We retrospectively identified a _cohort_ of _patients_ _diagnosed_ _as_ _having_ PHPT _between_ 1981 and 2007 from the _Scottish_ Morbidity _Records_ database. The _Scottish_ Index _of_ Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) 2006 _quintiles_ were derived for these patients by using the postal codes. The distribution of the _SIMD_ quintiles was examined to determine the possible influence of deprivation on the incidence of PHPT. In Scotland between _1981_ _and_ 2007, 3,039 patients were diagnosed as having _PHPT,_ in _accordance_ with the _International_ _Classification_ of _Diseases_ code for PHPT. _The_ distribution of the PHPT cohort across the SIMD 2006 quintiles was _significantly_ _different_ from that _expected,_ with _a_ higher representation (27.2%) among _the_ most deprived and a _lower_ representation (14.5%) in the least deprived quintile, _in_ comparison with the 20% expected in _each_ quintile (P<.0001). The _findings_ _in_ this _study_ suggest that socioeconomic _deprivation_ is associated with _an_ increased risk of developing PHPT.
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Free peritoneal tumour cells are an independent prognostic factor in curatively resected stage IB gastric carcinoma.
Several studies have shown that the cytological detection of free peritoneal tumour cells (FPTCs) in patients with gastric cancer indicates the presence of metastatic disease. The immunocytochemical detection of FPTCs, especially in early-stage tumours, has not been examined comprehensively. Peritoneal lavage was performed in 351 patients before curative resection of a gastric carcinoma between 1987 and 2001, and an adequate sample was obtained from 346 patients. FPTCs were detected immunocytochemically using Ber-EP4 antibody. Median follow-up time was 70 months. FPTCs were detected in the lavage fluid of 74 patients (21.4 per cent) and correlated with increasing pathological tumour depth (pT) and lymph node (pN) status (P < 0.001). The 5-year overall survival of patients with FPTCs was significantly worse than that of patients without FPTCs (35 versus 71.9 per cent; P < 0.001). FPTCs were present in 14 (8.5 per cent) of 164 patients with stage IA or IB tumours. Although the detection of FPTCs had no prognostic significance for stage IA tumours, the presence of FPTCs in those with stage IB tumours was associated with a worse prognosis (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified the presence of FPTCs as an independent prognostic factor in the whole cohort and in the stage IB subgroup. Detection of FPTCs is associated with poor prognosis even in patients with early-stage gastric cancer and should be used for risk-group stratification.
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free peritoneal tumour cells are an independent prognostic factor in curatively resected stage ib gastric carcinoma. several studies have shown that the cytological detection of free peritoneal tumour cells ( fptcs ) in patients with gastric tumor indicates the presence of metastatic disease. the immunocytochemical detection of fptcs, especially in early - stage tumours, has not been examined comprehensively. peritoneal lavage was performed in 351 patients making curative resection of a gastric carcinoma between 1987 and 2001, and an adequate sample was obtained for 346 patients. fptcs were detected immunocytochemically using ber - ep4 antibody. median follow - up time was 70 months. fptcs were detected in the lavage fluid of 74 patients ( 21. 4 per cent ) and observed with increasing pathological tumour depth ( pt ) and lymph node ( pn ) status ( p < 0. 001 ). the 5 - year overall survival of patients with fptcs was significantly worse than that of patients without fptcs ( 35 versus 71. 9 per cent ; pa < 0. 001 ). fptcs were present in 14 ( 8. 5 per cent ) of 164 patients with stage ia or nos tumours. although the detection of fptcs had no prognostic significance for stage ia tumours, the presence of fptcs in those with primary ib tumours was associated with a worse prognosis ( p < 0. 001 ). multivariate analysis identified the presence of fptcs as an independent prognostic factor in the whole cohort and in the early ib subgroup. detection of fptcs positively associated with poor prognosis even in patients with early - stage gastric cancer and should be considered for risk - group stratification.
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Free peritoneal tumokT cells are an independent prognostic factor in curatively res@ched stage IB gastric carcinoma. Several studies have shown that the cytological detection of free peritoneal tumour cells (FPTCs) in patients with gastric cancer indicates the presence of metastatic disease. The immunocytochemical detection of FPTCs, especially in early - stage tumours, has not been examined comprehensively. Peritoneal lavage was performed in 351 patients before curative resection of a gastric carcinoma HetwRen 1987 and 2001, and an adequate sample was obtained from 346 patients. FPTCs were der$cted immunocytochemically using Ber - EP4 antibody. Median follow - up time was 70 months. F)RCs were detected in the lavage fluid of 74 patients (21. 4 per cent) and correlated with increasing pathological tumour depth (pT) and lymph node (pN) status (P <0. 001 ). The 5 - year overall survival of patients with FPTCs was significantly worse than that of patients wJthouR FPTCs (35 versus 71. 9 per cent; P <0. 001 ). FPTCs were present in 14 (8. 5 per cent) of 164 patients with stage IA or IB tumours. Although the detection of FPTCs had no prognostic significance for stage IA tumours, the presehxe of FPTCs in those with stage IB tumours was associated with a worse prognosis (P <0. 001 ). Multivariate analysis identified the presence of FPTCs as an independent prognostic factor in the whole cohort and in the stzte IB subgroup. Detection of FPTCs is awsocJated with poor p3Pgnosis even in patients with early - stage gastric cancer and should be used for risk - group stratification.
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Free peritoneal tumour cells are an independent prognostic factor in curatively resected stage IB gastric carcinoma. Several studies have shown the cytological detection free peritoneal tumour cells (FPTCs) in patients gastric cancer indicates the presence of metastatic disease. The immunocytochemical detection of especially in tumours, has not been examined comprehensively. Peritoneal lavage was performed in 351 patients before curative resection of a gastric carcinoma between 1987 and 2001, and an adequate sample was obtained 346 patients. FPTCs were detected immunocytochemically using Ber-EP4 antibody. Median follow-up time was 70 months. FPTCs were detected in the lavage fluid of 74 patients per cent) and correlated with increasing tumour depth (pT) and lymph node (pN) status (P < 0.001). The 5-year overall survival of patients with FPTCs was significantly than patients without FPTCs (35 versus 71.9 per cent; P 0.001). FPTCs were present in 14 (8.5 per cent) of 164 patients with stage IA or IB tumours. Although the detection of had no prognostic significance for stage IA tumours, the presence of FPTCs those with stage IB tumours was associated with a worse prognosis (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified the of as an independent prognostic factor whole cohort and in stage IB Detection of FPTCs is associated with poor prognosis even in patients gastric cancer and should be risk-group stratification.
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FReE PeRItOneaL TuMOUR CeLls ArE aN inDePenDENt PRoGnOsTIC FACtOr in cURAtivelY REsECTEd sTAgE ib GAStric cARCINOmA.
SevERAL sTUDIes HavE SHoWN that the cyTologICAL DETEcTioN Of fREE PErItOneaL TUMour cELLS (fPTCs) in PAtiEnTs wITh GASTRIc CaNcER IndiCAtEs the PRESEnCe Of MetASTATic dISEASE. thE imMUnOcYTOcHEMICal DeTeCtION of FPtcs, eSpeciAllY IN EArly-STaGe TUMOurS, hAs NoT bEeN exAMIned comPrehenSiveLY. PeRitoNEal LavAGe wAS peRfOrmed IN 351 PAtiEntS bEFORE curATive reseCTiOn OF a GaSTRIc carCinomA betweEn 1987 aND 2001, ANd an AdeqUAtE sAMplE waS OBTAInED fRoM 346 PATIents. fptCs wEre DETEcTed imMUNocYtochEMICAlLY USINg Ber-EP4 aNtIbody. MediaN foLlOW-UP TIme WAS 70 moNtHs. FPtCs WEre DeTECTEd iN thE lAVAge fLUiD Of 74 pAtIeNTs (21.4 PeR CEnt) and corRELaTED wITh inCrEaSiNG PAthOLOGical TUMOuR DePTH (Pt) and LYmPH noDe (PN) StatUs (P < 0.001). tHe 5-YeAr OvErAlL suRVIVal oF paTIenTS wiTH FPTCs WaS SiGNIFIcANTlY woRse thAn ThAT Of PaTIEnts wITHOut FptCS (35 VErsuS 71.9 peR cEnT; P < 0.001). fptcs wERE PrESenT IN 14 (8.5 per cenT) Of 164 pAtIentS WIth sTAgE Ia OR ib tUMoURs. aLThOUgH ThE DEtecTIoN oF FptCS HAD NO PROGNOsTIc sIgNIFICaNCE FOr stAGe ia tUmOUrS, the PReSEnce OF fpTcS In ThoSE WItH stagE IB TuMOURs waS assocIATEd wITh A WoRsE pROgnoSIs (p < 0.001). MuLTiVaRIAtE anaLYSiS IDeNTIfiED ThE PrEsEnCe Of FpTcs As AN iNdEPENdENT pRoGNoStIc fACToR In thE wHOle COHORt anD in The sTaGE ib SuBGroUp. deTEctION Of FPtCs is aSsOCIatEd WitH POOr pROGnoSiS evEn in pATIeNtS wIth eARLy-STaGe GASTRIc CAnceR and shoULD Be Used fOR RisK-GrOuP STrATifICAtIon.
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Free peritonealtumour cells are an independent prognostic factor in curatively resected stage IB gastric carcinoma. Several studies have shown that thecytological detection of free peritoneal tumour cells (FPTCs)in patients with gastric cancer indicates the presence of metastatic disease. The immunocytochemical detectionof FPTCs, especially in early-stage tumours, has not beenexamined comprehensively. Peritoneallavage was performed in 351 patients before curative resection of a gastric carcinoma between 1987 and2001, and an adequate sample was obtained from 346 patients. FPTCs were detected immunocytochemically using Ber-EP4 antibody. Median follow-up time was 70 months. FPTCs were detected in the lavage fluid of 74 patients (21.4per cent) and correlated with increasing pathologicaltumour depth (pT) and lymphnode (pN) status (P < 0.001). The 5-year overall survival of patients withFPTCs was significantly worse than that of patients without FPTCs (35 versus 71.9per cent; P < 0.001).FPTCs werepresent in14 (8.5 percent)of 164 patients with stage IA or IB tumours. Although the detection of FPTCshad no prognostic significancefor stage IA tumours, the presence ofFPTCs in those withstage IB tumours was associated with aworse prognosis(P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified the presence of FPTCs as an independentprognostic factor in the whole cohort and inthe stage IBsubgroup. Detection of FPTCs is associated with poor prognosiseven in patients with early-stage gastric cancer andshould be usedfor risk-group stratification.
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Free peritoneal tumour cells are an independent prognostic factor in curatively resected stage IB _gastric_ _carcinoma._ Several studies have shown _that_ the cytological detection of _free_ peritoneal tumour cells (FPTCs) in _patients_ _with_ _gastric_ cancer _indicates_ _the_ presence of metastatic disease. _The_ immunocytochemical detection of FPTCs, especially in early-stage tumours, _has_ _not_ _been_ examined comprehensively. _Peritoneal_ lavage was performed in 351 _patients_ before _curative_ _resection_ _of_ a gastric carcinoma _between_ 1987 _and_ 2001, and an adequate sample was obtained _from_ _346_ patients. FPTCs were _detected_ immunocytochemically using Ber-EP4 antibody. Median follow-up time was 70 months. _FPTCs_ _were_ detected _in_ the lavage fluid of 74 patients (21.4 per cent) and correlated with increasing _pathological_ tumour depth (pT) and lymph node _(pN)_ status (P _<_ 0.001). The 5-year overall survival of patients with FPTCs _was_ _significantly_ worse than that of patients without FPTCs (35 _versus_ _71.9_ per cent; P < 0.001). FPTCs were present in 14 (8.5 _per_ _cent)_ of 164 patients with _stage_ IA or IB tumours. Although the detection of FPTCs had no _prognostic_ significance for _stage_ IA tumours, the presence of _FPTCs_ in those _with_ stage _IB_ tumours was associated with a worse prognosis (P < _0.001)._ Multivariate analysis identified the _presence_ of FPTCs as an independent prognostic factor in the whole cohort and in the stage IB subgroup. Detection of _FPTCs_ is associated with poor prognosis even in patients with early-stage _gastric_ cancer and should _be_ used _for_ risk-group stratification.
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Sequencing of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein 5' regulatory region using artificial transposons.
We have isolated and sequenced genomic clones encompassing more than 5 kb of the 5' flanking region of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene. This region contains multiple Alu repeats, a Mermaid repeat, and an extensive GA repeat, which made sequencing exceedingly difficult. To circumvent the problems that these repeats posed to traditional sequencing methodologies, we employed a novel transposon-facilitated technique, which greatly simplified sequencing of regions that had been difficult to accomplish otherwise. We utilized the artificial transposon, AT-2, a Bluescript derivative containing the dhfr gene and unique primer sites at both ends of the insertion DNA. Integration of the transposon occurred efficiently and covered the entire region of interest. Analysis of the sequence indicates a number of potential regulatory factor binding sites upstream of the previously characterized minimal promoter. The 5.7-kb regulatory region confers significant transcriptional activation in a conditionally transformed mouse hepatocyte line as compared to a minimal 137-bp promoter fragment. In addition, a tetranucleotide repeat of variable length that may provide a useful genetic marker has been identified 2 kb upstream of the CETP transcriptional start site.
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delivery of the cholesteryl ester transfer occurs 5 ' regulatory region using artificial transposons. we have isolated and sequenced genomic clones encompassing more than 5 kb of the 5 ' flanking region of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein subunit. this region contains multiple alu repeats, a mermaid repeat, and an extensive ga repeat, which made sequencing exceedingly difficult. to circumvent the problems that these repeats posed to traditional sequencing methodologies, we employed a novel transposon - facilitated approach, which greatly simplified sequencing of regions that had been difficult to accomplish otherwise. it utilized the artificial transposon, dq - 173, a bluescript derivative containing the dhfr gene and unique primer sites at both ends of the insertion dna. integration of the transposon occurred efficiently and covered the entire region of interest. analysis of the sequence indicates a number of potential regulatory factor binding sites upstream via the previously characterized minimal promoter. the 5. 7 - kb regulatory region confers significant transcriptional inhibition in a conditionally transformed mouse hepatocyte line as compared to a minimal 137 - bp promoter fragment. in addition, a tetranucleotide repeat of variable length length may provide a useful genetic marker has been identified 2 kb upstream of the cetp transcriptional start site.
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Sequencing of the cholesteryl ester transfer orKtein 5 ' regulatory regiLJ using artificial transposons. We have isolated and sequenced genomic clones encompassing more than 5 kb of the 5 ' flanking region of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene. This region contains multiple Alu repeats, a Mermaid repeat, and an extensive GA repeat, which made sequencing exceedingly difficult. To circumvent the problems that these repeats posed to traditional sequencing methodologies, we employed a novel transposon - facilitated technique, wjJch greatly simplified sequencing of eegioBs thX$ had been difficult to accomplish otherwise. We utilized the artificial transposon, AT - 2, a Blu2dcript derivative containing the dhfr gene and unique prim$e sites at both ends of the insertion DNA. Integration of the transposon occurred efficiently and covered the entire region of interest. Analysis of the sequence indicates a number of potential regulatory factor biMd8ng sites upstream of the previously characterized minimal promoter. The 5. 7 - kb regulatory region confers significant tranxcriptionap activation in a conditionally transformed mouse hepatocyte line as compared to a minimal 137 - bp pro<Iter fragment. In addition, a tetranucleotide repeat of variable length that may provide a useful genetic marker has been identified 2 kb upstream of the CETP transcriptional start site.
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Sequencing of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein 5' regulatory region using artificial transposons. We have isolated and sequenced genomic clones encompassing more than 5 kb of the flanking region of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein This region contains multiple Alu repeats, a Mermaid repeat, and an extensive GA repeat, which made sequencing exceedingly difficult. To circumvent the problems that these to traditional sequencing we employed a transposon-facilitated technique, which greatly simplified sequencing of regions that had been difficult accomplish otherwise. We utilized transposon, a Bluescript derivative containing the dhfr gene and unique primer sites at both ends of the insertion DNA. Integration of the occurred efficiently covered the region of interest. Analysis of the sequence indicates a number of potential regulatory factor binding sites upstream previously characterized minimal promoter. The 5.7-kb regulatory region confers significant transcriptional activation in a conditionally transformed mouse hepatocyte line as compared to a minimal 137-bp promoter fragment. In addition, a repeat of variable length that may provide a useful genetic has been identified kb of the CETP transcriptional start site.
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sEqUeNcIng Of the CholesTERYl EsteR TraNsfer pRotEIN 5' REgulatorY ReGIoN USinG aRtifiCIAl TRANsPOsONs.
we HaVe ISoLated aNd sEQuEnCED GenoMiC CLONEs EnCOMpasSing MOre tHAn 5 kb OF the 5' flanKing ReGIoN oF the CHOleSterYL esteR TrAnSfeR pRoTEIn GenE. ThIS REGIOn coNtaiNs multIpLe ALu REPeATS, a mERMaID rePEAt, aNd AN extEnsIvE Ga rEPeAT, whICh MaDE SeqUeNcINg EXCeEDingly DifFicUlt. to CIRCUMVEnt THe pROBlEMS THat ThEsE rEPEATs POSED To tRAdITIONaL SequEncINg METHODOlOGIes, wE EMPLoYEd A novEL tRaNSPosoN-FACiLITatEd teChNiQUE, whICH gREAtLy SIMpLIfIEd sEqUeNCing Of REgIOnS that HAD BeEN DIFFiCUlT to aCComPlISh OTHErwISe. WE UTiliZED ThE ARtIfICial tRanspoSOn, aT-2, A BlUeSCRIPt dErIVAtive cONtAINinG THE DhFr GeNE AnD UnIquE PriMEr SiTes AT boTh ends Of THe INserTion Dna. inTEGrATION oF thE tRanSPosoN OCcurRED efficientlY And cOVeRed the eNtiRE rEGIOn of iNterEst. AnALySiS of THe sEquENCe iNDIcAteS A NumBEr OF pOTENtIAl rEguLAToRy fActOR bINdiNG SiteS UpSTREAm oF the pReVIOusLy CHaRACTERizEd mIniMaL promOTER. tHe 5.7-kB ReGuLAtoRy regiON cOnfeRs sIGNiFICANT TRaNScrIPTIONaL ActIVaTion In A CoNDiTIonAlLy TrAnsForMed MoUse HEpATocYTE Line AS CompArEd TO a miNImaL 137-BP proMotEr fRaGMent. iN ADdiTIOn, A tetrANucleOTIde RePEat oF vARiABle LenGth tHaT May proViDe A useful GENeTic mArkeR hAs beEn idEnTiFIED 2 KB UPSTREaM OF tHE CeTP TRaNscriPtIonAL sTart sITE.
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Sequencing of the cholesterylestertransfer protein 5' regulatoryregion using artificial transposons. Wehave isolated and sequenced genomic clonesencompassing more than 5 kb of the 5' flanking region of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene. This region contains multiple Alu repeats, a Mermaid repeat, and an extensive GA repeat, which made sequencing exceedingly difficult. To circumvent the problems that theserepeats posed totraditional sequencing methodologies, we employed anoveltransposon-facilitated technique,which greatly simplified sequencingof regions that had been difficultto accomplish otherwise. We utilized theartificial transposon, AT-2, a Bluescriptderivative containingthedhfr gene and unique primer sites at both endsofthe insertion DNA.Integration of the transposon occurredefficientlyand covered the entire region of interest. Analysis of the sequence indicates a number ofpotential regulatory factorbinding sites upstream of the previously characterized minimal promoter. The 5.7-kb regulatory region conferssignificant transcriptional activation in a conditionally transformed mouse hepatocyte line as compared to a minimal 137-bp promoterfragment. In addition, a tetranucleotide repeat of variable length that may provide a useful genetic marker has been identified 2 kb upstream of the CETP transcriptional start site.
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Sequencing of the cholesteryl ester _transfer_ protein 5' regulatory region using artificial _transposons._ We have isolated and sequenced genomic clones encompassing more than 5 kb of the 5' _flanking_ region of _the_ cholesteryl ester transfer _protein_ gene. This _region_ _contains_ multiple Alu _repeats,_ a Mermaid repeat, and an extensive GA _repeat,_ _which_ made sequencing exceedingly difficult. To circumvent the problems that these _repeats_ posed _to_ traditional sequencing methodologies, we employed a novel transposon-facilitated technique, which greatly simplified sequencing of regions that had been _difficult_ to accomplish otherwise. _We_ utilized _the_ artificial _transposon,_ AT-2, a Bluescript derivative containing the dhfr gene and unique primer sites at _both_ _ends_ of the insertion DNA. _Integration_ of the transposon occurred efficiently and covered the entire region of interest. Analysis of the sequence indicates a _number_ of potential regulatory factor binding sites _upstream_ _of_ the _previously_ _characterized_ minimal promoter. The _5.7-kb_ _regulatory_ region confers significant transcriptional activation in a _conditionally_ transformed mouse hepatocyte line as compared to a minimal 137-bp promoter fragment. In addition, a tetranucleotide _repeat_ of variable length that may provide a useful _genetic_ _marker_ _has_ been _identified_ 2 _kb_ upstream of the CETP transcriptional start site.
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