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Accelerometers are used in down-hole drilling operations, e.g., oil, gas and geothermal, to navigate the drill in off-vertical directions. Because of the depths involved, the operating temperature for these accelerometers is very high and can exceed 200° C. for oil and gas drilling and can reach 300° C. for geothermal drilling. Developing drive mechanisms for accelerometers that can operate between 200° C. and 300° C. with the required performance is difficult. Microelectro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) vibrating-beam devices offer the accuracy and stability at high temperature that are needed but, because of the damping requirement, operation of these devices using electro-static means requires high-voltage electrostatic comb drives. Typically, the voltage necessary can reach 200V. The electronics needed to achieve this high voltage are not reliable within this high-temperature environment.
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Accelerometers are used in down-hole drilling operations, e.g., oil, gas and geothermal, to navigate the drill in off-vertical directions. Because of the depths involved, the operating temperature for these accelerometers is very high and can exceed 200° C. for oil and gas drilling and can reach 300° C. for geothermal drilling. Developing drive mechanisms for accelerometers that can operate between 200° C. and 300° C. with the required performance is difficult. ideal Systems implementing vibrating-beam devices offer the accuracy and stability at high distances that are needed but, because of the damping requirement, operation of these devices using electro-static means requires high-voltage electrostatic comb drives. Typically, the voltage necessary can reach 200V. The electronics needed to achieve this high voltage are not reliable within this high-temperature environment.
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Accelerometers are used in down - hole dr7llLng operations, e. g. , oil, gas and geothermal, to navigate the drill in off - vertical directions. Because of the depths involved, the operatiHr temperature for these accelerometers is very high and can exceed 200 ° C. for oil and gas drilling and can reaSM 300 ° C. for geothermal drilling. DeBeloOing drive mechanisms for accelerometers that can operate between 200 ° C. and 300 ° C. with the required performance is difficult. Microelectro - Mechanical Systems (MEMS) vibrating - beam devices offer the accuracy and stQbilitT at high temperature Fgat are needed but, because of the damping requirement, operation of these devices using electro - statkf m2ane requires Jith - voltage electrostatic comb drives. Typically, the voltage necessary can reach 200V. The electronics needed to achieve this high v)Otage are not reliable within this high - temperature environment.
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Accelerometers used in down-hole drilling operations, e.g., oil, gas and geothermal, to navigate the in directions. Because of the depths involved, the operating temperature for these accelerometers very high and can exceed 200° C. for oil and gas drilling and can reach 300° C. geothermal drilling. Developing drive for accelerometers that can operate between 200° and 300° C. with the required performance is difficult. Microelectro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) vibrating-beam devices offer the accuracy and stability at high temperature that are but, because of the damping requirement, operation of using electro-static means requires high-voltage electrostatic comb drives. the voltage necessary can reach 200V. The electronics needed to achieve this high voltage are not reliable within this environment.
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AcCELeromeTers ArE used In dowN-Hole DRILlINg OPerATIOns, E.G., oil, Gas anD GeOthermAL, tO NAviGATe thE driLL in oFF-VeRtICAL DirecTIoNs. BecausE Of The depTHS invOLvED, thE oPEraTing TEMpERAtUre FoR these acCeLERomeTerS IS VErY HIgh And can ExCeed 200° c. for OIL aND gAs drILlinG AND can rEaCh 300° C. For GeOTheRmal DRillInG. dEVELOpING DrIVe MeCHanisMS fOR aCcELerOMetERS thAt CaN OPERaTE BETWeeN 200° C. aNd 300° C. With thE rEQuIRed PERFOrManCE IS DiFFICulT. miCRoelEcTRo-MechANiCaL SYSTEms (meMS) vibrATInG-beam dEViCes offER the accUraCY and stABiLiTy AT hIgH teMPeRatURE That aRE needEd But, BECAUSE of THE dAmPiNg REQuirEmEnt, OPeRATIOn oF ThESE DEvices UsIng ElECtRo-StATIC MEANs rEQuiREs hiGH-VoLtAgE eLECtroStaTiC CoMb DRIVEs. TYpICaLLY, thE VoLTAGe NEcEssArY cAn rEAcH 200V. ThE ELECtRonIcS nEedED to AcHIEVe THIs higH VoltAGe Are nOt RelIABle withiN tHiS hIGH-TEMPeRATURe enViRonment.
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Accelerometers are usedindown-hole drilling operations, e.g., oil, gas and geothermal, to navigate the drill in off-verticaldirections. Because of the depthsinvolved, the operating temperaturefor these accelerometers is very high and can exceed 200°C. for oil and gas drilling and can reach 300° C. for geothermal drilling. Developing drive mechanisms for accelerometersthat canoperate between 200° C. and 300° C. with the required performance is difficult. Microelectro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) vibrating-beam devices offer the accuracy and stability at high temperature that are needed but, because of the damping requirement, operation of these devices using electro-static means requires high-voltage electrostaticcombdrives. Typically, the voltage necessary can reach 200V. The electronics needed to achieve this highvoltage are not reliable withinthis high-temperature environment.
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_Accelerometers_ are used in _down-hole_ drilling operations, e.g., _oil,_ _gas_ and _geothermal,_ to navigate the _drill_ _in_ off-vertical directions. Because of the depths involved, the operating temperature for these accelerometers is very high and can exceed 200° C. _for_ oil and gas drilling and can reach 300° C. for geothermal drilling. Developing _drive_ mechanisms for accelerometers that _can_ operate between 200° C. and 300° C. with the required performance is difficult. _Microelectro-Mechanical_ Systems (MEMS) vibrating-beam devices offer the accuracy and _stability_ _at_ high temperature that are needed but, because of the _damping_ _requirement,_ operation of _these_ devices using electro-static means requires high-voltage electrostatic comb drives. Typically, the voltage necessary can reach 200V. _The_ electronics needed to _achieve_ _this_ high _voltage_ are not _reliable_ within this high-temperature environment.
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Currently, with development of an electronic communication industry, User Equipment (UE) such as a cellular phone, an electronic scheduler, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a laptop computer, and the like has become a necessity of a modern society, and plays an important role of transferring information changing fast. This UE provides a convenient operation environment to a user via a Graphic User Interface (GUI) and provides various multimedia based on a web environment.
Recently, a user prefers a slimmer UE meeting portability and an appearance design. However, the UE applies various functions and receives a plurality of electronic parts, such that there is a difficulty in manufacturing the UE in a slim profile.
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Currently, with development of an electronic communication industry, User Equipment (UE) such as a cellular phone, an electronic scheduler, a Personal Digital identity (PDA), a laptop computer, and the like has become a necessity of a modern society, and plays an important role of transferring information changing fast. This UE provides a convenient operation environment to a user via a Graphic User Interface (GUI) and provides various multimedia based on a web environment. Recently, a user prefers a basic UE meeting portability and an appearance design. However, the UE applies various functions and receives a plurality of electronic packages such that there is a difficulty in manufacturing the UE in a slim profile.
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Currently, with development of an electrohiD communication jnduetry, User Equipment (UE) such as a cellular phone, an electronic scheduler, a Personal Digital AssistSnh (PDA ), a laptop computer, and the like has become a necessity of a Kodedn society, and plays an important role of transferring information changing fast. This UE provides a convenient operation environment to a user via a Graphic User Interfzc$ (GUI) and provides various multimedia based on a web environment. Recently, a user prefers a sliKmRr UE me3hing portability and an appearance design. Hod#ver, the UE ap)lids DaDious functions and receives a plurality of electronic parts, such that there is a difficulty in manufacturing the UE in a slim profile.
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Currently, with development of an electronic communication industry, User Equipment (UE) such as a cellular phone, an electronic scheduler, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a laptop computer, and the like has become a necessity of a modern society, and plays an important role of changing fast. UE a convenient operation environment a user via a Graphic User Interface (GUI) and provides various based on a web environment. Recently, a user prefers a slimmer UE meeting portability and an appearance design. However, the applies various functions and a plurality of electronic parts, that there is difficulty in manufacturing the UE in a slim profile.
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cuRReNTly, WiTH DEvelOpMeNT Of An EleCtrONic COmMUNicATIon inDUstry, USEr EQUipMeNT (UE) SUcH As A CellULAr pHOne, An EleCTRoNic ScHEdUler, a PERsoNaL dIGital aSsistaNT (pdA), a LAPtOP cOMpuTER, anD The likE hAs BEcome A nECesSiTY Of a mOdERN SOciEtY, ANd PlaYs AN iMPORTant rolE oF tRANsferRinG iNfOrMATION chAnGiNG FaSt. This uE pRoVIDes a CONvEnIEnt opErAtiON ENvIrONMEnT To a UsEr VIa a grApHic uSer interfACe (GuI) anD pRoVIDES vARIOUs MULtiMeDIa BaSed oN A WEB enviROnmEnt.
ReCeNtly, A uSeR PRefeRS A SlIMMer UE MeetinG PORTAbility AnD An aPPEArANCE dEsIgn. HOWeVer, the Ue applIES VARioUS fUNcTIons aND rEceiVEs a PLuRaLity oF ELeCtronic PARtS, SUch thaT there Is A DiffICULTY iN MAnUfActUrING ThE uE IN A SlIm pROFILE.
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Currently, with developmentof an electronic communication industry, User Equipment (UE) such as a cellular phone, an electronic scheduler, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a laptop computer, and thelike has become a necessity of amodern society, and plays an important role of transferring information changing fast. This UE provides a convenient operation environment toa user via a Graphic User Interface(GUI) and provides various multimedia based ona web environment. Recently, a user prefers a slimmer UE meeting portability and an appearance design. However, the UE applies various functions and receives a plurality of electronic parts, such that there isadifficultyin manufacturing theUE ina slim profile.
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Currently, with development of an electronic communication _industry,_ User Equipment (UE) such as a cellular phone, an electronic _scheduler,_ a Personal Digital _Assistant_ (PDA), a laptop _computer,_ _and_ the like _has_ become a _necessity_ of _a_ _modern_ _society,_ and plays an _important_ role of transferring information changing fast. This _UE_ provides a convenient operation environment to a user via a Graphic User Interface (GUI) and provides _various_ multimedia based on a web environment. _Recently,_ a _user_ prefers a _slimmer_ UE meeting _portability_ and an appearance design. However, the UE applies various functions and receives a _plurality_ of electronic parts, _such_ _that_ there _is_ a difficulty _in_ manufacturing the _UE_ in a slim profile.
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A plasma is an ionized gas whose charged particle constituents (electrons and ions) interact primarily through electromagnetic forces. Plasmas in various forms make up a large portion of the known universe. In addition, they form the basis of a multitude of everyday devices from incandescent or fluorescent lighting to recent plasma television development. They are also used in the manufacture and processing of printed circuit boards, have recently been shown to have medical application, and are the focus of research in areas such as power generation associated with nuclear fusion reactors.
To characterize a plasma, various diagnostics must be performed to understand the physics of particle interactions. One of these parameters is plasma potential φp. This is the potential of the plasma at a particular location usually with respect to an experimental chamber wall. This is distinguished from the floating potential at which an object immersed in the plasma collects zero net current. Floating potential is typically negative with respect to plasma potential and the two are generally not equal.
The most widely used technique still today for determining plasma parameters such as the plasma potential φp or the electron energy distribution function ƒ(ε) is through the use of a Langmuir probe placed in the plasma. I. Langmuir and H. Mott Smith, “The theory of collectors in gaseous discharges”, Phys. Rev. 28, 727 (1926).
One method for finding plasma potential φp which involves using a Langmuir probe relies on current collection using a dc voltage sweep, and from these data the dc current characteristic of the plasma Ip(Vp) is derived, where Ip is the probe collected current and Vp is the probe voltage. R. L. Merlino, “Understanding Langmuir Probe current-voltage characteristics,” Am. J. Phys. 75, 1078 (2007).
In Langmuir probe-based methods, plasma potential φp is determined by noting that the probe collected current Ip with respect to probe voltage Vp falls rapidly once the applied probe voltage exceeds the plasma potential φp. Thus,
ⅆ I p ⅆ V p has a peak, and
ⅆ 2 I p ⅆ V p 2 V p = ϕ p ≃ 0.See Godyak et al., “Probe diagnostics of non-Maxwellian Plasmas,” J. AppL Phys 73, 3657 (1993). Godyak asserts that this method gives an unequivocal value for the plasma potential φp. Id.
Thus, conventional methods of finding plasma potential φp using a Langmuir probe require taking a second derivative of Ip(Vp) and determining the inflection point of Ip(Vp), i.e., the point where
ⅆ 2 I p ⅆ V p 2 = 0.
However, Langmuir probes are susceptible to contamination, and in many cases calculating the second derivative often is severely affected by noise and so introduces errors in the values of φp.
Consequently, to avoid having to calculate the second derivative, many researchers resort to fitting routines of various forms, based in part on the probe geometry, to determine the inflection point, i.e., the point where
ⅆ 2 I p ⅆ V p 2 = 0.See, e.g., J. J. Carroll, et. al., “A segmented disk electrode to produce and control parallel and transverse particle drifts in a cylindrical plasma,” Rev. Sci. Instrum., 65(9), 2991 (1994). These fitting routines also have been used to avoid errors introduced by probe contamination, but by their nature are only approximate and most often assume a Maxwellian distribution. Since the fit itself treats a complete curve, a fit to one area of the curve (such as the electron saturation region) influences the entire curve fit and therefore the determination of plasma parameters. Also fitting routines should be based on physical reasoning and not on the assumption of prevailing geometry (i.e., algebraic fits) as is often the case. R. F. Fernsler, “Modeling Langmuir probes in multi-component plasmas,” Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 18, 014012 (2009)
Other methods which also attempt to avoid having to make this double differentiation of the current-voltage characteristic use ac voltages in an indirect determination. By superposing on V a small constant ac voltage component, ξ sin ωt , such that ξ<<V, it can be shown that the time-averaged increment to the current gives the second derivative above. Yu. P. Raizer, Gas Discharge Physics, p. 111, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1997).
However, noise remains a serious problem in all such cases. Whether calculating a second order derivative, using fitting routines or time averaging, even small amounts of noise can produce large fluctuations which generate uncertainty in the value of φp.
The inventors herein have explored the use of an rf probe to determine parameters such as electron temperature Te, electron density ne(r), and electron sheath profile structure. See D. N. Walker, R. F. Fernsler, D. D. Blackwell, and W. E. Amatucci, “On the Non-intrusive Determination of Electron Density in the Sheath of a Spherical Probe,” Naval Research Laboratory Memorandum Report, NRL/MR/6750-07-9033, Apr. 20, 2007 (“Walker 2007”); D. N. Walker, R. F. Fernsler, D. D. Blackwell, and W. E. Amatucci, “Determining electron temperature for small spherical probes from network analyzer measurements of complex impedance,” Physics of Plasmas 15, 123506 (2008) (“Walker 2008”); see also D. N. Walker, R. F. Fernsler, D. D. Blackwell, W. E. Amatucci, and S. J. Messer, “On collisionless energy absorption in plasmas: Theory and experiment in spherical geometry,” Physics of Plasmas 13, 032108 (2006) (“Walker 2006”), all of which are hereby incorporated by reference into the present application in their entirety.
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A plasma is an ionized gas whose charged particle constituents (electrons and ions) interact primarily through electromagnetic forces. Plasmas in various forms make up a large portion of the known universe. In addition, they form the basis of a multitude of everyday devices from incandescent or fluorescent lighting to recent plasma television development. They are also used in the manufacture and processing of printed circuit boards, have recently been shown to have medical application, and are the focus of research in areas such as power generation associated with nuclear fusion reactors. To characterize a plasma, various diagnostics must be performed to understand the physics of particle interactions. One of these parameters is plasma potential φp. This is the potential of the plasma at a particular location usually with respect to an experimental chamber wall. This is distinguished from the floating potential at which an object immersed in the plasma collects zero net current. Floating potential is typically negative with respect to plasma potential and the two are generally not equal. The most widely used technique still today for determining plasma parameters such as the plasma potential φp or the electron energy distribution function ƒ(ε) is through the use of a Langmuir probe placed in the plasma. I. Langmuir and H. Mott Smith, “The theory of collectors in gaseous discharges”, Phys. Rev. 28, 727 (1926). One method for finding plasma potential φp which involves using a Langmuir probe relies on current collection using a dc voltage sweep, and from these data the dc current characteristic of the plasma Ip(Vp) is derived, where Ip is the probe collected current and Vp is the probe voltage. R. L. Merlino, “Understanding Langmuir Probe current-voltage characteristics,” Am. J. Phys. 75, 1078 (2007). In Langmuir probe-based methods, plasma potential φp is determined by noting that the probe collected current Ip with respect to probe voltage Vp falls rapidly once the applied probe voltage exceeds the plasma potential φp. Thus, ⅆ I p ⅆ V p has a peak, and ⅆ 2 I p ⅆ V p 2 V p = ϕ p ≃ 0.See Godyak et al., “Probe diagnostics of non-Maxwellian Plasmas,” J. AppL Phys 73, 3657 (1993). Godyak asserts that this method gives an unequivocal value for the plasma potential φp. Id. Thus, conventional methods of finding plasma potential φp using a Langmuir probe require taking a second derivative of Ip(Vp) and determining the inflection point of Ip(Vp), i.e., the point where ⅆ 2 I p ⅆ V p 2 = 0. However, Langmuir probes are susceptible to contamination, and in many cases calculating the second derivative often is severely affected by noise and so introduces errors in the values of φp. Consequently, to avoid having to calculate the second derivative, many researchers resort to fitting routines of various forms, based in part on the probe geometry, to determine the inflection point, i.e., the point where ⅆ 2 I p ⅆ V p 2 = 0.See, e.g., J. J. Carroll, et. al., “A segmented disk electrode to produce and control parallel and transverse particle drifts in a cylindrical plasma,” Rev. Sci. Instrum., 65(9), 2991 (1994). These fitting routines also have been used to avoid errors introduced by probe contamination, but by their nature are only approximate and most often assume a Maxwellian distribution. Since the fit itself treats a complete curve, a fit to one area of the curve (such as the electron saturation region) influences the entire curve fit and therefore the determination of plasma parameters. Also fitting routines should be based on physical reasoning and not on the assumption of prevailing geometry (i.e., algebraic fits) as is often the case. R. F. Fernsler, “Modeling Langmuir probes in multi-component plasmas,” Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 18, 014012 (2009) Other methods which also attempt to avoid having to make this double differentiation of the current-voltage characteristic use ac voltages in an indirect determination. By superposing on V a small constant ac voltage component, ξ sin ωt , such that ξ<<V, it can be shown that the time-averaged increment to the current gives the second derivative above. Yu. P. Raizer, Gas Discharge Physics, p. 111, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1997). However, noise remains a serious problem in all such cases. Whether direct a second order derivative, using fitting routines or time averaging, even small amounts of noise can produce large fluctuations which generate uncertainty in the value of φp. The inventors herein have explored the use of an rf probe to determine parameters such as electron temperature Te, electron density ne(r), and electron sheath profile structure. See D. N. Walker, R. F. Fernsler, D. D. Blackwell, and W. E. Amatucci, “On the Non-intrusive Determination of Electron Density in the Sheath of a Spherical Probe,” Naval Research Laboratory Memorandum Report, NRL/MR/6750-07-9033, Apr. 20, 2007 (“Walker 2007”); D. N. Walker, R. F. Fernsler, D. D. Blackwell, and W. E. Amatucci, “Determining electron temperature for small spherical probes from network analyzer measurements of complex impedance,” Physics of Plasmas 15, 123506 (2008) (“Walker 2008”); see also D. N. Walker, R. F. Fernsler, D. D. Blackwell, W. E. Amatucci, and S. J. Messer, “On collisionless energy absorption in plasmas: Theory and experiment in spherical geometry,” Physics of Plasmas 13, 032108 (2006) (“Walker 2006”), all of which are hereby incorporated by reference into the present application in their entirety.
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A plasma is an ionized gas whose charged particle constituents (electrons and ions) interact primarily through electromagnetic forces. Plasmas in various forms make up a large portion of the known universe. In addition, they form the basis of a multitude of everyday devices from incandescent or fluorescent lighting to recent plasma television development. They are also used in the manufacture and processing of printed circuit boards, have recebtlG been shown to have medical application, and are the focus of research in a#$as such as power generation associated with nuclear fusion reactors. To characterize a plasma, various diagnostics must be performed to understand the physics of particle interactions. One of these parameters is plasma potential φp. This is the potential of the plasma at a particular location usually with respect to an experimental chamber wall. This is distinguished from the floating potential at which an object immersed in the plasma collects zero net current. Floating potential is typically negative with respect to plasma potential and the two are generally not equal. The most widely used technique still today for determining plasma parameters such as the plasma potential φp or the electron energy distribution function ƒ (ε) is through the use of a Langmuir probe placed in the plasma. I. Langmuir and H. Mott Smith, “ The theory of collectors in gaseous discharges ”, Phys. Rev. 28, 727 (1926 ). One method for finding plasma potential φp which involves &sinR a Langmuir probe relies on current collection using a dc voltage sweep, and from these data the dc current characteristic of the plasma Ip (Vp) is derived, where Ip is the probe collected current and Vp is the prof$ voltage. R. L. Merlino, “ Understanding Langmuir Pr(fe current - voltage characteristics, ” Am. J. Phys. 75, 1078 (2007 ). In Langmuir probe - based methods, plasma potential φp is determined by noting that the probe collected current Ip with respect to probe voltage Vp falls rapidly once the applied probe voltage exceeds the plasma potential φp. Thus, ⅆ I p ⅆ V p has a peak, and ⅆ 2 I p ⅆ V p 2 V p = ϕ p ≃ 0. See Godyak et al. , “ Probe diagnostics of non - Maxwellian Plasmas, ” J. AppL Phys 73, 3657 (1993 ). Godyak asserts that this method gives an ugequivoVal value for the plasma potential φp. Id. Thus, conventional methods of finding plasma potential φp using a Langmuir probe require taking a second derivative of Ip (Vp) and determining the inflection point of Ip (Vp ), i. e. , the point where ⅆ 2 I p ⅆ V p 2 = 0. Ho#eve#, Langmuir probes are susceptible to contamination, and in many cases calculating the second derivative often is severely affected by noise and so introduces errors in the values of φp. Consequently, to avoid having to calculate the second derivative, many researchers resort to fitting routines of various forms, based in part on the probe geometry, to determine the inflection point, i. e. , the point where ⅆ 2 I p ⅆ V p 2 = 0. See, e. g. , J. J. Carroll, et. al. , “ A segmented disk electrode to produce and control parallel and transverse particle drifts in a cylindrical plasma, ” Rev. Sci. Instrum. , 65 (9 ), 2991 (1994 ). These fitting routines also have been used to avoid errors introduced by probe contamination, but by their nature are only approximate and most often assume a Maxwellian distribution. Since the fit itself treats a comole4e curve, a fit to one area of the curve (such as the electron saturation region) influences the entire curve fit and therefore the determination of plasma parameters. Also fitting routines should be based on physical reasoning and not on the assumption of prevailing geometry (i. e. , algebraic fits) as is often the case. R. F. Fernsler, “ Modeling Langmuir probes in multi - component plasmas, ” Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 18, 014012 (2009) Other methods which also aYtempH to avoid having to make this double differentiation of the current - voltage characteristic use ac voltages in an indirect determination. By superposing on V a small constant ac voltage component, ξ sin ωt, such that ξ << V, it can be shown that the time - averaged increment to the current gives the second derivative above. Yu. P. Raizer, Gas Discharge Physics, p. 111, (Springer - Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1997 ). However, noise remains a serious problem in all such cases. Whether calculating a second order derivative, using fitting routines or time averaging, even small amounts of noise can produce large fluctuations which generate uncertainty in the value of φp. The inventors herein have explored the use of an rf probe to determine parameters such as electron temperature Te, electron density ne (r ), and electron sheath profile structure. See D. N. Walker, R. F. Fernsler, D. D. Blackwell, and W. E. Amatucci, “ On the Non - intrusive Determination of Electron Density in the Sheath of a Spherical Probe, ” Naval Research Laboratory Memorandum Report, NRL / MR / 6750 - 07 - 9033, Apr. 20, 2007 (“ Walker 2007 ” ); D. N. Walker, R. F. Fernsler, D. D. Blackwell, and W. E. Amatucci, “ Determining electron temperature for small spherical probes from network analyzer measurements of complex impedance, ” Physics of Plasmas 15, 123506 (2008) (“ Walker 2008 ” ); see also D. N. Walker, R. F. Fernsler, D. D. Blackwell, W. E. Amatucci, and S. J. Messer, “ On collisionless energy absorption in plasmas: Theory and experiment in spherical geometry, ” Physics of Plasmas 13, 032108 (2006) (“ Walker 2006 ” ), all of which are terFby incorporated by reference into the present application in their entirety.
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A is an ionized gas charged particle constituents (electrons and ions) interact primarily through electromagnetic forces. Plasmas in various forms make up a of known universe. addition, they form the basis of a of everyday devices from incandescent fluorescent lighting to recent television development. They are also used in the manufacture and processing of printed circuit boards, have recently been shown to have medical application, and are the focus of research in areas such as generation associated with nuclear fusion reactors. To characterize a plasma, various diagnostics be to understand the physics of particle interactions. One of these is plasma potential φp. This is the potential of the at a particular location usually with respect to an experimental wall. This distinguished the floating potential at which an object in the plasma net current. Floating potential is typically negative with respect to plasma potential and the two are generally not equal. The most widely used technique still today for determining plasma such as the plasma potential φp the electron distribution function is through use a Langmuir probe placed in the plasma. I. Langmuir and H. Mott Smith, “The theory of collectors in discharges”, Phys. 28, 727 (1926). One for finding plasma potential φp which involves using a Langmuir probe relies on current collection using a dc voltage sweep, and from these the dc current characteristic of the plasma Ip(Vp) is derived, where Ip is the probe collected current and Vp is the probe voltage. R. L. Merlino, “Understanding Langmuir Probe current-voltage characteristics,” Am. J. Phys. 75, 1078 (2007). In Langmuir probe-based methods, plasma potential φp is by noting that the probe collected current Ip to voltage Vp falls rapidly once the applied exceeds the plasma potential φp. Thus, ⅆ I p ⅆ V p has a peak, and 2 I p ⅆ V p V = ϕ p ≃ 0.See Godyak al., “Probe diagnostics of non-Maxwellian Plasmas,” J. AppL Phys 73, 3657 (1993). Godyak asserts this gives an unequivocal value for the plasma potential φp. Id. Thus, conventional methods of finding plasma potential φp a Langmuir probe require taking a second derivative of Ip(Vp) and determining the inflection point of i.e., the point where ⅆ 2 I p ⅆ V p 2 = 0. However, Langmuir probes are susceptible to contamination, and in many cases the derivative often by and so introduces errors the values of φp. to avoid having to calculate the second derivative, many researchers resort to routines of various forms, based in part the probe to determine the inflection point, i.e., the where ⅆ 2 I p ⅆ 2 = 0.See, e.g., J. J. Carroll, et. al., “A segmented disk electrode to produce and control parallel and transverse particle drifts in a cylindrical plasma,” Rev. Sci. Instrum., 65(9), 2991 (1994). fitting routines also been used to avoid errors introduced by probe contamination, by their nature are only approximate and most often assume a Maxwellian distribution. Since the fit itself treats a complete curve, a fit area of the (such as the electron saturation region) influences the entire fit and therefore the determination of plasma parameters. Also fitting routines be based on physical reasoning and not on the assumption of prevailing geometry (i.e., algebraic as is often the case. R. F. Fernsler, “Modeling probes in multi-component plasmas,” Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 18, 014012 (2009) Other methods also to avoid having to make this double differentiation of the current-voltage characteristic use ac voltages in an indirect determination. By superposing on V small constant ac voltage component, ξ sin ωt , such that ξ<<V, it be that the time-averaged increment to the current gives derivative above. Yu. P. Raizer, Gas Discharge Physics, 111, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin York, 1997). However, noise remains a serious problem in all such cases. Whether calculating a second order derivative, using fitting routines or time averaging, even small amounts of noise can produce large fluctuations which generate uncertainty in the value of The inventors herein have explored the use of an rf probe to determine parameters such as electron temperature Te, electron density ne(r), and electron sheath profile structure. See D. N. Walker, R. F. Fernsler, D. Blackwell, W. E. Amatucci, “On the Non-intrusive Determination Electron Density in the Sheath of a Spherical Probe,” Naval Research Laboratory Memorandum Report, NRL/MR/6750-07-9033, 20, 2007 2007”); D. N. Walker, R. Fernsler, D. D. Blackwell, and W. E. Amatucci, “Determining electron temperature for small probes from network analyzer measurements of complex impedance,” Physics of Plasmas 15, 123506 (2008) (“Walker 2008”); see also D. N. Walker, R. F. Fernsler, D. Blackwell, W. E. Amatucci, and S. J. Messer, collisionless energy absorption in plasmas: Theory and experiment in spherical Physics of Plasmas 13, 032108 (2006) (“Walker 2006”), all of which are hereby incorporated by reference into the present application in their entirety.
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a PlasMA Is AN IoNiZED Gas WhOSe chARgeD pARtIcLe CONstitUenTS (ELECtrONs ANd ions) intErACt pRIMarILY thrOuGH eLEcTROmagNetic forces. plAsMaS iN vArioUs foRms mAkE UP a lARGe poRtiON oF THe KnOWN unIVERsE. In AddItIoN, They FORM thE BasiS OF A MUlTITUDe oF eVErYDAy deviCes FroM INCANdESCENt oR fLuoreSCeNT LigHTinG To recENT plaSma TELEVISiON DeVELOpment. tHEY Are also USEd iN THe MAnuFAcTuRE and pROcEssinG oF PrINTeD ciRcuIT BOARDs, havE RECentlY beEN sHowN TO HAVE medical APPlIcatIoN, AND aRe thE FOcus OF REsEArch iN aREaS sUch AS PowEr GEnerAtioN AssOCIAtED witH nucLEAR FusiOn rEaCtORS.
to cHaractERIZE a plASma, vaRiouS DIAGnoStICS MUST bE peRfoRmEd TO uNDersTAnd THe PhYsiCs Of PartiClE inTeraCTIoNs. onE OF THESE ParameterS iS plasMa POteNTIAl φp. ThiS IS the potenTIaL Of THe pLasMa At A pARTicuLAR loCaTioN uSUAlLY wiTH ReSPECt TO An eXperiMenTAl Chamber WalL. thiS iS dIStInguiShed fRoM THE FlOATING POtenTIAl AT wHich aN OBJEcT immERSEd iN ThE pLASMa COLlects Zero NET cUrrEnt. FloAtInG PotentIaL IS tYpICally NegAtIVe WItH rEsPect to pLasmA POtentIAl and THE Two Are GEneRALly not EqUAl.
the Most WIdElY Used tECHniqUe sTILl ToDay fOr DeTERmInING plasMa pArAMetErS suCh as the PLaSMa POtentIaL Φp oR tHE elEcTrON ENerGy DIsTRIBuTIoN FUnctioN ƒ(ε) is tHroUGH tHE use Of a LAnGMuiR ProBE PLaced iN tHe plasma. i. lANGMUiR ANd H. mOtt smiTH, “ThE THeORy OF cOlLECTors IN GASEoUS DIsChARGes”, PhYs. rev. 28, 727 (1926).
oNe metHOd fOR fIndinG pLAsma POtenTiaL ΦP WHiCH INVOlvEs USInG A LaNgmuir PRoBE ReliEs on CuRrent coLLEctioN USing A DC volTaGe SWEEP, aND FROM thEsE DaTA THe dC CuRREnT chaRAcTeRisTIc OF the PLAsmA ip(vp) is DerIved, whERe Ip iS THE pROBE cOlleCTEd CUrreNt ANd vP IS tHE PrObe vOLTage. r. l. MErLINo, “UnDerstAndinG laNGMuiR PRobE CUrREnT-VoltaGE CHAracTERIstiCs,” am. j. phyS. 75, 1078 (2007).
in LaNGmUIr prOBE-baSeD mEThoDs, plaSMA pOtENtiAl φp IS dETerMiNed By NOtiNg ThAt THE prObE collEcted CuRrenT ip wITh rEsPecT To PrObe voLTAgE VP faLLS raPidly oNCE ThE APPLIed PRObE voLtAgE eXCeEdS tHE pLASma PotENtial Φp. THUs,
ⅆ i P ⅆ V p hAs A peaK, AnD
ⅆ 2 I p ⅆ v p 2 v p = Φ p ≃ 0.see gODYak Et al., “Probe diaGnostics Of noN-MAXwElLiaN plaSmAs,” j. APPl PhYS 73, 3657 (1993). GodYak aSSERTS THAT tHIS mEthOD gIvEs An UneqUiVocal vAlUE FoR ThE pLasMa POTEntiaL ΦP. Id.
Thus, CONVEntiONAl MeTHOds of FinDing PlAsMa pOTEnTIAL φP usINg a laNGmuiR PROBE require TakinG A sECoNd dERivaTIve oF iP(vP) AND DeTerMinIng tHe INFLectIOn poinT of iP(vp), I.e., ThE point WHERE
ⅆ 2 i P ⅆ V P 2 = 0.
HowEVer, LaNGMuir proBES ARE SUsCEPTIBle tO cOntamINation, anD IN mAnY cASeS cALCUlaTINg tHE sECONd DerIVatIvE OfTen iS sEVeRely AfFEctEd By noiSE anD SO iNTRODUCeS ERrOrS In THE ValuEs OF Φp.
CONseQUENtlY, to aVOiD HAVInG tO caLCUlaTe ThE sEcOnD derivATIVE, MAny reseaRchERs REsoRt TO FitTinG rOUtines oF VarIous FOrms, BAsed iN paRt oN ThE pRObE gEOMeTry, tO DETERMINe The InflECtIOn PoInT, i.e., The PoiNT WHErE
ⅆ 2 i p ⅆ v p 2 = 0.see, e.G., J. j. cArrOLl, eT. al., “A SeGMentED disk ElECtroDE To PRodUCe ANd CoNtROL ParaLLel AND tRansVersE PaRtIcle drIFTs iN A cYlINDricAl PlAsma,” rEv. scI. INstRum., 65(9), 2991 (1994). ThesE FITTiNg ROUTiNEs alSO hAvE beeN USed to Avoid errOrS INTRODUCeD by probE cOntamInATION, but by ThEir naTuRe aRe ONly apPROXImaTE anD mOST ofTEN aSsume A maxwElliAn DiStRibutIoN. siNCE The fIT iTSElF tREAts a coMPLETE CurVe, A fit tO OnE aREa oF thE CURVE (SuCh aS THe eleCTron SaturAtiON ReGIOn) iNfLuenceS ThE eNtIrE cUrVe fiT And THeREFORE The DeTERmiNATiON of plaSmA pAraMetErs. aLso fiTtING rOUtINES sHOuLD BE BAseD ON pHySIcAl ReasONInG AND Not ON ThE aSSumPTIOn of PREVAILINg GeoMeTRY (I.e., algEbRAIc fItS) AS IS OftEN tHE case. r. F. FErnSleR, “modELIng langMUir PRoBEs In mULTi-coMpOnENt pLASmas,” plAsMa SOURceS scI. tECHnOL. 18, 014012 (2009)
OTHER mEThOds WHICh alSo atTeMpt tO AVoiD HaVING tO maKe this DoUblE dIfFereNtiaTIon OF The cuRrEnt-voLtaGE CHARacTERISTIc use aC VOlTaGES In An INdIrECT detErmINaTIOn. BY SuperPosiNg on v a sMaLL CoNstAnt ac VOltaGE compONeNt, Ξ SiN ΩT , suCh tHaT Ξ<<v, IT caN Be showN that tHe time-AveRAGed InCrEMENt to THe CuRRENT GIveS tHe secoNd DEriVAtive ABoVE. YU. p. rAIzEr, gAS DiScHARGE phYSics, p. 111, (sPrinGER-verlAg, beRLiN HeIDeLBeRg New YoRk, 1997).
hoWEver, noIse reMains a sERiOuS prOblEM in ALl SUch caSes. wHETher cAlcuLatInG A SeCOnd ORDer dErIvatIVe, USINg FittInG rOUtINEs or TiME AveRAging, eVeN SMAll AMOUnTs oF nOISE can PROdUCE lARGe flUctUaTiOns wHicH GENeRatE uNCERtaInty In ThE valuE of φp.
The iNvenTOrS heReIN have eXPLoRED tHE USe Of aN Rf pRoBe TO DEtERMINe paRamEtERS sUCh As elEctROn temperaTure TE, EleCTROn denSity ne(R), and elEctrOn sheAth PRoFIlE STRUCTure. See d. N. wALkEr, r. F. FErnSlER, d. d. bLAcKWeLl, aNd w. e. AmaTuCCI, “On THe Non-INtrUsiVE dETermINATiON of eLECTrOn DeNSiTY In ThE ShEAth oF a SPhERicAl pRObE,” navaL ReSeARch LAboRatORy MemoRaNDuM REPort, NrL/mR/6750-07-9033, apR. 20, 2007 (“waLKEr 2007”); D. N. wALKer, R. F. FErNsLEr, d. D. BLAckwell, and W. e. aMatuCCI, “DEtErmiNiNG ELEcTROn teMPERaTuRE fOr smAlL SpHerICAL ProBeS fROM NEtWOrK ANAlyZER MeaSuReMentS oF coMPLEX iMpEDANce,” PhysICs OF PLASMAs 15, 123506 (2008) (“WaLKeR 2008”); SeE aLsO D. N. WAlKeR, R. F. FeRNsLer, d. d. bLaCKweLL, w. E. aMATuCCi, aNd S. J. MESSER, “oN cOlLiSIONLESs eNeRGy aBSOrPTIOn iN pLAsmas: TheoRY And eXPeRImeNT iN SPhERicaL gEOmetRY,” PHYSicS Of pLaSmAS 13, 032108 (2006) (“WALkEr 2006”), AlL oF wHicH ARE HereBy IncoRPORatED BY reFerenCE InTO the PreSeNt aPPLication in THEIr eNtIrEtY.
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A plasma isan ionized gas whose charged particle constituents (electrons and ions) interact primarily throughelectromagnetic forces. Plasmas in variousforms make up a large portion of the known universe. In addition, they form thebasis of a multitude of everyday devices from incandescent or fluorescentlightingto recent plasma television development. They are also used inthemanufacture and processing of printed circuitboards, have recently been shown to have medical application, and are the focus of research in areas suchas power generation associated with nuclear fusion reactors. Tocharacterize a plasma, various diagnosticsmust beperformed tounderstand thephysics ofparticle interactions. One of these parameters isplasma potentialφp. This is thepotential of the plasma at a particularlocation usually with respect to an experimental chamber wall. This is distinguished fromthe floating potential at which an object immersedin the plasma collectszero net current. Floatingpotential is typically negative withrespect toplasma potential and the two are generally not equal.The mostwidely used technique still todayfor determining plasma parameters such as the plasma potential φpor the electronenergy distribution function ƒ(ε) is through the use of a Langmuir probe placed inthe plasma. I. Langmuirand H. Mott Smith, “The theory of collectorsin gaseous discharges”, Phys.Rev. 28, 727 (1926). One method for finding plasmapotential φp which involvesusing a Langmuirproberelies on current collectionusing a dc voltagesweep, andfrom these data the dc current characteristic of the plasmaIp(Vp) is derived, where Ip is theprobe collected current and Vp is the probe voltage.R.L. Merlino, “Understanding Langmuir Probe current-voltage characteristics,” Am. J. Phys.75, 1078 (2007). In Langmuir probe-basedmethods,plasma potentialφp is determined by noting that the probe collected current Ip with respect to probe voltage Vpfalls rapidly once the applied probe voltage exceeds the plasma potential φp. Thus, ⅆ I p ⅆ V p has a peak,and ⅆ 2 I p ⅆ Vp 2 V p = ϕ p ≃ 0.See Godyak et al., “Probe diagnostics of non-MaxwellianPlasmas,” J.AppL Phys 73,3657 (1993). Godyak assertsthat this method gives an unequivocal value for the plasma potential φp. Id. Thus, conventional methods offindingplasma potential φp using a Langmuir probe require taking a second derivativeof Ip(Vp) and determining the inflection point of Ip(Vp), i.e.,the point where ⅆ 2 Ip ⅆ V p 2=0. However, Langmuir probes are susceptible tocontamination,and in many cases calculating the secondderivative often is severely affectedby noiseand so introduceserrors in the valuesof φp. Consequently, to avoid havingtocalculate the second derivative, many researchers resort to fitting routines of various forms, based in part on the probegeometry, to determine the inflectionpoint, i.e.,the point where ⅆ2 I p ⅆ V p 2= 0.See, e.g., J. J. Carroll, et. al., “A segmented disk electrodeto produce and control parallel and transverse particledrifts inacylindrical plasma,” Rev. Sci.Instrum., 65(9), 2991 (1994). These fitting routinesalso have been used toavoid errors introduced by probecontamination,but bytheir natureareonlyapproximate and most often assume a Maxwelliandistribution. Since the fit itself treats a complete curve, a fit to one area of thecurve (suchasthe electron saturation region) influences the entire curve fit and therefore the determination of plasma parameters. Also fitting routinesshould be based on physical reasoning and not on the assumption of prevailing geometry (i.e., algebraic fits) as is often thecase.R. F. Fernsler, “Modeling Langmuir probes in multi-component plasmas,” Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 18, 014012 (2009) Other methods which also attempt to avoid having to make this double differentiation of the current-voltage characteristic use ac voltages inan indirect determination. By superposing onV a small constantac voltage component,ξsinωt , such that ξ<<V, itcanbeshown that the time-averaged increment to the current gives the second derivative above. Yu. P. Raizer, Gas Discharge Physics, p. 111, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York,1997). However, noise remains a serious problemin all such cases. Whether calculatinga second order derivative, usingfitting routinesor time averaging, even small amounts of noise can produce large fluctuations whichgenerate uncertainty in the value of φp. The inventors herein have explored the use of an rf probe to determine parameters such as electron temperature Te, electron density ne(r), and electronsheath profile structure. See D. N.Walker, R. F. Fernsler, D. D. Blackwell, and W. E. Amatucci, “Onthe Non-intrusive Determination of Electron Densityin the Sheath of a Spherical Probe,” Naval ResearchLaboratory Memorandum Report, NRL/MR/6750-07-9033, Apr. 20, 2007 (“Walker2007”); D.N.Walker,R. F. Fernsler, D. D.Blackwell,and W. E. Amatucci, “Determining electron temperature for smallspherical probes from network analyzer measurements of complex impedance,” Physicsof Plasmas 15, 123506 (2008) (“Walker 2008”); see alsoD. N. Walker, R.F. Fernsler, D. D. Blackwell, W.E. Amatucci, and S. J.Messer, “On collisionless energy absorption in plasmas: Theoryand experiment in spherical geometry,” Physics ofPlasmas 13, 032108(2006) (“Walker 2006”), all of which arehereby incorporated by reference into the present application in theirentirety.
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A plasma _is_ an ionized gas whose charged particle _constituents_ _(electrons_ and ions) _interact_ primarily _through_ electromagnetic forces. _Plasmas_ _in_ various forms _make_ _up_ _a_ _large_ _portion_ _of_ _the_ known universe. _In_ addition, they form the basis of a multitude of everyday devices _from_ incandescent or fluorescent lighting to recent plasma _television_ development. _They_ _are_ also _used_ _in_ the _manufacture_ and processing of printed circuit boards, have recently been shown _to_ have medical _application,_ and _are_ the focus of _research_ in areas such as power generation associated _with_ nuclear fusion reactors. To _characterize_ a plasma, various diagnostics must be _performed_ to understand the _physics_ of particle interactions. One _of_ these parameters is plasma potential φp. This is the potential _of_ the plasma _at_ a particular _location_ usually with _respect_ to an experimental chamber wall. This is distinguished from _the_ floating potential at which an _object_ immersed in _the_ _plasma_ collects zero _net_ _current._ Floating potential _is_ typically negative with respect _to_ plasma potential and _the_ two are _generally_ not equal. The most widely used technique still today _for_ determining plasma parameters such as the plasma _potential_ φp or the _electron_ energy distribution function ƒ(ε) is _through_ the use of a Langmuir probe placed in the plasma. I. Langmuir and H. _Mott_ Smith, _“The_ theory of collectors in gaseous discharges”, Phys. Rev. 28, 727 (1926). One _method_ for finding plasma potential φp _which_ involves using a Langmuir probe _relies_ on current _collection_ using _a_ dc voltage _sweep,_ and from these data the dc current characteristic of the _plasma_ Ip(Vp) is derived, where Ip is _the_ probe collected current and Vp is the probe voltage. R. L. Merlino, _“Understanding_ _Langmuir_ Probe current-voltage characteristics,” _Am._ J. Phys. _75,_ 1078 (2007). In Langmuir probe-based methods, plasma potential φp is _determined_ by _noting_ that the probe collected current Ip with respect _to_ probe voltage _Vp_ _falls_ rapidly once the _applied_ probe voltage exceeds _the_ plasma _potential_ φp. Thus, _ⅆ_ _I_ p ⅆ V p _has_ _a_ peak, and ⅆ 2 I p ⅆ V p 2 V p = ϕ p ≃ _0.See_ _Godyak_ et al., “Probe diagnostics of non-Maxwellian _Plasmas,”_ _J._ AppL Phys 73, 3657 (1993). Godyak asserts that this method gives an unequivocal value for the plasma potential _φp._ Id. Thus, _conventional_ methods of finding _plasma_ potential _φp_ _using_ a _Langmuir_ probe require taking a second _derivative_ of Ip(Vp) and determining the inflection _point_ of Ip(Vp), i.e., the point _where_ _ⅆ_ 2 I p ⅆ V p 2 = 0. _However,_ Langmuir probes are susceptible to contamination, and in many cases calculating the second derivative _often_ is severely affected by noise and so introduces errors in the values of φp. Consequently, to avoid _having_ to _calculate_ the second _derivative,_ many _researchers_ resort _to_ fitting routines of various forms, based in part on the probe geometry, to _determine_ the inflection point, _i.e.,_ _the_ _point_ where ⅆ 2 I p ⅆ V p 2 = 0.See, e.g., _J._ J. Carroll, et. al., _“A_ segmented disk electrode to produce and control parallel _and_ transverse particle drifts in a cylindrical plasma,” _Rev._ _Sci._ Instrum., _65(9),_ _2991_ (1994). These _fitting_ routines also _have_ _been_ _used_ to avoid _errors_ introduced by probe contamination, but _by_ their _nature_ are only approximate and most often _assume_ _a_ Maxwellian distribution. Since the fit itself treats _a_ complete curve, a fit to one _area_ of the curve _(such_ as _the_ electron saturation region) influences the entire curve fit and therefore the determination of plasma _parameters._ Also fitting routines should be based _on_ physical reasoning and not on the assumption of prevailing geometry (i.e., algebraic fits) _as_ is often the _case._ R. F. Fernsler, “Modeling Langmuir probes in multi-component plasmas,” _Plasma_ Sources Sci. Technol. 18, 014012 _(2009)_ Other _methods_ which also _attempt_ to avoid having to make this double _differentiation_ _of_ the _current-voltage_ characteristic use ac voltages in an indirect determination. _By_ superposing on _V_ a small _constant_ ac voltage component, ξ sin ωt , such that _ξ<<V,_ it can be shown _that_ the _time-averaged_ increment to the current _gives_ the second derivative above. Yu. P. Raizer, Gas Discharge Physics, _p._ 111, _(Springer-Verlag,_ Berlin Heidelberg New York, _1997)._ However, noise remains a serious problem _in_ all such cases. Whether calculating _a_ second order derivative, _using_ fitting routines _or_ time averaging, even small amounts _of_ noise can _produce_ large fluctuations which generate uncertainty in the _value_ of φp. _The_ inventors herein have explored the use _of_ an rf _probe_ to determine parameters such _as_ electron temperature Te, electron density ne(r), and _electron_ sheath _profile_ _structure._ See D. N. Walker, R. F. Fernsler, _D._ D. Blackwell, and W. _E._ Amatucci, _“On_ the Non-intrusive Determination of Electron Density in the Sheath of a _Spherical_ Probe,” Naval Research Laboratory Memorandum Report, NRL/MR/6750-07-9033, Apr. 20, 2007 (“Walker 2007”); _D._ N. Walker, R. _F._ Fernsler, _D._ D. _Blackwell,_ and W. E. Amatucci, “Determining electron temperature _for_ small spherical probes from network _analyzer_ _measurements_ of complex impedance,” Physics of Plasmas 15, 123506 (2008) _(“Walker_ 2008”); _see_ also D. N. Walker, R. F. Fernsler, _D._ D. Blackwell, W. _E._ Amatucci, and S. J. Messer, “On collisionless energy absorption _in_ plasmas: Theory and experiment _in_ _spherical_ geometry,” Physics of _Plasmas_ 13, _032108_ (2006) (“Walker 2006”), all _of_ which _are_ hereby incorporated _by_ reference _into_ the present application in _their_ entirety.
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a collapsible tent for truck beds and the like, and more particularly to such a tent which is rapidly and conveniently mounted on and dismounted from such a bed, is light in weight, is low in cost, and is particularly adapted for use with small pickups and four-wheel drive vehicles.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The prior art includes well-known portable enclosures, such as tents and camper shells, for mounting on a truck bed. Insofar as is known to the applicant, none of these prior art devices meet the need for an enclosure which is mounted on a truck bed for use and yet can be readily dismounted and compactly stowed for transportation to a campsite or the like.
Prior art tents are relatively expensive and slow to erect since they generally include elements secured to the ground to support the roof and upper portions of the walls of the tent. These elements also increase the bulk of a tent when it is in a collapsed configuration for stowage. Prior art camper shells for the bed of a pickup truck or the like utilize the bed for support, but, heretofore, substantial portions of these shells have been permanently assembled. The shells thus must be relatively bulky to provide sufficient interior room and, as a result, project upwardly and outwardly from the bed. Such shells therefore cannot be used when vehicles, typically four-wheel drive vehicles, are operated on narrow roads with limited vertical and horizontal clearances due to trees, rocks, and the like. Even where limited clearances are not a problem, the bulky structure of such a shell results in its being relatively heavy and expensive and thus not well suited for occasional use or for use where it is desired to mount and dismount the shell frequently.
It has long been recognized as highly advantageous to provide a collapsible tent for a truck bed or the like which can be readily erected when an enclosure is needed for living quarters and then readily dismantled and stowed when the truck is on the road. It has also been recognized as especially advantageous if the tent is relatively low in cost, light in weight, and even suited for operation of the vehicle at moderate speeds with the tent in an erect configuration.
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1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a collapsible tent for truck beds and the like, and more particularly to such a tent which is rapidly and conveniently mounted on and dismounted from such a bed, is light in weight, is low in cost, and is particularly adapted for use with small pickups and four-wheel drive vehicles. 2. Description of the standard Art The prior art includes well-known portable enclosures, such as tents and camper shells, for mounting on a truck bed. Insofar as is known to the applicant, none of these prior art devices meet the need for an enclosure which is mounted on a truck bed for use and yet can be readily dismounted and compactly stowed for transportation to a campsite or the like. Prior art tents are relatively expensive and slow to erect since they generally include elements secured to the ground to support the roof and upper portions of the walls of the tent. These elements also increase the bulk of a tent when it is in a uniform configuration for stowage. Prior art camper shells for the bed of a pickup truck or the like utilize the bed for support, but, heretofore, substantial portions of these shells have been permanently assembled. The shells thus must be relatively bulky to provide sufficient interior room and, as a result, project upwardly and outwardly from the bed. Such shells therefore cannot be used when vehicles, typically four-wheel drive vehicles, are operated on narrow roads with limited vertical and horizontal clearances due to rough rocks, and the like. Even where limited clearances are not a problem, the bulky structure of such a shell results in its being relatively heavy and expensive and thus not well suited for occasional use or for use where it is desired to mount and dismount the shell frequently. It has long been recognized as highly advantageous to provide a collapsible tent for a truck bed or the like which can be readily erected when an enclosure is needed for living quarters and then readily dismantled and stowed when the truck is on the road. It has also been recognized as especially advantageous if the tent is relatively low in cost, light in weight, and even suited for operation of the vehicle at moderate speeds with the tent in an erect configuration.
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1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a collapsible tent for truck beds and the like, and more particularly to such a tent which is rapidly and conveniently mounted on and dis<ouJted from such a bed, is light in weight, is low in cost, and is particularly adapted for use with small pickups and four - wheel drive vehicles. 2. Description of the Prior Art The prior art includes well - known portable enclosures, such as tents and camper shel;D, for mounting on a truck bed. Insofar as is known to the applicant, none of these prior art devices meet the need for an enc/osJre which is mounted on a truck bed for use and yet can be readily dismounted and compactly stowed for transportation to a campsite or the like. Prior art tents are relatively expensive and slow to erect since they generally include elements secured to the ground to support the roof and upp35 portions of the walls of the tent. These elements also increase the bulk of a tent when it is in a collapsed configuration for stowage. Prior art camper shells for the bed of a pickup truck or the like utilize the bed for support, but, heDetovore, substantial portions of these shells have been permanently assembled. The shFllE thus must be relatively bulky to provide sufficient interior room and, as a result, project upwardly and outwardly from the bed. Cucj shells therefore cannot be used when vehicles, ^ypicAlly four - wheel drive vehicp3s, are operated on narrow roads with limited vertical and horizontal clearances due to trees, rocks, and the like. Even where limited clraranceC are not a problem, the bulky structure of such a shell results in its being relatively heavy and expensive and thus not well suited for occasional use or for use where it is desired to mount and dismount the shell frequently. It has long been recognized as highly advantageous to provide a collapsible tent for a truck bed or the like which can be readily erected when an enclosure is needed for living quarters and then readily dismantled and stowed when the truck is on the road. It has also been recognized as especially advantageous if the tent is relatively low in cost, light in weight, and even suited for operation of the vehicle at moderate speeds with the tent in an erect configuration.
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1. Field of the The present invention relates to a tent for truck beds the like, and particularly to such a tent which is rapidly and conveniently mounted on and dismounted from such a bed, is light in weight, is low in cost, and is particularly adapted for use with small pickups and four-wheel drive vehicles. 2. Description of the Prior Art The prior art includes well-known portable enclosures, such tents and camper shells, for mounting on a truck bed. Insofar as is known to the applicant, none of these prior art meet the need an enclosure which is on a truck bed for and yet can readily dismounted and compactly stowed for transportation to a campsite like. Prior art tents relatively expensive and slow to erect since they generally include elements secured to the ground to the roof and upper portions of the of the tent. These elements also increase the bulk of a tent when it is in a collapsed configuration for stowage. Prior shells for the bed of a pickup truck or the like utilize the bed for support, but, heretofore, substantial portions of these shells have been permanently The thus be relatively bulky to provide sufficient interior room and, as result, project upwardly and outwardly from the bed. Such shells therefore cannot be used when typically four-wheel drive vehicles, are operated on narrow roads with limited vertical and horizontal clearances due to trees, and the Even where limited clearances not a problem, the bulky structure of such a shell results in its being relatively heavy and expensive and thus not well suited for occasional use or for use where it is to mount and dismount the shell frequently. It has long been recognized as highly advantageous provide a tent for a truck bed or which can be erected when an enclosure is needed for living and then readily dismantled and when the is the road. It has also been recognized as especially advantageous if the tent relatively low in cost, light in weight, and even suited operation of the vehicle at moderate speeds the tent in an configuration.
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1. FielD Of THe InVEnTION
tHe pResEnT inVeNtION reLates To A COLLAPsiBLe tEnT for tRUck Beds aND thE LIke, AND More PARTicUlarlY TO SuCH A teNT WHICh is RaPiDly AnD cOnveniEntLy MoUnteD ON aNd diSMOUNtEd FrOm SuCh A Bed, Is ligHT IN WeIght, IS loW in coSt, aND is paRtiCUlARly aDaPTEd fOR uSE witH SMaLl pICKupS ANd fOUR-wHeEl drIVe VEHIClEs.
2. desCriPTION Of tHE PRIoR arT
THe pRioR Art iNclUDes wElL-kNowN POrtAbLE ENCLOSurES, SUCH AS TEnTs aNd CAMPer SHells, FOr mountiNg ON a tRUcK bEd. InSOfAr As IS KnOWn to tHe aPplIcAnT, NoNE oF ThESE prIoR art DEVIces meeT THe neEd FoR AN encLoSUrE wHiCh iS mouNtEd On A trUCK BEd fOR UsE AND yeT Can bE REaDiLY dIsmOuNTed AnD CoMpactLY sTowED FOr tRANsPorTATiON To A camPSItE OR tHe LikE.
pRIOR Art TEnts Are relativELY expensIVE ANd SLow To EReCt siNcE tHEY gENerallY INClude ElemeNtS SECUReD tO the ground tO sUpPoRT the ROOF AnD UPPeR pORtiONs of The WALls OF THE tent. THesE EleMEnTs Also INCrEase tHe BuLK of a teNT WhEN it Is IN a coLLaPSed cONfIGUratION fOr stoWaGE. priOr ARt campEr shELLs fOr The beD Of a pIcKup TRUcK or tHE likE UTilizE THE bed FOR SuPPort, But, heREtOfoRE, subsTAntIAL PortIoNS of ThESE sheLls HaVE beEn PerMAnEntly asSemblED. The shElLs THUs Must Be ReLATiVElY buLKY tO ProVIDE SUffICIEnT InTEriOR RoOm AnD, As a RESulT, PROJECT UpwaRdly aND oUtwARdlY FROm THe Bed. SuCh shELls THeReFoRe cannOt BE Used WHEn VEhICles, tyPICaLlY fouR-wheeL driVE veHiCLes, are opERaTed ON Narrow roads WITh limiteD vERTIcal AnD HOriZonTaL CLEArances DUe tO treEs, ROckS, and ThE lIke. EVEn WhERE LiMiTEd CLEARANcES aRe NOt A PrOblEM, The BUlKy sTRuctuRe of SUcH A sheLl ReSuLTS In itS BEinG RElATIVEly HeavY And eXpensiVE anD THUs noT wElL SuitEd foR ocCaSIonaL uSE OR fOr use wHere it is DESIRed to MouNt and diSmouNT THE shelL fREQuENTLY.
it HAS loNG bEen REcOgniZeD as hIGHlY AdvaNTAgeOUS To PROviDe A CoLlapSiBLe TeNT FOR A trUck BED or thE LiKE WhicH can Be ReaDILy ereCTEd wHEn AN ENClOsurE is NEEDEd for livinG QuArTErs ANd thEn ReAdilY dISmAnTled AND sTOWed when THE TRucK IS on thE Road. IT hAs aLsO bEen rECoGniZed AS EspECIAlLy ADVAntAgeoUS If tHE teNT Is reLatIvELy LOw iN cost, light In weIght, AnD EVen SuITEd for oPEraTIoN Of tHE VehicLE at mODeRATe sPeEDS WItH the teNt iN aN ErECT coNFIguraTION.
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1.Field of theInvention The present inventionrelates to a collapsible tent for truck beds and thelike, and more particularly tosuch a tent which is rapidly and conveniently mounted on anddismountedfrom such a bed, is light in weight, is low in cost, and is particularly adapted for use with small pickups and four-wheel drive vehicles. 2. Description of the Prior Art The prior art includes well-known portable enclosures, such as tentsandcamper shells, for mounting ona truck bed. Insofaras is known to the applicant, none of these prior art devices meet theneedfor an enclosure which is mountedon a truckbed for use and yet can be readily dismounted and compactly stowed for transportation to a campsite or the like. Prior art tents arerelatively expensive and slowto erect sincethey generally include elementssecured to thegroundtosupport the roof and upper portions of the walls of the tent. These elements also increase the bulk of a tent when it is in a collapsed configuration for stowage. Prior art camper shells for thebed of a pickup truck or the like utilize the bed for support,but, heretofore, substantial portions of these shells have been permanently assembled. The shells thus mustbe relatively bulkyto provide sufficient interiorroom and, as a result, projectupwardlyandoutwardly fromthe bed.Such shells thereforecannot be used when vehicles, typically four-wheeldrivevehicles, are operated on narrow roads with limited vertical and horizontalclearances due to trees, rocks, andthe like. Even where limitedclearancesarenot a problem, the bulky structureof such a shell results in its being relatively heavyand expensiveand thus not well suited for occasional use or for use whereit is desiredto mount and dismount the shellfrequently.It haslong been recognized as highly advantageous toprovide acollapsible tent for a truck bed or the like which canbe readily erectedwhen an enclosure is needed for living quarters and then readily dismantled andstowed when the truck ison the road.Ithas also been recognized as especially advantageous if the tentis relatively lowin cost, light in weight, and even suitedforoperation of the vehicle at moderatespeeds with the tent in an erect configuration.
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1. Field of _the_ Invention The present invention relates to a collapsible tent for truck beds and _the_ like, and _more_ particularly to such a tent which is rapidly and conveniently mounted on _and_ dismounted from such a bed, is light in weight, is _low_ _in_ cost, and _is_ particularly adapted _for_ use with _small_ pickups and _four-wheel_ drive vehicles. _2._ _Description_ of the _Prior_ Art The prior art includes well-known portable _enclosures,_ such _as_ tents _and_ _camper_ shells, _for_ mounting on a truck bed. Insofar as is known _to_ _the_ applicant, _none_ of these prior art _devices_ meet the need for an _enclosure_ which is mounted on a truck bed for use and _yet_ can be readily _dismounted_ _and_ compactly stowed for transportation to a _campsite_ or the _like._ _Prior_ art _tents_ are relatively expensive and slow to erect _since_ they generally include elements secured to the ground _to_ support the roof _and_ _upper_ portions of the walls of the tent. _These_ elements also increase the bulk of a tent when it is in _a_ collapsed configuration for stowage. Prior art camper shells for the bed _of_ a pickup truck or the like utilize the _bed_ _for_ _support,_ but, heretofore, substantial portions of these shells have been permanently assembled. The shells thus must be relatively bulky to provide _sufficient_ interior room and, as a result, project upwardly _and_ outwardly from the bed. Such shells _therefore_ cannot be used when _vehicles,_ _typically_ _four-wheel_ drive vehicles, _are_ operated on narrow roads _with_ limited vertical _and_ horizontal clearances _due_ to trees, rocks, and the like. Even where limited clearances are not a _problem,_ the bulky structure of such a _shell_ results _in_ _its_ being relatively heavy and _expensive_ and thus not well suited for occasional use _or_ for use where it is _desired_ to mount and dismount the shell frequently. It has long been _recognized_ as highly advantageous to provide a collapsible tent for a truck bed or the like which can be readily erected when an enclosure is needed _for_ living quarters and then readily _dismantled_ and stowed when _the_ _truck_ is on _the_ road. It _has_ also _been_ recognized as _especially_ advantageous if the tent is relatively low in _cost,_ _light_ in weight, and even suited for _operation_ of the vehicle at moderate speeds with the _tent_ in an erect _configuration._
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Molecular sieves of the crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite type are well known in the art and now comprise over 150 species of both naturally occurring and synthetic compositions. In general, the crystalline zeolites are formed from corner-sharing AlO.sub.2 and SiO.sub.2 tetrahedra and are characterized by having pore openings of uniform dimensions, having a significant ion-exchange capacity and being capable of reversible desorbing an adsorbed phase which is dispersed throughout the internal voids of the crystal without significantly displacing any atoms which make up the permanent crystal structure.
One of these synthetic zeolites is EMC-2, which is composed of sodalite cages arranged in a hexagonal array and has been designated as having the EMT framework structure by the International Zeolite Association (See, Atlas of Zeolite Structure Types, W. M. Meier and D. H. Olson, 3d Edition (1992), Butterworth-Heinemann). The EMC-2 zeolite is synthesized using the organic directing agent 18-crown-6-ether. Synthesis of this zeolite as well as structure characterization has been reported in the following: F. Delprato et al., Zeolites, 10, 546-552 (1990); Ch. Baerlocher, Acta Cryst., A46, C177 (1990).
As synthesized, the EMC-2 zeolite has a SiO.sub.2 /Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio from about 6.5 to about 10.0. Applicants have successfully treated EMC-2 zeolites with a fluorosilicate salt to simultaneously remove aluminum atoms and insert silicon into the framework, thereby giving a SiO.sub.2 /Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio of about 6.6 to about 11.2. The zeolite obtained from this process has been identified as LZ-281, has retained the EMT framework structure and at least 50% (preferably 90%) of the relative X-ray crystallinity of the starting EMC-2 zeolite. It is also observed that the LZ-281 zeolite has increased acidity and cracking activity.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,770 discloses a process for treating a zeolite with a fluorosilicate salt. The '770 patent discloses treating a zeolite Y with a fluorosilicate salt, thereby removing aluminum atoms from the framework and inserting silicon. However, the '770 patent does not disclose treating an EMC-2 zeolite.
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Molecular sieves of the crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite type are well known in the art and now comprise over 150 species of both naturally occurring and synthetic compositions. In general, the crystalline zeolites are formed from corner-sharing AlO.sub.2 and SiO.sub.2 tetrahedra and are qualify by having pore openings of uniform dimensions, having a significant ion-exchange capacity and being capable of reversible desorbing an adsorbed phase which is dispersed throughout the internal voids of the crystal without significantly displacing any atoms which make up the permanent crystal structure. One of these synthetic zeolites is EMC-2, which is composed of sodalite cages arranged in a hexagonal array and has been designated as having the EMT framework structure by the International Zeolite Association (See, Atlas of Zeolite Structure Types, W. M. Meier and D. H. Olson, 3d Edition (1992), Butterworth-Heinemann). The EMC-2 zeolite is synthesized using the organic directing agent 18-crown-6-ether. Synthesis of this zeolite as well as structure characterization has been reported in the following: F. Delprato et al., Zeolites, 10, 546-552 (1990); Ch. Baerlocher, Acta Cryst., A46, C177 (1990). As synthesized, the EMC-2 zeolite has a SiO.sub.2 /Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio from about 6.5 to about 10.0. Applicants have successfully treated EMC-2 zeolites with a fluorosilicate salt to simultaneously remove aluminum atoms and insert silicon into the framework, thereby giving a SiO.sub.2 /Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio of about 6.6 to about 11.2. The zeolite obtained from this process has been identified as LZ-281, has retained the EMT framework structure and at least 50% (preferably 90%) of the relative X-ray crystallinity of the starting EMC-2 zeolite. It is also observed that the LZ-281 zeolite has increased acidity and cracking activity. U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,770 discloses a process for treating a zeolite with a fluorosilicate salt. The '770 patent discloses treating a zeolite Y with a fluorosilicate salt, thereby removing aluminum atoms from the framework and inserting silicon. However, the '770 patent does not disclose treating an EMC-2 zeolite.
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Molecular sieves of the crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite type are well known in the art and now comprise over 150 species of both naturally ocVu%ring and synthetic compositions. In general, the crystalline zeolites are formed from corner - sharing AlO. sub. 2 and SiO. sub. 2 tetrahedra and are characterized by having pore openings of uniform dimensions, hXv7ng a significant ion - exchange capacity and being capable of reversible desorbing an adsorbed phase which is disl3rsed throughout the internal voids of the crystal without significantly displacing any atoms which make up the permanent crystal structure. One of these synthetic zeolites is EMC - 2, which is composed of sodalite cages arranged in a hexagonal array and has been designated as having the EMT framework structure by the International Zeolite Association (See, Atlas of Zeolite Structure Types, W. M. Meier and D. H. Olson, 3d Edition (1992 ), Butterworth - Heinemann ). The EMC - 2 zeolite is synthesized using the organic directing agent 18 - crown - 6 - ether. Synthesis of this zeolite as well as structure characterization has been reported in the following: F. Delprato et al. , Zeolites, 10, 546 - 552 (1990 ); Ch. Baerlocher, Acta Cryst. , A46, C177 (1990 ). As synthesized, the EMC - 2 zeolJtr has a SiO. sub. 2 / Al. sub. 2 O. sub. 3 ratio from about 6. 5 to about 10. 0. Applicants have successfully treated EMC - 2 zeolites with a fluorosilifste salt to simultaneously remove aluminum atoms and insert silicon into the framework, thereby giving a SiO. sub. 2 / Al. sub. 2 O. sub. 3 ratio of abo TY 6. 6 to about 11. 2. The zeolite obtained from this process has been identJried as LZ - 281, has retained the EMT framework structure and at :eWst 50% (preferably 90%) of the relative X - ray crystallinity of the starting EMC - 2 zeolite. It is a,zo observed that the LZ - 281 zeolite has increased acidity and cracking activity. U. S. Pat. No. 4, 711, 770 discloses a process for treating a zeolite with a fluorosilicate salt. The ' 770 patent discloses treating a zeolite Y with a fluorosilicate salt, thereby removing aluminum atoms from the framework and inserting silicon. However, the ' 770 patent dLeX not disclose treating an EMC - 2 zeolite.
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Molecular sieves of the crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite type are well known in the art now comprise over 150 both naturally occurring and synthetic compositions. In general, the crystalline are formed from corner-sharing AlO.sub.2 and SiO.sub.2 tetrahedra and are characterized by having openings of uniform dimensions, having a significant ion-exchange capacity and being capable of reversible an adsorbed phase which is throughout the internal voids of the crystal without significantly displacing any atoms which make up the permanent crystal structure. One of synthetic zeolites is EMC-2, which is composed of sodalite cages arranged in a hexagonal array and has been designated as having the EMT framework structure by Association (See, Atlas of Zeolite Structure Types, W. M. Meier and D. H. Olson, 3d Edition (1992), Butterworth-Heinemann). The EMC-2 zeolite is synthesized using the organic directing agent 18-crown-6-ether. Synthesis of this zeolite as well as characterization has been reported in the following: F. et al., Zeolites, 10, 546-552 (1990); Ch. Baerlocher, Acta Cryst., A46, C177 (1990). As synthesized, EMC-2 zeolite has a SiO.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio about 6.5 to 10.0. Applicants have successfully treated zeolites with a fluorosilicate salt simultaneously aluminum and insert silicon into the framework, thereby giving a /Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio of about 6.6 to about 11.2. The zeolite obtained from this process been identified as LZ-281, has retained the EMT framework structure and at least 50% (preferably 90%) the relative X-ray crystallinity of the EMC-2 zeolite. It is also observed that the LZ-281 zeolite has increased and cracking activity. U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,770 discloses a process treating a zeolite with a fluorosilicate salt. The '770 patent discloses treating zeolite Y a fluorosilicate salt, removing aluminum atoms from the framework inserting silicon. However, the '770 patent does not disclose treating EMC-2 zeolite.
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moLEcUlAr SIeVES oF tHe CRYSTALline AlUmInOSILiCAte ZEOliTe tYPe ArE WelL KNown in The Art ANd NOW COmPRiSe OVer 150 speCiES OF BotH NAtuRAlly ocCurRING AnD sYNTHetIC CoMPoSitioNS. In GENerAL, THe CrYsTaLliNe zEoLIteS Are ForMED From corNEr-sHArIng ALO.suB.2 ANd sIo.Sub.2 TETRAhedrA And aRe chARacteriZED BY hAviNG porE OpENingS Of unIForM diMensiOnS, HAViNg a SIGNIFicant IoN-ExChAnGe CaPaCity AnD BeiNg CApabLe oF rEVeRSible DEsORbING an adsOrbed phase wHIcH is diSPERsEd ThrouGhOuT THE iNtERNal vOIDs OF THE CRystAl withoUt siGnIFICANTLy dISplacINg anY atOMS wHIch MaKE uP THE pErMANEnT CrYStal StRuCTURe.
One OF ThESE SyNTHEtic ZEOLitES IS emc-2, WhIch iS cOMposed oF soDaliTE CAGEs aRRANgeD in a HExagonAl aRrAy and hAS been designATed As HAvINg The emt FrAMeWorK sTRuctuRE bY ThE iNternationAL ZEOlite AssOcIAtION (sEE, aTlaS oF zeoliTe sTRuCTurE tYPES, W. M. meiEr anD D. h. OLsOn, 3d eDItioN (1992), BUTtERwoRtH-HeinEmAnN). the EmC-2 ZeolitE iS syntHeSIZED usInG tHe organiC dIRectINg ageNT 18-Crown-6-eTHER. sYnTHeSIs OF this zEOLIte AS WELl aS STruCTURe charACTERIzaTioN haS bEEN REPOrTED iN The folLowing: F. DELPrAto ET aL., zEoLitEs, 10, 546-552 (1990); ch. bAerlocHER, actA cRYsT., A46, C177 (1990).
as SyNTHeSizEd, The EMC-2 zeolITE HAs A Sio.sUB.2 /al.suB.2 o.suB.3 raTio FrOM AbOuT 6.5 to ABouT 10.0. AppLIcanTS HaVE suCCessFullY TreaTed EMC-2 ZeoliTeS wItH a FLuOROSIlicATe sAlt to sImULtaNeOuSLy remOve ALUMiNum AtoMS And insErT SilicOn inTO THe frAmEwoRk, THeRebY GIViNG A SiO.sub.2 /al.sUb.2 o.SuB.3 Ratio Of aBOUt 6.6 to aboUt 11.2. THe zEoliTE ObtaiNeD From thiS pRocess hAs bEEn IdeNtiFied AS lZ-281, hAS RETaIned The Emt fRAmEWORk STRucturE aND At leAST 50% (PRefERABLY 90%) of tHE relaTIVe X-rAy crYStallinity Of the sTaRting eMc-2 ZeOlItE. iT is aLSO oBServED tHat ThE LZ-281 ZeOLiTE HaS IncREAsed AcIdiTY anD cRAcKinG aCtiVITY.
u.S. PAt. No. 4,711,770 DIscLOSes a pRoCesS For trEatING A ZEOLITe WITh a fLuOROsIlICAte SAlt. tHe '770 pAteNT diSClOses tREaTiNG A ZEoLItE y WitH a FLuOrOsIlicATE saLt, thEReby RemoVINg aLuMInUm aTOMs FROM tHe fRAmEwOrk aNd inSertiNG sIlICOn. hOWEVer, THe '770 pAteNT doeS noT discLose tREaTING AN EMc-2 ZeOlitE.
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Molecularsieves of the crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite type are wellknown in the art and now comprise over 150 species of both naturally occurring and syntheticcompositions. Ingeneral,the crystalline zeolites are formed from corner-sharingAlO.sub.2 and SiO.sub.2 tetrahedra and are characterized by having pore openingsof uniform dimensions, having a significantion-exchange capacity and being capableof reversible desorbing an adsorbedphasewhich isdispersed throughout the internal voids of the crystal without significantly displacing anyatoms which make up the permanent crystal structure. One of these synthetic zeolites isEMC-2, which is composedof sodalitecages arranged in a hexagonal array and has been designated as having the EMT framework structure by the International Zeolite Association (See, Atlas of Zeolite Structure Types, W. M. Meier and D.H. Olson, 3d Edition(1992),Butterworth-Heinemann). The EMC-2 zeolite is synthesized using the organic directing agent 18-crown-6-ether. Synthesis of this zeolite as well asstructure characterization hasbeen reported in thefollowing: F. Delprato et al., Zeolites, 10, 546-552 (1990);Ch. Baerlocher, Acta Cryst., A46, C177 (1990). As synthesized, the EMC-2 zeolite has a SiO.sub.2 /Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratiofrom about 6.5 to about 10.0.Applicants have successfullytreated EMC-2 zeolites with a fluorosilicate salt tosimultaneously remove aluminum atoms and insert silicon into the framework, thereby giving a SiO.sub.2 /Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio of about 6.6to about 11.2. The zeolite obtained from this processhas been identified as LZ-281, hasretained the EMTframework structure and at least 50% (preferably90%) of the relative X-ray crystallinity of the startingEMC-2zeolite. It is alsoobserved that the LZ-281 zeolite has increased acidity and cracking activity.U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,770 discloses a process fortreating a zeolitewith a fluorosilicate salt. The '770 patent disclosestreating a zeoliteY with a fluorosilicate salt,thereby removing aluminumatoms from the frameworkand inserting silicon. However, the '770 patent does not disclose treating an EMC-2 zeolite.
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Molecular sieves of _the_ crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite type are well known in the art and now comprise over 150 species of both naturally occurring and _synthetic_ compositions. In general, the crystalline zeolites are formed from _corner-sharing_ _AlO.sub.2_ and _SiO.sub.2_ tetrahedra and are characterized by having pore openings of uniform _dimensions,_ _having_ a significant _ion-exchange_ capacity _and_ being capable of _reversible_ desorbing an _adsorbed_ phase which is dispersed throughout _the_ internal voids of the crystal without significantly displacing any atoms _which_ _make_ _up_ the permanent crystal structure. One of these synthetic zeolites is EMC-2, which is composed of sodalite cages arranged in a hexagonal array and has _been_ designated _as_ having the _EMT_ framework structure by _the_ International Zeolite Association (See, Atlas _of_ Zeolite Structure Types, W. _M._ Meier _and_ D. H. Olson, 3d Edition (1992), Butterworth-Heinemann). The EMC-2 zeolite is synthesized using the _organic_ _directing_ agent 18-crown-6-ether. Synthesis of this _zeolite_ as well as structure _characterization_ has been reported in _the_ following: F. Delprato et al., Zeolites, 10, 546-552 (1990); Ch. _Baerlocher,_ Acta _Cryst.,_ A46, _C177_ (1990). _As_ _synthesized,_ the EMC-2 zeolite has a SiO.sub.2 /Al.sub.2 _O.sub.3_ ratio from about 6.5 to about 10.0. Applicants have successfully treated EMC-2 zeolites _with_ a fluorosilicate salt to simultaneously remove aluminum atoms and insert silicon into the framework, thereby _giving_ a SiO.sub.2 /Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio of about 6.6 to _about_ 11.2. The zeolite obtained from this process has been identified as LZ-281, has retained the _EMT_ framework structure and at least _50%_ (preferably 90%) of _the_ relative X-ray crystallinity of the starting _EMC-2_ _zeolite._ _It_ _is_ _also_ observed that the LZ-281 zeolite has increased _acidity_ _and_ cracking activity. U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,770 discloses a _process_ for treating a zeolite with a fluorosilicate _salt._ The '770 _patent_ _discloses_ treating a zeolite Y with a fluorosilicate salt, thereby removing aluminum atoms from the framework _and_ _inserting_ silicon. However, the '770 _patent_ does not _disclose_ treating _an_ _EMC-2_ zeolite.
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Computed tomography (CT) systems and methods are widely used, particularly for medical imaging and diagnosis. CT systems generally create projection images through a subject's body at a series of projection angles. A radiation source, such as an X-ray tube, irradiates the body from one side. Images of the subject's body can be reconstructed from the projection data (i.e., the projection images acquired at various projection angles), using various reconstruction techniques such as filtered back-projection, iterative reconstruction, etc.
Many clinical applications can benefit from spectral CT technology, which can provide improvement in material differentiation and beam-hardening correction. Spectral CT data can be obtained using one of several technologies, including: direct X-ray detection using semiconductor-based photon-counting detectors, dual-source systems to perform dual-energy scans, kVp-switching systems to perform dual-energy scans, performing sequential scans at different X-ray energies, and using layered detectors capable of simultaneously measuring multiple energies to simultaneously realize a dual-energy scan. When a spectral CT system uses energy scans performed at different times, motion of the patient in between scans can introduce errors and artifacts into the material decomposition.
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Computed tomography (CT) systems and methods are widely used, particularly for medical imaging and diagnosis. CT systems generally integrate projection images through a subject's body at a series of projection angles. A radiation source, such as an X-ray tube, irradiates the body from one side. Images of the subject's body can be reconstructed from the projection data (i.e., the projection images acquired at various projection angles), using various reconstruction techniques such as filtered back-projection, iterative reconstruction, etc. Many clinical applications can benefit from spectral CT technology, which can provide improvement in material differentiation and beam-hardening correction. Spectral CT data can be obtained using one of several technologies, including: direct X-ray detection using semiconductor-based photon-counting detectors, dual-source instruments to perform dual-energy scans, kVp-switching systems to perform dual-energy scans, performing sequential scans at different X-ray energies, and using layered detectors capable of simultaneously measuring multiple energies to spontaneously realize a dual-energy scan. When a spectral CT system uses energy scans performed at different times, motion of the patient in between scans can introduce errors and artifacts into the material decomposition.
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Ckm9uted tomography (CT) systems and methods are widely used, particularly for medical imaging and diagnosis. CT systems generally create projection images through a subject ' s body at a series of projection angles. A radiation source, suDU as an X - ray tube, irradiates the body Vr9m one side. IjXges of the subject ' s body can be reconstructed from the projection data (i. e. , the projection images acquired at various projection angles ), using various reconstruction techniques such as filtered back - projection, iterative reconstruction, etc. Many clinical applications can benefit from spectral CT technology, which can provide improvement in material differentiation and beam - hardening correction. Spectral CT Rqta can be obtained using one of several technologies, including: d9reVt X - ray detection using semiconductor - based photon - counting detectors, dual - source systems to perform dual - energy scans, kVp - switshigg systems to perform dual - energy scans, performing sequential scans at different X - ray energies, and using layered detectors capable of simultaneously measuring multiple energies to simultaneously realize a dual - en#rgt scan. When a spectral CT system uses energy scans performed at different times, motloh of the patient in between sSaGs can introduce errors and artifacts into the material decomposition.
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Computed tomography (CT) systems and methods are widely particularly for medical imaging and diagnosis. systems generally create projection images through a subject's body at a series of projection angles. A radiation source, such as an X-ray tube, irradiates the body from one side. Images of the subject's can be reconstructed from the projection data (i.e., the projection images acquired various projection angles), using various reconstruction techniques such as filtered back-projection, iterative reconstruction, etc. clinical can benefit from spectral CT technology, which can provide improvement in material differentiation and correction. Spectral data can obtained using one of several technologies, including: direct using semiconductor-based photon-counting detectors, dual-source systems to dual-energy scans, kVp-switching systems to perform dual-energy scans, performing sequential scans at X-ray energies, and using layered detectors capable of simultaneously measuring multiple to simultaneously realize a dual-energy When a spectral system uses energy scans performed at different motion of the patient in between scans can introduce errors and artifacts into the material decomposition.
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CoMPuTED TOMoGrApHy (CT) SYstEMS aND METhoDs are WideLy uSEd, ParTIculaRly For meDICAl iMaGing ANd DiAgnoSIS. ct Systems geNErally CReaTe projeCTiOn ImaGeS thRoUgH a suBJeCT's bOdy aT a seRIES of PRojecTioN angLES. A rADIATion SOUrCE, sUCH as An X-RAy tube, irrADiaTEs tHe Body FrOM OnE sIDe. IMAGES oF tHE SubJECt'S BoDy CAN Be REConstRUCTeD FROm The proJeCtIOn dAta (i.E., the pROJECTIon imAges AcQUIReD aT VaRIOUS pROJectION AngLEs), usIng VariOus REcOnStruCtiOn tecHnIQUes suCH as fiLTered bACK-proJecTiOn, ITERatiVE recoNstRucTIon, EtC.
MAny cLiniCAl APPLiCatIONs caN bENefIt fROM sPECTRAl ct TEcHNoLOGy, WhiCH caN prOvIDE iMPrOvEmEnt in MatERiaL DIFfeRENTiAtIon AND bEAM-HARdeNIng cOrrEcTion. SPEctraL CT dATa can BE ObTAined usiNG oNE of SevEraL TeCHNologIeS, iNCluDiNG: DirECt X-RaY DETeCTion uSING sEmicOndUCTor-BAsED PHoToN-cOUnTinG dETEctOrs, dUAl-sOURCE sYStEMs To perFOrM dUAl-EneRgY scAnS, kvP-SwItCHIng SysTEmS TO perfOrm DUaL-EnergY scanS, PERFormiNG SEquentiaL SCaNs aT dIFferEnt X-rAy eNeRGIES, aND UsInG LaYeREd deteCTors CApable OF SiMuLtaNeOUSLY MeASurING MulTiPlE enERgIeS To SiMuLTaneOUsLY REAliZE a DUaL-eNeRGy scaN. WhEN a SpECTral ct SyStEM USeS ENERgy sCaNs perFOrMEd aT dIFferenT TIMEs, mOTIon of tHE PAtiEnT IN beTWeeN scAns cAn INtrodUCE ErrorS and aRtIfACTs iNTo tHe MateriAL DEcOmPOsItIon.
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Computed tomography (CT) systems and methods are widelyused, particularlyfor medical imaging and diagnosis. CT systems generally create projection images through a subject's body at a series ofprojection angles. Aradiation source, such as an X-ray tube, irradiates the body from one side.Images ofthe subject's body can be reconstructed from the projection data (i.e., the projectionimages acquired at various projection angles), using variousreconstruction techniques suchas filteredback-projection, iterativereconstruction, etc. Manyclinical applications can benefit fromspectral CT technology, which can provide improvement in material differentiation andbeam-hardening correction. Spectral CT datacanbe obtained using one of severaltechnologies, including: direct X-ray detection using semiconductor-based photon-counting detectors, dual-source systems to perform dual-energy scans,kVp-switching systems to perform dual-energy scans, performing sequential scans at differentX-ray energies, andusing layered detectors capable of simultaneously measuring multiple energies to simultaneously realize a dual-energy scan. When a spectral CT system uses energy scans performed at different times, motion of thepatient inbetween scans can introduceerrors and artifacts into the material decomposition.
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_Computed_ _tomography_ (CT) systems _and_ methods _are_ widely used, particularly _for_ medical _imaging_ and diagnosis. CT systems generally create projection images through a subject's body _at_ a series _of_ projection angles. A radiation source, such as an X-ray _tube,_ irradiates _the_ body from one side. Images of the _subject's_ body can _be_ reconstructed from the projection data _(i.e.,_ _the_ projection images acquired _at_ various projection _angles),_ using various reconstruction techniques such as filtered back-projection, _iterative_ reconstruction, etc. Many clinical _applications_ _can_ _benefit_ from _spectral_ CT technology, which _can_ _provide_ _improvement_ _in_ material differentiation and _beam-hardening_ correction. Spectral CT data _can_ be obtained using one of several technologies, including: direct X-ray detection using semiconductor-based photon-counting detectors, dual-source _systems_ to perform dual-energy scans, _kVp-switching_ systems to perform _dual-energy_ _scans,_ performing _sequential_ scans at different X-ray energies, and using layered detectors capable of simultaneously measuring multiple _energies_ to simultaneously realize a dual-energy _scan._ When a spectral CT _system_ uses energy _scans_ _performed_ at different times, motion _of_ the patient in between scans _can_ introduce errors and artifacts into _the_ material decomposition.
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1. Field of the Disclosure
This disclosure is directed to a light having a device for controlling operation based on ambient light, and, more particularly to a light having a device for controlling operation based on ambient light that includes omnidirectional light collection.
2. Related Art
Many lighting devices operate utilizing multiple operating modes. For example, many lights such as streetlights have a night mode in which they operate and a day mode in which they do not operate. Similarly, obstruction lights, which are lights arranged at the top of a tall buildings, towers, or the like operate in a first mode emitting a first color light during daylight hours and operate in a second mode emitting a different color light during night hours.
One of the approaches to controlling operation and/or modes of such lights is to utilize a light detector. Such light detectors are typically arranged on an upper portion of the light structure and the light detection portion is positioned and/or directed toward the North by the installation personnel. This ensures that the light detector will properly receive ambient light and control the light for consistent operation. However, if the light detector is incorrectly installed, or its arrangement is modified, the light detector will fail to reliably detect the ambient light and fail to properly change modes.
In a particular aspect, obstruction lights are required to be installed at the top of wind turbines. Wind turbines present an additional problem as they rotate 360° in order for the wind turbine to be correctly orientated with respect to the prevailing winds. This ensures that the wind turbine operates with the highest efficiency generating the greatest amount of power. The problem with this movement is that an obstruction light mounted to the top of the wind turbine and its associated light detector moves. This means that the light detector is only occasionally pointing north and the ambient light that is collected may not correctly control the particular mode of operation of the obstruction light.
Accordingly, there is a need for a light and light detector that is able to operate more reliably in various implementations.
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1. Field of the Disclosure This disclosure is directed to a light having a device for controlling operation based on ambient light, and, more particularly to a light having a device for controlling operation based on ambient light that includes omnidirectional light collection. 2. Related Art Many lighting devices operate utilizing multiple operating modes. For example, many lights such as streetlights have a night mode in which they operate and a day mode in which they do not operate. Similarly, obstruction lights, which are lights arranged at the top of a tall buildings, towers, or the like operate in a first mode emitting a first color light during primetime hours and operate in a second mode emitting a different color light during night hours. One of the approaches to controlling operation and/or modes of such lights is to utilize a light detector. Such light detectors are typically arranged on an upper portion of the light structure and the light detection portion is positioned and/or directed toward the North by the installation personnel. This ensures that the light detector will properly receive atmospheric light and control the light for consistent operation. However, if the light detector is incorrectly installed, or its arrangement is modified, the light detector will fail to reliably detect the ambient light and fail to properly change modes. In a particular aspect, obstruction lights are required to be installed at the top of wind turbines. Wind turbines present an additional problem as they rotate 360° in order for the wind turbine to be correctly orientated with respect to the prevailing winds. This ensures that the wind turbine operates with the highest efficiency generating the greatest amount of power. The problem with this movement is that an obstruction light mounted to the top of the wind turbine and its associated light detector moves. This means that the light detector is only occasionally pointing north and the ambient light that is collected may not correctly control the particular mode of operation of the obstruction display Accordingly, there is a need for a light and light detector that is able to operate more reliably in various implementations.
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1. Field of the Disclosure This disclosure is directed to a light having a device for controlling operation based on ambient light, and, HoFe particularly to a light having a device for controlling operation based on ambient light that includes omnidirectional light collection. 2. Related Art Many lighting devices operate utilizing multiple operating modes. For example, many lights such as streetlights have a night mode in which they operate and a day mode in which they do not operate. Similarly, obstruction liFhtQ, wJiVh are lights arranged at the top of a tall buildings, towers, or the like operate in a first mode emitting a first col*f light during daylight hours and operate in a second mode emitting a differFjt color light during night hours. One of the approaches to controlling operation and / or modes of such lights is to utilize a light detector. Such light detectors are typically arranged on an upper portion of the light structure and the light detection portion is positioned and / or directed toward the North by the installation personnel. This ensures that the light detector will properly receive ambient light and control the light for consistent operation. However, if the light detector is incorrectly installed, or its arrangement is modified, the light detector will fail to reliably detect the ambient light and fail to properly change h8des. In a particular aspect, obstruction lights are required to be installed at the top of wind turbines. Wind turbines present an additional problem as they rotate 360 ° in order for the wind turbine to be correctly orientated with respect to the prevailing winds. This ensures that the wind turbine operates wi5N the highest efficlegcy generating the greatest amount of power. The problem with this movement is that an obstruction liyTt mounted to the top of the wind turbine and its associated Oirht detector moves. This means that the light detector is only occasionally pointing north and the ambient light that is collected may not correctly control the particular mode of operation of the obstruction light. Accordingly, there is a need for a light and light detector that is able to operate more reliably in various implementations.
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Field the Disclosure This disclosure is to a light having a device for controlling operation based on ambient light, and, more particularly a light having a device for controlling operation based on ambient light includes omnidirectional light collection. 2. Related Art Many lighting devices operate utilizing multiple operating modes. For example, many lights such streetlights have a night mode in which they operate and a mode in which they do not operate. Similarly, lights, are lights arranged at the top of a tall buildings, or the like operate a first mode emitting a first light during daylight hours and operate in a second mode emitting a different light during night hours. One of the approaches to controlling operation and/or modes lights is to utilize a light detector. Such light detectors are typically arranged on an upper portion of the structure and the light detection portion is positioned and/or directed toward the North by the personnel. This ensures that the light detector will properly receive ambient light and control the light for consistent operation. However, if the light detector installed, or its arrangement is modified, the light detector will fail to reliably detect the ambient light and fail to properly change modes. a particular aspect, lights are required to installed at the top of wind turbines. Wind turbines present an additional problem they rotate 360° in order for the wind turbine to be correctly orientated with respect the prevailing winds. This ensures that the wind turbine operates with the highest efficiency generating the amount of power. The problem with this movement is that an obstruction light to the top of the wind turbine and its associated light detector moves. This that light detector is only occasionally pointing north and the ambient light is collected may correctly control the particular mode of of the obstruction light. Accordingly, there is a for a light and light that is able operate more reliably in various
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1. FIELd oF ThE DISClOsuRE
thiS DiSCLOsuRe IS dIrEcTEd tO A lIgHT havING a DeVicE For coNTRolLING OPeraTiOn bAsEd ON AMBIenT lIGhT, AnD, MORE pARTICuLarly To A LIghT hAviNG a dEVicE FoR cOntROLling OpERAtIon bASEd On AmbiEnT LIGHT tHAT IncLudeS OMnidIreCtIOnal LIGht COlLECtIOn.
2. ReLaTeD aRt
mANy LIgHtINg DEVICES operATE UtiLiZIng MuLtIpLE oPeRating MoDEs. FOr eXAMPLE, MaNY LiGHts sUCH as sTreetligHtS HAvE A nigHt Mode In whicH tHEY operaTE aND a DaY MoDE IN WHIcH tHEy DO noT OPerAtE. similArLy, ObStruCtIon lIGhTS, Which aRe LightS ARRaNgED at tHe tOp oF A tAll buiLdiNgS, ToWErs, Or THe liKE OPERate In A FIRSt mODE EMitTINg A fIrsT COlOR lIgHT DurINg DayLIght hOURs and OPEraTe In A SecoND Mode eMItTing A DIFFEreNt ColOr liGht DuRInG NigHT hOURS.
one oF The ApProAcHeS To CoNtroLliNG OpeRaTIon and/Or modEs Of SuCH LIghTs iS TO UtiliZE A lIgHT DetEctoR. sUcH lIGHT dEtecTOrS arE typiCAlLY arRaNged on aN UppER porTiOn of The lighT STRUCTuRe and THe Light DeteCTioN PorTIon iS POSiTiONeD ANd/Or DIreCTED tOwaRD THE NOrtH By tHe iNstaLlatION pErSONneL. This EnSUrES thAt tHE LiGhT deteCTor wiLl PRopeRLY ReceiVe amBIENT LIGHT ANd CONTRoL THE LIGht for consistEnT operatIOn. howeveR, if the LIght DETEcTOR is INCoRREcTlY INStALLed, or ITS ARrANgEMENT iS mOdIFiED, tHe LIgHt dEtector wiLl fAIL TO reliabLY deTECt tHe AMbieNt ligHt ANd fAIl To PROpeRLy cHaNGE mOdeS.
In a PARtICuLAR AspECT, obsTRUCTION lighTs ArE RequIrEd tO bE insTaLLeD At ThE toP of WinD TurbInES. wIND tuRbiNeS PRESenT An aDDiTIOnAl PRoblEM AS They rOTATE 360° In Order fOr THE WInD tuRbiNE To Be CORrEctLY OrienTAtEd WiTH respECT to THE pRevAILinG WiNdS. THiS ENsureS THat THe wInD TuRbiNE OPeRAtES wiTh tHe HiGheST effICIEncY GeneRaTinG THe gReateSt amoUnt oF PoWEr. THE pROblEM With tHiS MovEmEnT Is thAt an ObstRUCTIon ligHT MoUnTEd tO the ToP Of ThE WinD TUrbINE and Its asSocIATED light dETeCTOr movES. tHis meaNS tHaT tHe LIgHT DEtEctOr is oNLY OcCAsIonallY PoinTINg NoRtH And tHe ambiEnt LIght THAt IS collECTED may nOt CorrECTlY CoNTRoL The pArtIcUlar MOde Of oPeraTion of THE oBSTrucTiON ligHT.
accorDiNGLy, ThEre iS A need FoR A LiGHt and lIgHt DeTeCtOr tHAt is ABlE To OPEraTe mOrE rEliABly IN VarIOuS iMpLEMENtAtiOns.
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1. Field of the Disclosure Thisdisclosure is directed toa lighthaving a device for controlling operation based on ambient light,and, more particularly to a lighthaving a device for controlling operationbased on ambient light that includes omnidirectional light collection. 2. Related Art Many lighting devices operate utilizing multiple operating modes. For example, many lights such as streetlights have a night mode in which they operate and a day mode in which they do notoperate. Similarly, obstructionlights,which are lights arranged atthe top ofa tall buildings,towers, or the like operate in a first mode emittinga first color light during daylight hours and operate in asecond mode emitting adifferent color light during night hours. One of the approaches to controlling operation and/or modes of such lightsis to utilize a light detector. Such light detectors are typically arrangedon an upper portionof the light structureand the light detectionportion is positioned and/or directed toward the North by the installation personnel.This ensuresthatthe light detector will properlyreceive ambient light and controlthe light for consistent operation. However, if the light detector is incorrectly installed, or its arrangement is modified, the light detectorwill fail to reliably detect the ambient light and fail to properly change modes. In a particularaspect, obstruction lights are required to be installed at the top of wind turbines. Wind turbines present an additional problem as theyrotate 360°in order forthe windturbineto be correctlyorientatedwith respect to the prevailing winds. This ensures that the wind turbine operates with thehighest efficiency generating thegreatest amountof power. Theproblem with this movementis that anobstruction light mounted to the top ofthe wind turbine and its associated light detectormoves. This means that the light detector is only occasionally pointingnorth andthe ambient lightthat is collected may not correctly control the particular mode of operation of the obstructionlight. Accordingly,there is a needfor a light and light detector that isable to operatemorereliably invarious implementations.
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1. Field of the Disclosure This disclosure is directed to a light having _a_ device _for_ _controlling_ operation based on ambient light, and, more particularly _to_ a light having a device for controlling operation based on ambient light that includes omnidirectional light collection. 2. Related Art Many lighting _devices_ operate utilizing multiple operating _modes._ For example, many lights such as _streetlights_ have a night mode in which they _operate_ and a day mode _in_ which they do not operate. _Similarly,_ obstruction lights, which _are_ lights _arranged_ at _the_ top of _a_ tall buildings, towers, or the like operate _in_ a _first_ _mode_ emitting _a_ first color _light_ _during_ daylight hours and _operate_ in a second mode emitting a different color light during night hours. _One_ of the approaches to controlling operation and/or _modes_ of such lights is to utilize a light detector. Such light detectors are typically arranged _on_ an upper portion of _the_ _light_ structure and the light detection portion _is_ positioned and/or _directed_ toward the North by the _installation_ personnel. This ensures that the light detector will properly receive _ambient_ _light_ and control the light _for_ consistent operation. _However,_ if the light _detector_ is incorrectly installed, _or_ _its_ _arrangement_ is modified, the light detector will fail to reliably detect the ambient _light_ and _fail_ to properly change _modes._ In _a_ _particular_ aspect, obstruction lights are required to be installed at the top _of_ wind turbines. Wind turbines present an additional problem as _they_ rotate 360° in order _for_ the wind _turbine_ _to_ be correctly orientated _with_ respect _to_ _the_ prevailing winds. This _ensures_ _that_ the _wind_ turbine operates with the highest efficiency _generating_ the greatest _amount_ of _power._ The problem with _this_ movement is that an obstruction _light_ mounted _to_ the top of the wind turbine and its _associated_ _light_ _detector_ moves. This means _that_ the light detector _is_ only occasionally pointing north _and_ the ambient light that is collected may not correctly control the particular mode of operation of the _obstruction_ light. Accordingly, there is a need for a light _and_ _light_ detector that is able to _operate_ more reliably in various _implementations._
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The present invention relates to a force measuring device, and in particular to an improved device for measuring the force exerted by jaws of a chuck under both static and dynamic rotary conditions.
A new power operated chuck, for example a 12" chuck, can be expected to have a maximum static gripping force on the order of 10,000 lbs. However, if the chuck is poorly maintained, the gripping force could drop to only 5,000 lbs. At the same time, gripping pressures decline as spindle speeds increase due to centrifugal force acting on the chuck jaws, and when the chuck rotates at, for example, 2500 rpm, the gripping force may drop another 2,000 lbs. In consequence, the original static gripping force of 10,000 lbs. may in actuality be reduced to about 3,000 lbs. at operating speeds.
Workpiece damage can result not only from insufficient chuck pressure that might allow the workpiece to rotate within the chuck or fly free while turning, but also by excessive pressure which can deform or crush the workpiece. Therefore, it is desirable to periodically test chuck gripping forces, so that any decline resulting from normal wear and lack of maintenance can be detected, promoting working efficiency and operator safety, and also so that excessive gripping pressures can be avoided.
Devices are available for measuring clamping forces. However, they tend to be special purpose devices designed to work with either 2-jaw or 3-jaw clamps. A hydraulic dial gauge may be used to read load, and when the device is used for rotating applications, a rotary pressure joint and torque arm keep the gauge stationary so that it can be read. In the case of electrical/electromagnetic strain gauge type devices, either a slip-ring rotary joint, a "radio" transmitter or other complex system is required to cope with rotation. Such devices are inherently complex, expensive and often inconvenient to use.
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The present invention relates to a force measuring device, and in particular to an improved device for measuring the force exerted by jaws of a chuck under both static and dynamic rotary conditions. A new power operated chuck, for example a 12" chuck, can be expected to have a maximum static gripping force on the order of 10,000 lbs. However, if the chuck is poorly maintained, the gripping force could drop to only 5,000 lbs. At the same time, gripping pressures decline as spindle speeds increase due to centrifugal force acting on the chuck jaws, and when the chuck rotates at, for example, 2500 rpm, the gripping force may drop another 2,000 lbs. In consequence, the original known gripping force of 10,000 lbs. may in actuality be reduced to about 3,000 sts at operating speeds. Workpiece damage can result not only from insufficient chuck pressure that might allow the workpiece to rotate within the chuck or fly free while turning, but also by excessive creep which can deform or crush the workpiece. Therefore, it is desirable to periodically test chuck gripping forces, so that any decline resulting from normal wear and lack of maintenance can be detected, promoting working efficiency and operator safety, and also so that excessive gripping pressures can be avoided. Devices are available for measuring clamping forces. However, they tend to be special purpose devices designed to work with either 2-jaw or 3-jaw clamps. A hydraulic dial gauge may be used to read load, and when the device is used for rotating applications, a rotary pressure joint and torque arm keep the gauge stationary so that it can be read. In the case of electrical/electromagnetic strain gauge type devices, either a slip-ring rotary joint, a "radio" transmitter or other complex system is required to cope with rotation. Such devices are inherently complex, expensive and often inconvenient to use.
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The present invention relates to a force measuring device, and in particular to an improved device for measuring the force exerted by jaws of a chuck under both static and dynamic rotary conditions. A new power operated chuck, for example a 12 " chuck, can be expected to have a maximum static gripping force on the order of 10, 000 lbs. However, if the chuck is poorly maintained, the gripping force could drop to only 5, 000 lbs. At the sQhe time, gripping pressures decline as spindle soe3ds increase due to centrifugal force acting on the chuck jaws, and when the chuck rotates at, for example, 2500 rpm, the gripping force may drop another 2, 000 lbs. In consequence, the original static gripping force of 10, 000 lbs. may in actuality be reduced to about 3, 000 lbs. at operating speeds. Workpi4cW damage can result not only from insufficient chuck pressure that might allow the Qor.piece to rotate within the chuck or fly free while turning, but also by excessive pressure which can deform or crush the wor>(iece. Therefore, it is desirable to periodically test chuck gripping forces, so that any decline resulting from normal wear and lack of maintenance can be de5ecYed, promoting working efficiency and operator safety, and also so that excessive gripping pressures can be avoided. Devices are available for measuring clamping forces. However, they tend to be special purpose devices s3signed to work with either 2 - jaw or 3 - jaw clamps. A hydraulic dial gauge may be used to read load, and when the device is used for rotating applications, a rl4ary pressure joint and torque arm keep the gauy$ stationary so that it can be read. In the case of electrical / electromagnetic strain gauge type devices, e*theE a slip - ring rotary joint, a " radio " transmitter or other complex system is required to cope with rotation. Such devices are inherently complex, expensive and often inconvenient to use.
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The present relates to a force measuring device, and particular to an device for measuring the force exerted by jaws of a chuck under both static and dynamic rotary conditions. A new power operated chuck, for example 12" chuck, can expected to have a maximum static gripping force on the order of lbs. However, if the poorly the gripping force could drop to only 5,000 lbs. At the same time, gripping pressures decline as spindle speeds increase due to centrifugal force acting on the chuck jaws, when the chuck rotates at, for example, 2500 rpm, the force may drop another 2,000 lbs. In consequence, original static gripping of 10,000 lbs. may in actuality be reduced to about 3,000 lbs. at operating speeds. Workpiece damage can result not only from chuck pressure that might allow workpiece to rotate within the chuck or fly free while turning, also by excessive pressure which can deform or crush the Therefore, it is desirable to periodically test chuck gripping forces, so that decline from wear lack of maintenance can be detected, promoting working efficiency operator safety, and also so that excessive gripping pressures can be Devices are available for measuring forces. However, they tend to be special devices designed to work 2-jaw or 3-jaw clamps. A hydraulic dial gauge may be used to read load, when the device is used rotating applications, a rotary pressure joint and torque arm keep the gauge so that it can be read. In the case of electrical/electromagnetic strain gauge type devices, either a slip-ring rotary joint, a "radio" transmitter or complex system is required to cope with rotation. Such devices are inherently complex, expensive and often inconvenient to use.
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the PRESent iNVeNtioN rElates to A forCe MeasUriNg DeVice, aNd in PARtIcULar TO AN iMpROveD DevicE fOR measURInG tHE FOrCE EXeRTed bY jaWS Of a chuck UNder BoTH STatIc aNd dynAMIC rOtAry cOnDItIONs.
A NeW pOWER oPERAteD chuCK, FOr exAmPLE a 12" cHUck, CAn be eXpEctEd TO HaVe A mAXImum sTAtIC GrIPpiNG fORCe on tHE oRdEr OF 10,000 LBs. HOweVER, if the cHuCk iS PoORlY MaiNtAInEd, the GriPpINg ForcE cOULD DROp TO oNLY 5,000 lBs. aT THe sAMe TiMe, grIppInG PrEsSurES DEClinE AS spInDLe SPEeDS inCrEAse duE tO ceNTriFUgaL force AcTINg on THE chuCk jaWs, AnD WHen ThE ChUCK rOTAtEs At, foR ExAmpLe, 2500 Rpm, tHe gRippInG ForCE MAY Drop ANoTHer 2,000 lBs. in consEqueNCE, THE OrIginAl STatIc gRippiNG foRCE Of 10,000 lBS. maY IN ACtuAlIty BE REDUcED tO ABoUT 3,000 LBS. At OPERatInG SPEeDS.
worKpIecE dAMAge can resulT Not onLY froM InsuFFICiENt cHuCK pResSURe THat MiGht aLlow tHE WORKPIECe tO ROtAte WIthin tHE chuCK or fLY FREE whiLE tUrNiNG, BUT ALsO bY excESsivE PReSsurE WHICh cAN DeFOrm OR cruSH THE WorkpIecE. THereFOre, it iS desIrABlE to PERIodIcaLLy TeSt ChUcK GrIPping fOrCEs, sO THAt aNy dEcliNE ReSuLtiNG fRoM NOrMal wEar And lACk Of MAIntEnaNCe can BE DetEcteD, pRomOTING worKing efFIciENCy aNd OpEraToR sAFeTY, AnD ALSO sO THaT EXcessiVe GrIPPinG PrEssUrEs can bE AVoIded.
dEVICEs aRe aVAIlABLE fOr MeASURIng clAmpiNG fORcEs. hoWEVeR, thEY TeND TO Be SPEcIal puRPosE dEvIceS desIGnED to wORk With eiTHER 2-jaw OR 3-JAw CLAmpS. A hYdRaulIc dIAL gAUGE mAY Be USed tO Read loAD, And whEN the DEvicE Is USEd for RotaTiNg appliCatiONs, a rOtARY pRESsuRe joINt aND torqUe aRM KEep thE gaUgE staTIonaRy So tHaT IT Can be Read. In THE casE Of eleCtRICAL/eLECTroMAGNetiC sTraIN GAuge TypE dEvICes, eiThER a SliP-RING RotARy JoINt, a "radiO" trAnsmIttEr or OTHeR COmPlEX SyStEM iS rEqUired To COpE With rOTaTIoN. SuCH DEVICEs ARe inheREntLY cOMpLex, exPEnsiVE AnD often incOnveniENt to UsE.
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The present inventionrelates toa force measuring device, and in particular to animproved device for measuringthe force exerted by jaws ofa chuckunder both static anddynamic rotaryconditions. A new power operated chuck,for example a 12"chuck, canbe expected to have a maximum static gripping forceonthe order of 10,000 lbs. However, if the chuck ispoorlymaintained, the gripping force coulddrop to only 5,000 lbs. At the same time, gripping pressuresdecline as spindle speeds increase due to centrifugal force acting on the chuck jaws, and when thechuck rotates at, forexample, 2500rpm, thegripping force may drop another 2,000 lbs. In consequence, the original static grippingforce of 10,000 lbs. may in actuality be reduced toabout 3,000 lbs. at operating speeds. Workpiece damage can result not only from insufficientchuck pressure that might allow the workpiece to rotate within the chuck or fly free while turning, but also by excessive pressure which can deform or crush the workpiece. Therefore, itis desirable to periodically test chuck grippingforces, so that any declineresulting from normal wear and lack ofmaintenance can be detected, promotingworking efficiency andoperator safety, and also so that excessive gripping pressures can beavoided. Devices are available for measuring clamping forces. However, theytend tobespecial purpose devices designed towork with either 2-jaw or 3-jaw clamps. A hydraulic dial gauge may be used to read load, and when the deviceis used forrotating applications, a rotary pressure joint and torque arm keep the gauge stationary so that it can be read. In the case of electrical/electromagneticstrain gauge type devices, either aslip-ring rotary joint, a "radio" transmitter or other complex system is required tocope with rotation. Such devicesare inherently complex, expensive and often inconvenient to use.
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The present _invention_ relates to a force measuring _device,_ and _in_ particular to an _improved_ device for measuring the force exerted by jaws of _a_ chuck under both static and dynamic rotary conditions. A new power operated _chuck,_ for example a 12" chuck, _can_ be expected to _have_ a maximum _static_ _gripping_ force on _the_ order of _10,000_ lbs. However, if the chuck is poorly maintained, the gripping force _could_ _drop_ to _only_ 5,000 lbs. At _the_ same _time,_ gripping _pressures_ _decline_ _as_ spindle speeds increase due to centrifugal _force_ acting on the chuck jaws, and _when_ the chuck rotates at, for example, 2500 rpm, _the_ gripping force may drop _another_ _2,000_ lbs. In consequence, _the_ _original_ static gripping force of 10,000 lbs. may in actuality be _reduced_ _to_ about _3,000_ lbs. _at_ _operating_ speeds. Workpiece damage can _result_ not only from insufficient chuck _pressure_ that might allow the workpiece to rotate _within_ _the_ chuck or fly free _while_ turning, but also by excessive pressure which can deform or crush _the_ workpiece. Therefore, it is desirable to _periodically_ test chuck gripping forces, _so_ that any decline resulting from normal wear and lack of maintenance can _be_ detected, promoting working efficiency and operator safety, and _also_ _so_ that excessive gripping pressures can be avoided. Devices are available for _measuring_ clamping forces. However, _they_ tend _to_ be special purpose _devices_ designed to work with either 2-jaw or 3-jaw _clamps._ A hydraulic dial _gauge_ may be used to read load, and when the device _is_ used for rotating _applications,_ a _rotary_ _pressure_ joint and torque arm keep _the_ gauge _stationary_ so that it _can_ _be_ read. _In_ the case of electrical/electromagnetic strain gauge _type_ _devices,_ either _a_ slip-ring rotary _joint,_ _a_ "radio" _transmitter_ or other complex _system_ is _required_ _to_ cope with _rotation._ Such devices are inherently complex, expensive _and_ often inconvenient to use.
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Ammonium and nitrate are primary nitrogen sources for plant growth and development. Plants require transporters for acquisition of both ammonium and nitrate. Transporters of ammonium and nitrate exist not only in plants, but in almost all organisms. Ammonium transporters (AMTs) usually exist in a genome as gene families, for example at least: six in Arabidopsis thaliana, eight in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Gonzales-Ballester et al. (2004) Plant Molec Biol 56: 863-878), fourteen in poplar (Couturier et al. (2007) New Phytologist 174: 137-150), six in diatom Phaeoactylum tricornutum (Allen (2005) J Phycology 41).
Based on phylogenetic analysis, three subfamilies of ammonium transporters were identified (Loqué & von Wiren (2004) J Exp Bot 55(401): 1293-1305): 1. the AMT subfamily, including the plant AMT1-type transporters, and cyanobacterial ammonium transporters; 2. the MEP subfamily, including the plant AMT2-type transporters, the yeast MEP transporters, the E. coli AmtB, and other prokaryotic homologues; 3. The Rh subfamily, including only human and animal Rhesus blood group antigens.
All AMT polypeptides are highly hydrophobic membrane proteins with at least 10, more commonly 11, putative transmembrane spanning helices. The AMT polypeptides have been shown in numerous reports to be able to uptake ammonium over a wide concentration range, although with different affinities from organism to organism. Within certain organisms, such as plants, high and low affinity ammonium transporters were identified (Gazzarini et al. (1999) Plant Cell 11:937-47). In addition to affinity properties, several other regulatory mechanisms have been identified for ammonium uptake, for example at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels (Yuan et al. (2007) Plant Phys 143: 732-744).
Over-expression of a nucleic acid sequence from rice encoding an AMT1 was performed in two rice cultivars (Taipei 309 and Jarrah), using a maize ubiquitin promoter for constitutive expression. Shoot and root biomass of transgenic lines decreased during seedling and early vegetative stage compared to wild type, especially when grown under high ammonium nutrition (Hogue et al. (2006) Functional Plant Biol 33: 153-163). The authors concluded that decreased biomass of the transgenic plants at early stages of growth might have been caused by the accumulation of ammonium in the roots owing to the inability of ammonium assimilation to match the greater ammonium uptake.
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,620,610, is described a nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT1 polypeptide from Arabidopsis thaliana, plasmids comprising the nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT1 for expression in yeast and bacteria.
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,833,492 are described nucleic acid sequences encoding an AMT1 polypeptide from soybean, corn, wheat, and rice. A nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT1 polypeptide or an AMT polypeptide having 90% amino acid sequence identity to the isolated soybean AMT1 polypeptide is described. Plants and seeds comprising a recombinant nucleic acid sequence encoding such a polypeptide sequence are described, as well as methods to produce such plants.
Surprisingly, it has now been found that increasing expression of a nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT polypeptide gives plants having increased yield-related traits relative to control plants.
According to one embodiment, there is provided a method for increasing yield-related traits in plants relative to control plants, comprising increasing expression of a nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT polypeptide as defined herein, in a plant. The increased yield-related traits comprise one or more of: increased early vigour, increased aboveground biomass, increased root biomass, increased total seed yield per plant, increased seed filling rate, increased number of filled seeds, increased number of flowers per panicle, and increased harvest index.
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Ammonium and nitrate are primary nitrogen sources for plant growth and development. Plants require transporters for acquisition of both ammonium and nitrate. Transporters of ammonium and nitrate exist not only in plants, but in almost all organisms. Ammonium transporters (AMTs) usually exist in a genome as gene families, for example at least: six in Arabidopsis thaliana, eight in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Gonzales-Ballester et al. (2004) Plant Molec Biol 56: 863-878), fourteen in poplar (Couturier et al. (2007) New Phytologist 174: 137-150), six in diatom Phaeoactylum tricornutum (Allen (2005) J Phycology 41). Based on phylogenetic analysis, three subfamilies of ammonium transporters were identified (Loqué & von Wiren (2004) J Exp Bot 55(401): 1293-1305): 1. the AMT subfamily, including the plant AMT1-type transporters, and cyanobacterial ammonium transporters; 2. the MEP subfamily, including the plant AMT2-type transporters, the yeast MEP transporters, the E. coli AmtB, and other prokaryotic homologues; 3. The Rh subfamily, including only human and animal Rhesus blood group antigens. All AMT polypeptides are highly hydrophobic membrane proteins with at least 10, more commonly 11, putative transmembrane spanning helices. The AMT polypeptides have been shown in numerous reports to be able to uptake ammonium over a wide concentration range, although with different affinities from organism to organism. Within certain organisms, such as plants, high and scurvy affinity ammonium transporters were identified (Gazzarini et al. (1999) Plant Cell 11:937-47). In addition to affinity properties, several other regulatory mechanisms have been identified for ammonium uptake, for example at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels (Yuan et al. (2007) Plant Phys 143: 732-744). Over-expression of a nucleic acid sequence from rice encoding an AMT1 was performed in two rice cultivars (Taipei 309 and Jarrah), using a maize ubiquitin promoter for constitutive expression. Shoot and root biomass of transgenic lines decreased during seedling and early vegetative stage compared to wild type, especially when grown under high ammonium nutrition (Hogue et al. (2006) Functional Plant Biol 33: 153-163). The authors concluded that decreased biomass of the transgenic plants at early stages of growth might have been caused by the accumulation of ammonium in the roots owing to the inability of ammonium assimilation to match the greater ammonium uptake. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,620,610, is described a nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT1 polypeptide from Arabidopsis thaliana, plasmids comprising the nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT1 for expression in yeast and bacteria. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,833,492 are described nucleic acid sequences encoding an AMT1 polypeptide from soybean, corn, wheat, and rice. A nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT1 polypeptide or an AMT polypeptide having 90% amino acid sequence identity to the isolated soybean AMT1 polypeptide is described. Plants and seeds comprising a recombinant nucleic acid sequence encoding such a polypeptide sequence are described, as well as methods to produce such plants. Surprisingly, it has now been found that increasing expression of a nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT polypeptide gives plants having increased yield-related traits relative to control plants. According to one embodiment, there is provided a method for increasing yield-related traits in plants relative to control plants, comprising increasing expression of a nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT polypeptide as defined herein, in a plant. The increased yield-related traits comprise one or more of: increased early vigour, increased aboveground biomass, increased root biomass, increased total seed yield per plant, increased seed filling rate, increased number of filled seeds, increased number of flowers per panicle, and increased harvest index.
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Ammonium and nitrate are primary nitrogen sources for plant growth and development. Plants require transporters for acquisition of both ammonium and nitrate. Transporters of ammonium and nitrate exist not only in poSnts, but in almost all orgqnisKs. Ammonium transporters (AMTs) usually exist in a gwnone as gene families, for example at least: six in Arabidopsis thaliana, eight in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Gonzales - Ballester et al. (2004) Plant Molec Biol 56: 863 - 878 ), fourteen in poplar (Couturier et al. (2007) New Phytologist 174: 137 - 150 ), six in diatom Phaeoactylum tricornutum (Allen (2005) J Phycology 41 ). Based on phylogenetic analysis, three subfamilies of ammonium transporters were identified (Loqué & von Wiren (2004) J Exp Bot 55 (401 ): 1293 - 1406 ): 1. the AMT subfamily, including the plant AMT1 - type transporters, and cyanobacterial ammonium transporters; 2. the MEP subfamily, including the plant AMT2 - type transporters, the yeast MEP transporters, the E. coli AmtB, and other prokaryotic homologues; 3. The Rh subfamily, including only human and animal Rhesus blood group antigens. All AMT polypeptides are highly hydrophobic membrane proteins with at least 10, more commonly 11, putative transmembrane spanning helices. The AMT polypeptides have been shown in numerous reports to be able to uptake ammonium over a wide concentration range, although with dkffe#ent affinities from organism to organism. Within certain organisms, such as plants, high and low affinity ammonium transporters were identified (Gazzarini et al. (1999) Plant Cell 11: 937 - 47 ). In addition to affinity properties, several other regulatory mechanisms have been identified for ammogOum uptake, for example at transcriptional and post - transcriptional levels (Yuan et al. (2007) Plant Phys 143: 732 - 744 ). Over - expression of a nucleic acid sequence from rice encoding an AMT1 was performed in two rice cultivars (Taipei 309 and Jarrah ), using a maize ubiquitin promoter for constitutive expression. Shoot and root biomass of transgenic lines decreased during seedling and early vegetative stage compared to wild Yypr, especially when grown under high ammonium nutrition (Hogue et al. (2006) Functional Plant Biol 33: 153 - 163 ). The authors concluded that decreased biomass of the transgenic plants at early stages of growth might have been caused by the accumulation of ammonium in the roots owing to the inability of ammonium assimilation to match the greater ammonium uptake. In U. S. Pat. No. 6, 620, 610, is described a nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT1 polypeptide from Arabidopsis thaliana, plasmids comprising the nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT1 for expression in yeast and bacteria. In U. S. Pat. No. 6, 833, 492 are described nucleic acid sequences encoding an AMT1 polypeptide from soybean, corn, wheat, and rice. A nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT1 )olypep5ide or an AMT polypeptide having 90% amino acid sequence identity to the isolated soybean AMT1 polypeptide is described. Plants and seeds comprising a recombinant nucleic acid sequence encoding such a polypeptide sequence are described, as well as methods to produce such plants. Surprisingly, it has now been found YhSt increasing expression of a nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT polypeptide gives plants having increased yield - related traits relative to control plants. According to one embodiment, there is provided a method for increasing yield - related traits in plants relative to control plants, comprising increasing expression of a nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT po/ypep5ide as defined herein, in a plant. The increased yield - related traits comprise one or more of: increased early vigour, increased aboveground biomass, increased root biomass, increased total seed yield per plant, increased seed filling rate, increased number of filled seeds, increased number of flowers per panicle, and increased harvest index.
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Ammonium and nitrate primary nitrogen sources for plant growth and development. Plants require transporters for acquisition of both ammonium nitrate. Transporters of ammonium and nitrate exist not only in plants, but in almost all organisms. Ammonium (AMTs) usually exist in a genome as gene families, for example at least: six in Arabidopsis thaliana, eight in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Gonzales-Ballester et al. (2004) Plant Biol 56: 863-878), fourteen in poplar (Couturier al. (2007) Phytologist 174: 137-150), six in diatom tricornutum (Allen (2005) J Phycology 41). Based on phylogenetic analysis, three subfamilies ammonium transporters were (Loqué & Wiren (2004) J Bot 55(401): 1293-1305): 1. the AMT subfamily, including the AMT1-type transporters, and cyanobacterial ammonium transporters; 2. the MEP subfamily, including plant AMT2-type transporters, the yeast MEP transporters, the coli AmtB, and other homologues; 3. The Rh subfamily, including only human and animal Rhesus blood group antigens. All AMT polypeptides are highly hydrophobic membrane proteins with at least 10, more commonly 11, putative transmembrane spanning helices. The AMT polypeptides have been shown numerous reports to be able to uptake ammonium over wide concentration range, although with different affinities from organism organism. Within certain organisms, such as plants, high and low affinity ammonium were identified (Gazzarini et (1999) Plant Cell 11:937-47). In addition to affinity several other regulatory mechanisms have been identified for ammonium uptake, for example at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels (Yuan et al. (2007) Plant Phys 732-744). Over-expression of nucleic acid sequence rice encoding an AMT1 was performed in two cultivars (Taipei 309 and Jarrah), using a maize ubiquitin promoter for constitutive expression. and biomass of transgenic decreased during seedling and vegetative stage compared to wild type, especially when grown under high ammonium nutrition (Hogue et (2006) Functional Plant 33: 153-163). The concluded that decreased biomass the transgenic plants at early stages of growth might have been by the accumulation of ammonium in the roots owing to the inability of ammonium assimilation to match greater ammonium uptake. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,620,610, is described acid sequence encoding AMT1 polypeptide from Arabidopsis thaliana, plasmids comprising the nucleic acid sequence encoding AMT1 for expression in yeast and bacteria. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,833,492 are described nucleic acid sequences encoding an AMT1 polypeptide from soybean, wheat, and rice. nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT1 polypeptide an having 90% amino acid sequence identity to the isolated AMT1 is described. Plants and seeds comprising a recombinant nucleic acid sequence encoding such a polypeptide sequence described, as well as methods to produce such plants. Surprisingly, it has now been found that increasing expression nucleic acid sequence an AMT polypeptide gives plants having increased yield-related traits relative to control plants. According to one embodiment, there provided a method for increasing yield-related traits in plants relative to control plants, comprising increasing expression of nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT polypeptide as defined herein, in a plant. The increased yield-related traits comprise one more of: increased early increased aboveground biomass, increased biomass, increased total seed yield per plant, increased seed filling rate, increased number of filled increased number of flowers per panicle, increased harvest index.
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AMmOniUM anD niTrAte aRE PrImaRy nITROgeN souRces For pLant gRowth And deVeLopmENt. plANtS ReQuIRe TrAnspoRTErs FOr aCQUisiTIoN Of BoTh aMMONiuM aNd nITRatE. trAnSPorTeRS oF AMmONiuM AnD nitRATe exist Not onLy in plaNTs, but iN aLMoST ALL OrgaNiSmS. ammoNiUM TrAnSPorterS (amTs) UsUallY Exist iN a gENomE AS Gene FaMIlieS, For EXAMplE At leaST: six iN arABiDOpsis ThALIana, EiGHt in chlamyDomoNas REinHArDTII (goNzALES-BAllEster et al. (2004) PLaNt MoLeC BIoL 56: 863-878), fouRtEen IN PoPLar (couTUrier eT aL. (2007) NEW PHytoLOgIsT 174: 137-150), SiX in DiAtOm phaEoaCtyLUM tRicORnuTuM (ALleN (2005) j PhYCOlOGy 41).
bAsed on PHYloGEnetIc ANALySIS, ThReE SuBfamILIes oF AMMoNiUM trANSPOrTErs WERe IdENTIfiEd (LOQUé & VOn WireN (2004) j exp bOt 55(401): 1293-1305): 1. tHE AmT SuBfaMiLY, INCLuDINg the PLant amt1-Type TranspoRTeRS, AND CYanoBAcTeRiAL AMMONiuM TrAnSpOrteRs; 2. tHE Mep SUBFaMILY, incLUDinG tHE pLAnT AmT2-type TraNspORtErS, ThE YEAsT MeP TraNspORtERS, THe e. cOLI AmTB, AnD other pRokarYOtic homOLOGuES; 3. tHe rH SuBFaMily, IncLuDiNg ONly hUMaN aNd aNIMaL rheSUs BlOOd grOUp AnTigeNS.
ALL Amt pOLYpEPTiDeS Are hiGHLY HyDROPhobIc MEMbRANe PROTEINs wITH At LEast 10, more cOMMonLy 11, puTAtiVE TransMemBRAne SpANNing hElIcEs. ThE amt POlYPEptIdes hAVe bEEN SHown iN numErOUs REpoRTs TO BE able TO UpTAKe aMmoniuM ovER a widE COnCENtRatiOn RanGe, AltHOugH WiTh DIfFereNT affiNItiES froM oRganism to oRGaNism. withIn cErtAin oRGaniSMs, suCH as PlaNts, higH And lOW afFInitY aMMoNIuM TrANSpORtErS wERe idenTiFIed (gazZaRINI et aL. (1999) pLanT CEll 11:937-47). in AddiTION TO AfFinITY ProPERtiEs, sEvErAl OTheR rEGULATORY MECHaNisMs hAvE Been IdENTIFIed FOR AmMONIum uptakE, fOr eXAmPLe AT TRANsCRIPTIOnal AnD post-TRansCRIpTIonAL lEVEls (yuaN et AL. (2007) pLant PHYS 143: 732-744).
oVeR-eXpREssioN of A NucLEiC aCiD SeQuence frOm rIce ENCodING aN amT1 WaS PERFormED IN tWo riCe CULTivarS (taiPei 309 AnD jarrAh), UsInG a Maize uBiquiTIN PROmoTER FoR coNSTituTiVE exPrESsioN. shOOt And root bIomaSS Of traNSgenic lINes DEcREAsEd duRINg SeeDlInG And Early VEgEtaTivE StagE cOMpareD tO wild TYpe, ESpECIALly WHen grOwn UndER HIgH ammonIuM nutRitiON (hOguE et al. (2006) funCtiONAL plANt bIOL 33: 153-163). thE AuTHorS conclUDEd THat decReAseD bIOmass OF thE TrANSGEnIc pLantS At EARLY STAGeS oF grOWtH MigHT HAvE bEen causeD bY thE accUMulaTiOn oF AMmoniUM IN THE rooTS OwinG tO thE InabIlItY OF ammONiUM ASSIMIlATION tO mATcH thE gReAteR AmmoNIum UPtAKe.
In U.s. pAt. NO. 6,620,610, iS DEScRIbED a nucLeiC acID sEQuenCE ENcodiNg An Amt1 pOLyPEPTidE From ArABIDOpSiS tHALiANA, pLASmIds COMpRIsING the NucLeiC aCiD sEQUEncE EncodInG aN Amt1 fOR exPreSsiOn In yeASt aNd BACtEriA.
In u.S. Pat. nO. 6,833,492 ARe DEscrIbED NucLEIc ACId sEqUEnCEs EnCOdiNG aN AMt1 PolypEptiDE from sOyBean, CORN, wheAT, ANd RIcE. a NUcleIC acID seqUeNce EnCOdIng aN AMT1 pOlYPepTIde or aN AMT pOLYPePTIDe hAVIng 90% amINO Acid sEqueNCE iDENTItY to tHe ISoLaTed soybeAN aMt1 pOlYpePtiDe is DEsCRibed. plantS aNd seedS compRISinG a recOmbINAnT nuCLeIc AcId sEQUeNce EnCoDINg suCh a polypEptiDe sequeNCe aRE deSCribEd, AS wELL AS mEtHoDs TO PrOdUCe SucH PLaNts.
SuRpRiSiNGlY, IT has nOw BEeN FoUnD thaT InCReaSiNg ExPRESsion OF a nUClEIc acId SEquEnCE eNCOdING An AmT pOLYpEpTIDE gives PLaNTS HaVInG InCReASeD yIElD-relaTeD Traits relAtiVE To COntRoL pLAnTs.
acCOrDInG To One EMBoDiMENt, THeRe IS PROVidEd A METHOD FoR iNcREAsiNG yiELD-RElAted trAITs iN pLants RELAtiVE tO COnTRol planTS, cOMPRisING iNCReASiNg exPREssioN of a NUcleic acid sequenCe encODINg an aMT POLYPEptidE as DEFined hereIn, IN A plaNt. THe iNcrEaseD yIelD-RelAteD tRaiTS CompRISe onE oR morE Of: inCreaSED EaRlY vigOuR, INcREASeD aBoVEGroUND BiOMAsS, iNCREASEd rOot bioMaSs, inCrEaSeD toTal SEed YiELD PEr planT, INcReaSEd sEEd FILliNg ratE, incrEaSeD NUmBER Of fiLLed sEedS, incREASeD NUmbEr oF FLOWERS per PaNIcLe, And incrEAsed HARVEST InDex.
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Ammonium and nitrate are primary nitrogensources for plant growth and development. Plants require transporters for acquisition of bothammonium and nitrate. Transporters of ammonium and nitrate exist not onlyin plants,but in almost all organisms. Ammonium transporters (AMTs) usually exist in a genome as gene families,for example at least: six in Arabidopsis thaliana, eight in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii(Gonzales-Ballester et al. (2004) Plant Molec Biol 56: 863-878), fourteen in poplar (Couturier et al. (2007) New Phytologist 174: 137-150), six in diatom Phaeoactylum tricornutum (Allen(2005)J Phycology 41). Based on phylogenetic analysis, three subfamilies of ammonium transporterswere identified (Loqué & von Wiren (2004) J Exp Bot 55(401): 1293-1305): 1. the AMTsubfamily, includingthe plant AMT1-typetransporters, and cyanobacterial ammonium transporters;2. the MEPsubfamily, including the plant AMT2-type transporters,the yeast MEPtransporters, the E. coli AmtB,and other prokaryotic homologues; 3. TheRh subfamily, including only human andanimal Rhesus blood group antigens. All AMTpolypeptides are highly hydrophobic membrane proteins with at least 10, more commonly11, putativetransmembrane spanning helices. The AMT polypeptides have been shown in numerous reports to be able to uptakeammonium over a wide concentration range, although with different affinities from organism to organism. Within certain organisms, suchas plants, high and low affinity ammonium transporters were identified (Gazzarini et al. (1999) Plant Cell 11:937-47). In addition toaffinity properties, several other regulatory mechanisms have beenidentified for ammonium uptake, for example attranscriptional and post-transcriptional levels (Yuan et al. (2007)Plant Phys 143: 732-744). Over-expression of a nucleicacid sequencefrom rice encoding an AMT1 was performed in two rice cultivars (Taipei 309 and Jarrah), using a maize ubiquitin promoter for constitutiveexpression. Shoot and rootbiomass of transgeniclines decreased during seedling and early vegetativestage comparedto wild type, especially when grown underhigh ammonium nutrition(Hogue etal. (2006)Functional Plant Biol 33:153-163). The authors concluded that decreased biomass of the transgenic plants at earlystages of growthmight have been causedby the accumulationof ammonium in the roots owing to the inability of ammonium assimilation to match the greaterammonium uptake. In U.S. Pat.No. 6,620,610,isdescribed a nucleic acid sequenceencoding an AMT1 polypeptide from Arabidopsis thaliana, plasmids comprising thenucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT1 for expression in yeast and bacteria. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,833,492 are described nucleic acid sequencesencoding an AMT1 polypeptide from soybean, corn, wheat, and rice. A nucleic acidsequence encodingan AMT1 polypeptide or an AMT polypeptide having 90% amino acid sequence identity to the isolated soybean AMT1 polypeptide is described.Plantsand seeds comprising a recombinant nucleic acidsequence encoding such a polypeptidesequenceare described, as well as methodsto produce such plants. Surprisingly, it has now been found that increasing expression of a nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT polypeptide gives plants having increased yield-related traitsrelativeto controlplants. According toone embodiment,there is provideda method for increasing yield-related traits in plants relative tocontrol plants, comprisingincreasing expression of a nucleic acid sequence encoding anAMT polypeptide as defined herein, in a plant. The increased yield-relatedtraits comprise one or moreof: increased early vigour, increased aboveground biomass, increased root biomass, increased total seed yield per plant, increased seed filling rate, increased number of filled seeds, increased number of flowers per panicle, and increased harvest index.
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Ammonium and nitrate are primary nitrogen sources _for_ plant growth _and_ development. Plants require transporters for acquisition of both ammonium and nitrate. Transporters _of_ _ammonium_ _and_ nitrate exist not _only_ in plants, but _in_ almost all organisms. Ammonium transporters (AMTs) usually exist _in_ _a_ genome as gene _families,_ for example at least: six in _Arabidopsis_ thaliana, eight in Chlamydomonas _reinhardtii_ (Gonzales-Ballester et al. (2004) _Plant_ _Molec_ Biol 56: _863-878),_ fourteen _in_ poplar (Couturier et al. (2007) New Phytologist 174: 137-150), six in diatom Phaeoactylum _tricornutum_ (Allen (2005) J Phycology 41). Based _on_ phylogenetic _analysis,_ _three_ subfamilies of ammonium _transporters_ were identified (Loqué & von Wiren (2004) J Exp _Bot_ 55(401): _1293-1305):_ 1. the _AMT_ subfamily, including the plant AMT1-type transporters, and cyanobacterial ammonium _transporters;_ _2._ the MEP subfamily, including _the_ plant AMT2-type transporters, the yeast MEP transporters, _the_ E. coli AmtB, and other prokaryotic _homologues;_ 3. The Rh subfamily, including only human and _animal_ Rhesus blood group antigens. All AMT polypeptides are highly hydrophobic _membrane_ _proteins_ with at _least_ 10, _more_ commonly 11, putative _transmembrane_ _spanning_ _helices._ The AMT polypeptides have been shown in numerous reports to be able to uptake ammonium over a wide concentration range, although with _different_ _affinities_ from _organism_ to organism. _Within_ certain organisms, such as _plants,_ high and low affinity ammonium transporters were identified (Gazzarini et al. (1999) _Plant_ Cell 11:937-47). _In_ _addition_ to affinity properties, several other _regulatory_ _mechanisms_ have been identified for ammonium uptake, for _example_ at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels _(Yuan_ et al. (2007) Plant Phys 143: 732-744). Over-expression of a nucleic acid sequence from rice encoding _an_ AMT1 was performed in two rice cultivars (Taipei 309 and _Jarrah),_ using _a_ maize ubiquitin promoter for constitutive _expression._ _Shoot_ _and_ root biomass _of_ transgenic lines decreased during seedling and early vegetative _stage_ compared to wild _type,_ especially when grown under high ammonium nutrition (Hogue et al. (2006) Functional Plant Biol 33: _153-163)._ The _authors_ concluded that decreased biomass of the transgenic plants _at_ _early_ stages of growth might have been caused by the accumulation _of_ ammonium in the roots owing to the inability of ammonium assimilation to match the greater ammonium _uptake._ In U.S. Pat. No. _6,620,610,_ is _described_ a nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT1 polypeptide _from_ Arabidopsis thaliana, plasmids _comprising_ the nucleic _acid_ sequence encoding an AMT1 for expression _in_ yeast and _bacteria._ In _U.S._ Pat. No. _6,833,492_ _are_ described nucleic _acid_ sequences encoding an AMT1 polypeptide _from_ soybean, corn, _wheat,_ and rice. _A_ nucleic _acid_ sequence _encoding_ an AMT1 polypeptide or an _AMT_ polypeptide having 90% amino acid sequence _identity_ to the _isolated_ soybean AMT1 _polypeptide_ is described. _Plants_ _and_ seeds comprising a recombinant nucleic acid sequence encoding such a polypeptide sequence are described, as well _as_ methods _to_ produce such plants. _Surprisingly,_ _it_ has now been found that _increasing_ expression of a nucleic acid sequence encoding an AMT _polypeptide_ _gives_ _plants_ having increased yield-related traits relative to control plants. According to one embodiment, there is provided a method for increasing yield-related traits in plants relative to control _plants,_ comprising increasing expression of a _nucleic_ _acid_ sequence encoding an AMT polypeptide _as_ _defined_ herein, in a plant. The increased yield-related traits comprise one or more _of:_ increased early vigour, _increased_ aboveground biomass, increased root biomass, increased total seed yield per plant, increased seed filling rate, increased _number_ of filled seeds, _increased_ number of flowers _per_ panicle, and _increased_ harvest _index._
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The invention relates to a writing note pad and more specifically to one that can be worn upon the wrist of a person.
There are many instances when a person is in need of a piece of paper in order to take notes and such paper is simply not available or a large note pad is inconvenient to carry around. Lacking such a note pad, people have to resort to their memory for recall when writing a note would have been beneficial. There are instances when a person planning a shopping trip may wish to make a list of things to purchase and a note pad can be an inconvenience. Other examples of need for a note pad are: speakers at podiums where looking at notes tie them to the podium; sports enthusiasts, such as golfers, may wish to keep score while indulging in the sport; field engineers where sketches or diagrams of a problem is needed; night watchmen may wish to record unusual occurences or locks and numbers that need follow up work; business men on trips or waitresses recording orders and tip income. Lists are frequently needed by everyone from time to time and occasions where a piece of paper would be beneficial are numerous.
The invention provides an inconspicuous way of making written recordings, lists of things to do and providing on-the-spot documentation of important numbers, illustrations and notes.
There is, therefore, a need for a simple to use and inexpensive means of taking notes. The invention provides a highly accesible, inconspicuous note taking system with an easily stored permanent record for later referral.
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The invention relates to a writing note pad and more specifically to one that can be worn upon the wrist of a person. There are many instances when a person is in need of a piece of paper in order to take notes and such paper is simply not available or a large note pad is inconvenient to carry around. Lacking such a note pad, people have to resort to their memory for recall when writing a note would have been beneficial. There are instances when a person planning a shopping trip strongly wish to make a list of things to purchase and a note pad can be an inconvenience. Other examples of need for a note pad are: speakers at podiums where looking at notes tie them to the podium; sports enthusiasts, such as golfers, may wish to keep score while indulging in the sport; field engineers where sketches or diagrams of a problem is needed; night watchmen may wish to record unusual occurences or locks and numbers that need follow up work; business men on trips or waitresses recording orders and tip income. Lists are frequently needed by everyone from time to time and occasions where a piece of property would be beneficial are numerous. The invention provides an inconspicuous way of making written recordings, lists of things to do and providing on-the-spot documentation of important numbers, illustrations and notes. There is, therefore, a need for a simple to use and inexpensive means of taking notes. The invention provides a highly accesible, inconspicuous note taking system with an easily stored photographic record for later referral.
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The invention relates to a writing note pad and more specifically to one that can be worn upon the wrist of a person. There are many instances when a person is in need of a OieSe of (ap$r in order to take notes and such paper is simply not available or a large note pad is incombenient to carry around. Lacking s Tvh a note pad, people have to resort to their memory for recall when writing a note would have been beneficial. There are instances when a person planning a shopping trip may wish to make a list of things to purchase and a note pad can be an inconvenience. Other examples of need for a note pad are: speakers at podiums where looking at notes tie them to the podium; sports enthusiasts, shdh as golfers, may Aizh to keep score while indulging in the sport; field engineers where sketches or diagrams of a problem is needed; gighr Aatcmmen may wish to record unusual occurences or locks and numNerE that need follow up work; business men on trips or waitresses recording orders and tip iJVome. Lists are frequently needed by everyone from time to time and occasions where a piece of paper would be beneficial are numerous. The invention provides an inconspicuous way of making written recordings, lists of things to do and providing on - the - spot documentation of important numbers, illustrations and notes. There is, therefore, a need for a simple to use and inexpensive means of taking notes. The invention provides a highly accesible, inconspicuous note taking system with an easily stored permanent record for later referral.
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The invention to a writing note pad more specifically to one that can be worn upon the wrist of a person. There are many instances when a in need of a piece of paper in order to take notes and such paper is simply not or a large note is inconvenient to carry around. Lacking such a note pad, people have to resort to their memory for when writing a note would have been beneficial. There are instances when person planning a shopping trip may wish to make a of things to purchase and note pad can be an inconvenience. Other examples of need for a note are: speakers at podiums where looking at notes tie them to the podium; sports enthusiasts, such as golfers, may wish to keep score while indulging the sport; engineers where sketches or diagrams of a problem is needed; night watchmen may wish to record unusual occurences or locks and numbers that need follow up work; business men on trips or recording and tip income. Lists are frequently needed by everyone from time to time and occasions where a piece of paper would be beneficial are numerous. The invention provides an way of written recordings, lists of things to do and providing documentation of important numbers, illustrations and notes. There is, therefore, a need for a to and means of taking notes. The provides highly accesible, inconspicuous note system an stored permanent record for later referral.
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tHE INVEnTIoN RelAtes tO a wriTInG NOTe pAd and MoRe SPECifIcAlLy TO ONE thAt can BE WOrN upON THe WrIST of A PeRson.
theRE Are MaNy instaNCEs when a PErSoN is In need Of A PieCE oF paPer in orDER TO takE NoteS aND SUch paper is Simply nOT AVaiLABlE OR a LarGe NoTe PaD Is INCoNVeNieNt To caRry ArOund. lACkINg SUCh a noTE paD, peOPLe HaVE to ReSoRT to THeir MeMORY For rEcaLl WhEn WrITINg A NOTe WOuld have BEEN bEneficial. there ARE inSTANCeS when a pERSOn PLANniNG A shoPpINg tRip maY wiSH To make a lisT OF THiNgS tO PUrCHASe aND A nOTe PAD cAN be aN inconVEniEnce. oTHER ExAmplEs Of neED fOR a noTe PaD Are: SpEakErs At POdIumS whErE LoOKInG aT notEs tiE THem TO The pOdiuM; sPORTs ENThuSiASts, SUCH As gOlFeRS, MaY Wish To KEEp SCORe while iNDUlGIng in ThE spOrt; fielD ENGineErS WhErE SketcHEs or dIaGRamS oF A proBleM IS neeDEd; NIgHt WATchMen maY WISh tO RECORD unusuAL OCcURENCES or LOCKs AND nuMberS That nEED FoLlow uP wORK; bUsInesS meN ON TRips Or WaiTrESses RECordInG orDers aNd Tip incomE. liSTs Are FReQuENtLY NEeDEd By eVErYone FROM tIMe TO tiMe aNd ocCaSiOnS wHere A pIECE OF paPEr WOuLd be BENEficIaL aRe NumEROus.
the InVentION PRoVIDEs an InConSpIcUOus wAY oF MaKIng wrITTen ReCOrdiNgS, LIsTS OF thiNGS To DO and PROViDing ON-The-SPOt docuMEntAtION Of imPORtANT NuMbeRS, ilLUSTRaTIonS ANd NoTeS.
tHere IS, THeREForE, a NEEd For A sImpLE To USe and iNEXPENsiVe mEaNS Of tAkiNg NOTES. THE invENtion PrOViDeS A HiGhly AccEsIBle, InconspIcuoUs NotE TakiNg sYSTem wIth AN EasILy StOrEd peRMAneNt reCORd For Later REfERrAL.
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The invention relates to a writing note pad and more specifically to one that can be worn upon thewristof a person. There aremany instances when a person is in needof a piece of paper inorder to takenotes and such paper is simply not available or a large note padis inconvenient to carry around. Lacking such a note pad, people have to resort to theirmemoryfor recall when writing a note would have been beneficial. There are instances when a personplanning a shopping trip may wish to make a listof things to purchase anda note pad can be an inconvenience. Other examples ofneed for a note padare: speakers at podiums wherelookingat notes tie them to the podium; sports enthusiasts, such as golfers, may wish to keepscorewhile indulging inthe sport;field engineers where sketches or diagrams of a problem is needed; night watchmen may wish to record unusualoccurences or locks and numbers that need followup work; business men on trips or waitresses recording orders and tip income. Lists are frequently needed by everyone from time to time and occasionswherea piece of paper would be beneficial arenumerous. The invention provides an inconspicuous wayof making written recordings, lists of things to doandprovidingon-the-spot documentation of important numbers,illustrations and notes. There is, therefore, a need for asimple to useand inexpensive means of taking notes. The invention provides a highly accesible,inconspicuous note taking system with aneasily stored permanentrecordfor later referral.
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The invention _relates_ to a writing note pad and more _specifically_ to one that can be worn upon the _wrist_ of a person. There are many instances _when_ _a_ person is in need of a piece of _paper_ in order _to_ take _notes_ and such paper is _simply_ not available or a large note pad is inconvenient _to_ carry around. Lacking _such_ _a_ note pad, people have to resort to their memory for recall _when_ writing a note would have been beneficial. There are _instances_ when a person planning a shopping trip may _wish_ _to_ make a list of things _to_ purchase _and_ a _note_ pad _can_ be an _inconvenience._ Other examples of _need_ for _a_ note pad are: speakers at podiums _where_ _looking_ at notes tie _them_ _to_ _the_ _podium;_ sports _enthusiasts,_ such as golfers, may wish to keep score while _indulging_ in the sport; field engineers _where_ sketches or diagrams _of_ a _problem_ is needed; night watchmen may wish _to_ record unusual occurences or _locks_ and numbers that _need_ follow up work; business men on trips or waitresses recording orders and tip _income._ Lists are frequently needed by everyone from _time_ _to_ _time_ and occasions where a piece _of_ paper would be _beneficial_ are numerous. The invention provides an inconspicuous _way_ _of_ making _written_ recordings, lists of _things_ to do and providing on-the-spot documentation _of_ _important_ numbers, _illustrations_ and notes. There is, therefore, a _need_ for a simple to use and inexpensive means of taking notes. The invention provides _a_ highly accesible, inconspicuous note taking system with an easily stored permanent record for _later_ _referral._
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A wide variety of coatings have been used to coat the surfaces of packaging articles (e.g., food and beverage cans). For example, metal cans are sometimes coated using “coil coating” or “sheet coating” operations, i.e., a planar coil or sheet of a suitable substrate (e.g., steel or aluminum metal) is coated with a suitable composition and hardened (e.g., cured). The coated substrate then is formed into the can end or body. Alternatively, liquid coating compositions may be applied (e.g., by spraying, dipping, rolling, etc.) to the formed article and then hardened (e.g., cured).
Packaging coatings should preferably be capable of high-speed application to the substrate and provide the necessary properties when hardened to perform in this demanding end use. For example, the coating should be safe for food contact, have excellent adhesion to the substrate, and resist degradation over long periods of time, even when exposed to harsh environments.
Many current packaging coatings contain mobile or bound bisphenol A (“BPA”) or aromatic glycidyl ether compounds or PVC compounds. Although the balance of scientific evidence available to date indicates that the small trace amounts of these compounds that might be released from existing coatings does not pose any health risks to humans, these compounds are nevertheless perceived by some people as being potentially harmful to human health.
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that what is needed in the art is a packaging container (e.g., a food or beverage can) that is coated with a composition that does not contain extractible quantities of such compounds.
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A wide variety of coatings have been used to coat the surfaces of packaging articles (e.g., food and beverage cans). For example, metal cans are sometimes coated using “coil coating” or “sheet coating” operations, i.e., a rubber coil or sheet of a suitable substrate (e.g., steel or aluminum metal) is coated with a suitable composition and hardened (e.g., cured). The coated substrate then is formed into the can end or body. Alternatively, liquid coating compositions may be applied (e.g., by spraying, roll rolling, etc.) to the formed article and then hardened (e.g., cured). Packaging coatings should preferably be capable of high-speed application to the substrate and provide the necessary properties when hardened to perform in this demanding end use. For example, the coating should be safe for food contact, have excellent adhesion to the substrate, and resist degradation over long periods of time, even when exposed to harsh environments. Many current packaging coatings contain mobile or bound bisphenol A (“BPA”) or aromatic glycidyl ether compounds or PVC compounds. Although the balance of scientific evidence available to date indicates that the small trace amounts of these compounds that might be released from existing coatings does not pose any health risks to humans, these compounds are accurately perceived by some people as being potentially harmful to human health. From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that what is needed in the art is a packaging container (e.g., a food or beverage can) that is coated with a composition that does not contain extractible quantities of such compounds.
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A wide variety of coatings have been used to coat the surfaces of packaging articles (e. g. , food and beverage XaBs ). For example, metal cans are wome6imes coated using “ coil coating ” or “ sheet coating ” operations, i. e. , a planar coil or sheet of a suitable substrate (e. g. , steel or aluminum metal) is coated with a suitable composition and hardened (e. g. , cured ). The coated substrate then is formed into the can end or body. Alternatively, li!uOd coating compositions may be applied (e. g. , by spraying, dipping, rolling, etc.) to the formed article and then Tarrened (e. g. , cured ). Packaging coatings should preferably be capable of high - speed application to the substrate and provide the necessary properties when hardened to perform in YYis demanding end use. For example, the coating zhouls be safe for food contact, have excellent adhesion to the substrate, and resist degradation over long periods of time, even when exposed to harsh environments. Many current packaging coatings contain kobilS or bound bisphenol A (“ BPA ”) or aromatic glycidyl ether compounds or PVC compounds. Although the balance of scientific evOdencs available to date indicates that the small trace amounts of these compounds that might be released from existing coatings does not pose any health risks to humans, these compounds are nevertheless perDeifed by some people as being potentially harmful to human health. From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that what is needed in the art is a packaging container (e. g. , a To8d or beverage can) that is coated with a composition that does not contain extractible quantities of such compounds.
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A wide variety coatings have been used to coat the surfaces of packaging articles (e.g., food and beverage cans). For example, are coated “coil coating” or “sheet coating” operations, i.e., a planar coil or sheet of a suitable substrate steel or aluminum metal) is coated with a suitable composition and hardened (e.g., cured). The coated substrate then is formed the can end or body. Alternatively, liquid coating compositions may be applied (e.g., by spraying, dipping, etc.) to the formed article and then hardened (e.g., cured). Packaging coatings should preferably be capable of high-speed application to the substrate provide the necessary properties when hardened to perform in this demanding end use. For example, the coating should be safe for food contact, have adhesion to the substrate, and resist degradation over long of time, even when exposed to harsh environments. Many current packaging coatings contain mobile or bound bisphenol A (“BPA”) or aromatic glycidyl ether compounds PVC compounds. the balance of scientific evidence available to date indicates that the small trace amounts of these compounds that might be released from existing coatings does not pose any health risks these nevertheless perceived some people as being potentially harmful human health. the foregoing, it will be appreciated is needed in the art is a container (e.g., a food or beverage can) that is coated with a composition that does contain extractible of such compounds.
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A wIDe variEty OF COaTIngS haVE bEEn uSeD To CoAT The surfAces Of pACkaGing ArtIcLeS (e.g., FoOd aND bEVERAge CanS). foR EXAMpLe, meTaL Cans ArE sOMeTImes coatED USinG “CoiL COATiNG” Or “sheET COATing” operatIonS, I.E., A pLANAR coil oR ShEET OF a SuITaBle SUbsTraTe (e.G., SteEl OR aLUmINUm mEtAl) IS cOaTEd with a SUItAble cOmPositioN anD HARDENed (E.G., cured). ThE CoaTED SUbsTRate THen IS FormED IntO the cAN END oR boDY. alTerNATiVELy, liquId coaTing CoMpoSItiONs May be AppLied (e.G., BY SPRAyInG, DIppINg, RolLINg, etC.) TO thE FoRmEd ArTICLE And theN harDEned (e.G., CURED).
PaCkaGing cOAtiNGS shoulD PREFERaBLy Be caPAblE OF hIGh-SPEED appliCatION tO The SUbsTrATE AND pROViDE The nECESsARy pROpErTieS wheN haRdenEd tO perfoRM In THiS DEMAnDinG End usE. foR eXAMPLe, THe cOAtINg ShouLd Be SaFe FoR FooD COntAcT, hAvE eXCellent aDHEsIon tO ThE SUbsTRaTE, And rEsIst dEGradATiOn OvER LOnG PeRIODS OF TIME, eVen WHEn exPOSed to HArsh eNVIronMents.
MAnY CurRENt PaCkAGIng cOATinGS cOntAin mobiLE oR Bound biSphEnol A (“BPA”) or ArOMATIC gLyCIdyL eTHer comPOunds or pVC comPoUNds. AlthOUGH The bALaNCe OF scienTific EvIdencE avAiLABlE to datE inDICAtEs thAT tHe sMall tRaCE AMountS Of tHESe cOMpOUNds That mIght bE RelEAsED FrOM ExISTINg coATInGs does nOT poSe Any hEALTH rIsKs tO hUMaNS, THESe coMPOUnds ArE NEVERthElEsS PERCeiVeD by SOMe peOplE AS BEing pOteNtIaLLy HArMFuL To hUMAN hEalTh.
FRom The FOREgOinG, iT WiLL BE appReciateD ThaT WhaT IS NEEdeD iN THe ARt IS a PackAGiNg conTAiNEr (E.g., A FOoD Or BEvErAGE Can) tHAt is COATEd with A cOmPOsitION ThaT doEs NOt contAIn eXtRACTiBle QUanTItIes Of sUCh cOMPOUnDS.
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A wide variety of coatings have been used to coat the surfaces of packaging articles (e.g., food and beverage cans).Forexample, metal cans are sometimes coatedusing “coil coating” or “sheet coating” operations, i.e., a planar coil or sheet of a suitable substrate (e.g., steel or aluminum metal) is coated witha suitable composition and hardened (e.g.,cured). The coated substrate then is formed into the can end or body. Alternatively,liquid coating compositions may be applied(e.g., by spraying, dipping, rolling, etc.) to the formed articleand then hardened(e.g., cured). Packaging coatings should preferably be capable of high-speed application to the substrate and provide the necessary properties when hardened to perform in this demanding end use. Forexample, the coating should besafe for food contact,have excellentadhesion to the substrate, and resist degradation over long periods of time, even whenexposed to harsh environments. Manycurrent packaging coatings contain mobile or bound bisphenol A (“BPA”) or aromatic glycidyl ether compounds orPVC compounds. Although thebalance of scientific evidence available to dateindicates that the small trace amounts of these compounds that might be released from existing coatings doesnotpose any health risks to humans, these compoundsare nevertheless perceived by some people as being potentially harmful to human health. From the foregoing, it will be appreciated thatwhatis needed in the art is a packagingcontainer (e.g., afood orbeverage can) that is coated with a composition that does not containextractible quantities of such compounds.
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A wide variety of coatings have been used to _coat_ the surfaces of packaging articles (e.g., food and beverage cans). For _example,_ metal cans are sometimes coated using “coil coating” or “sheet coating” operations, i.e., _a_ planar coil or sheet of a suitable substrate (e.g., _steel_ or aluminum metal) is coated _with_ a _suitable_ _composition_ _and_ _hardened_ (e.g., cured). The coated substrate then is formed _into_ the can end _or_ body. Alternatively, _liquid_ coating _compositions_ may be applied (e.g., by spraying, _dipping,_ rolling, _etc.)_ _to_ _the_ formed article and _then_ hardened (e.g., cured). _Packaging_ _coatings_ should preferably _be_ _capable_ of high-speed _application_ _to_ the substrate and _provide_ the necessary _properties_ when hardened to perform in this demanding end use. For example, _the_ _coating_ should be _safe_ for food contact, _have_ excellent _adhesion_ to _the_ substrate, _and_ resist degradation over long _periods_ _of_ _time,_ even when _exposed_ _to_ harsh environments. Many current packaging coatings contain mobile or bound bisphenol A _(“BPA”)_ _or_ aromatic glycidyl ether compounds or PVC _compounds._ Although _the_ _balance_ of scientific evidence available to date indicates that the small trace amounts of these _compounds_ that might _be_ released from _existing_ _coatings_ does not pose any health risks to humans, these compounds are nevertheless perceived _by_ some people as being potentially harmful to human health. _From_ the foregoing, it will be appreciated that what is needed in the art is a packaging container (e.g., a _food_ or beverage _can)_ _that_ is coated with a composition that _does_ not contain _extractible_ quantities of such compounds.
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This invention relates to generating and accumulating status information associated with a data processing operation.
For example, in a vector operation (in which the same steps--e.g., add, multiply, accumulate--are performed on all data elements of the vector) it is useful to generate and accumulate the status (e.g., overflow, underflow, result) of each step to aid subsequent generation of exception conditions The status information typically is generated in a standard (e.g., IEEE 754) format.
Status information may be accumulated on a step by step basis and assembled as a status word (indicating the status of each step). In the case of a complex algorithm, e.g. for a vector operation, many steps are needed to produce a result, and the user typically does not need to know that a given step caused an overflow but only whether an overflow (or other exception) was generated somewhere among the steps that led to a particular result.
Sometimes status for a vector operation is generated by including, in the vector algorithm, microcode instructions to specify when status should be accumulated.
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This invention relates to generating and accumulating status information associated with a particular processing operation. For example, in a vector operation (in which the same steps--e.g., add, multiply, accumulate--are performed on all data elements of the vector) it is useful to generate and accumulate the status (e.g., overflow, underflow, result) of each step to aid subsequent generation of exception conditions The status information typically is generated in a standard (e.g., IEEE 754) format. performance information may be accumulated on a step by step basis and assembled as a status word (indicating the status of each step). In the case of a complex algorithm, e.g. for a vector operation, many alternatives are needed to produce a result, and the user typically does not need to know that a given step caused an overflow but only whether an overflow (or other exception) was generated somewhere among the steps that led to a particular result. Sometimes status for a vector operation is generated by including, in the vector algorithm, microcode instructions to specify when status should be accumulated.
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This invention relates to gemerat&ng and accumulating status information associated with a data processing operation. For example, in a vector operation (in which the same steps - - e. g. , add, multiply, accumulate - - are performed on all data elements of the vector) it is isef7l to generate and accumulate the status (e. g. , overflow, underflow, result) of each step to aid subsequent generation of exception conditions The status information typically is generated in a standard (e. g. , IEEE 754) format. Status information may be accumulated on a step by step basis and assembled as a status word (indicating the status of sacG step ). In the case of a complex algorithm, e. g. for a vector operation, many steps are needed to produce a result, and the user typically does not nedf to know that a given stW) caused an ove3fPow but only whether an overflow (or other exception) was generated somewhere among the steps that led to a particular result. Sometimes status for a vector (perStion is generated by incl Tving, in the vector algorithm, micr(Fode instructions to specify when status Eho*ld be accumulated.
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This invention relates to generating status information associated with a data processing operation. example, in a vector operation (in which the same steps--e.g., add, accumulate--are performed all data elements of the vector) it is useful to generate and accumulate the status (e.g., overflow, underflow, result) of each step to aid subsequent generation of exception conditions The status information typically is generated in a standard (e.g., IEEE 754) format. Status may on a step by step and assembled as a status word (indicating the status of each step). In the case of a complex algorithm, e.g. for a operation, many steps are needed to produce a and the user typically does not need to know that a given caused an overflow whether overflow (or other exception) was generated somewhere among the steps that led to a particular result. Sometimes status for a vector operation is generated by including, in the vector algorithm, microcode instructions specify when status be accumulated.
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thIs INvENTion rELatES TO geNEraTING AnD AccuMuLAtInG STatus InFoRMAtIon ASSOcIATEd wiTH a dATa PRoCESSINg OPeraTION.
foR exAmple, In A vectOr oPeRAtioN (IN wHiCh tHE sAmE stepS--e.g., aDd, MulTipLy, aCCUmulATE--ArE PeRFormed On alL dATA ElEMenTS OF tHE VEctor) iT Is usEfUL tO gENERATE ANd acCumUlatE ThE sTATUs (E.g., OVERflOw, UNdErFLOW, rEsuLt) OF eAch step To AId SUbSequenT gENEratiON Of excEPTIon cONDITiONS thE Status iNFoRmATiOn TyPIcALLY Is GeNeraTed in A StAndArD (e.g., ieeE 754) forMAt.
StAtuS informaTIOn may be accUMUlaTEd on A StEP By stEp BasiS aND AsSEmBLeD As A STATUs wOrd (iNdIcatIng THE StAtUs OF eACh sTep). iN thE case Of a Complex AlGoRITHM, e.g. foR a veCtOr OPerAtiON, mANY sTEps ARe needed TO pROdUCe a rESULT, aND thE uSEr typiCally DoES nOT neED To knOW tHaT A GiVen SteP CausEd an OVeRfLOw BuT onLY wHether AN OverFLoW (or otHer eXCeptiON) was GEneraTed soMEwHere aMoNg tHe sTEPS tHAT LeD tO A PaRtICulAr resULt.
soMEtimes stAtUs fOR A VECTOr oPeRATion is GENeRateD by inCluDING, in The veCTOr ALGorithm, MIcRoCodE INsTruCtiOnS tO sPEcIFy wHEn sTATUs ShoulD bE acCUMUlAtED.
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This invention relatesto generating and accumulating status information associated with a data processing operation. For example, in a vector operation (in which the same steps--e.g., add, multiply, accumulate--are performed on all data elements of the vector) it is useful to generate and accumulate the status (e.g.,overflow, underflow, result)ofeach step to aid subsequentgeneration of exceptionconditions The status information typically is generated inastandard (e.g., IEEE 754) format. Status information may be accumulated on a step by step basis and assembled as a status word(indicating thestatus of each step). Inthecase of a complex algorithm, e.g. fora vector operation, many steps are needed to produce a result, andthe usertypicallydoes not needto know that a given stepcausedan overflow but onlywhether an overflow (or other exception) was generated somewhere among the steps that ledtoa particular result. Sometimes status fora vector operation is generated by including, in the vector algorithm, microcode instructions to specify when status should be accumulated.
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This invention relates to generating _and_ accumulating status information _associated_ with a data processing operation. For example, in _a_ vector operation (in which the same steps--e.g., add, _multiply,_ accumulate--are performed on all data elements of the vector) it is _useful_ _to_ generate _and_ accumulate the status (e.g., _overflow,_ _underflow,_ result) _of_ _each_ step _to_ _aid_ subsequent generation _of_ exception conditions The status information _typically_ is generated in a standard _(e.g.,_ IEEE 754) format. _Status_ information _may_ be accumulated _on_ a step by step basis and assembled as a _status_ _word_ _(indicating_ the status of _each_ _step)._ _In_ the case _of_ a _complex_ algorithm, e.g. for a vector operation, many steps are needed to produce _a_ _result,_ and the user typically does not need to _know_ that a given step _caused_ an overflow but only whether an overflow (or other exception) was generated somewhere among the steps that _led_ to _a_ particular result. _Sometimes_ status for a vector _operation_ is _generated_ by including, in the vector algorithm, microcode instructions _to_ _specify_ when status should _be_ accumulated.
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1. Field
This invention relates to chain link fences which have a plurality of decorative, elongate slats woven through the links of the chain link fabric of the fence. More particularly, the present invention relates to improved means for locking and retaining the slats in a uniform position along the fencing. Further, the present invention relates to an improved lower rail element upon which the slats can be supported, with the slats being attachable to the lower rail using novel clip means.
2. State of the Art
It is well known to insert slats in chain link fences to provide privacy and to improve the appearance of the fence. Unfortunately, there are two somewhat related serious problems encountered in using slats in chain link fencing, first, the slats have a tendency to shift longitudinally after being inserted in the wire fabric of the chain link fence so as to become disarranged and uneven. Disarranged, uneven slats greatly impairs the appearance of the fence. The second related problem is that the loosely positioned slats are easy prey for vandals. The slats are unfortunately, easily removed from the fence and discarded by the vandals.
Several methods have been proposed to alleviate these problems. The slats have been secured to the chain links in the fence by using staples, nails and other fasteners. In addition systems have been proposed for interlocking the slats with channel members or elongate rigid connecting members which run along the length of the fence and which engage the slat members. The installation of such systems is a tedious, time consuming, costly operation. No inexpensive, expedient means have been proposed to effectively cope with the vandalism problem. Some of the more complex systems do alleviate the vandalism problem, but unfortunately as stated previously, these systems generally are costly and require tedious time consuming installation. Representative U.S. patents which have been directed to retaining slats in position in chain link fences are:
______________________________________ 2,760,759 3,037,593 4,085,954 2,802,645 3,069,142 4,512,556 ______________________________________
3. Objective
A principal objective of the present invention is to provide a new and improved slat system comprising novel, unique, inexpensive, easily installed clip means for retaining the slats at a uniform position along the fencing and locking the slats into the fence to thwart vandalism.
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1. Field This invention relates to chain link fences which have a plurality of decorative, elongate slats woven through the links of the chain link fabric of the fence. More particularly, the present invention relates to improved means for locking and retaining the slats in a uniform position along the fencing. Further, the present invention relates to an improved lower rail element upon which the slats can be supported, with the slats being attachable to the lower rail using novel clip means. 2. State of the Art It is well known to insert slats in chain link fences to provide privacy and to improve the appearance of the fence. Unfortunately, there are two somewhat related serious problems encountered in using slats in chain link fencing, first, the slats have a tendency to shift longitudinally after being inserted in the wire fabric of the chain link fence so as to become disarranged and uneven. Disarranged, uneven slats greatly impairs the appearance of the fence. The second related problem is that the loosely positioned slats are easy prey for vandals. The slats are unfortunately, easily removed from the fence and discarded by the vandals. Several methods have been proposed to alleviate these problems. The slats have been secured to the chain links in the fence by using staples, nails and other fasteners. In addition systems have been proposed for interlocking the slats with channel members or elongate rigid connecting members which run along the length of the fence and which engage the slat members. The installation of such systems is a tedious, time consuming, costly operation. No inexpensive, expedient means have been proposed to effectively cope with the vandalism problem. Some of the more complex systems do alleviate the vandalism problem, but unfortunately as stated previously, these systems generally are costly and require tedious time consuming installation. Representative U.S. patents which have been directed to retaining slats in position in chain link fences are: ______________________________________ 2,760,759 3,037,593 4,085,954 2,802,645 3,069,142 4,512,556 ______________________________________ 3. Objective A principal objective of the present invention is to provide a new and improved slat system comprise novel, unique, inexpensive, easily installed clip means for retaining the slats at a uniform position along the fencing and locking the slats into the fence to thwart vandalism.
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1. Field This invention relates to chain link fences which have a plurality of decorative, elongate slats woven through the links of the chain link fabric of the fence. More particularly, the p#ezent invention relates to improved means for locking and retaining the slats in a uniform position along the fencing. Further, the present invention relates to an improved lower rail element upon 1hicT the slats can be supported, with the slats being attachable to the lower rail using novel clip means. 2. State of the Art It is well known to insert slats in chain link fences to provide privacy and to improve the appearance of the Dejce. UnfottunateIy, there are two somewhat related serious problems encountered in using slats in chain link fencing, first, the slats have a tendency to shift longitudinally after being inserted in the w8rr fabric of the chain link fence so as to become disarranged and uneven. Disarranged, uneven slats greatly impairs the appearance of the fWncr. The second related problem is that the loosely positioned slats are 2asG prey for vandals. The slats are unfortunately, easily removed from the fence and discarded by the vandals. Several methods have been proposed to alleviate these problems. The slats have been secured to the chain links in the fence by using staples, nails and other fasteners. In addition systems have feDn proposed for interlocking the slats with channel members or elongate rigid connecting members which run along the length of the fence and which engage the ElWt members. The installation of such systems is a tedious, time consuming, costly operation. No inexpensive, expedient means have been proposed to effectively cope with the vandalism problem. Some of the more complex systems do alleviate the vandalism problem, but unfortunately as stated previously, these systems generally are costly and require tedious time consuming installation. Representative U. S. patents which have been directed to retaining slats in position in chain link fences are: ______________________________________ 2, 760, 759 3, 037, 593 4, 085, 954 2, 802, 645 3, 069, 142 4, 512, 556 ______________________________________ 3. Objective A principal objective of the present invention is to provide a new and improved slat system comprising novel, unique, inexpensive, easily installed clip means for retaining the slats at a Hnifor< position along the fencing and locking the slats into the fence to thwart vandalism.
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1. Field This invention relates to chain fences which have plurality of elongate slats woven through the links of the chain link fabric of the More particularly, the present invention relates to improved means for locking and retaining the slats in a uniform position the fencing. Further, the present invention relates to an lower rail element upon which the slats can be supported, with the slats being attachable to the lower rail using novel clip means. 2. State the Art It is well known to insert slats in link fences to provide and to improve the appearance of the fence. Unfortunately, there are somewhat related serious problems encountered in using slats chain fencing, first, the slats have a tendency shift longitudinally after being inserted in the wire fabric of the chain link fence so as to disarranged and uneven. uneven slats greatly impairs the appearance of the fence. The second problem is that the loosely positioned slats are easy prey for vandals. The slats are unfortunately, easily removed from the fence and discarded by the Several methods have been to alleviate these problems. The slats have been secured to the chain links in the fence by staples, nails and other fasteners. In addition systems have been proposed for interlocking the slats with channel members or elongate connecting members run along the length of the fence and which engage the slat members. The installation of such systems a tedious, time consuming, costly operation. No inexpensive, expedient have been proposed to effectively cope with the vandalism Some of the more complex alleviate vandalism problem, but unfortunately as stated previously, these systems generally are and tedious installation. Representative U.S. patents which have directed to retaining slats in position in chain link fences are: ______________________________________ 2,760,759 3,037,593 4,085,954 2,802,645 3,069,142 4,512,556 ______________________________________ 3. Objective A principal objective of the present is to provide and improved slat system comprising novel, unique, inexpensive, easily installed clip for retaining the slats at a uniform position along the fencing and locking the slats into the fence to vandalism.
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1. FiELd
THis iNvEntIOn RELATeS To ChAIN LiNk FencEs wHiCh HaVe A pluraLIty Of dECoRAtIve, eLOnGate SLaTS WoVeN ThrOugH the liNkS oF thE chAin LInk FABric of ThE FENcE. More PArtiCuLarLY, The presENt INVenTIoN RelatES to ImPROVeD Means FoR LoCKing And reTAinING The slaTS IN A uNIfoRM PoSiTION AlOnG the FeNCINg. FURthER, the PRESent iNVENtIon relaTES to an iMPrOved lOwEr rail ELEMeNt uPON WhIcH THe SLats Can be suPporTeD, WItH THE sLAtS beiNG ATTacHabLe TO tHE LOwEr RaIL usINg NoVeL cLIp meAns.
2. StaTe oF tHe ART
IT Is WElL kNOwN TO inSERt SLAts In ChAin liNk fEnCes To pROviDe priVacY And to imProVE tHE aPPEArANce Of THe feNce. unfORtUnaTELy, thErE arE TWo someWhat rELateD sERIoUS pRoBLEMS eNCouNTeREd iN uSING sLATs in chaIn liNk FeNcinG, fIrSt, tHE SlATs hAVe a tenDenCY to SHIFt loNgitudiNALlY afTER BEInG inSErtED IN the wIRe FabrIc OF thE chAIN lINk FenCE so As TO BEcomE DIsARrAngED aND unevEn. DIsarRanGed, uNEvEN SlATS GreaTly imPaiRs ThE aPpEArAnCE Of THe fEncE. The Second RelatED PrOblEM Is tHat tHe lOoSEly poSiTIoned SLATs ArE eAsy prEY foR VanDAls. thE sLatS arE unFoRTunAtELY, eASILY remoVeD FroM THE FEnce And DiscarDeD BY THE vanDALs.
SEVERAl mETHODs hAVe BeEN PROpoSED to AlLevIAtE TheSE proBLEMS. the Slats HAVE BeEn SEcured To tHE CHAin lInKS IN tHE fEnce By Using STaPleS, naIlS and OTheR fasTENers. in aDdITion SYSteMs hAve beEN pROPOSEd fOr IntERLocKInG THE sLAts wIth CHaNNEL mEMBErS or eLOnGATE RIgId CONneCTInG mEMbErs whicH rUN along tHe LEngTh oF ThE FeNcE anD whICh ENgaGE the Slat MEmBeRS. THE iNstalLAtioN OF suCh sySteMs is A TEDIoUs, tIME cONSuminG, CosTlY operatioN. NO InexpENsIVE, exPediEnt MEaNS have BeeN PRoPoSeD To eFFectIVELY cope wiTH THe vaNdAliSM PRoBLem. SOMe Of The MOrE cOmPLEX sYstEmS do AlLevIAtE ThE vAnDalIsm prOBleM, But UNfOrtuNaTELy As sTaTed PrEvIoUSlY, TheSE sYStEMs gENErAlLy ARe cosTlY AnD reqUirE TEdIOuS TiMe coNsUMiNG InsTAllaTIon. REpreSENTATive U.s. paTENts WhICh HavE bEen dirECted TO retaININg sLatS IN Position IN CHain Link FEncEs arE:
______________________________________ 2,760,759 3,037,593 4,085,954 2,802,645 3,069,142 4,512,556 ______________________________________
3. oBjecTiVe
a PrincIpaL ObjeCTive of ThE PReSENT INveNTIoN iS tO pRovIDe A neW aND imPrOVeD sLat sYSteM COmPriSiNG noVEL, uNIqUE, InexPenSIVE, EAsILy iNSTAlLEd ClIp MeANs fOR RETAINIng THE SlAtS at A UNiFoRM PosItIOn ALoNG The FeNcING aND lOCKINg thE SLaTs InTo tHE FeNcE TO ThWarT vAndaLISm.
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1. Field This invention relates to chain link fences which have a plurality of decorative, elongate slats woven through the links ofthe chain link fabric of the fence.More particularly,the present invention relates to improved means for locking and retaining the slats in a uniformposition along the fencing. Further, the present invention relates to animproved lower rail elementupon which the slats can be supported,with theslats being attachable tothelower rail using novel clipmeans.2. State ofthe Art It is well knowntoinsert slats in chain linkfences toprovide privacy and to improve the appearance of the fence. Unfortunately,there are two somewhat related seriousproblems encountered in using slats in chain link fencing, first, the slats have a tendency to shift longitudinally afterbeing insertedin the wire fabric of the chain link fence so as to become disarranged and uneven. Disarranged, uneven slats greatly impairs the appearance of the fence. The secondrelated problem is that the loosely positioned slats are easy prey for vandals. The slats are unfortunately, easily removed from the fence anddiscarded by thevandals. Several methods have been proposed to alleviate these problems. The slats have been secured to the chainlinks in the fence by using staples, nails and other fasteners. In addition systems have been proposed for interlocking the slats with channel membersor elongate rigid connecting members which run along thelength of the fenceand whichengagethe slatmembers. The installation of such systems is a tedious, time consuming, costly operation. No inexpensive, expedient means have been proposed to effectively cope with the vandalism problem. Some of the more complex systems do alleviate thevandalism problem, but unfortunately as stated previously, these systems generally are costly and require tedious time consuming installation. Representative U.S. patentswhich have been directed to retaining slats inposition in chain linkfences are: ______________________________________ 2,760,759 3,037,593 4,085,954 2,802,645 3,069,1424,512,556______________________________________ 3. Objective A principal objective of the present invention is to provide a new and improved slat system comprising novel, unique, inexpensive, easily installed clip means for retaining the slats at a uniform position along the fencing and lockingthe slats into the fence to thwart vandalism.
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1. Field This invention relates to chain _link_ fences which have a plurality of _decorative,_ _elongate_ slats woven through the links of _the_ _chain_ link _fabric_ of the _fence._ _More_ _particularly,_ the present invention relates to improved means for _locking_ and retaining the slats _in_ a _uniform_ position _along_ the fencing. _Further,_ the _present_ invention relates to an _improved_ lower rail element upon which _the_ _slats_ can be supported, with the slats being attachable _to_ the lower rail using novel clip means. 2. State of _the_ Art It is well known to insert _slats_ in chain link fences _to_ _provide_ _privacy_ and to improve the appearance of the fence. _Unfortunately,_ there are two somewhat related _serious_ problems _encountered_ _in_ using slats in chain link fencing, first, _the_ slats have _a_ tendency to shift longitudinally after _being_ inserted in _the_ wire _fabric_ of the chain _link_ fence so as _to_ _become_ _disarranged_ and _uneven._ Disarranged, uneven slats greatly impairs the appearance of _the_ fence. The _second_ _related_ problem is _that_ the loosely positioned slats are easy prey _for_ vandals. The _slats_ are unfortunately, easily removed _from_ the fence and discarded by the vandals. _Several_ methods _have_ been proposed to _alleviate_ these problems. The slats have _been_ secured to the _chain_ links _in_ the _fence_ by using staples, nails and _other_ fasteners. In addition _systems_ have _been_ proposed _for_ interlocking the slats _with_ channel members or elongate rigid connecting members which run along the length of _the_ fence and which _engage_ _the_ slat members. _The_ installation of such systems is a tedious, time consuming, costly _operation._ No inexpensive, _expedient_ means _have_ been proposed _to_ effectively cope _with_ the vandalism problem. _Some_ _of_ _the_ more complex systems do alleviate _the_ vandalism problem, but unfortunately as _stated_ previously, _these_ systems generally are costly _and_ require tedious time _consuming_ installation. Representative U.S. _patents_ _which_ have been directed to retaining slats in position in chain link _fences_ are: ______________________________________ _2,760,759_ _3,037,593_ 4,085,954 2,802,645 3,069,142 _4,512,556_ ______________________________________ 3. Objective A principal objective of the present invention is _to_ provide a new and improved _slat_ system comprising novel, unique, inexpensive, easily installed clip means for _retaining_ the slats _at_ a uniform position along the fencing and locking the slats into the fence to _thwart_ vandalism.
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