Split (1)

validation · 4k rows

text stringlengths 38 11k	meta dict
Aragón (river) The Aragón (; ) is a river in northern Spain, one of the left-hand tributaries of the river Ebro. It rises at Astún (province of Huesca) in the central Pyrenees Mountains, passes southwest through Jaca and Sangüesa (Navarre), and joins the Ebro at Milagro (Navarre), near Tudela. The name Aragón is related to the birth area of the former kingdom, which corresponds to the modern autonomous community of Aragón in Spain. Watershed The river, used for irrigation and hydroelectric power, is about long; its chief tributary is the Arga River. Ecology Non-government sanctioned re-introduction of Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) in Spain around 2003 has resulted in tell-tale beaver signs documented on a stretch on the lower course of the Aragon River and the area adjoining the Ebro River in Aragon, Spain. References See also List of rivers of Spain Category:Rivers of Spain Category:Ebro basin Category:Rivers of Aragon Category:Rivers of Navarre	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Balaram Gharti Magar Balaram Gharti Magar is a political leader of Nepal. He became minister 11 times in the past, during Panchayat System, and after the declaration of multi-party system. Roughly, he remained in different governments as a minister for about 30 years in the past. He is a Central Committee Member, Senior Member, of Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP). He is still actively taking part in his party activities. He has been visiting his birthplace, Rolpa, and Rolpali people time to time. Family He was born at Mijhing VDC, Ward No 5, Upallothar Mukhyadera, Rolpa District in Nepal on 18 Shravan 1994 BS. His parents were Nar Bahadur Gharti Magar and Tika Kumari Gharti Magar. He has two brothers and one younger sister, KrishnakalaHe lost his mother when he was 15 years old. When he was 16 years of age, due to his grandfather’s suggestion and request, he married Belmati (Ramjali) Gharti Magar of Mijhing VDC, Ward No 7, Maldhara. He has seven daughters and resides at Satdobato, Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan city permanently. He did not get any formal opportunity to study as present day children do get due to his family background, he got education at home from his father and grandfather. Later he got opportunity to study informally in Kanpur, India. Early politics In 2017 BS, he went to Kanpur where he spent a year. He was influenced by political activities there. Although political activities in Nepal were banned, in India it was free to open different unions. Every day after hearing the speeches from the Union leaders there, he learnt the methods of conducting speeches and dealing with the political masses. He returned to Rolpa in 2018 BS and met resident of Gajul VDC, Khadananda Subedi. He was Nepali Congress party leader of Rolpa and was Member of Parliament (MP) during the Nepali Congress-led Government. Subedi advised him to take active participation in politics. Gharti Magar was influenced by Nepali Congress party during that time. Later politics During the election of Pradhanpancha, he was elected as a Pradhanpancha of his village in 2018 BS. He was 24 years old when he became Pradhanpancha for the first time. The next year, there was District Panchayat’s election, he got elected as a Upasabhapati of District Panchayat. National Panchayat Member (NPM) election was held in the same year and he was elected without any opposition. In Baishakh 2020 BS, meeting of National Panchayat was held formally. One of his well wishers, knowing he was so young, had suggested him not to be a minister because that post would have destroyed him. He was only 25 years of age at that time. The third election was held in Chaitra 2030 BS and he was reelected in NPM and in the meantime, he became Assistant Minister of Home Affairs for the first time. He was 37 years old at that time. Later he became Defence State Minister. After one year, he became Construction and Transport State Minister in 2035 BS under the premiership of Dr Tulshi Giri. In 2034 BS, when Kirti Nidhi Bista became Prime Minister (PM), he became Construction and Transport Minister. Later when Surya Bahadur Thapa became PM, he became Defence Minister. There was another election in 2038 BS, he was again reelected with huge majority of votes, with about 28,000. After becoming Defence Minister for one year, he became Local Development Minister. After one year, he became Industry Minister. Meantime, he became Health Minister too. In 2040 BS, he remained only NPM during the premiership of Lokendra Bahadur Chand. There was another election during 2043 BS, he was reelected in NPM. After the multiparty democracy in Nepal, in 2051BS, he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) from RPP. When Surya Bahadur Thapa became PM, he was appointed as Construction and Transport Minister. Later when Sher Bahadur Deuba became PM, he became Housing and Physical Planning Minister. Later again when Sher Bahadur Deuba became PM, he became Science and Technology Minister for the last time. Works He has published five books: Mool, Rajyog Sadhana Sutra, Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, Sandhi Patra Grantha, and Yogi Narharinath Sangraha. He has just published his autobiography "Aitihasik Ghatanakram Part 1" in which he has compiled his experience in Nepalese politics. Awards He is awarded with Gorkha Dakshin Bahu First and Second Class, Trishakti Patta Second Class, Shubharajyavishek Padak, Birendra Aishwarya Sewa Padak, Sewa Padak, and Coronation Medal. See also Magar people References External links Category:Living people Category:People from Rolpa District Category:Nepali Congress politicians Category:Government ministers of Nepal Category:Rastriya Prajatantra Party politicians Category:Members of the House of Representatives (Nepal) Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Donald Harris (composer) Donald Harris (April 7, 1931 in St. Paul, Minnesota – March 29, 2016 in Columbus, Ohio) was an American composer who taught music at The Ohio State University for 22 years. He was Dean of the College of the Arts from 1988 to 1997. Harris earned a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in Music from the University of Michigan. He completed further studies at the Tanglewood Music Center and the Centre Français d'Humanisme Musical in Aix-en-Provence. He studied with Ross Lee Finney, Max Deutsch, Nadia Boulanger, Boris Blacher, Lukas Foss, and André Jolivet. He founded the Contemporary Music Festival at Ohio State in 2000. Prior to joining the faculty at Ohio State, he served on the faculties and as an administrator of the New England Conservatory of Music and the Hartt School of Music. From 1954 to 1968, Harris lived in Paris, where he served as music consultant to the United States Information Agency and produced the city's first postwar Festival of Contemporary American Music. A documentary about Harris entitled Sonata 1957 was produced by Daniel Beliavsky through opus1films in 2011. It explores Harris’ development in mid 20th-century Paris, when pre-war musical thought bridged with post-war experimentation. Works Stage Works The Legend Of John Henry (1954) ballet for orchestra The Golden Deer (1955) ballet for orchestra Intervals (1959) dance work for chamber ensemble Orchestral Piano Sonata (1957) Fantasy For Violin & Piano (1957) Symphony In Two Movements (1958–1961) String Quartet (1965) Ludus (1966) for ten instruments Ludus II (1973) for five instruments On Variations (1976) for chamber orchestra Charmes (1971–1980; unfinished) for soprano and orchestra; after the poems of Paul Valéry For The Night To Wear (1978) for mezzo-soprano and chamber ensemble; after the Hortense Flexner poem Balladen (1979) for solo piano Of Hartford In A Purple Light (1979) for soprano with piano accompaniment; after the Wallace Stevens poem Prelude To A Concert In Connecticut (1981) for orchestra Les Mains (1983) for mezzo-soprano with piano accompaniment; after the Marguerite Yourcenar poem Meditations (1984) for solo organ Three Fanfares For Four Horns (1984) Canzona & Carol (1986) for double brass quintet and timpani Pierrot Lieder (1988) for soprano and chamber ensemble; after the Albert Giraud poem Mermaid Variations (1992) for chamber orchestra String Quartet #2 (2002) A Lyric Fanfare (2003) for orchestra Five Tempi (Ludus III) (2004) for chamber ensemble Symphony No. 2 (2006–11) for large orchestra; co-commissioned by the Koussevitzky Music Foundation and Columbus Symphony Orchestra Kaleidoscope (2007) for orchestra Awards and honors Harris was awarded a Fulbright Award in 1956, the Prince Rainier III of Monaco Composition Award in 1962 (deuxieme mention), a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1966, a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship Grant in Composition in 1974, the A.C. Fuller Award of the Julius Hartt Musical Foundation in 1988, and the ASCAP/Deems Taylor Award in 1989 (for co-editing The Berg Schoenberg Correspondence ). He received commissions with the Serge Koussevitzky Music Foundation (Library of Congress), Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge Foundation (Library of Congress), St. Paul Chamber Orchestra, Radio France, Cleveland Orchestra, Goethe Institute (Boston), Boston Musica Viva, Connecticut Public Radio, Cleveland Chamber Symphony, Arnold Schoenberg Institute, and Festival of Contemporary American Music at Tanglewood. In 1991, he received an award in composition from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, which led to a retrospective recording of his work on the CRI label in 1994. In 2011, he was the featured composer of the Ohio State University Contemporary Music Festival, a festival which he founded. The King Arts Complex honored him with a Legends & Legacies award in October 2011. He received an honorary Doctor of Music degree from Ohio State in June 2012. Further reading Organization of American States, Composers of the Americas, Vol. 18, 1972 Contemporary American Composers Based or Affiliated with Colleges and Universities, 1975 Contemporary American Composers: A Biographical Dictionary, 1976 Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, New York, 1978 Introduction to Contemporary Music (Joseph Machlis), second edition, W. W. Norton, 1979 ASCAP Biographical Dictionary, Fourth Edition, 1980 American Music Recordings, A Dictionary of 20th Century U.S. Composers, 1982 American Composers, A Biographical Dictionary, by David Ewen, 1982 Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music, Harvard University Press, 1996 References External links Donald Harris's page at Theodore Presser Company School of Music The Ohio State University Donald Harris / Composer, Teacher & Musicologist musicweb-international.com Interview with Donald Harris, November 20, 1988 Category:20th-century American composers Category:21st-century American composers Category:American male composers Category:Guggenheim Fellows Category:Ohio State University faculty Category:University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance alumni Category:Pupils of Nadia Boulanger Category:Fulbright Scholars Category:1931 births Category:2016 deaths Category:20th-century American male musicians Category:21st-century American male musicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rumpi Hills The Rumpi hills are an undulating mountain range with its highest peak, Mount Rata about located between the villages of Dikome Balue and Mofako Balue, Ndian division in the Southwest region of Cameroon. The hills are situated at 4°50’N 9°07’E, cutting across four local councils, with the eastern slopes in Dikome Balue, southern slopes in Ekondo Titi, western slopes in Mundemba, and northern slopes in Toko local councils respectively. These hills are located about north of Mount Cameroon; about west of the Bakossi Mountains and some southeast of the Korup National Park. The Rumpi hills are covered by more than of a combination of mid-altitude, coastal evergreen and drier northern semi-evergreen forests as well as other vegetation types. About of this forest forms what is known as the Rumpi Hills Forest Reserve (RHFR). Located in the equatorial forest zone of Cameroon, this area is very rich in plant biodiversity ranging from fungi to angiosperms. Notwithstanding this plant biodiversity, variations do occur in the distribution of the forest ecosystems in this area. This variation in the distribution of forest ecosystems, is due to the changing agricultural landscape especially along the southern slopes of these hills. Apart from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) owned by the agro-industrial company, Pamol Plantations PLC, and sprouting smallholder plantations, other dominant tree species do exist. These include species such as Other species include as well as non-timber forest species such as Additionally, many tropical montane mammal, bird, reptile and amphibian species such as are present. Classification of the Rumpi Hills Forests The forests of the Rumpi hills form part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests which are a tropical humid broadleaf forest ecoregion of west–central Africa. The ecoregion includes the lowland and coastal forests of southeastern Nigeria, southwestern Cameroon and the lowlands of Bioko island, covering an estimated . The forests cut across Nigeria's Cross River to Cameroon's River Sanaga in the southeast and about from the edges of the Atlantic Ocean coast. carried-out a phytogeographic vegetation classification of this lowland forests ecoregion. These lowland forests are situated in the Lower Guinea zone of the Guineo-Congolian region of rich and endemic biodiversity composed of animal and plant species. These are mainly hygrophilous coastal evergreen rain forests which may contain other mixed moist semi-evergreen rain forests according to elevation gradient. In these forests, some trees may reach tall usually in different vegetation levels (multi-storey canopy levels). Most common plant families (with regards to species density and distribution) are Annonaceae, Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae and Rubiaceae. Despite having mixed vegetation, these forests have Caesalpinioid plants as the dominant vegetation particularly along elevation gradients elevation). Most often, the vegetation structure becomes sparse above elevation containing mainly montane bamboo forests, shrubs and grasslands. Afromontane plant species such as Prunus Africana and Nuxia congesta are dominant. Mount Fako and the island of Bioko are located above and in a separate ecoregion consisting of the Mount Fako and Bioko Island montane forests. These montane forests extend inland to other highland forests of Cameroon and towards the Cross–Niger forests transition ecoregion to the west. Moving further inland to the north, east and south, these coastal forests mosaic to the Guinean forest–savannah, the Congolian forest–savannah and the Atlantic equatorial coastal forests (mainly along the River Sanaga). It rains heavily throughout the year giving a wet climate especially with many rivers including the Cross River, River Sanaga, River Mungo, River Ndian, River Wouri and River Niger that run across the landscape. Aside rivers, the region is also home to a number of small circular craters, produced by volcanic explosions which have subsequently formed crater lakes, including Lake Barombi Mbo, Dissoni/Soden, Barombi Kotto, Benakuma, Nyos and Monoun. The ancient nature and isolation has led to a high level of endemism in these lakes where over 75% of the fish species and approximately one-third of the aquatic insects are endemic. For instance, Lake Dissoni/Soden, a small volcanic lake covering an estimated , is located at the southeastern slopes of the Rumpi hills. The lake flows into a stream that eventually empties into the River Meme. There are only three fish species in the lake which are all endemic including Poeciliid (Procatopus lacustris) which may be related to Procatopus similis more abundant in surrounding rivers, streams and lakes. An undescribed catfish (Clarias spp) and barb (Barbus spp) as well as the atyid shrimp Caridina sodenensis are endemic species to this lake. Majority of the region is located on the African Precambrian shield which contains principally basement rocks. Over the years, the weathering of these basement rocks has created dense layers of leached and poor red earth soils. Meanwhile, along the Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests, the continuous deposition of sand, rocks and silt has created extensive muddy banks, mangrove swamps and sandy beaches. Mount Fako and Bioko are active volcanoes and therefore their surrounding soils are rich which are from volcanic ash and pyroclastic lava and ash. References Sources Category:Mountain ranges of Cameroon	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Avon River (Western Australia) The Avon River is a river in Western Australia. A tributary of the Swan River, the Avon flows from source to mouth, with a catchment area of . Avon catchment area Lake Yealering in the Shire of Wickepin is the point of origin for the upper Avon River, and the catchment size above the confluence with the Salt River at Yenyenning Lake is . The basin covers much of the West Australian wheatbelt and extends beyond that in some areas near almost-always-dry Lake Moore in the northeast, water is received regularly from only the extreme western edge of the basin. Indeed, until an abnormally wet year in 1963 it was not realised that the northeastern part of the basin beyond Wongan Hills ever drained water into the river. Under present climatic conditions, it is almost impossible to produce runoff from anywhere outside the extreme west of the basin because the amount of rain required to fall before runoff would begin is as high or higher than the mean annual rainfall. The river has three main sub-catchments: catchments for the Mortlock, Yilgarn, and Lockhart rivers. The river flows past County Peak, creating a picturesque view from the top. Course and features Thirty creeks and rivers flow into the Avon; some of the larger tributaries include the Dale River, Brockman River, Mortlock River and the Mackie River. Most of these watercourses are ephemeral and only flow after rain events in winter and spring. Some permanent pools exist along the course of the river including Burlong Pool, Robins Pool, Long Pool, Cobblers Pool and Jimperding Pool. The Avon River Valley is the third and final route for the Eastern Railway line through the Darling Scarp between Midland and Northam, having been constructed in the 1960s. It is the site of an annual whitewater boating event, the Avon Descent. Soils Due to the extraordinary age of the soils in the basin (which is on the extremely ancient Yilgarn Craton), the rooting density of native flora is very high and its average specific discharge probably the lowest of any basin of comparable size in the world. The extreme age of the soils also means that, at least after clearing for agriculture, almost all rivers in the basin have salinities above 0.3% (one tenth that of the oceans and eight times that necessary to qualify as "fresh" water) and some much more than that. Passing through some of the oldest settled European agricultural areas in Western Australia, the catchment area has extensive soil salinity issues, which have attracted governmental programmes to alleviate the loss of agricultural lands. Catchment groups that oversee projects in the tributary parts of the river have had considerable support and funding from commercial and non-governmental sources as well. See also List of rivers in Western Australia References Further reading Harris, T. F. W. (1996) The Avon : an introduction Perth, W.A.: Water and Rivers Commission External links http://www.wheatbeltnrm.org.au/ – formerly the Avon Catchment Council – known now as the Wheatbelt Natural Resource Management Inc. Category:Swan River (Western Australia)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Opiate Sun Opiate Sun is the fifth EP and tenth overall release by Jesu. It was released in America through Mark Kozelek's Caldo Verde label on 27 October 2009. Kozelek had been impressed by Justin Broadrick's performance when he saw him live in San Francisco in 2007, and approached Broadrick about putting a release out on Caldo Verde. Daymare Recordings released the album in Japan on 6 November 2009. The Daymare version of the album contains an exclusive bonus track. Broadrick had originally mentioned the EP in 2008 but a title and official release date had yet to be announced. It was later announced that Opiate Sun, would be released in July 2009, although that date was later rescheduled. Initially, the EP was intended to be the first studio recording to include the lineup of Justin Broadrick, Dave Cochrane, and Phil Petrocelli. This lineup was to be featured on two of the four tracks, with the classic lineup of Broadrick, Ted Parsons, and Diarmuid Dalton performing the other two tracks. The released version of the album features Broadrick performing solo. Track listing All songs written and performed by Justin K. Broadrick. "Losing Streak" – 6:15 "Opiate Sun" – 7:09 "Deflated" – 6:59 "Morning Light" – 5:31 "Deflated" (Demo Version) – 7:02 † † indicates a track exclusive to the Japanese edition of the album. Personnel Justin Broadrick – guitar, vocals, programming, production Nyree Watts – photography Brian Azer – sleeve design Release history References Category:Jesu (band) albums Category:2009 EPs Category:Post-metal EPs Category:Caldo Verde Records albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Automat (painting) Automat is a 1927 painting by the American realist painter Edward Hopper. The painting was first displayed on Valentine's Day 1927 at the opening of Hopper's second solo show, at the Rehn Galleries in New York City. By April it had been sold for $1,200. The painting is today owned by the Des Moines Art Center in Iowa. The woman The painting portrays a lone woman staring into a cup of coffee in an automat at night. The reflection of identical rows of light fixtures stretches out through the night-blackened window. Hopper's wife, Jo, served as the model for the woman. However, Hopper altered her face to make her younger (Jo was 44 in 1927). He also altered her figure; Jo was a curvy, full-figured woman, while one critic has described the woman in the painting as boyish' (that is, flat-chested)". As is often the case in Hopper's paintings, both the woman's circumstances and her mood are ambiguous. She is well-dressed and is wearing makeup, which could indicate either that she is on her way to or from work at a job where personal appearance is important, or that she is on her way to or from a social occasion. She has removed only one glove, which may indicate either that she is distracted, that she is in a hurry and can stop only for a moment, or simply that she has just come in from outside, and has not yet warmed up. But the latter possibility seems unlikely, for there is a small empty plate on the table, in front of her cup and saucer, suggesting that she may have eaten a snack and been sitting at this spot for some time. The time of year—late autumn or winter—is evident from the fact that the woman is warmly dressed. But the time of day is unclear, since days are short at this time of year. It is possible, for example, that it is just after sunset, and early enough in the evening that the automat could be the spot at which she has arranged to rendezvous with a friend. Or it could be late at night, after the woman has completed a shift at work. Or again, it could be early in the morning, before sunrise, as a shift is about to start. Whatever the hour, the restaurant appears to be largely empty and there are no signs of activity (or of any life at all) on the street outside. This adds to the sense of loneliness, and has caused the painting to be popularly associated with the concept of urban alienation. One critic has observed that, in a pose typical of Hopper's melancholic subjects, "the woman's eyes are downcast and her thoughts turned inward." Another critic has described her as "gazing at her coffee cup as if it were the last thing in the world she could hold on to." In 1995, Time magazine used Automat as the cover image for a story about stress and depression in the 20th century. Art critic Ivo Kranzfelder compares the subject matter of this painting (a young woman nursing a drink alone in a restaurant) to Édouard Manet's The Plum and Edgar Degas's L'Absinthe. The viewer’s perspective The presence of a chairback in the lower right-hand corner of the canvas suggests that the viewer is sitting at a nearby table, from which vantage-point a stranger might be able to glance, uninvited, upon the woman. In an innovative twist, Hopper made the woman's legs the brightest spot in the painting, thereby "turning her into an object of desire" and "making the viewer a voyeur." By today's standards this description seems overstated, but in 1927 the public display of women's legs was still a relatively novel phenomenon. Hopper would make the crossed legs of a female subject the brightest spot on an otherwise dark canvas in a number of later paintings, including Compartment C, Car 293 (1938) and Hotel Lobby (1943). The female subject of his 1931 painting Barber Shop is also in a pose similar to the woman in Automat, and the viewer's image of her is similarly bisected by a table. But the placing of the subject in a bright, populated place, at midday, makes the woman less isolated and vulnerable, and hence the viewer's gaze seems less intrusive. The restaurant As critic Carol Troyen notes, "the title, rather than any detail within the picture, is what identifies the restaurant as an automat." Troyen continues on, however, to note a number of features which would have made the restaurant identifiable to a New Yorker of the 1920s: "They were clean, efficient, well-lit and—typically furnished with round Carrera marble tables and solid oak chairs like those shown here—genteel. By the time Hopper painted his picture, automats had begun to be promoted as safe and proper places for the working woman to dine alone." To a New Yorker of the 1920s, Hopper's interior would have been instantly recognizable as an Automat. A 1912 photograph of the Automat in Times Square reveals every detail of the chairs and the marble-topped tables to correspond with what Hopper has painted. However, this is not the Times Square Automat; the ceiling lights at that location were significantly more ornate than the ones in the painting. Automats, which were open at all hours of the day, were also “busy, noisy and anonymous. They served more than ten thousand customers a day." Moreover, the woman is sitting in the least congenial spot in the entire restaurant for introspection. She has, as Troyen notes, the table nearest the door, and behind her, on her other side, is the staircase to the restaurant's below-ground level. Even if the restaurant were relatively empty, there would have been constant foot-traffic past her table. Thus, "the figure’s quiet, contemplative air," which is "out of step with the city’s energy, its pace and its mechanized rhythm," is made even more noteworthy by the particularly busy spot in which she has chosen to sit. The window Hopper's paintings are frequently built around a vignette that unfolds as the viewer gazes into a window, or out through a window. Sometimes, as in Railroad Sunset (1929), Nighthawks (1942) and Office in a Small City (1953), it is still possible to see details of the scene beyond even after Hopper has guided the viewer's gaze through two panes of glass. When Hopper wishes to obscure the view, he tends to position the window at a sharp angle to the viewer's vantage-point, or to block the view with curtains or blinds. Another favourite technique—used, for example, in Conference at Night (1949),—is to use bright light, flooding in from the exterior at a sharp angle from the sun or from an unseen streetlight, to illuminate a few mundane details within inches of the far side of the window, thereby throwing the deeper reaches of the view into shadow. By way of comparison, in Automat the window dominates the painting, and yet "allows nothing of the street, or whatever else is outside, to be seen." The complete blackness outside is a departure both from Hopper's usual techniques, and from realism, since a New York street at night is full of light from cars and street lamps. This complete emptiness allows the reflections from the interior to stand out more dramatically, and intensifies the viewer's focus upon the woman. The window conveys an impressionistic view, rather than one that is realistic, in another way. As Mark Strand notes, "The window reflects only the twin receding rows of ceiling lights and nothing else of the automat interior." It is possible that Hopper omitted these reflections in order to avoid distractions that might turn the viewer's away from the woman. Strand, however, suggests an alternative reason why the woman's reflection is omitted: The focusing effect of the blank window behind the woman can be seen most clearly when it is contrasted with Sunlight in a Cafeteria (1958), one of Hopper's late paintings. In that painting, a female and a male subject sit in an otherwise empty cafeteria in spots reminiscent of the tables occupied, respectively, by the female subject and the viewer in Automat. Even the bowl of fruit on the windowsill in Automat has its parallel in a small potted plant on the windowsill in Sunlight in a Cafeteria. But in Sunlight in a Cafeteria, the well-illuminated street scene outside the large window seemingly distracts the man's attention from his counterpart, so that the two subjects "do not seem to be acting in the same scene, as it were." By contrast, in Automat the viewer is fully engaged by the presence of the woman. See also Chop Suey, 1929 Hotel Lobby, 1943 Nighthawks, Hopper's most famous painting. Office at Night, 1940 Office in a Small City, 1953 References Category:1927 paintings Category:Paintings by Edward Hopper Category:Paintings in Des Moines, Iowa Category:Food and drink paintings	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hybrid (Spanish band) Hybrid is an extreme metal band formed in 2004 by musicians from other Madrid acts. Biography Hybrid was formed in March 2004 when Chus Maestro (One Last Word, Supra and formerly in Another Kind Of Death) recruited members from Human Mincer and Wormed to set up an extreme music project that would break down the walls of mainstream music. With Kike and Unai García, they began to write songs they later recorded in June 2005 as the band’s debut EP: Beyond Undeniable Entropy, a 6-song MCD of avant-garde, eclectic math metal, which was released the following year by Deadwrong Records. The band has been playing live with Tool and Deftones at the Festimad Sur'06, as well as with Napalm Death, Cephalic Carnage, Textures, Misery Index Moho, Machetazo and Looking For An Answer between others. In the beginning of 2007 Hybrid entered Sadman Studio to record their first full-length album: The 8th Plague, mastered by Alan Douches (Mastodon, The Dillinger Escape Plan) with artwork by Seldon Hunt (Isis, Neurosis). The 8th Plague was released by English label Eyesofsound in August 2008. Recently the band has been writing new material and is planning a new release scheduled for 2012. A live version of one of the songs to be released was added to YouTube on March 28, 2011. Musical style Hybrid’s music starts from a technical death metal and mathcore in which they merge a big bunch of influences and nuances from diverse styles such as mathcore, grindcore, black metal, doom, crust and also free jazz and Latin music. They normally use odd time signatures, dissonances, polyrhythms, staccato riffing, blast beats, cuts, changes and contrasts that increase the unpredictableness of their music. Their composing method is based on the improvisation and the creative freedom. The band is also known for using different vocal ranges. Lyrical content Hybrid lyrics cover philosophical, sociological and spiritual themes from an apocalyptic, misanthropic and nihilistic point of view. The lyrics are written using metaphors and including references to The Bible, mythology, religion, mysticism, occultism, and psychology. Members Chus Maestro - drums, vocals (2004-) Iván Durán - guitar (2008-) Antonio Sanchez - guitar (2008-) Past members Kike - bass (2004-2008) J. Oliver - guitar, vocals (2004-2008) Migueloud - guitar, vocals (2004-2008) Unai García - vocals (2004-2007) Albano Fortes - vocals (2007-2008) Iago Fuentes - bass (2008-2009) Rafa - vocals (2008-2010) Alfonso Vicente - bass (2009-2011) Óscar Martín - vocals (2010) Discography Studio albums The 8th Plague (album) (2008) Angst (2013) EPs Beyond Undeniable Entropy (2006) Compilations Antichristmass Fest 2005 - (Mondongo Caníbale, 2005) Xtreemities Vol. 6 - (Xtreem Music, 2006) Madtaste Vol. 3 - (Sur Music, 2006) 22 Dósis de Psicoactivación - (Rompiendo Records, 2007) Fear Candy Vol. 58 - (Terrorizer, 2008) Spain Kills. Vol 8 - (Xtreem Music, 2007) Various Sampler 2008 - (Eyesofsound, 2008) References External links Hybrid at Myspace Hybrid official forum Eyesofsound label website Category:Musical groups established in 2004 Category:Spanish death metal musical groups Category:Technical death metal musical groups Category:Spanish heavy metal musical groups	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tim Hollings Tim Hollings (December 27, 1951 – September 17, 2006) was a Canadian cinematographer and news cameraman who is best known for his work on David Winning's first feature film Storm. He was also notable as one of the founding news cameramen for several decades at CFCN-TV Television, the CTV affiliate in Calgary. He was the president of Manda Film Productions, producing commercials throughout western Canada. His wife Jennie and two children live in Calgary, Alberta. Filmography as Cinematographer Storm (1987) ... aka Turbulences (Canada: French title) Storm: In The Making (1987) … self References External links Tim Hollings at Fancast Category:1951 births Category:Canadian cinematographers Category:2006 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
4 Force 4 Force is the fourth album from the Japanese pop rock group Every Little Thing, released on March 22, 2001. This is the first album from Every Little Thing without their former keyboardist, Mitsuru Igarashi, who left in April 2000 to produce songs of other artists, like Dream and the now disbanded day after tomorrow. In his wake, vocalist Kaori Mochida took over lyric writing, while guitarist Ichirō Itō and a host of additional musicians handled music composition and arrangement. Track listing Charts Album - Oricon Sales Chart (Japan) Total Sales: 847,000 References External links 4 Force information at Avex Network. 4 Force information at Oricon. Category:2001 albums Category:Every Little Thing (band) albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Alcohol powder Alcohol powder or powdered alcohol or dry alcohol is a product generally made using micro-encapsulation. When reconstituted with water, alcohol (specifically ethanol) in powder form becomes an alcoholic drink. In March 2015 four product labels for specific powdered alcohol products were approved by the United States Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) which opened the doors for legal product sales. However, as of January 4, 2016, the product is not yet available for sale and legalization remains controversial due to public-health and other concerns. Researchers have expressed concern that, should the product go into production, increases in alcohol misuse, abuse, and associated physical harm to its consumers could occur above what has been historically associated with liquid alcohol alone. History Invention In Sato Foods Industries Co., Ltd. invented alcohol pulverization. Sato is a food additives and seasoning manufacturer in Aichi Pref., Japan. (:ja:佐藤食品工業 (愛知県)) A year later, in 1967, Sato began production and sales of various kinds of "high content alcohol powder Alcock" ("高含度アルコール粉末「アルコック」"). On 15 January 1974, a practical manufacturing process for alcohol powder was patented by Sato. Sato has patented the process in 17 countries around the world. In the 1970s Sato began promoting powdered alcohol in the United States. Test sales began in 1977 under the trade name "SureShot". The product "Palcohol" was announced for future release in the U.S. in 2015. Customer base Officially, Sato says that its products are for business use only, for example for the use of food-processing industries or food-and-drink businesses (e.g. restaurant, café, sweets shop, bakery shop, etc.). Mainly, its products are to be used as food additives. Other than purposes for test sale, research, etc., it has never been sold for eating or drinking, including personal use or home use. In June 1982, Sato started production and sales for the drinking powdered alcohol, as test case. Its name is "powdered cocktail Alcock-Light cocktail" ("粉末カクテル 'アルコック・ライトカクテル' "). At least, during some years, it seems that had continued to test sales. Public health concerns Powdered alcohol would generally share the health risks that are associated with traditional liquid alcohol consumption, although there may be some differences in its effects related to differences in consumption potency, differences in characteristics for storage, concealability, and portability, lack of familiarity, and potentially novel delivery methods. Excessive consumption of alcohol can result in acute overdose, intoxication-related accidental injury, compromised judgment, and longer-term negative health consequences including liver disease, cancer, and physiologic dependence. Consideration for retailers As with the public health concerns, the following concerns have been posed but data are not yet available to prove or disprove them. Because of the unique characteristics of powdered alcohol, introduction in the U.S. could raise significant concerns from alcohol retailers as it will raise the awareness of their customers health and well as a major priority. including such as restaurants, bars, and sporting venues, including: Availability of powdered alcohol could negatively affect retailers' economic interests as customers might now have the ability to purchase less relatively expensive and safer alcohol from those businesses by augmenting their purchased liquid alcohol drinks with cheaper powdered alcohol mixtures purchased elsewhere. Use of powdered alcohol by customers could increase responsibility of these businesses' by increasing the accuracy and abilities to monitor their customers' alcohol consumption - which they are legally required to do to try to prevent the consumption of alcohol by intoxicated or under-age customers. This could hold them at a greater responsibility out of concern of civil-liability lawsuits (because retailers are held liable for alcohol-attributable harms caused by customers who should not have been served alcohol). Production process Powdered alcohol is made by a process called micro-encapsulation. An auxiliary material for a capsule may be any readily water-soluble substance (e.g. carbohydrate such as dextrins (starch hydrolyzate), protein such as gelatin). For powdered alcohol, maltodextrin (a type of dextrin) was chosen. For the process to encapsulate, a method called spray drying was selected. In this process, a mixture of dextrin and alcohol is subjected to simultaneous spraying and heating. The spraying converts the liquid to small drops (up to several hundred μm (micrometers) in diameter), and the heat causes the hydrous dextrin to form a film. When the film dries, the drop becomes a microcapsule containing alcohol and dextrin. Before and after drying, comparing the amounts of water and alcohol, about 90% of water is removed and about 10% of ethyl alcohol is lost. One of the reasons which are considered, is the following. In mixtures such as this, the speed of molecule movement is dependent on molecule size and carbohydrate (in this case, maltodextrin) concentration. Water, the smallest molecule in the mixture, is able to move and evaporate fastest. In higher concentration, by decreasing water, water molecules can move much faster. After the film formed it is less permeable to larger molecules than water. By the time the film is completed, water has evaporated enough. This phenomenon is called "selective diffusion." In general, after sprayed, encapsulation for each drop is completed within about 0.1 second from the very beginning of the process. There is no time for the internal convection in each drop or capsule to occur. Ultimately, large amounts of microcapsules have been produced. These become the powdery matter called powdered alcohol or alcohol powder. According to Sato's web page, powdered alcohol contains 30.5% ethyl alcohol by volume in the state of powder. In addition to the mixture before drying, if necessary, other additives (e.g. extract, sweetener, spices, coloring matter, etc.) may be added. As a result, alcohol powder can be said to be an alcoholic beverage that is "dry". For example, a "dry martini" made from alcohol powder may be referred to as a "dry dry martini" or "dried dry martini". In the production of alcoholic powder production, other drying methods are not used. For drying foods, there are other methods. Typically, when considering the quality of a powdered product such as coffee, freeze drying seems to be better than spray drying, but this does not apply to alcohol powder production. In fact, "freeze-dried beer spice" was made by university students for their research. Carbon dioxide, water and alcohol have all been lost. Due to the volatility of alcohol, relatively higher than water, time-consuming methods, such as freeze drying, should not be used. By selective diffusion, loss of alcohol is relatively small. Non-commercial production In 2014, an article on the website PopSci.com published instructions on how to make pulverized alcohol easily, through a simple mixture of alcohol and dextrin. In this method, the powder is not encapsulated, and also not yet fully dried. Consequently, alcohol continues to evaporate from it very rapidly. Due to flaws in the powdered alcohol produced by this method, this form of powdered alcohol was said to be unsuitable for drinking, carrying, or preserving. Any production of powdered alcohol without a license is illegal in Japan, even if it is only for personal use, according to the Liquor Tax Act of Japan. Market Sale in Japan Currently, the alcoholic beverage industry in Japan is large and powerful. For example, in fiscal year 2013, Suntory, one of the country's largest beverage companies, recorded sales of 570.7 billion yen (about US$4.7 billion) in alcoholic beverages, excluding wine Currently, the sales revenue from powdered alcohol has been too small to affect the sales of liquid-alcohol companies. Additionally, powdered alcohol's market share is currently too small to be considered as a statistical item in Japanese tax reports. Powdered alcohol is found in some mass production foods, used in small amounts (as are other additives). Promotion in the United States In 1977, the Associated Press delivered the first news story in the United States about powdered alcohol, which was then an unprecedented product. Investors were quoted as saying that they "hope[d] to revolutionize the liquor business with a product that's easy to carry, cheap and potent". A test sale of powdered alcohol, called "SureShot", was done in the United States. Chemical properties According to food chemist Udo Pollmer of the European Institute of Food and Nutrition Sciences in Munich, alcohol can be absorbed in cyclodextrins, a synthetic carbohydrate derivative. In this way, encapsuled in small capsules, the fluid can be handled as a powder. The cyclodextrins can absorb an estimated 60 percent of their own weight in alcohol. A US patent was registered for the process as early as 1974. Routes of administration Reconstituted: Alcohol powder can be added to water to make an alcoholic beverage. Nebulizer: Alcohol powder produced through molecular encapsulation with cyclodextrin can be used with a nebulizer though this could be dangerous. Prevalence and legal status Australia Powdered alcohol is illegal in the state of Victoria, as of 1 July 2015. However, a national ban	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pierre Van Wyke Pierre Van Wyke is a South African former professional rugby league footballer who represented South Africa in the 1995 and 2000 World Cups. Playing career Van Wyke was attached to the Western Reds in Australia, although he never played a first grade match for the club. In 1995 he played for the South African Rhinos when they hosted a touring BARLA side. He was subsequently named in the squad for that year's World Cup and played in all three matches, starting at fullback. In 1996 he spent the season at the Dewsbury Rams, along with several other South African World Cup players. Despite the hype surrounding their arrival, the imports failed to make a lasting impression at the club and returned home the following year. He again played for South Africa in the 2000 World Cup, starting two matches at five eighth. References Category:Living people Category:South African rugby league players Category:South Africa national rugby league team players Category:Rugby league fullbacks Category:Rugby league five-eighths Category:Dewsbury Rams players Category:South African expatriate rugby league players Category:Expatriate rugby league players in England Category:South African expatriate sportspeople in England Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Narendra Narayan Park The Narendra Narayan Park is a botanical garden located in Cooch Behar town of West Bengal. It was established in 1892. It is named after erstwhile ruler of princely state of Cooch Behar, Shri Narendra Narayan. It was founded by Maharaja Nripendra Narayan, who named it after his father. It covers an area of 5.7 hectares including 1 hectare of water body. Its chief objectives are recreation and botanical studies. The park campus houses the Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya and the park is maintained by Forest department of West Bengal. In February 2013, a statue of Maharaja Nripendra Narayan, the founder of the park was unveiled on the occasion of his 150th birth anniversary celebrations. References Category:Botanical gardens in India Category:Tourism in West Bengal Category:1892 establishments in India Category:Protected areas of West Bengal Category:Cooch Behar district	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pierre-Charles-Louis Baudin Pierre-Charles-Louis Baudin, born 18 December 1748 in Sedan, Ardennes and died 14 October 1799 in Paris, was a French revolutionary and politician. He is the father of the admiral and explorer Charles Baudin and brother-in-law of the chemist Jean Henri Hassenfratz. He was noted as a moderate; he opposed the execution of Louis XVI. Biography The Baudin family had originated in Lorraine, but had been fixed since the seventeenth century in Sedan. He was the son of Anne-Alexandre Baudin, lieutenant general of the Bailiwick of Sedan, and Charlotte-Louise Lafeuille, who descended from a family of magistrates. His father destined him to the legal career; he studied in Paris under the tutelage of a disciple of Rollin and Coffin. After law school, he was received into the Bar, but the exile of the Parliament of Paris in 1771 led him to abandon this career. He agreed to become the tutor of the son of General Counsel Gilbert Voisins. Married in 1783 to Marie-Jeanne Elisabeth Terreaux (whose sister Antoinette later married Jean Henri Hassenfratz), he returned to Sedan, where he became director of the Post Office, an appointment facilitated by Voisins. Elected mayor of Sedan in 1790, and subsequently as deputy of the Ardennes to the Legislative Assembly on 2 September 1791 by 168 votes out of 299 voters, he sat among moderates but spoke little. He was, according to historians, useful for his serious approach to social problems. He rarely went on missions, but worked hard on committees, accomplishing some of the real work of reform behind the scenes. On 5 September 1792, he was re-elected to the National Convention. At the trial of Louis XVI, he voted in favor of the appeal to the people and imprisonment of the king until a general peace was reached. Unlike some of the other men who supported this option, he was not a Signatory of the Protest of the Seventy-Three. Named in Floreal Year III, he was one of the eleven members of the committee that drafted the Constitution of the Year III. By offering the decree of two thirds, he promoted the re-election of two thirds of conventional in the new legislative body. He served as President of the Convention from 24 September 1795 until his replacement by Genissieu on 8 October 1795. During his term, the Convention faced a royalist insurrection and declared the abolition of the death penalty from the date of conclusion of peace. They also voted to accept the Constitution of 1795. His speech honoring the executed Girondins, "In honor of the Deputies who died as Victims of Tyranny," which he made on 3 October 1795 during his presidency, illustrated the lasting effect of the Girondin eloquence upon their audiences, and "analyses the characters of the chief orators with admirable felicity of expression." It was also the first public tribute to this important group of orators. On 26 October 1795, the last day of the Convention, he proposed a decree of geneneral amnesty "for deeds exclusively connected with the Revolution" which was accepted and proclaimed. Elected to the Council of Ancients as representative of the Ardennes with 182 votes out of 188 voters on 21 Vendémiaire Year IV (13 October 1795) and on 22 Germinal Year V (11 April 1797) he again sat among the moderates, fighting both the neo-Jacobins and the royalists of the Club de Clichy, and held positions as secretary, commissioner archives and president, 2 to 23 November 1795 and the 19 June to 19 July 1799 . On 14 December 1795, he was appointed permanent member of the National Institute of France, created a few weeks earlier, and sat in the Social Science and Law division, where with Pierre Daunou, Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, Philippe-Antoine Merlin Douai, Emmanuel de Pastoret, Jean-François Champagne, Jean Philippe Coulon Garran, Julien Félix Jean Bigot de Préameneu, etc. In 1799, when France threatened to fall into a full neo-Jacobin mode, he opposed the Carousel Club and the indictment of directors returned the 30 Prairial ( 18 June 1799 ), Merlin de Douai, Treilhard and La Réveillère Lepeaux. He also served in various committees to examine social and legal issues; for example, he examined the fates of abandoned children in 1795. Baudin opposed the increasing centralization of power under the Directory, and supported Bonaparte on his return to Egypt, but he died of gout shortly after learning Napoleon's landing at Frejus. Citations Sources Joseph Thomas, Pierre-Charles-Louis Baudin]. Universal Dictionary of Biography, Cosimo, Inc., 2010v. 1, part 2, p. 290.. Henry Morse Stephens. The Principal Speeches of the Statesmen and Orators of the French Revolution, 1789–1795. Clarendon Press, 1892, Volume 2. Martin S. Staum, Minerva's Message: Stabilizing the French Revolution, McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, 1996. Category:1799 deaths Category:1748 births Category:People from Sedan, Ardennes Category:Members of the Legislative Assembly (France) Category:Presidents of the National Convention Category:Members of the Council of Ancients Category:French lawyers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ed Pien Ed Pien (born 1958) is a Canadian contemporary artist. Life Pien was born in 1958 in Taipei, Taiwan, emigrating to Canada at the age of eleven with his family. He holds a Bachelor of Fine Arts from the University of Western Ontario (1982) and a Master of Fine Arts from York University (1984). Pien now lives and works in Toronto, where he is a professor in the John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design at the University of Toronto. Career Pien is primarily known for his drawings, drawing-based installations and printmaking. He exhibited in the 18th Edition of the Sydney Biennale as well as the 5th edition of the Moscow Biennale. Collections Pien's work is held internationally in the collections of over twenty-five museums, including the National Gallery of Canada. References Category:1958 births Category:Artists from Toronto Category:Living people Category:University of Toronto faculty Category:University of Western Ontario alumni Category:York University alumni Category:Canadian contemporary artists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Parowan, Utah Parowan ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Iron County, Utah, United States. The population was 2,790 at the 2010 census, and in 2018 the estimated population was 3,100. Parowan became the first incorporated city in Iron County in 1851. A fort that had been constructed on the east side of Center Creek the previous year was an initial hub in the development of ironworks in the region. Parowan served as the agricultural support base for the local iron industry, whose blast furnace was located in nearby Cedar City. Eventually, the ironworks were decommissioned. Despite occasional successes, the mission failed to produce a consistent and sustained supply of pig iron. By 1858, most of the area's mining operations had ceased due to disappointing yields. Today, the area's chief industries are recreation and tourism. Geography Parowan sits on the southeastern edge of Parowan Valley, at the mouth of Parowan Canyon. A distinct red-top mountain known as Valentine Peak () overlooks the valley and is used as a common landmark for the city. Interstate 15 runs along the northwest edge of the city, with access from Exits 75 and 78. I-15 leads north to Cove Fort and Interstate 70, and southwest to Cedar City. Utah State Route 143 leads south up Parowan Canyon to Cedar Breaks National Monument. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. History Fremont culture and Anasazi people were the first known inhabitants of Parowan. Petroglyphs, pithouses, arrowheads, pottery, and manos dating from A.D. 750 to 1250 found in the area are evidence that it was on a major thoroughfare of early indigenous peoples. At Parowan Gap, a mountain pass northwest of Parowan, ancient people inscribed petroglyphs on smooth-surfaced boulders that feature snakes, lizards, mouse-men, bear claws, and mountain sheep. Located near the Parowan Gap there are dinosaur tracks. East of the Gap and petroglyphs hikers can discover Hadrosaurs tracks that were originally formed in non-resistant mudstone. The tracks have three toes and can be found on the side of 12800 N. Later, the Old Spanish Trail passed through the area. Parowan was founded on January 13, 1851, twelve months after Parley P. Pratt and members of his exploring party discovered the Little Salt Lake Valley and nearby deposits of iron ore. On January 8, 1850, Pratt had raised a liberty pole at Heap's Spring and dedicated the site as "The City of Little Salt Lake". Based on Pratt's exploration report, Brigham Young called for the establishment of settlements in the area to produce much-needed iron implements for the pioneer state. Mormon apostle George A. Smith was appointed to head the establishment of this "Iron Mission" in 1850. The first company of 120 men, 31 women, and 18 children braved winter weather traveling south from Provo during December. They sometimes built roads and bridges as they traveled, and they finally reached Center Creek on January 13, 1851. After enduring two bitterly cold nights, they moved across the creek and circled their wagons by Heap's Spring and Pratt's liberty pole, seeking the protection of the hills. Within days, the settlement organization was completed: companies of men were dispatched to build a road up the canyon, a town site was surveyed and laid into lots, and a fort and a log council house were begun. The council house was used as church, schoolhouse, theater, and community recreation center for many years. In 1861 construction was begun on a large church building to stand in the center of the public square. The pioneers envisioned a building of three stories, built from the abundant yellow sandstone and massive timbers in nearby canyons. Known as the "Old Rock Church", the building was completed in 1867 and served as a place of worship, town council hall, school building, social hall, and tourist camp. In 1939 it was restored through the efforts of the Daughters of Utah Pioneers and a Parowan-sponsored WPA project. It is now a museum of Parowan's early history. Parowan has been called the "Mother Town of the Southwest" because of the many pioneers who left from there to start other communities in southern Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, and even Oregon and Wyoming. In its first year, colonists were asked to settle Johnson Fort, now Enoch, where a stockade was built, and were also sent to settle along Coal Creek, site of the settlement to manufacture iron which became Cedar City. Parowan's first settlers were instructed to plant crops so that following immigrants could open up the coal and iron ore deposits, but local industries were also developed. Self-sufficiency was envisioned, and local industries included a tannery, sawmill, cotton mill, and factories for making saddles and harnesses, furniture and cabinets, shoes, and guns; there also were carpentry and blacksmith shops. In the early 1900s sheep and dairy industries were well established. Local farms were noted for their quality Rambouillet sheep, and the Southern Utah Dairy Company, a cooperative venture begun in 1900, produced dairy products and was known for its "Pardale Cheese". The first attempts at iron manufacturing were unsuccessful, but mining in the twentieth century brought prosperity to Iron County. When the closure of the mines and the completion of Interstate 15 threatened economic depression in the early 1980s, Parowan citizens developed an economic plan to keep the community viable. Businesses now support Brian Head, a year-round resort south of town featuring downhill and cross-country skiing in the winter and numerous summer mountain activities. Significant growth has occurred in the 1990s in Parowan; it has been attributed to affordable utility fees and a positive economic climate. Parowan is the site of the annual Iron County Fair on Labor Day weekend; it also is a host community for the Utah Summer Games and sponsor of the annual "Christmas in the Country" celebration each November. In 1993 the city began development of Heritage Park. This site includes a park, a grotto and pond, and statues commemorating the founders of Parowan. Other local historic sites include the original town square with the Old Rock Church, the War Memorial and Rose Garden, the Third/Fourth Ward LDS chapel built in 1915, and the Jesse N. Smith Home Museum. Parowan City supports the Parowan Community Theatre, which produces theatrical productions throughout the year. Notable people Jesse N. Smith - Mormon pioneer and colonizer who helped settle Parowan. Smith served as mayor of Parowan from 1859 to 1860. Scott M. Matheson - Governor of Utah from 1977 to 1985. Alma Richards - Utah's first Olympic gold medalist. Richards grew up in Parowan and went on to win the high jump in the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm. His last request was to be buried in his hometown, where his remains reside in the Parowan cemetery. Parowan High School's track and football stadium is named Alma Richards Stadium. Climate The data below are from the Western Regional Climate Center for the period from 1893 to 2010. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 2,565 people, 893 households, and 682 families residing in the city. The population density was 439.2 people per square mile (169.6/km²). There were 1,230 housing units at an average density of 210.6 per square mile (81.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.41% White, 0.39% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.16% Pacific Islander, 1.79% from other races, and 1.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.16% of the population. There were 893 households out of which 37.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.6% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.6% were non-families. 21.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.84 and the average family size was 3.33. In the city, the population was spread out with 31.2% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 18.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $32,426, and the median income for a family was $36,548. Males had a median income of $30,170 versus $17,036 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,859. About 7.8% of families and 11.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.4% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over. References External links City of Parow	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Krondor: The Betrayal Krondor: The Betrayal is a fantasy novel by American writer Raymond E. Feist. The first novel in The Riftwar Legacy, it was first published in November 1998. It is a novelization of the computer game Betrayal at Krondor. Plot introduction A moredhel known as Gorath has brought news of deadly forces stirring on the horizon. The Nighthawks have begun murdering again, and a group of six magicians known as The Six are at the root of it all. Tsurani gem smugglers led by The Crawler and traitors to the crown are all plotting the fall of the Kingdom of the Isles. Squires James and Locklear must fend off the reunited moredhel while Gorath and his newly gained friend Owyn seek to aid the magician Pug and the kingdom. Category:1998 novels Category:1998 fantasy novels Category:American fantasy novels Category:HarperCollins books Category:Novels based on Krondor Category:Novels by Raymond E. Feist	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Phrynobatrachus albomarginatus Phrynobatrachus albomarginatus is a species of frog in the Phrynobatrachidae family. It is endemic to Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, swamps, and intermittent freshwater marshes. Sources Pickersgill, M. 2004. Phrynobatrachus albomarginatus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 23 July 2007. albomarginatus Category:Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Category:Amphibians described in 1933 Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Grzegorz Fijałek Grzegorz Fijałek (born 11 May 1987 in Andrychów) is a Polish male beach volleyball player. He competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics with his partner Mariusz Prudel. The other teams in their pool, group D, were Aleksandrs Samoilovs and Ruslans Sorokins (Latvia), Jake Gibb and Sean Rosenthal (USA) and the South African team of Freedom Chiya and Grant Goldschmidt. They lost to the Latvian team, but beat the South African and American teams. Next they played the Swiss pair of Sascha Heyer and Seba Chevallier in the last 16, winning two sets to nil. In the quarterfinals they lost to the Brazilian team of Emanuel Rego and Alison Cerutti. Prudel and Fijałek were considered to be medal contenders in the 2012 Olympics. References Category:1987 births Category:Living people Category:Polish beach volleyball players Category:Men's beach volleyball players Category:Beach volleyball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Category:Beach volleyball players at the 2016 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic beach volleyball players of Poland Category:People from Andrychów Category:Sportspeople from Lesser Poland Voivodeship	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Karena Richardson Karena Richardson (born 12 October 1959) is a British former figure skater who competed in ladies' singles. She is the 1976 Skate Canada International silver medalist and a four-time British national champion. She competed twice at the Winter Olympics, finishing 15th in 1976 and 12th in 1980. She was coached by Carlo Fassi in Denver, Colorado. Richardson married Czech figure skater Zdeněk Pazdírek. Competitive highlights References Category:British female single skaters Category:English female single skaters Category:1959 births Category:Olympic figure skaters of Great Britain Category:Figure skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics Category:Figure skaters at the 1980 Winter Olympics Category:Living people Category:People from Kensington	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Luco de Bordón Luco de Bordón is a town in the municipality of Castellote in Spain's Teruel province. Location The town is located 811 meters above sea level in the Sierra de Bordón. Its administration is the province of Teruel, on the border with Valencia. The town of Villores is connected to Luco by CV-119 (Castellón province), and TE-8402 (Teruel province) that crosses the two villages. The core of Luco de Bordón is built on a hilltop and surrounded by half of a ravine near Bordón River, a tributary of the River Guadalope. History The name Luco derives from the Latin Lucus, meaning 'forest'. The town's history began at the end of the twelfth century (around 1196, when it was documented) when the first commander of Castellote, Gascon Castellot of Ramon Berenguer IV, yielded the town with all its territory. The territory was composed of different towns: Abenfigo, Bordón, Luco, Santolea, Seno, Las Cuevas de Cañart, Ladruñán, Dos Torres de Mercader and Las Parras y Torremocha, In 1272 Luco was a dependent group of Bordon, and could appear in the National Historical Archive. On 4 January 1282 the Templars granted a letter officially creating towns in different places, including (Castellote, Bordón, Las Cuevas de Cañart, Santolea and Seno. In 1367, Bordón and Luco among other towns became independent of Castellote and in 1535 Luco became independent of Bordón. In 1400, the pastor of Bordón, Don Juan Calvo, bequeathed the chapel built at his own expense to the parishioners of Luco. The chapel later became the parish church of Luco. During the 1970s, towns such as Cuevas Cañart, Ladruñán, Luco, Dos Torres de Mercader and Santolea were incorporated into Castellote, losing their status as independent municipalities. Places of interest The path leading to the shrine of Pilar runs along the road in front of the village and enters the valley along the hillside on the right bank. The source of the Bordón river is located one hour from the village. The Morron is a stony mass that offers a view of the landscape and sunsets. The houses of Huergo are near a waterfall. References Official website of Castellote town hall Official website of Luco de Bordon Bailia de Castellote Category:Towns in Spain	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge On January 2, 2016, an armed group of far right extremists seized and occupied the headquarters of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Harney County, Oregon, United States and continued to occupy it until law enforcement made a final arrest on February 11, 2016. Their leader was Ammon Bundy, who participated in the 2014 Bundy standoff at his father's Nevada ranch. Other members of the group were loosely affiliated with non-governmental militias and the sovereign citizen movement. The organizers were seeking an opportunity to advance their view that the federal government is constitutionally required to turn over most of the federal public land they manage to the individual states, in particular land managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), United States Forest Service (USFS), and other agencies. In 2015, the militants believed they could do this by protesting the treatment of two area ranchers convicted of federal land arson, who they believed were wrongly convicted. This is despite the fact that the men in question, father and son Dwight and Steven Dwight Hammond, did not want their help. The occupation began when Bundy led an armed party to the refuge headquarters following a peaceful public rally in the nearby city of Burns. By February 11, all of the militants had surrendered or withdrawn from the occupation, with several leaders having been arrested after leaving the site; one of them, Robert LaVoy Finicum, was shot and killed during an attempt to arrest him after he reached toward a handgun concealed in his pocket after he tried to evade a roadblock; Ryan Bundy was wounded. More than two dozen of the militants were charged with federal offenses including conspiracy to obstruct federal officers, firearms violations, theft, and depredation of federal property. By August 2017, a dozen had pleaded guilty, and six of those had been sentenced to 1–2 years' probation, some including house arrest. Seven others, including Ammon and Ryan Bundy, were tried and acquitted of all federal charges. Five more had been found guilty and were sentenced months later. Seven of the militants saw prison time for their roles in the occupation. Jake Ryan and Duane Ehmer each received 366 days in prison, with Ryan additionally getting three years of supervised probation. Darryl Thorn received 18 months of prison time on November 21, 2017. Jason Patrick received 21 months on February 15, 2018. Ryan Payne was sentenced to 37 months in federal prison along with three years of supervision on February 27, 2018. Jon Ritzheimer was sentenced to 366 days in federal prison and another 12 months in a residential re-entry program. Corey Lequieu was sentenced to 30 months in prison and three years of supervision. Two others, Joe O'Shaughnessy and Brian Cavalier, were detained for at least a year, but released on time served plus three years of supervision each, plus fines. Background Location Harney County is a rural county in eastern Oregon. The county seat is the city of Burns. Though it is one of the largest counties by area in the United States, its population is only about 7,700, and cattle outnumber people 14-to-1. About 73 percent of the county's area is federal land, variously managed by the United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the United States Forest Service (USFS), and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, located in Harney County, was established in 1908 by President Theodore Roosevelt, a conservationist. Located in the Pacific Flyway, and currently encompassing , it is "one of the premiere sites for birds and birding in the U.S.," according to the Audubon Society of Portland. Tourism, especially birding, injects million into the local economy annually. Leadership The leader of the occupation was Ammon Bundy—a native of Bunkerville, Nevada, owner of a car fleet management company in Phoenix, Arizona, and a recent resident of Emmett, Idaho. Ammon Bundy was also the leader of a group which he formed shortly before the occupation, which he later named the Citizens for Constitutional Freedom. Ammon's father, Cliven D. Bundy, had previously organized and led a somewhat similar incident roughly two years earlier in March 2014. Both Bundys are members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and believed that their armed opposition to the federal government was ordained for them via divine messages ordering them to do so. Also in a leadership position amongst the militants was the group's occasional spokesman LaVoy Finicum, another Mormon, who owned a ranch at Cane Beds, in the Arizona Strip, near the community of Colorado City, Arizona. He had recently authored a self-published post-apocalyptic novel. Ammon's brother, Ryan Bundy, was also amongst the militants present, and was later arrested for his role in the occupation. On December 1, 2019, an investigation commissioned by the Washington House of Representatives reported Washington state legislator, white supremacist Matt Shea had planned and participated in domestic terrorism on at least three occasions. This included his participation, organizing, planning, and promotion of the 2014 Bundy standoff in Nevada, the 2015 armed conflict in Priest River, Idaho, and the 2016 armed seizure of the Malheur Refuge. Shea led a delegation of right-wing legislators from Oregon, Washington and Idaho that met with law enforcement on January 9, 2016, in Burns, Oregon where they were appraised of confidential intended law enforcement strategies for dealing with the refuge occupiers. The state House district's Republican Representative Cliff Bentz, attended the meeting, despite being warned by Harney County Judge Steven Grasty to decline the invitation. Bentz did, however, warn western Oregon state Representative Dallas Heard, from Roseburg, that it would be "inappropriate," for Heard to attend, though Heard ignored the advice. Shea then disclosed those details to the Bundys, according to the report. Hammond arson case In 2012, Dwight Lincoln Hammond, Jr., 73, and Steven Dwight Hammond, 46, were both convicted of two counts of arson on federal land, in relation to two fires they set in 2001 and 2006. In a mid-trial settlement agreement, the Hammonds agreed not to appeal the arson convictions in order to have other charges dismissed by the government. The Hammonds were also told the prosecutor would seek the mandatory minimum sentence of five years. Ultimately, Dwight Hammond was sentenced to three months' imprisonment and his son Steven was sentenced to a year and a day's imprisonment, which both men served. In 2015, the sentences were, however, vacated by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which then remanded re-sentencing. In October 2015, a judge re-sentenced the Hammonds to five years in prison (with credit for time served), ordering that they return to prison on January 4, 2016. Stephen was scheduled to be released on June 29, 2019 and Dwight on February 13, 2020. They were pardoned by President Trump on July 10, 2018. In late 2015, the Hammonds' case attracted the attention of Ammon Bundy and Ryan Payne. In November 2015, Bundy and his associates began publicizing the Hammonds' case via social media. Over the ensuing weeks, Bundy and Payne attempted to set up plans for what they described as a peaceful protest with Harney County Sheriff, David M. Ward, as well as request that the sheriff's office protect the Hammonds from being taken into custody by federal authorities. A sympathetic Ward declined Bundy and Payne's request. He later said that he began receiving death threats by email. Despite several early meetings with Bundy and Payne, the Hammonds eventually rejected their offers of assistance. Prelude to the occupation On November 5, 2015, Ammon Bundy called Harney County Sheriff David Ward and arranged a meeting later the same day. At the meeting, Ammon Bundy and Montana militiaman Ryan Payne insisted to Sheriff Ward that Ward must shield Dwight and Steven Hammond against re-imprisonment. Ward recalled that when he explained that he did not have authority to shield the Hammonds from a lawful sentence, Bundy's and Payne's demeanor became threatening. Payne told Ward that if he did not shield the Hammonds from imprisonment, "thousands" of armed militiamen would come to the county to "do Ward's job" for him—and Payne pointedly noted that he might not be able to control what else the militia might do. By late fall, local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies noticed that members of anti-government militias had started to relocate to Harney County, and the USFWS began circulating a photograph of Ammon Bundy with instructions for staff to "be on the lookout." By early December 2015, Bundy and Payne had moved to Burns. The same month, they organized a meeting at the Harney County Fairgrounds to rally support for their efforts. At the meeting, a "committee of safety" was organized by Bundy and Payne to orchestrate direct action against the Hammond sentences. According to that group's website, the Harney County Committee of Safety considers itself "a governmental body established by the people in the absence of the ability of the existing government to provide for the needs and protection of civilized society" (during the American Revolution, committees of safety were shadow governments organized to usurp authority from colonial administrators). From mid-November to late December 2015, local residents began to notice significant numbers of outsiders in the community, often dressed in military-style attire and openly carrying handguns and sometimes rifles. Some of these armed	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Yokohama Municipal Subway Blue Line The Blue Line is a rapid transit line of the Yokohama Municipal Subway, running from Shonandai in Fujisawa to Azamino in Aoba-ku, Yokohama. The official name of the Blue Line is "Yokohama Municipal Subway Line 1" and "Yokohama Municipal Subway Line 3"; Line 1 runs from Kannai to Shonandai while Line 3 runs from Kannai to Azamino. However, all trains passing through Kannai directly operate between Line 1 and Line 3. Due to the opening of Line 4 (known as the Green Line), the line has been marketed as the "Blue Line" since 30 March 2008; its origin came from "Blue" being a symbol of Yokohama due to its color (it has been used in vehicles and signs from the time of opening, since it is recognized as the image color of the route). The line color is blue and the line symbol used in the station numbering is B. Overview The Blue Line consists of two routes (known as Line 1 and Line 3). Line 1 starts from Shonandai in Fujisawa, runs through Totsuka, Kamiooka, and Isezakichōjamachi, and terminates at Kannai in central Yokohama. Since Sakuragicho is located in the middle of the town and the Minatomirai district, the line virtually traverses the city center of Yokohama. Line 3 runs from Kannai to Azamino in Aoba-ku, traversing through Yokohama Station, Kanagawa-ku, Shin-Yokohama, and Kohoku New Town. Based on the locations of the line's termini (Shonandai in the southwest, Azamino in the northwest), the line forms a backwards "C" shape. It can also be said that the line provides a feeder route to other private railway lines that traverse Yokohama and its suburbs. The Blue Line is one of three heavy-rail subway lines in the Kanto region to use standard gauge track and a third rail electrification system (the others being the Ginza and Marunouchi lines of Tokyo Metro). As of 2018, this is the most recent subway line with third rail electrification to be constructed in Japan. Beginning in 1972, some private railroads in Tokyo began operating automatic ticket gates (those gates were introduced in 12 stations of the Musashino Line in 1973; six years later, the Hokusō Line began testing them). The introduction of a full-fledged automatic ticket gate in the metropolitan area happened in 1990 after the privatization of JNR. Installation of platform screen doors in all stations was completed in the 2000s. Route data Distance: 40.4 km/25.1 mi Line 1: Kannai Station-Shonandai station 19.7 km/12.2 mi Line 3: Kannai Station-Azamino station 20.7 km/12.9 mi Track gauge: 1,435 mm Number of stations (including terminal station): 32 (Line 1: 17; Line 3: 16), including Double track section: Whole line Electrified section: Whole line (DC 750 V third rail) At-grade/elevated sections: at Kaminagaya; from Azamino to Kita-Shin-Yokohama (expect Azamino and Nakagawa) Signalling: Cab signalling Operating speed: 80 km/h Train length: 6 cars Vehicle depots: Kaminagaya, Nippa Operations During the daytime, there is one rapid train between Shonandai and Azamino every 30 minutes. In addition, there are two local trains between Shonandai and Azamino, one local train between Odoriba and Azamino station, and one local train between Shonandai and Nippa in between each rapid train. All-night operation was carried out for the first time for New Year's Eve in December 2008. Train services operate every 5 minutes. Rapid service Rapid services do not stop at all stations between Totsuka and Nippa. They stop at Kaminagaya, Kamiooka, Kannai, Sakuragicho, Yokohama, and Shin-Yokohama, which are the line's main transfer points to other railway services. Between Shonandai and Azamino every 30 minutes. Although rapid operations had not been carried out for more than 40 years since the line's 1972 opening, it became clear that the bureau was considering the introduction of rapid services from 2014. Rapid services began operating on July 18, 2015. Local During the daytime, there are two trains that direct the Shonandai station-Azamino station between 30 minutes, Odoriba Station-Azamino station and the Shonandai station-Nippa station, each of which is operated by one. About the interval train to the Odoriba station is usually the meeting of the fast at the Kaminagaya station, usually at the Nippa station departure and take the rapid connection with the Nippa station of the first train terminal. There are a lot of Azamino trains which depart from the Nippa station and Kaminagaya station with the garage mainly in the early morning and midnight although the whole train becomes usual time zone excluding daytime, and many trains drive directly between the station-Shonandai station. Moreover, there is one connected to Shonandai at the Nagatani station on the end of the terminal by the train which goes to Nagatani on a weekday, six on a Saturday holiday, and the Azamino departure. Although Blue is mainly used in the direction curtain display of the vehicle and the guidance of the station campus, it is not necessarily united in case of green. One-man operation One-man operation has been carried out since December 15, 2007. As a result, a set of platform screen doors was installed at each station beginning in February 2007, and the operation started from April of that year. Prior to this, automatic operation by ATO began from January 20, 2007. Before starting the one-man operation, door opening and closing is performed by a button on the cab that is pushed by the operator rather than the conductor. The PSDs were originally scheduled to start operations in February 2007, but the adjustment was delayed; they began operating at Azamino on April 7 and started to be used at all stations on September 15, 2007. At the beginning of the PSD operation, the conductor was to signal the departure without blowing the whistle at the time of departure; the departure sign sound is maintained for the one-man operation and began to be used sequentially in each station from around November of the same year. Station list Local trains stop at all stations. Rapid trains stop at stations marked "●" and pass those marked "\|". Rolling stock 3000 series 37 x six-car EMUs (since 1992) , the line is operated using a fleet of 37 six-car 3000 series EMUs based at Kaminagaya Depot. The fleet is subdivided into eight first-batch 3000A series sets (numbered 24 to 31), seven-second-batch 3000N series sets (numbered 32 to 38), fourteen third-batch 3000R series sets (numbered 39 to 52), and eight fourth-batch 3000S series sets (numbered 53 to 60). A fifth-batch 3000 V series six-car set entered service on the line on April 9, 2017, with a total of seven sets scheduled to be introduced by 2022, replacing the earlier 3000A series trainsets. Former 1000 series 14 x 6-car EMUs (from December 1972 until November 2006) 2000 series 9 x 6-car EMUs (from 1984 until November 2006) History In 1965, construction on Line 1 and Line 3 of the subway began. The subway was inaugurated on September 16, 1972, when the 5.2 km long initial section of Line 1 opened between Kami-Ōoka and Isezakichōjamachi stations. On September 4, 1976, Line 1 was extended in both directions: 2.8 km and 2 stations to the southwest (from Kami-Ōoka to Kaminagaya), and 0.7 km and 1 station to the north (from Isezakichōjamachi to Kannai); the 2.8 km long initial section of Line 3 between Kannai and Yokohama also opened that same day and trains began operating directly between Line 1 and Line 3 at that time. On March 14, 1985, two extensions opened: a 7.0 km, 5 station extension of Line 3 from Yokohama to Shin-Yokohama, and a 2.0 km, 2 station extension of Line 1 from Kaminagaya to Maioka. Line 1 would be extended by one station to Totsuka (a distance of 1.7 km) on August 27, 1989; a temporary station was in operation at that location from May 24, 1987 until that date. The final 10.9 km section of Line 3 from Shin-Yokohama to Azamino opened on March 18, 1993. The final 7.4 km section of Line 1 from Totsuka to Shōnandai opened on August 28, 1999. All stations began to include alphanumeric codes "B##	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Faa'a International Airport Fa'a'ā International Airport (), also known as Tahiti International Airport , is the international airport of French Polynesia, located in the commune of Fa'a'ā, on the island of Tahiti. It is situated southwest of Papeete, the capital city of the overseas collectivity. It opened in 1960. Regional air carrier Air Tahiti and international air carrier Air Tahiti Nui are both based at the airport. Overview Fa'a'ā International Airport serves both domestic and international flights. Air Tahiti has daily flights to most other islands in French Polynesia and one international service to the Cook Islands. There are intercontinental flights to Chile, Metropolitan France, Japan, New Zealand and the United States. The airport is on Tahiti, which is an island among the Windward Islands, the eastern part of the Society Islands. Because of limited level terrain, rather than leveling large stretches of sloping agricultural land, the airport is built primarily on reclaimed land on the coral reef just offshore. The airport is operated by Setil Aéroports and has a single runway, that can accommodate aircraft up to Boeing 747 and Airbus A380 size. History Prior to the construction of the airport, Papeete was served by Short Sandringham "Bermuda" flying boat seaplanes operated by Reseau Aerien Interinsulaire (RAI). There was a connecting service via Bora Bora Airport (BOB) to Los Angeles with an en route stop in Honolulu flown by Transports Aeriens Intercontinentaux (TAI), which was serving Bora Bora in 1960 with Douglas DC-7C propliners. Later the same year, following the opening of the new airport, TAI began serving Papeete directly with DC-7C flights once a week on a round trip routing of Nouméa (NOU) – Nadi (NAN) – Papeete (PPT) – Honolulu (HNL) – Los Angeles (LAX). U.S. based air carrier South Pacific Air Lines was also serving Papeete in 1960, with weekly nonstop flights to Honolulu operated with Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation propliners. By 1962, South Pacific was operating weekly nonstop Super Constellation service to Pago Pago in America Samoa in addition to its flights to Honolulu. Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux then introduced Douglas DC-8 jet service and in 1962 was operating nonstop DC-8 flights to Los Angeles, Honolulu and Nadi. The latter flight continued on to Nouméa, with connecting DC-8 service being flown to Paris via Nouméa in association with Air France via a number of intermediate stops en route. TAI subsequently merged with Union Aeromaritime de Transport in 1963 to form Union de Transports Aeriens (UTA), which in turn continued to serve Papeete with DC-8 jet flights. In 1964, UTA was operating nonstop DC-8 service to Los Angeles, Honolulu and Nadi as well as direct one stop service to Nouméa, with the flights to Los Angeles offering connecting service to and from Air France nonstop flights between LAX and Paris Orly Airport (ORY). By the mid 1960s, Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) was operating nonstop Boeing 707 jetliner flights to Los Angeles and Auckland, with direct one stop service to San Francisco via Los Angeles, and also direct to Honolulu via a stop at Pago Pago in American Samoa. By 1976, Pan Am was operating direct 707 service once a week to Dallas/Fort Worth and on to New York JFK Airport via stops in Pago Pago and Honolulu, and by 1979 was operating all of its flights from the airport with Boeing 747 wide body aircraft. LAN-Chile, the predecessor of LATAM Chile, introduced Douglas DC-6B propliner service between the airport and Santiago, Chile via a stop at Easter Island during the late 1960s, and by 1970 was operating Boeing 707 jet service from Santiago via Easter Island to Papeete, with direct connecting 707 service via its Santiago hub from Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro in South America as well as from Madrid, Paris and Frankfurt in Europe. LATAM Chile currently flies the Papeete – Easter Island – Santiago route with Boeing 787 aircraft. In 1970, Union de Transports Aériens was operating all flights into the airport with long range Douglas DC-8-62 jetliners. UTA then introduced McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 wide body jet service between Papeete and Los Angeles during the mid 1970s. By 1979, UTA was operating all of its Papeete flights with DC-10-30 jets, with nonstops to Los Angeles, Auckland and Nadi, and direct one stop service to Sydney and Nouméa as well as multistop service to Jakarta, Singapore, Bahrain and Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG). In 1983, UTA was operating Boeing 747 service into the airport in addition to its DC-10-30 flights. The airport was previously served by several other international airlines, including AOM French Airlines and Qantas, with flights not only to their respective home countries but also to Los Angeles. In 1965, Qantas was also operating a service it called the "Fiesta Route" with a Boeing 707 flying round trip once a week on a routing of Sydney – Nadi – Papeete – Acapulco – Mexico City – Nassau – Bermuda – London Heathrow Airport. By 1991, French air carrier Minerve (airline) was operating McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 service once a week on a routing of Papeete - San Francisco - Paris Orly Airport. Air New Zealand has served Tahiti for many years and was operating Douglas DC-8 jet service in 1968 with a routing of Auckland – Papeete – Los Angeles. In 1983, Air New Zealand was operating direct one stop, no change of plane Boeing 747 service twice a week between London Gatwick Airport (LGW) and Papeete via Los Angeles. By 1987, the airline was operating weekly nonstop Boeing 747 service to Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) with this flight originating in Auckland and continuing on to London Gatwick (LGW) from DFW. Air New Zealand currently operates nonstop Boeing 787-9 service several days a week between the airport and Auckland. According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG), by the 1980s and 1990s, major air carriers serving Papeete primarily operated wide body jetliners such as the Boeing 747-100, 747-200 (including B747-200 passenger/freighter combi aircraft), 747-300, 747-400, 767-300 or McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 on their flights. South Pacific Island Airways served the airport during the early 1980s with nonstop Boeing 707 flights to Honolulu. Also during the early 1980s,, Air New Zealand, Polynesian Airlines and UTA were all operating Boeing 737-200 service to Papeete from several South Pacific island locations including Apia, Nadi, Niue and Rarotonga while local Tahiti-based air carrier Air Polynesia (also known as Air Polynesie and now Air Tahiti) was serving a number of islands in French Polynesia with Fairchild F-27, Fokker F27 and de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter turboprop aircraft . Hawaiian Airlines was operating nonstop Douglas DC-8 service from Papeete to Honolulu by the late 1980s. By 1987, Continental Airlines was operating nonstop McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 service twice a week from the airport to Los Angeles with this flight continuing on direct to Houston Intercontinental Airport (IAH). In early 1989, five airlines were operating nonstop wide body jetliner flights from Papeete to Los Angeles (LAX) including Air France, Air New Zealand and Qantas with all three operating Boeing 747 service while at the same time Continental Airlines and UTA were both operating McDonnell Douglas DC-10 service on the route with a combined total of ten nonstops a week being operated by the five air carriers to LAX. From LAX, the Air France flights continued on to Paris Charles de Gaulle (CDG) while the Qantas flights continued on to San Francisco (SFO). In addition, UTA was operating three DC-10 flights a week nonstop to San Francisco (SFO) at this same time with two of these flights continuing on to Paris Charles de Gaulle (CDG) while the third flight continued on to LAX. Air Tahiti Nui, which is based at the airport, was operating nonstop service between Papeete and New York JFK Airport during the mid 2000s with Airbus A340-300 aircraft; however, the airline was no longer flying this route by 2009. Air Tahiti Nui currently operates nonstop flights to Auckland, Los Angeles and Tokyo as well as direct service to Paris via Los Angeles and has added new Boeing 787-9 "Dreamliner" aircraft to its fleet. On October 2017, the airport received its first charter flight from China, a Hainan Airlines Airbus A330. Airlines and destinations Traffic Ground transportation Many buses come into the airport from P	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Contract packager A contract packager, or copacker, is a company that packages products for their clients. The packaging and labeling services can be used for many types of products including foods, pharmaceuticals, household products, and industrial products. Functions of contract packaging There can be a variety of reasons for using contract packaging. A contract packager may have specialized equipment and expertise needed for a particular packaging operation. A contract packager carries the capital costs of packaging machinery and the personnel costs of packaging line workers A manufacturer can focus on its core competencies and outsource packaging to a contract packager There may be a temporary need for additional capacity: surge projects Contract packagers often can be more flexible than a large corporation to schedule urgently needed production. A test market, promotion, or product modification may need a limited packaging run to produce products for evaluation Primary packages can be sent to a contract packager for assembling Multi-packs or a Point of sale display Some large retailers or Warehouse clubs demand special package sizes or printing. Bulk products can be sent to a contract packager for making Private label products and packages. Clinical trials of medical devices or Pharmaceutical drugs often need a limited packaging operation for preparation of trial material Industries served Contract packagers can serve an array of industries. Below are some of the most common industries served, and the products that may be packaged: Beauty and cosmetics — Soap, hair shampoos and conditioners, makeup, lotions, and oils Medical — Bandages and surgical adhesives, alcohol prep pads, medications, liquid concentrates, antibacterial sprays Private label industries Nutrition — Sports supplements, vitamins, protein powders Food — Cookies, produce, crackers, pastas, grains, muffins, chocolate, candies, trail mix Pharmaceutical — Generic drugs, orphan drugs, unit dose devices, over-the-counter (OTC) medications Dental — Toothpastes, toothache and cold sore relief gels, fluoride, dental devices Adhesives- Tubes and other containers for a variety of adhesives Beverages- Bottles, cans, and cartons of beverages Point of sale display - Items can be assembled for special end-of-aisle (endcap) or point of purchase displays Industrial products - requiring special package forms Relationships The details of the relationship between the manufacturer, brand owner, and contract packager can vary. Some contract packagers perform limited operations, with all materials provided by the primary manufacturer. Product engineers are sometimes present to observe and supervise packaging operations. Other contract packaging firms are active in the package design process, provide purchasing services for materials and components, and provide shipping and logistics operations. A Contract manufacturer can also be a contract packager. If not a separate contract packager can be employed by the contract manufacturer. Contract packaging equipment Contract packaging companies make use of a range of different machines, typically utilized on automated lines for faster production and turnaround times. Automated bottling lines may be used for containing liquids such as water, soft drinks, beer, and wine, and are capable of filling bottles at a rate of 30,000 bottles per hour. Auger filling machines can be used for packaging dry products including powders, seeds, vitamins, and other small items. Other complex machines exist in the contract packaging industry, such as the vertical form fill sealing machine. This machine produces plastics bags from a roll of film while simultaneously filling the bags with liquid or solid products. Contract packagers may utilize different pieces of equipment to achieve the desired product packaging, whether the items need to be shrink wrapped, or contained in blister packs, clamshells, sealed food trays, stand-up pouches, bottles or cartons. See also Outsourcing Contract manufacturing organization References Yam, K.L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, Soroka, W, Illustrated Glossary of Packaging Terminology Institute of Packaging Professionals, “Choosing and Using a Co-Packer”, University of Arkansas, 2009, Research Report 985, External links Contract Packaging Association European Co-Packers Association Category:Packaging Category:Outsourcing	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Caterham and Warlingham Urban District Caterham and Warlingham was an Urban District of Surrey in England until 1974. Geographic evolution It was pre-emptively formed shortly before the major national 1933 reforms of boundaries and entities accordingly to take account of population change, in 1929. It was a merger of the Caterham Urban District with the similar North Downs civil parish of Warlingham to the east and more rural and entirely hilltop civil parish of Woldingham from Godstone Rural District to the south-east. In 1933 the Urban District absorbed the narrow majority, the entirely hilltop segment, of Chaldon to the west from defunct Reigate Rural District, in so doing, the contributor parish shedding to the parish of Bletchingley and to Coulsdon to the south and north respectively. An urban and suburban area of equal contribution between the two merged areas finally became a later civil parish after the area's abolition, Whyteleafe which had already its own railway station and church; it was throughout the district's duration identifiable as a village. Abolition Caterham and Warlingham was abolished in 1974 due to the Local Government Act 1972 to form the north-west of the Tandridge (district) which is the easternmost part of the county and covers a much larger area, shown in red in the inset map and in grey and yellow in the main section of map. References Category:Districts of England abolished by the Local Government Act 1972 Category:History of Surrey Category:Urban districts of England Category:1929 establishments in England	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Chuck Robbins Charles H. Robbins (born 1965/1966) is an American businessman who is the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of Cisco Systems. Early life Robbins was born in Grayson, Georgia, and educated at Rocky Mount High School in Rocky Mount, North Carolina. He earned a Bachelor of Mathematics degree, in 1987, from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Career Robbins began his career as an application developer for North Carolina National Bank, (now part of Bank of America). After five years, he then joined Wellfleet Communications, which merged with SynOptics to become Bay Networks, followed by a brief tenure at Ascend Communications, before joining Cisco, in 1997. At Cisco, Robbins filled various posts, including senior vice president of the Americas and senior vice president of Worldwide Field Operations, a role in which he led Cisco’s Worldwide Sales and Partner Organizations, and built out Cisco’s partnership program. In May 2015, Cisco announced that the CEO and chairman John Chambers would step down as CEO in July 2015, while remaining as chairman. Robbins, then a senior vice president, was named as his successor. Mentored by Chambers; Robbins was unanimously voted in as the company’s new chief executive, becoming CEO of Cisco Systems in July 2015. As CEO, Robbins became noted for accelerating the pace of Cisco’s modern growth, while disrupting outdated working modes; promoting employee trust based in transparency of policy and process; and humanitarian policies and workplace diversity. In 2018, as the GDPR came into effect, Robbins called for more regulation and for the tech industry to help educate regulators. In February 2019, Robbins promoted the need for comprehensive global privacy legislation, asserting privacy as “a fundamental human right." Robbins advocated against a 15% increase on tariffs for Chinese goods. Robbins has advocated for corporate social responsibility. In March 2018, Cisco pledged to donate $50M to Destination: Home, an organization devoted to ending homelessness in Santa Clara County, where Cisco’s headquarters is located; Robbins serves as honorary counsel to the NPO. Boards and affiliations Robbins serves the World Economic Forum as the chair for the IT Governors Steering Committee and as a member of the International Business Council. He is also chairman of the US-Japan Council, and a member of the Ford Foundation board of trustees. He is a director for BlackRock, and for the Business Roundtable, where he chairs the Immigration Committee. In 2018, Robbins authored a statement on behalf of Business Roundtable that applauded bipartisan lawmakers working to reform immigration policies, while urging the White House “Administration to end immediately the policy of separating accompanied minors from their parents,” decrying the practice as “cruel and contrary to American values.” Robbins spoke at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland in 2016, 2017, and 2018, and at the 2019 WEF annual general meeting. He has been a board member of the MS Society of Northern California; a member of the Advisory Board of Georgia Tech; and a member of the International Council for the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University. He is also a member of the 2019 class of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Personal life Robbins is a fan of North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball; participates in social media, and is noted for his humor. He is married, with four children. Chuck lives in Los Gatos, California. References External links "Behind the scenes at Cisco with CEO Chuck Robbins and his team" (video) Cisco; April 2, 2019. Accessed June 28, 2109. Category:Living people Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni Category:American chief executives of manufacturing companies Category:American technology chief executives Category:Cisco people Category:1960s births Category:People from Los Gatos, California Category:People from Gwinnett County, Georgia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Frankee Connolly Francesca Rose Connolly is a singer from Helmshore. She was a member of the groups Mini Viva, who had a No. 7 hit with "Left My Heart in Tokyo", and M.O, with whom she had a No. 18 hit with "Who Do You Think Of?". Discography With Mini Viva Extended plays Singles With M.O Extended plays Singles Tours As supporting act 2009: The Saturdays – The Work Tour 2009: Cascada – Clubland Live Tour #3 2010: Diversity – UK tour Filmography Awards and nominations References Category:English female pop singers Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:People from the Borough of Rossendale	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
White-bellied antbird The white-bellied antbird (Myrmeciza longipes), is a passerine bird which breeds in the tropical New World from Panama to northern Brazil and in Trinidad. It is also called Swainson's antcatcher (usually in historical sources) after William John Swainson, who first described it scientifically. The genus is monotypic. Taxonomy The white-bellied antbird was described by the English naturalist William John Swainson in 1825 and given the binomial name Drymophila longipes. The genus Myrmeciza was erected by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1841 with the white-bellied antbird as the type species. The genus formerly included more than 20 species. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2013 found that Myrmeciza, as then defined, was polyphyletic. In the resulting rearrangement to create monophyletic genera, the species formerly placed in Myrmeciza were moved to 12 other genera leaving the white-bellied antbird as only the only member of the genus. There are four subspecies: M. l. panamensis Ridgway, 1908 – east Panama and north Colombia M. l. longipes (Swainson, 1825) – northeast Colombia, north Venezuela and Trinidad M. l. boucardi von Berlepsch, 1888 – northcentral Colombia M. l. griseipectus von Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902 – southeast Colombia, south Venezuela, the Guianas and northeast Brazil Description This antbird, like others in its family, is a forest bird with a preference for undergrowth in dry or moist deciduous habitats. It is a resident breeder which lays two or three eggs in a nest in a tree, both sexes incubating. The white-bellied antbird is typically 15 cm long, and weighs 26 g. It has rufous brown upperparts and whitish underparts shading to cinnamon-buff on the flanks and lower belly. There is a long grey supercilium. The pink legs are long and strong, reflecting this bird's terrestrial lifestyle. The male has a black face, throat and upper breast. The female has a darker crown, grey cheek patches and small dark spots on the wings, and lacks the black markings of the male. The northern race griseopectus has black spots on the wings and grey central underparts in both sexes. The white-bellied antbird is an insectivore which feeds on ants and other arthropods at or near the ground; it sometimes follows columns of army ants. It may be located by its bright descending jeer-jeer-jeer-jeer-jeer-jeer-jeer-jeer-jeer-jeer-jeer-jeer song, which ends with a few chew notes. References External links white-bellied antbird Category:Birds of Panama Category:Birds of Colombia Category:Birds of Venezuela Category:Birds of Trinidad and Tobago Category:Birds of the Guianas white-bellied antbird	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kościerzyna railway station Kościerzyna railway station is a railway station serving the town of Kościerzyna, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station is located on the Nowa Wieś Wielka–Gdynia Port railway, Chojnice–Kościerzyna railway. The train services are operated by Przewozy Regionalne and SKM Tricity. History The first line built from Pszczółki in the period of 1884 - 1885 reached Kościerzyna in 1885. Five years later, a line from Kościerzyna to Lipusz and Bytów opened. In 1901 another line reached the station (from Kartuzy and in 1928, a part of the Coal Line. The station also used to lie on the Kościerzyna–Gołubie Kaszubskie railway until its closure in 1930 and Pszczółki–Kościerzyna railway. The station used to be known as Berent (Westpreußen) under German occupation between 1885-1920 and 1939-1945. Heritage museum Kościerzyna is famous for its Skansen Parowozownia Kościerzyna railway museum, located near the station, exhibiting many examples of Polish locomotives. Train services The station is served by the following service(s): Regional services (R) Chojnice - Brusy - Lipusz - Koscierzyna Regional services (R) Koscierzyna - Zukowo - Gdynia External links Articles on Skansen Museum (PL) Photos of Skansen Museum Steam Museum (PL) References Kościerzyna article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 6 March 2006 This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of July 2016. Category:Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship Category:Kościerzyna County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ramiro Vaca Ramiro Vaca Ponce (born 1 July 1999), is a Bolivian international footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bolivian Primera División side The Strongest. International career Vaca made his international debut in a 1–0 friendly win over Nicaragua, replacing Luis José Vargas after 88 minutes. Career statistics Club Notes International International goals Scores and results list Bolivia's goal tally first. References Category:1999 births Category:Living people Category:Bolivian footballers Category:Bolivia international footballers Category:Association football midfielders Category:2019 Copa América players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1994 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 10 The 1994 Tour de France was the 81st edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Lille with a prologue individual time trial on 2 July and Stage 10 occurred on 12 July with a flat stage to Cahors. The race finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 24 July. Prologue 2 July 1994 — Lille to Lille, (individual time trial) Stage 1 3 July 1994 — Lille to Armentières, {\| \|Stage 1 result \|\| \|General classification after stage 1 \|} Stage 24 July 1994 — Roubaix to Boulogne-sur-Mer, Stage 46 July 1994 — Dover (Great Britain) to Brighton (Great Britain), Stage 68 July 1994 — Cherbourg to Rennes, Stage 810 July 1994 — Poitiers to Trélissac, Stage 1012 July 1994 — Bergerac to Cahors, ''' References Category:1994 Tour de France Category:Tour de France stages	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Phyciodes pallida Phyciodes pallida, the pale crescent or pallid crescentspot, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the western North America. The wingspan is 33–44 mm. The butterfly flies in June in Canada. The larvae feed on Cirsium species. Subspecies Listed alphabetically: P. p. barnesi Skinner, 1897 P. p. pallida Similar species Phyciodes mylitta – Mylitta crescent References External links Pale Crescent, Butterflies and Moths of North America Species Phyciodes pallida - Pale Crescent, BugGuide Category:Melitaeini Category:Butterflies of North America Category:Butterflies of Canada Category:Butterflies described in 1864 Category:Taxa named by William Henry Edwards	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Elizabeth Halseth Elizabeth Halseth (born February 5, 1983) is an American politician. She was a Republican member of the Nevada Senate from November 2010 until February 2012. Halseth is the youngest woman in Nevada to ever have been elected to the Nevada Legislature. She's announced her intention to seek office in the Nevada Senate once again in 2018. Personal life Halseth was born in Oregon in 1983, where she was raised by her mother. She graduated from North Salem High School in Salem, Oregon in 2001. She moved to Nevada in 2006. She earned her psychology degree from Corban University in 2014. In May 2012 after her February resignation from the Senate, Halseth appeared in Maxim Magazine's "Hot 100" photo contest appearing in a bikini. Halseth did not win the "Hot 100" contest but was later profiled by Maxim in October 2012 with an additional photoshoot. Halseth married Tiger Helgelien in 2014. Career Halseth began her political career by running for the Nevada Assembly. However, at the last minute, she decided to shift her campaign goals on the Nevada Senate. Her successful campaign has been called "unlikely." During the primary campaign, Halseth, the more conservative candidate, defeated Dennis Nolan. Halseth released a message left by Nolan on the voicemail of Jaime Anderson Lawes, previous wife of Gordon Lawes, and sister of a sixteen-year-old girl he (Lawes) was accused of raping. Gordon Lawes had been sentenced to a ten-year prison sentence, and Nolan left the message to say it would be "very financially beneficial" if Jaime would "tell the truth" about the rape. The release of this message has been blamed for the failure of Nolan's campaign, and cited as a contributing factor to Halseth's success. She then went on to defeat Benny Yerushalmi, her millionaire opponent in the general election. While a Senator, Halseth was a member of the Senate Revenue Committee, Senate Commerce, Labor and Energy Committee, and the Senate Transportation Committee. Halseth announced her resignation from office on February 17, 2012, citing issues with balancing performance of her senatorial duties with being a single mother. She also wrote in her letter of resignation that she will likely seek employment outside of Nevada due to issues with finding employment: personal attacks by bloggers and partisans, the high unemployment rate in Nevada, and issues with Nevada's economic growth that she attributes to President Barack Obama. Her resignation followed criticism that she was missing meetings and not returning telephone calls. Her then-husband Daniel Halseth was later indicted on two felony counts: one of coercion and one of battery; he was also indicted on one misdemeanor count of open and gross lewdness. References External links Nevada legislative biography Category:Nevada state senators Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:Politicians from Portland, Oregon Category:Nevada Republicans Category:Women state legislators in Nevada Category:North Salem High School (Salem, Oregon) alumni Category:Corban University	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sami Beigi Saman Es'hagh Beigi known as Sami Beigi () or Sami Beigi () or nickname King (born on November 22, 1982) is an Iranian singer and songwriter currently living in Irvine, California. In an interview with "Zarebin" and "Voice of Farsi", he mentioned that he was raised in Sweden. Beigi attended musical school in which he learned to play many different instruments, began to write and to produce music. His main instrument is the guitar. He is a former member of the Persian Black Cats band and gained recognition with the song he wrote for Black Cats, entitled "Yeki Bood Yeki Nabood." Two years later, he left the band and started his solo career as a singer and songwriter. He made many successful singles, among which "In Eshghe", "Ey Joonam", and "HMG", are some of the most popular ones. His single "Kaghaz va Ghalam", debuted on February 28 of 2014 and received more than 700,000 replays on RadioJavan website in only four days. Beigi is featured in BBC Persian's Nowrouz 1393 special TV program. He performed three of his singles "Ey joonam", "HMG", and "Kaghaz & Ghalam", and in the interview he states that it took him about two to three years to finish writing "Kaghaz & Ghalam". In another interview with "Voice of Farsi", he states that although he has been writing songs and singing since the age of 15 years, he never thought he could launch a successful solo career. Albums 2018 : Padeshah References Category:Iranian pop singers Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:Iranian emigrants to Sweden Category:Iranian singer-songwriters Category:People from Tehran	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kiev pogrom Kiev pogrom may refer to: Kiev pogrom (1881) Kiev pogrom (1905) Kiev pogroms (1919)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Roger Corbett Roger Campbell Corbett (born 30 January 1942) is an Australian businessman. From January 1999 to September 2006, Corbett served as CEO of Woolworths Limited, a large retailing conglomerate. Career Educated at Shore School, Corbett graduated from UNSW Sydney with a Bachelor of Commerce. In 2003, Corbett was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for service to the retail industry, particularly as a contributor to the development of industry policy and standards, and to the community. In 2008, he was promoted to an officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for service to business, particularly through leadership and executive roles in the retail sector and a range of allied organisations, and to the community. He is also a member of the Liberal Party of Australia. There is a bitter relationship between the former Fairfax Media chairman and its largest shareholder Gina Rinehart. The relationship developed to the personal level once Fairfax Media's incumbent board of directors declined Gina Rinehart's request to offer her three seats on the board of directors. Personal life Corbett is married and has three children. References Category:1942 births Category:Living people Category:Australian businesspeople in retailing Category:Officers of the Order of Australia Category:University of New South Wales alumni Category:Directors of Walmart Category:People educated at Sydney Church of England Grammar School	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
People Got to Be Free "People Got to Be Free" is a song released in 1968 by The Rascals. Written by group members Felix Cavaliere and Eddie Brigati and featuring a lead vocal from Cavaliere, it is a musically upbeat but impassioned plea for tolerance and freedom: All the world over, so easy to see! People everywhere, just wanna be free. Listen, please listen! that's the way it should be Peace in the valley, people got to be free. In the song's coda, Felix says in a half-sung, half-spoken voice, that the "Train of Freedom", is "about to arrive any minute now", that "it has been long, long overdue", and that it's "coming right on through", before the song's fade with Felix saying "Chug" repeatedly. It became a big hit in the turbulent summer of 1968, spending five weeks atop the Billboard Pop Singles chart, the group's longest such stay. It was also the group's second-most successful single on the Billboard Black Singles chart, reaching number 14 and trailing only the previous year's "Groovin'". "People Got to Be Free" was RIAA-certified as a gold record on August 23, 1968, and eventually sold over 4 million copies. It later was included on the group's March 1969 album Freedom Suite. Billboard ranked the record as the number 5 song for 1968. The single's picture sleeve photo was previously featured in the inner album cover of the Rascals' Time Peace: The Rascals' Greatest Hits compilation. The B-side, "My World", was a track from the group's Once Upon a Dream album. While "People Got to Be Free" was perceived by some as related to the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy earlier that year, it was recorded before the latter's death. In fact it was partly a reaction to an ugly encounter wherein the long-haired group was threatened by a group of strangers after their tour vehicle broke down in Fort Pierce, Florida. The song is clearly a product of its times; however, two decades later writer Dave Marsh included it as number 237 in his book Heart of Rock and Soul: The 1001 Greatest Singles of All Time, saying in reference to, and paraphrase of, the song's lyric, "Ask me my opinion, my opinion will be: Dated, but NEVER out of date." After this song came out, the Rascals would only perform at concerts that featured an African American act; if those conditions were not met, the Rascals canceled several shows in protest. Chart history Weekly charts Year-end charts All-time charts Cover versions Dionne Warwick recorded the song as part of her LP Soulful in 1969, and it was released as a single in the UK in the same year. The 5th Dimension recorded "People Got to Be Free" in 1970 as part of a medley with another socially relevant song, Sam Cooke's "A Change Is Gonna Come." The pairing reached number 60 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart. Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge performed this song live in concert, and it has turned up on YouTube as part of The Bridge's "lost tapes" series of songs. References Category:1968 singles Category:1968 songs Category:The Rascals songs Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Category:RPM Top Singles number-one singles Category:1970 singles Category:The 5th Dimension songs Category:Songs written by Felix Cavaliere Category:Songs written by Eddie Brigati Category:Song recordings produced by Arif Mardin Category:Atlantic Records singles Category:Songs about freedom Category:Protest songs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Belomitra quadruplex Belomitra quadruplex is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Buccinidae, the true whelks. Description The shell size varies between 10 mm and 41 mm Distribution This species is distributed in European waters, the Atlantic Ocean off the Azores and off New England, USA References Bouchet P. & Warén A. (1985). Revision of the Northeast Atlantic bathyal and abyssal Neogastropoda excluding Turridae (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Bollettino Malacologico Suppl. 1: 121-296 External links MNHN, Paris: Belomitra quadruplex (holotype) Category:Buccinidae Category:Gastropods described in 1882	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gene Fullmer Lawrence Gene Fullmer (July 21, 1931 – April 27, 2015) was an American professional boxer and World Middleweight champion. Professional career Fullmer began his professional career in 1951 and won his first 29 fights, 19 by knockout. His manager during many years of his career was his mentor, Marv Jenson, who encouraged many youth in West Jordan, Utah, to enter boxing as amateurs. Middleweight champion Fullmer won the world middleweight championship on January 2, 1957, when he upset the legendary Sugar Ray Robinson by soundly winning a unanimous 15-round decision. On May 1, 1957 they fought a rematch. The fight began as expected, with Fullmer using his strength and awkwardness to bull into Robinson and really force him onto his heels. In the fifth round Robinson, while backing up, lashed out with what has been called the perfect left hook. It caught Fullmer flush on the chin and knocked him out. In 1959, the National Boxing Association withdrew its recognition of Robinson as middleweight champion. Fullmer and fellow former middleweight champion Carmen Basilio fought for the vacant NBA title on August 28, 1959, and Fullmer won the crown when he TKOed Basilio in the 14th round. Meanwhile, Robinson was to lose his version of the middleweight championship to Paul Pender. Fullmer and Pender never met to settle their claims to the middleweight title, and Pender eventually retired. Meanwhile, Fullmer fought and turned back the challenges of many top contenders, such as Basilio, Ellsworth "Spider" Webb, Florentino Fernández, and welterweight champion Benny "Kid" Paret. He narrowly escaped being dethroned when he was held to 15-round draws by Robinson and future titleholder Joey Giardello. The draw against Robinson was widely criticised by almost every ringside observer, who had Robinson winning 11-4 or 10-5 in rounds. In their final meeting, a title bout in 1961, Fullmer beat Robinson by unanimous decision. Losing the title Fullmer finally lost the middleweight title to Dick Tiger on October 23, 1962 in a unanimous decision. They fought a rematch on February 23, 1963, which resulted in a draw. Fullmer's attempts to regain the middleweight crown finally ended when he was TKOed in seven rounds by Tiger on August 10, 1963. Fullmer's final record included 55 wins (24 by KO), 6 losses, and 3 draws. Professional boxing record \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"\|55 wins (24 knockouts), 6 defeats (2 knockouts), 3 draws \|- style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;" \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Res. \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Record \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Opponent \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Type \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Rd., Time \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Date \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Location \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Notes \|- align=center \|Loss \|55-6-3 \|align=left\| Dick Tiger \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|style="background:#abcdef;"\|Draw \|55-5-3 \|align=left\| Dick Tiger \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Loss \|55-5-2 \|align=left\| Dick Tiger \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|55-4-2 \|align=left\| Benny Paret \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|54-4-2 \|align=left\| Florentino Fernández \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|53-4-2 \|align=left\| Sugar Ray Robinson \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|style="background:#abcdef;"\|Draw \|52-4-2 \|align=left\| Sugar Ray Robinson \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|52-4-1 \|align=left\| Carmen Basilio \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|style="background:#abcdef;"\|Draw \|51-4-1 \|align=left\| Joey Giardello \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|51-4 \|align=left\| Spider Webb \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|50-4 \|align=left\| Carmen Basilio \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|49-4 \|align=left\| Wilf Greaves \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|48-4 \|align=left\| Milo Savage \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|47-4 \|align=left\| Joe Miceli \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|46-4 \|align=left\| Spider Webb \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|45-4 \|align=left\| Jim Hegerle \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|44-4 \|align=left\| Milo Savage \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|43-4 \|align=left\| Neal Rivers \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|42-4 \|align=left\| Chico Vejar \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|41-4 \|align=left\| Ralph Jones \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Loss \|40-4 \|align=left\| Sugar Ray Robinson \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|40-3 \|align=left\| Ernie Durando \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|39-3 \|align=left\| Wilf Greaves \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|38-3 \|align=left\| Sugar Ray Robinson \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|37-3 \|align=left\| Moses Ward \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|36-3 \|align=left\| Charles Humez \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|35-3 \|align=left\| Ralph Jones \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|34-3 \|align=left\| Gil Turner \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|33-3 \|align=left\| Rocky Castellani \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Loss \|32-3 \|align=left\| Eduardo Lausse \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Loss \|32-2 \|align=left\| Bobby Boyd \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win \|32-1 \|align=left\| Al Andrews \| \| \| \|align=	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Corporate entertainment Corporate entertainment describes private events held by corporations or businesses for their staff, clients or stakeholders. These events can be for large audiences such as conventions and conferences, or smaller events such as retreats, holiday parties or even private concerts. It is also commonly used to mean corporate hospitality, the process of entertaining guests at corporate events. The companies that provides corporate entertainment are called corporate event planners or corporate booking agencies. Types of corporate entertainment events There are various types of corporate events that make use of entertainment. An opening general session may include entertainment that adds excitement and presents the overall theme of the meeting. Mixers or pre-dinner parties many times use entertainment meant to provide a backdrop for conversation, perhaps an acoustic ensemble or pre-recorded music. Awards or gala events, usually the last event in a series of meetings, can make use of many options, from celebrity entertainers to exciting bands providing dance music or other options that will leave the attendees with a feeling of excitement and looking forward to the next meeting. There are many different types of corporate entertainment. Corporate team building Corporate entertainment can also include a day of team building activities. These activities include traditional camp activities like tug of war, scavenger hunts, and relay races. They could also include sports such as volleyball, soccer, or basketball. The goal of team building corporate entertainment is to have employees recognize how the challenges of the activities relate to the workplace. Team chemistry, identifying strengths and attributes, understanding how to work through solving problems as one, and reflecting makes for fruitful team building. Corporate awards events Awards or gala events are usually lavish events that celebrate accomplishment or milestones of a person or group of people in similar industries. Often these events serve as fundraisers for a specific cause. In addition to celebrating and recognizing achievements, it allows attendees to network with others with similar backgrounds or professions. Corporate holiday celebration events Holiday celebration events are ways for companies or departments to celebrate holidays and to show appreciation to employees. Entertainment at these events vary from raffles and door prizes, mystery dinners, music and an overall casual, social setting that can build social relationships. For Christmas celebrations, some companies have used the A Christmas Story theme. Corporate seminars and educational events Corporate seminars, workshops, symposiums, and conferences are more informative in nature and often focussed on educational purposes. A conference refers to a formal meeting where participants exchange their views on various topics. A seminar is a form of academic instruction, either at a university or offered by a commercial or professional organization. A workshop includes all the elements of the seminar, but with the largest portion emphasizing “hands-on-practice” or laboratory work. A symposium is a formal gathering in an academic setting where participants are experts in their fields. Entertainment for these events varies from kick-op brunches to start, special industry guest speakers, and mixers, dinners afterwards. There are also booths set up for trade shows to display a companies strengths and for better marketing. Corporate charity events Corporate charity events, whether concerts, golf tournaments, or anything else, play an important role in how businesses interact with the community. Corporate charity events unite people from all levels of the organization; such events are another form of team building which positively influence other aspects of work. References Category:Entertainment Corporate Entertainer for your events	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Layton's Mystery Journey Layton's Mystery Journey: Katrielle and the Millionaires' Conspiracy is a puzzle video game developed and published by Level-5. It is the seventh main entry in the Professor Layton series and follows a new protagonist, Katrielle Layton. It was released for Android, iOS, and the Nintendo 3DS, in 2017, and for the Nintendo Switch in Japan in 2018, and worldwide in 2019. A manga adaptation of the game drawn by Hori Oritoka began serialization on March 20, 2018, in Shōgakukan's Ciao magazine, and an anime adaptation, Layton Mystery Tanteisha: Katori no Nazotoki File, began airing on Fuji TV and other channels in April 2018. The game centers on Katrielle Layton, the daughter of famous archaeologist and puzzle-solver Professor Hershel Layton. With the help of her assistant Ernest Greeves, she solves cases in and around London, alongside a talking dog that, for reasons unknown, only the two of them can understand. Unlike prior Layton games, Mystery Journey has no definitive overarching narrative, with most of its main narrative's premises existing as a basis for a set-up, and being left hanging by the game's conclusion. Overview Layton's Mystery Journey follows Professor Hershel Layton's daughter, Katrielle "Kat" Layton, who solves puzzles in her father's place alongside her talking dog Sherl and her friends Emiliana Perfetti and Ernest Greeves. When her father vanishes, Katrielle goes off in search of him, coming across various puzzles and mysteries along the way. Like previous games in the series, the game features various puzzles for the player to solve using the touchscreen as they explore the environment and progress through the game's story. Unlike previous Layton games, the game is split up into twelve distinct cases, with one overall theme, rather than one continuous story separated by chapters. Plot Private detective Katrielle Layton, daughter of the famous Professor Hershel Layton, awakens from a nightmare about her missing father, on the day of her detective agency's opening. The same day Katrielle and her assistant Ernest Greeves meet a talking dog that, for reasons unknown, cannot be understood by anyone else but them. The dog explains that he has amnesia, and that he wishes for them to solve the mystery of who he really is, and Katrielle creates the name Sherl O.C Kholmes for him. After solving the case of the disappearance of one of Big Ben's hour hands at the request of Inspector Hastings of Scotland Yard, Katrielle, Ernest and Sherl investigate and solve several other cases, most of them related to the "Seven Dragons", seven of the most rich and influential figures of London, with assistance of Hastings and Emiliana Perfetti, one of the Yard's profilers. Other cases include Hastings' request to look for a present to his wife on a holiday and solve a murder that Katrielle was wrongly accused of committing. In one occasion, Ernest also tells Sherl the story of how he and Katrielle met, when he was falsely accused of theft and she helped clear his name as well. In the final case of the game, Layton and the Seven Dragons are invited by the mysterious Lord Adamas to the abandoned mansion of Maximilian Richmond, a millionaire who died 10 years before. In the occasion, Adamas forces the Seven Dragons to sign a contract where they relinquish all their fortunes to him should they fail to solve a series of puzzles, or he will reveal a grave secret about them. Attending the event at Layton's stead, Katrielle accepts Adamas' request to oversee the dispute. All of the Dragons fail to solve the puzzles and accept defeat, until Katrielle discovers that Lord Adamas is no other than Ernest, whose true identity is Miles Richmond, Maximilian's grandson, who grew up with the false assumption that the Dragons betrayed and ruined their family, swearing to enact revenge on them. After the misunderstanding is cleared, Ernest reconciles with the Dragons and accepts Katrielle's request to keep working as her assistant. In the post-credits, Katrielle renews her vow to unlock the mystery of Sherl's true identity and discover the whereabouts of her father. Although she is no closer with the latter, she proclaims that she has solved the puzzle that her father left behind when he disappeared: "If you're not really my child, then who exactly are you?". Development Layton's Mystery Journey was developed by Level-5 and directed by Akihiro Hino, with character designs by Takuzō Nagano and music by Tomohito Nishiura. The puzzles are designed by Kuniaki Iwanami, who replaced previous designer Akira Tago following his death in March 2016. The game's animated cutscenes were produced by A-1 Pictures. The game's more episodic and casual style came about due to the belief that the Layton series had strayed from its roots in recent entries, which featured "overblown" stories like saving the world, and the desire to bring the series back to its core principles. This resulted in the shift in protagonist from Hershel Layton to his daughter, Katrielle, as the development team felt that they "can't bring back a guy who's saved the world and have him go do things like find a missing cat". Additionally, Hino stated that because half of all the Professor Layton players are female, a female protagonist was chosen to appeal to them. The decision to release the game on both 3DS and mobile devices was in part due to a desire to appeal to a wider demographic that may not own game consoles, while at the same time not wanting to turn their backs on the "dedicated 3DS fans" of series. Rather than the mobile version being a port, or vice versa, the game was specifically developed for play on both the 3DS and mobile. The game was announced in July 2016 under the title Lady Layton: The Millionaire Ariadone's Conspiracy, but was renamed Layton's Mystery Journey in April 2017, as the developers wanted to give the game a grander image. It was released worldwide for iOS and Android devices on July 20, 2017, and for the Nintendo 3DS on the same date in Japan. The Nintendo 3DS version was released in North America and Europe on October 6, 2017. A Nintendo Switch version was released in Japan on August 9, 2018, and in North America and Europe on November 8, 2019. Reception The game received mixed reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Shaun Musgrave of TouchArcade gave the game five out of five stars, praising the series's smooth transition to mobile platforms, the "outstanding" presentation, the story and the puzzles. Game Informers Kyle Hilliard considered Katrielle a more enjoyable a protagonist over her father. However, he had issue with the game's narrative structure, considering the standalone nature of the cases to cause the finale to "fall flat", as well as the puzzles, which he considered to overall be mediocre, and to have some "frankly stupid solutions". Daan Koopman of Nintendo World Report gave the 3DS version of the game a 7.5 out of 10. He praised the game's colorful presentation, as well as the gameplay being as "entertaining as ever", although he felt that the puzzles were too easy compared to the prior entries. He also noted that the ability for the player to return to prior cases offered much extra content to players and helped the world of the game feel alive. He, however, was underwhelmed by the game's story due to its overarching plot being "sorely lacking", and felt that the "conclusion came out of left field". Adventure Gamers's Jack Allin felt as though the case structure made for accessible mobile and casual gaming, and was positive towards the "pitch-perfect voice acting", as well as the visuals, and the high quantity of puzzles. However, he considered there to be "too many duds in the puzzle pile", and that the backgrounds, characters, and music got repetitive and tiresome. He also felt that the "simplified case focus makes the story entirely forgettable". He gave the game 3 out of 5 stars. On the other hand, despite the simplified narrative style, GameCentral for Metro still considered there to be little fundamental change compared to the prior titles in the series, which offered very few new ideas. They also felt as though, "despite being its natural home, the 3DS offers no real advantage", pointing out the lack of 3D effects, which were present in previous titles. They also noted the prices for both versions, specifically that an £18 price tag was something that "never worked" for mobile games, although they considered it to be "good value for money", especially given that free daily puzzles are being promised as downloadable content for up to a year after release. On the other hand, they considered the 3DS version being more than twice as expensive as the mobile version to be a negative, even with the costume sets, which were paid for DLC in the mobile version, being bundled into the retail release. Layton's Mystery Journey was the 29th best selling video game in the United Kingdom during the Nintendo 3DS version's European debut week, and the second best selling Nintendo 3DS game in the region after Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga + Bowser's Minions. The game was nominated for "Game, Franchise Family" at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards.	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Joe Allen Evyagotailak Joe Allen Evyagotailak was born 15 July 1953 in Kugluktuk, Nunavut, Canada. Evyagotailak was the Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the electoral district of Kugluktuk having won the seat in the 2004 Nunavut election. Evyagotailak is a notable Copper Inuit. On 20 August 2008, Evyagotailak stepped down as the MLA. He stated that he wanted to run for the presidency of the Kitikmeot Inuit Association (KIA). Prior to becoming an MLA, in the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut Evyagotailak was the mayor of Kugluktuk and worked with several local organizations, including the KIA of which he was both vice-president and president. External links Joe Allen Evyagotailak at the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut References Category:1953 births Category:Living people Category:Inuit from the Northwest Territories Category:Inuit politicians Category:Members of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut Category:21st-century Canadian politicians Category:Mayors of Kugluktuk Category:People from Kugluktuk Category:Inuit from Nunavut	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Brändöskär Brändöskär and Uddskär are two islands in the northwest of the Swedish sector of the Bay of Bothnia, in the Luleå archipelago, joined by an isthmus. In the past there was a large summer fishing village around the bay between the two islands. Many of the buildings remain, and are now used for recreational purposes. Location Brändöskär is located in the outer part of the Luleå archipelago, about east of Lövskär on the mainland. Brändöskär is joined to the island of Uddskär by an isthmus. The cottages and boathouses of a fishing village were built around the bay between Brändöskär and Uddskär when the two islands were separate. The island was named after the fishing village of Brändön on the mainland. Brändöskär may be reached in summer by tour boats from Luleå. In the winter it is accessible on skis, ice skates or snowmobile. Village There is a beautiful fishing village on Brändöskär in a sheltered inlet with a public dock, with log fishing huts that have survived from the past. The old chapel, the Brändö-Uddskärs kapell, was built in 1774 by the fishermen of the outer Luleå archipelago. There is also a turf maze on the island. A cottage may be rented in the village. In August 2013 it was reported that new municipal rental cottages were to be built in the fall, ready for the next summer. There would be a service building with toilets and three new cottages. One old cottage would also be rehabilitated. The wall sections and other material were being barged to the harbor, and then lifted to the construction site by helicopter to avoid any damage to the land. Environment The islands are often windswept, but have a wild beauty. The severe climate of the outer archipelago gives Brändöskär an unusually barren environment. The terrain consists of rocky outcrops, weathered moraine, rocks and sand. Most outcrops show the effects of glaciation in polishing the rock and creating striations. Haparanda-monzoniten is a common type of rock on the two islands, with large black and white crystals. Vegetation on Brändöskär includes lichen, moss, heath and low, windblown trees. This is similar to that of mountain terrain. However, plants such as lily of the valley, and orchids may be found in sheltered locations. Rare plants include torplås and nordlåsbräken. The vegetation on Uddskär is richer and denser, with large forested areas of pine, spruce, birch and aspen, and with small and large mires. The Brändöskär municipal nature reserve was founded in 2005, covering between the chapel and the southern tip of the island. It also includes Haraskär, Hällgrund island and the Persögrund peninsula. The reserve is an important site for birds, and is off limits between 1 May and 31 July. At other times hiking, fishing and hunting are allowed, as are picking berries and mushrooms, camping and making fires on designated sites. History When the fishing village was built, Brändöskär and Uddskär were two separate islands. Probably the main part of the original village was on Uddskär. It is said that Queen Christina donated Brändöskär to Norrbrändö, but no records of this transaction have survived. Although now used only for recreation, many of the cottages are still owned by families from Brändön. In 1820 about thirty boats were based at Brändöskär / Uddskär, the largest fishing village in the Luleå Archipelago. The main catch was herring, which was caught in nets, salted and sold in wooden barrels in Luleå, Haparanda, Raahe and Oulu. Whitefish, grayling, salmon, pike, perch and ide were also caught, but mainly consumed locally. A harbor master enforced tight regulations over fishing and enforced the law. No fishing was allowed between 6 pm on Saturday and 6 pm on Sunday, when the fishermen observed a day of rest. The artist Erik Marklund (c. 1909 – 1980) lived and worked on Brändöskär. He mainly worked in oils or pencil drawing, portraying the life of the island and the archipelago. In 1957 he built a statue of Jesus on a small outcrop, Hällgrund, off shore from the island. It is still standing today, and is visible from a distance in clear weather. Marklund also made the altar in the chapel. The altarpiece depicts a rich haul of fish from the surrounding waters. Gallery References Notes Citations Sources Category:Swedish islands in the Baltic Category:Islands of Norrbotten County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1988 Virginia Tech Hokies football team The 1988 Virginia Tech Hokies football team represented the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head coach was Frank Beamer. Schedule References Virginia Tech Category:Virginia Tech Hokies football seasons Virginia Tech Hokies football	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Reichsgau Kärnten The Reichsgau Kärnten (English: Gau Carinthia) was an administrative division of Nazi Germany in Carinthia and East Tyrol (both in Austria) and Upper Carniola in Slovenia. It existed from 1938 to 1945. It was responsible for the administration of the de facto annexed Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral (Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland, OZAK). History The Nazi Gau (plural Gaue) system was originally established in a party conference on 22 May 1926, in order to improve administration of the party structure. From 1933 onwards, after the Nazi seizure of power, the Gaue increasingly replaced the German states as administrative subdivisions in Germany. In 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria, with the latter being sub-divided into Reichsgaue. At the head of each Gau stood a Gauleiter, a position which became increasingly more powerful, especially after the outbreak of the Second World War. Local Gauleiter were in charge of propaganda and surveillance and, from September 1944 onwards, the Volkssturm and the defence of the Gau. The position of Gauleiter in Kärnten initially was held by Hubert Klausner from 1938 to 1939. Franz Kutschera was acting Gauleiter from 1939 to 1941, followed by Friedrich Rainer from 1941 to 1945. References External links Illustrated list of Gauleiter Karnten Category:Slovenia in World War II Category:History of Carinthia (region) Category:1938 establishments in Germany Category:1945 disestablishments in Germany	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Syed Nasir Ismail Tun Dato' Syed Nasir bin Ismail ( ; 7 March 1921– 1982) was a Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of the Parliament of Malaysia. During his lifetime, he was known as a nationalist who sought to fight for the primacy of the national language in Malaysia as a means to create a national identity through the closing down of public-funded Mandarin and Tamil vernacular schools. Tun Syed Nasir sees a common education system for all as a solution to this dilemma. A prominent politician from the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) – the leading party of the governing Barisan Nasional coalition – he served as the 5th Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat from 1978 till his death in 1982. He was born in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia, and is of Hadhrami Arab descent. Awards and recognitions Honours of Malaysia : Companion of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (J.M.N.) (1961) : Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (P.M.N.) (1971) : Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (S.S.M.) (1982) Places named after him Several places were named after him, including: Kolej Tun Syed Nasir, a residential college at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Kolej Tun Syed Nasir, a residential college at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail in Muar, Johor Taman Tun Syed Nasir, a residential area in Muar, Johor Kampung Kenangan Tun Syed Nasir in Muar, Johor References Category:1921 births Category:1982 deaths Category:Speakers of the Dewan Rakyat Category:Malaysian people of Yemeni descent Category:People from Batu Pahat Category:Hadhrami people Category:People from Johor Category:Malaysian people of Malay descent Category:Malaysian Muslims Category:United Malays National Organisation politicians Category:Grand Commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia Category:Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm Category:Companions of the Order of the Defender of the Realm	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Richard A. Bettis Richard A. Bettis is the Ellison Distinguished Professor of Strategy and Entrepreneurship at the Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is known for his work on corporate strategy, global business strategy and strategic management. He is a former president of the Strategic Management Society and was the Co-Editor of Strategic Management Journal from 2007-2015. In 1986, Bettis and his co-author C.K. Prahalad coined the term dominant logic to describe deep-set cultural norms and thought patterns that drive managerial action in firms. Selected publications Hu, Songcui, Zi‐Lin He, Daniela P. Blettner, and Richard A. Bettis. "Conflict inside and outside: Social comparisons and attention shifts in multidivisional firms." Strategic Management Journal (2016). Kim, Changhyun, and Richard A. Bettis. "Cash is surprisingly valuable as a strategic asset." Strategic Management Journal 35, no. 13 (2014): 2053-2063. Bettis, Richard A., and Michael A. Hitt. "The new competitive landscape." Strategic management journal 16, no. S1 (1995): 7-19. Bettis, Richard A., and Coimbatore K. Prahalad. "The dominant logic: Retrospective and extension." Strategic management journal 16, no. 1 (1995): 5-14. Prahalad, Coimbatore K., and Richard A. Bettis. "The dominant logic: A new linkage between diversity and performance." Strategic management journal 7, no. 6 (1986): 485-501. Bettis, Richard A., and Vijay Mahajan. "Risk/return performance of diversified firms." Management Science 31, no. 7 (1985): 785-799. Bettis, Richard A. "Performance differences in related and unrelated diversified firms." Strategic Management Journal 2, no. 4 (1981): 379-393 References Category:American business theorists Category:Living people Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Churaki Churaki () is a rural locality (a selo) in Kosinsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 160 as of 2010. There are 6 streets. References Category:Rural localities in Perm Krai	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sun Qiuting Sun Qiuting (, born 22 September 1985) is a Chinese synchronized swimmer. She has qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics. References China at the 2008 Summer Olympics Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:Chinese synchronized swimmers Category:Olympic bronze medalists for China Category:Olympic synchronized swimmers of China Category:Synchronized swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic medalists in synchronized swimming Category:Asian Games medalists in artistic swimming Category:Artistic swimmers at the 2006 Asian Games Category:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Category:Synchronized swimmers from Shanghai Category:Asian Games gold medalists for China Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Araya, Venezuela Araya is a town located on Venezuela's Caribbean coast, on the easternmost extremity of the Araya Peninsula. Araya Fortress The Araya Fortress is a beige-brown stone masonry fortification. The fortification was built in order to defend Araya and the Araya Peninsula against Caribbean pirates. The Spanish Empire only focused on the pearls that could be found off the coast. Because this area had the largest salt plains in the country, the Dutch and the English started extracting the salt, an important product at that time. When the pearl harvesting came to an end, the Spanish used the fort to defend the salt plains against the English and the Dutch. The fort was abandoned after a hurricane destroyed the area and the salt reserves were lost. External links Subject of 1959 Documentary Araya, on the Internet Movie Database IMDB.com Images of Araya fortress References Category:Populated places in Sucre (state)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Testamentary disposition A testamentary disposition is any gift of any property by a testator under the terms of a will. Types Types of testamentary dispositions include: Gift (law), assets that have been legally transferred from one person to another Legacy, testamentary gift of personal property, traditionally of money but may be real or personal property Life estate, a concept used in common and statutory law to designate the ownership of land for the duration of a person's life Demonstrative legacy, a gift of a specific sum of money with a direction that is to be paid out of a particular fund See also Testator References Category:Wills and trusts	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Saint-Pierreville Saint-Pierreville is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France. Population See also Communes of the Ardèche department References INSEE Category:Communes of Ardèche Category:Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Masashi Ozaki is a Japanese professional golfer. Ozaki is often known as Jumbo Ozaki (ジャンボ尾崎 Janbo Ozaki) on account of his height and length off the tee. He featured in the top ten of the Official World Golf Rankings for almost 200 weeks between 1989 and 1998. He is the most successful player of all time on the Japan Golf Tour, having led the money list a record 12 times and won 94 tournaments, more than 40 more than the second highest player. Ozaki was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2011. Biography Ozaki was born in Kaifu District, Tokushima. He was a professional baseball pitcher/outfielder from 1965 to 1967 with the Nishitetsu Lions, but he turned to professional golf at the age of 23 and won the Japan PGA Championship the following year. Ozaki led the Japan Golf Tour in earnings in 1973–74, 1977, 1988–90, 1992, and 1994–98. Ozaki finished 8th at The Masters in 1973 and finished 6th at the U.S. Open in 1989. He competed at the Masters 19 times. He played occasionally on the PGA Tour from 1972 to 2000, in 96 tournaments, though never more than nine in one year. In these starts, his best finish was a T-4 at the 1993 Memorial Tournament. Ozaki played on the International Team in the 1996 Presidents Cup. Ozaki built "AON Age" with his rivals Isao Aoki and Tsuneyuki "Tommy" Nakajima. Ozaki's brothers Tateo "Jet" and Naomichi "Joe" are also professional golfers and, like Masashi, have been extremely successful on the Japan Golf Tour with dozens of wins between them. Now in his sixties, he still plays regularly on the Japan Golf Tour. Professional wins (114) Japan Golf Tour wins (94) 1973 (5) Tohoku Classic, Kanto Pro Championship, ANA Sapporo Open, Tokai Classic, Taiheiyo Club Masters 1974 (6) Tohoku Classic, Japan PGA Championship, Suntory Open, ANA Sapporo Open, Japan Open Golf Championship, Nippon Series 1975 (1) Tohoku Classic 1976 (3) Kanto Open, Hiroshima Open, Sanpo Classic 1977 (4) Pepsi-Wilson Tournament, Kanto Open, Tokai Classic, Nippon Series 1978 (2) Pepsi-Wilson Tournament, Hiroshima Open 1980 (3) Dunlop International Open, Fujisankei Classic, Nippon Series 1982 (1) Kanto Open 1983 (1) Jun Classic 1984 (1) Hiroshima Open 1986 (4) Fujisankei Classic, Nikkei Cup, Maruman Open, Jun Classic 1987 (3) The Crowns, Fujisankei Classic, Jun Classic 1988 (6) Dunlop Open, Nikkei Cup, Maruman Open, Japan Open Golf Championship, Golf Digest Tournament, Bridgestone Open 1989 (7) Fujisankei Classic, Japan PGA Championship, Sendai Classic, Yonex Open Hiroshima, Japan PGA Match-Play Championship Unisys Cup, ANA Open, Japan Open Golf Championship 1990 (4) Fujisankei Classic, Yonex Open Hiroshima, Maruman Open, Daiwa KBC Augusta 1991 (2) Japan PGA Championship, Jun Classic 1992 (6) Dunlop Open, The Crowns, PGA Philanthropy Tournament, ANA Open, Japan Open Golf Championship, Visa Taiheiyo Club Masters 1993 (3) Fujisankei Classic, Japan PGA Championship, Golf Digest Tournament 1994 (7) Dunlop Open, Yonex Open Hiroshima, ANA Open, Japan Open Golf Championship, Daiwa International, Sumitomo Visa Taiheiyo Masters, Phoenix Tournament 1995 (5) The Crowns, Yonex Open Hiroshima, ANA Open, Dunlop Phoenix Tournament, Golf Nippon Series Hitachi Cup 1996 (8) The Crowns, Japan PGA Championship, Mitsubishi Galant Tournament, JCB Classic Sendai, Hisamitsu-KBC Augusta, Gene Sarazen Jun Classic, Dunlop Phoenix Tournament, Golf Nippon Series Hitachi Cup 1997 (5) Token Corporation Cup, The Crowns, Mitsubishi Galant Tournament, Hisamitsu-KBC Augusta, Bridgestone Open 1998 (3) Yonex Open Hiroshima, Hisamitsu-KBC Augusta, Philip Morris Championship 1999 (2) Token Corporation Cup, Yonex Open Hiroshima 2000 (1) Sun Chlorella Classic 2002 (1) ANA Open Japanese circuit wins (14) 1971 (5) Japan PGA Championship, Nippon Series, Golf Digest Tournament, Miki Gold Cup (tie with Billy Casper), Setouchi Series Hiroshima leg 1972 (9) Wizard Tournament, Sapporo Open, Kanto Open, All Nippon Doubles, Nippon Series, Grand Monarch, First Flight, Chiba Open, Asahi International Australian Tour win (1) 1972 New Zealand PGA Championship Other wins (5) 1976 Chiba Open 1984 Kanagawa Open 1985 Kanagawa Open 1990 Nissan Super Skins (Australia) 1992 Sanko Grand Summer Tournament Results in major championships CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" indicates a tie for a place Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 5 (twice) Longest streak of top-10s – 1 (three times) Team appearances This list may be incomplete. World Cup (representing Japan): 1974, 1988 Four Tours World Championship: (representing Japan) 1986 (winners), 1987, 1989 Presidents Cup (International team): 1996 See also List of golfers with most Japan Golf Tour wins Jumbo Ozaki no Hole In One - Famicom and Super Famicom video game References External links Category:Japanese male golfers Category:Japan Golf Tour golfers Category:World Golf Hall of Fame inductees Category:Japanese baseball players Category:Nishitetsu Lions players Category:Baseball people from Tokushima Prefecture Category:1947 births Category:Living people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hydnellum crustulinum Hydnellum crustulinum is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Punjab, India, it was described as new to science in 1971 by Dutch mycologist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus. References External links Category:Fungi described in 1971 Category:Fungi of Asia Category:Inedible fungi crustulinum	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Big Money Heavyweight Big Money Heavyweight is the fifth and final studio album by hip hop duo Big Tymers. It was released on December 9, 2003, through Cash Money Records and was mainly produced by Mannie Fresh, with other production handled by R. Kelly, Jazze Pha and Leslie Brathwaite. The album debuted at number 21 on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 116,000 copies in the US and was certified Gold by the RIAA. Track listing References Category:2003 albums Category:Big Tymers albums Category:Cash Money Records albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Firdaposten Firdaposten is a local newspaper published in Kinn Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It also covers the municipality of Bremanger. The newspaper was established as a media outlet of the Norwegian Labour Party in 1948. The first editor of the paper was Guttorm Hansen. At the initial phase the paper was published twice a week. It is owned by A-Pressen, and had a circulation of 5481 in 2007. References External links Official site Category:Amedia Category:Kinn Category:Newspapers published in Norway Category:Sogn og Fjordane media Category:1948 establishments in Norway Category:Publications established in 1948 Category:Labour Party (Norway) newspapers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Willem van 't Spijker Willem van 't Spijker (born 21 September 1926) is a Dutch minister and theologian. He is specialized in church history and church law. Life Willem van 't Spijker was born and grew up in Zwolle in a simple and family characterized by sincere piety. He married the daughter of Professor Hovius. In Apeldoorn he studied theology. At the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam he graduated in 1970 with a dissertation titled "The offices of Martin Bucer". After being a minister at Drogeham and Utrecht, he became a professor at the Theological University of Apeldoorn of the Christian Reformed Churches. In 1997 he took leave as a professor, he was succeeded by Herman Selderhuis. In his academic education and in his publications, he specialized in the Reformation period. Internationally, he is a specialist in this period of church history. He was promoted to knight in the order of the Dutch Lion; he received this distinctio, in particular because of his many publications in the field of ecclesiastical and scientific studies. From the University of Christian Higher Education in Potchefstroom, he received an honorary doctorate in theology. He received this degree, partly because of his extraordinary academic status in national and international context. Biography Calvin: A Brief Guide to His Life and Thought, Westminster John Knox Press, 2009 Calvin: Biografie und Theologie (KIRCHE IN IHRER GESCHICHTE), Vandehoeck & Rupprecht, 2001, The Ecclesiastical Offices in the Thought of Martin Bucer (Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions) (Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava), 1996, References Category:1926 births Category:Possibly living people Category:Dutch Calvinist and Reformed theologians Category:People from Zwolle Category:Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam alumni	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2010 Internationaux de Strasbourg – Doubles Nathalie Dechy and Mara Santangelo were the defending champions, but Dechy retired in 2009 and Santangelo chose not to compete this year. Alizé Cornet and Vania King defeated Alla Kudryavtseva and Anastasia Rodionova in the final 3–6, 6–4, [10–7]. Seeds Draw Draw References Main Draw Internationaux de Strasbourg - Doubles Category:Internationaux de Strasbourg Category:2010 in French sport	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tea for Three (film) Tea for Three is a lost 1927 American comedy silent film directed by Robert Z. Leonard and written by Garrett Graham, F. Hugh Herbert, Roi Cooper Megrue and Lucille Newmark. The film stars Lew Cody, Aileen Pringle, and Owen Moore. Supporting players were Phillips Smalley, Dorothy Sebastian and Edward Thomas. The film was released on October 29, 1927, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Plot Cast Lew Cody as Carter Langford Aileen Pringle as Doris Langford Owen Moore as Philip Collamore Phillips Smalley as Harrington Dorothy Sebastian as Annette Edward Thomas as Austin, the butler References External links Category:1927 films Category:American films Category:English-language films Category:American comedy films Category:1920s comedy films Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films Category:Films directed by Robert Z. Leonard Category:American black-and-white films Category:American silent feature films Category:American films based on plays Category:Lost American films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Iranian Academy of the Arts The Iranian Academy of Arts (IAA) (Persian: فرهنگستان هنر ایران; formally Academy of Arts of the Islamic Republic of Iran) was established in March 2000. It is one of the four academies of the Islamic Republic of Iran; the other three are: the Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, the Iranian Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Persian Language and Literature. The IIA is an authorised entity affiliated with presidential administration. Presidency Mir Hossein Mousavi served as president for 11 years until he was removed in 2009. Ali Mo'alem Damghani was selected as second president of Academy in December 2009 by the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution. Organization The academy consists of the president of the country as the supreme chancellor of the academies, the board of trustees, the general assembly, the president of the academy, and the experts council. The academy has nine specialized departments as follows: Department of Dramatic Arts Department of Music Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Department of Handicrafts and Traditional Arts Department of Visual Arts Department of Cinema Department of Philosophy and Theosophy Department of Multimedia Arts Department of Semiology of Arts Objectives Among the major objectives of the Iranian Academy of Arts are: proposing policies for the preservation and promotion of Islamic, national and local arts; research and utilization of new art theories with reliance on the national and Islamic fundamentals; support and encouragement of basic research and following up the implementation of art projects and studies at national level; annual evaluation of art indices in the country; and studying the shortcomings of the educational system of the country in the field of art and offering proposals to the related institutions. Members The Academy has three types of members including permanent, associate and honorary members. All members are admitted on the proposal of the president of the Academy or that of at least five members of General Assembly and approval of the General Assembly and acknowledgment of the President of the Academy. All regular members must be at least associate professors, or be among Iranian prominent artists and hold Iranian nationality. Foreign outstanding artists and art researchers can be admitted as honorary members into Academy. According to article 16 of the Academy’s charter, the Iranian Academy of Arts will have thirty regular members, all experts and artists active in various fields, twenty of whom will be elected by the Art Council’s nomination and the Cultural Revolution Supreme Council’s approval, and the remaining ten will be elected by the latter twenty. Divisions The Central Building Saba Cultural and Art Institute (SCAI) Aseman Cultural-Artistic Complex (ACAC) Palestine Museum of Contemporary Arts (PMCA) Naghsh-e Jahan Art Research Center (NJARC) Art Research Center (ARC) Especialized Library External links English Website References Category:Iranian art Category:Arts councils Arts Academy Category:Arts organizations established in 2000 Category:Cultural organisations based in Iran	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Clara G. McMillan Clara Gooding McMillan (August 17, 1894 – November 8, 1976) was a U.S. Representative from South Carolina, and wife of Thomas S. McMillan. Biography Born in Brunson, South Carolina, Mcmillan attended the public schools, Confederate Home College, Charleston, South Carolina, and Flora MacDonald College, Red Springs, North Carolina. Mcmillan was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-sixth Congress by special election, on November 7, 1939, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Thomas S. McMillan, and served from November 7, 1939, to January 3, 1941. She was not a candidate for reelection in 1940 to the Seventy-seventh Congress. She served in National Youth Administration, then the Office of Government Reports, Office of War Information, 1941. She was appointed information liaison officer for the Department of State, Washington, D.C., on January 1, 1946, and served until July 31, 1957. McMillan resided in Barnwell, South Carolina, until her death on November 8, 1976. She was interred in Magnolia Cemetery, Charleston, South Carolina. See also Women in the United States House of Representatives Sources References Category:1894 births Category:1976 deaths Category:People from Hampton County, South Carolina Category:South Carolina Democrats Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina Category:Female members of the United States House of Representatives Category:Women in South Carolina politics Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives Category:20th-century American politicians Category:20th-century American women politicians Category:People from Barnwell, South Carolina	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hugo, Illinois Hugo is an unincorporated community in Douglas County, Illinois, United States. Hugo is south-southeast of Camargo. References Category:Unincorporated communities in Douglas County, Illinois Category:Unincorporated communities in Illinois	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Percolation trench A percolation trench, also called an infiltration trench, is a type of best management practice (BMP) that is used to manage stormwater runoff, prevent flooding and downstream erosion, and improve water quality in an adjacent river, stream, lake or bay. It is a shallow excavated trench filled with gravel or crushed stone that is designed to infiltrate stormwater though permeable soils into the groundwater aquifer. A percolation trench is similar to a dry well, which is typically an excavated hole filled with gravel. Another similar drainage structure is a French drain, which directs water away from a building foundation, but is usually not designed to protect water quality. Application and design Percolation trenches are often used to treat runoff from impervious surfaces, such as sidewalks and parking lots, on sites where there is limited space available for managing stormwater. They are effective at treating stormwater only if the soil has sufficient porosity. To function properly, a trench must be designed with a pretreatment structure such as a grass channel or swale, in order to capture sediment and avoid clogging the trench. It may not be appropriate for sites where there is a possibility of groundwater contamination, or where there is soil with a high clay content that could clog the trench. See also Best management practice for water pollution French drain Infiltration basin Sustainable urban drainage systems References External links U.S. EPA Fact Sheet: "Infiltration Trench" International Stormwater BMP Database – Performance Data on Urban Stormwater Best Management Practices Category:Environmental engineering Category:Hydrology Category:Stormwater management	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
All Your Favorite Bands All Your Favorite Bands is the fourth studio album by American folk-rock band Dawes, released on June 2, 2015. Critical reception All Your Favorite Bands currently holds a score of 71 out of 100 at Metacritic based on 12 critic reviews, indicating generally favorable reviews. Commercial performance The album debuted at No.1 on the Billboard Folk Albums chart, No. 4 on Top Rock Albums, selling 13,000 copies in its first week. Track listing All songs written by Taylor Goldsmith, except where noted. Personnel Taylor Goldsmith – lead vocals, guitar Griffin Goldsmith – drums, background vocals, percussion Wylie Gelber – bass Tay Strathairn – keyboards, background vocals Additional Musicians Richard Bennett – acoustic guitar (tracks 1,4,5) Paul Franklin – steel guitar (tracks 4,7) David Rawlings – guitar, background vocals (tracks 2,4) Gillian Welch – background vocals (track 5) Ann McCrary – background vocals (track 5) Frieda McCrary – background vocals (track 5) Regina McCrary – background vocals, tambourine (track 5) Chart performance Airplay References External links Dawes official website Category:2015 albums Category:Dawes (band) albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Group 1 Automotive Group 1 Automotive, Inc. () is an international Fortune 500 automotive retailer with automotive dealerships and collision centers in the United States, United Kingdom and Brazil. Group 1 sells new and used cars and light trucks, arranges financial services, provides maintenance and repair services, and sells vehicle parts. As of 2019, the company employs over 15,000 people globally. The company is led by former Ford Motor Company executives, CEO Earl J. Hesterberg and CFO John C. Rickel. The company executives are SVP Peter C. DeLongchamps, SVP Darryl M. Burman, SVP Frank Grese Jr., and President of US Operations Daryl A. Kenningham History Group 1 was founded as a public corporation in 1997 with B. B. Hollingsworth as Chairman and CEO. The founding dealership owners were Bob Howard of Oklahoma City, Sterling McCall and Kevin Whalen of Houston, and Charles Smith of Beaumont. Subsequent acquisitions in the USA include the Gene Messer Automotive Group, Maxwell Auto Group, Ira Motor Group, Bohn Auto Group, Pat Peck Auto Group and Miller Automotive Group. 2018 Acquisitions include two dealerships in El Paso and on 1 March 2018, In March 2018 Group 1 completed their acquisition of 5 Mercedes-Benz and 3 smart dealerships from Robinsons Motor Group. These are based in Bury St Edmunds, Cambridge, Kings Lynn, Norwich and Peterborough. Group 1 acquired UK dealers from 2010 to 2017, including: Barons Group, Chandlers Group, Essex Audi Group, Elms Group, Think Ford, Spire Automotive and the Beadles Group. Group 1 purchased Brazilian automotive firm UAB Motors Participacoes S.A in 2013, renaming the entity as Group 1 Automotive Brasil in 2015. Professional race car driver André Ribeiro and his family of dealerships were notable parts of this acquisition. As of 2013, Group 1 became the third largest automotive retailer in the United States and as of 2018 the company owns 163 dealerships in 15 states across the USA, 18 in Brazil and 60 in the UK. Group 1 also operates 31 collision centers in the USA, Brazil and the UK. In response to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, Group 1 issued a $500 bonus to non-management dealership personnel. CEO Earl Hesterberg noted, "This was an unusual opportunity to support the people who do the hard work without doing undue financial damage to the company." Locations In the USA, Group 1 Automotive has dealerships in Alabama, California, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Carolina and Texas. Their corporate headquarters is in the Memorial City district of Houston, Texas. Products and Services In response to used vehicle retailing trends, the Val-U-Line® brand was created in Q1 2018 to retail older vehicles with benefits like a 3-day/300 mile return policy and CarFax vehicle history reports. Initial investment impacted forecasts but future earnings were positive, contributing to a 13.9% increase in used vehicle sales for 2018. In June 2019 the company created AcceleRide®, a digital retailing platform allowing customers to purchase a new or used vehicle without the need to visit their dealerships. The platform also provides vehicle financing, trade-in appraisals and offsite delivery options. Philanthropy With individual dealerships engage in local philanthropic efforts often independent from the corporate office, Group 1 supports Houston-area causes focusing on community outreach and grade school education. Employees regularly make brown bag lunches to support Kids' Meals and donated cargo vans for their meals on wheels deliveries. The company partnered with SEARCH Homeless Services and Junior Achievement of South East Texas for events, classroom mentoring and the JA Company Program in Spring Branch ISD. Starting in November 2017, Group 1 partnered with the Houston Independent School District to reward their Teacher of the Month recipients with a new vehicle to drive for the month. The Group 1 Foundation The Group 1 Foundation was initially created to support employees impacted by Hurricane Katrina, closely followed by Hurricane Rita. This tax-exempt charity gives all proceeds to help fellow employees in times of hardship. Examples include supporting survivors of fatal car accidents and a fire at an employee's home. Subsequent natural disasters like the 2013 Moore Tornado, Super Storm Sandy, Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Michael also marked the need for the Group 1 Foundation to assist their employees. References External links United States - Group 1 Automotive United Kingdom - Group 1 Automotive UK Brazil - Group 1 Automotive Brazil Category:Auto dealerships of the United States Category:Companies based in Houston Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Category:American companies established in 1997 Category:Retail companies established in 1997 Category:1997 establishments in Texas	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dimitris Gogos Dimitris Gogos (; 28 February 190318 November 1985) was one of the most influential singers and composers of rebetiko music. Also called Bayianteras (), a nickname that was given to him in 1925 for covering and playing in bouzouki Emmerich Kálmán's operetta, Die Bajadere, Gogos wrote songs that met great success and popularity in occupied Greece. Category:1903 births Category:1985 deaths Category:Greek singers Category:20th-century Greek singers Category:Greek bouzouki players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
J. G. Hughes House J. G. Hughes House, also known as Fieldstone, is a historic home located at Columbus, Polk County, North Carolina. It was built in 1896, and is a two-story, four bay, Queen Anne style frame dwelling. It has a cross gable roof, is sheathed in weatherboard, and rests on a stone foundation. It features a wrapround porch with sawn brackets and a cutaway bay window. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. References Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina Category:Queen Anne architecture in North Carolina Category:Houses completed in 1896 Category:Houses in Polk County, North Carolina Category:National Register of Historic Places in Polk County, North Carolina	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Roccaraso Roccaraso is a town and comune in central Italy, in the province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region. History The town of Roccaraso dates back to around 975 AD, and is located near the Rasinus stream, from which some believe it took its original name, Rasin Rocca. It developed as a farming village, inhabited by herdsmen and craftsmen, which guaranteed its people a peaceful and prosperous life. During the late 19th century, the opening of the rail link with Naples begins to bring the first tourists, attracted by the beauty of the natural environment, who were soon welcomed by various hotels that at that time were beginning to rise. A sharp setback came with the Second World War. Roccaraso was located right on the head of the Gustav line, the system of fortifications with which the Germans tried to stop the advance of the Allies after the landing at Salerno in September 1943. The town was completely destroyed by a bombing, which caused the loss of 'Interalia', a theater built in 1698, one of the oldest in Italy. The roccolani did not lose heart; after the end of the war the town returned to everyday life and soon became one of the most popular tourist destinations in Italy. Roccaraso's Frazione of Pietransieri is among the villages decorated for Valor for the War of Liberation that has been awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valour for the sacrifices of its people (which culminated in the massacre of Pietransieri) and its activities in the partisan struggle during the Second World War. Main sights Church of Santa Maria Assunta Medieval town of Pietransieri Church of San Rocco Ski resort Roccaraso The ski resort of Roccaraso is structured around the Mountains of Roccaraso, subgroup of Mont Greek (), the Piano Aremogna and Pizzalto, connected directly to the plants of Rivisondoli-Monte Pratello (), the heart of the largest ski area in central and southern Italy, the area of Alto Sangro, including around of downhill slopes and 36 lifts. The first ski race was held in 1910 and the first ski lift was the 'Slittovia' in Monte Zurrone, built in 1936. Numerous competitions, both national and international, are held every year. In March 2005, Roccaraso hosted the men's and women's finals of the European Cup, and the World Junior Championships in 2012. The participants, representing dozens of countries from all five continents, contended areas laurels of victory. But only eleven teams were able to savour the joy of the podium. In particular, Norway has dominated the race winning 4 gold, 3 silver, and 1 bronze. Italy settled for a silver medal obtained in the team event, the parallel team played on the Gran track Pizzalto, where blue colors were represented by Alex Zingerle, Giordano Ronci, and Pichler. During the 1950s and 1960s US Servicemen and their families enjoyed the recreation facilities especially riding "saucers"; like riding on a metal trash can lid. References External links Inside Abruzzo: Insider Tips Uncovered Roccaraso ASIpress - news from Roccaraso Category:Cities and towns in Abruzzo	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
West Hills College Coalinga West Hills College Coalinga is a public two-year community college located in Coalinga with a satellite facility in Firebaugh. Both locations serve students in the central San Joaquin Valley. Established in 1932, West Hills College Coaling is in the West Hills Community College District. It is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Programs The school is one of only eleven California community colleges with dormitories in the U.S. It attracts students from around the world, and actively recruits students from other countries to enroll in its English as a Second Language program. West Hills College Coalinga athletics offers football, baseball, and basketball for men; and volleyball and softball for women. A coed top-ranked rodeo team competes against two and four year schools. Other sports programs are being added. References External links Official webpage. Category:California Community Colleges System Category:Universities and colleges in Fresno County, California Category:Coalinga, California Category:Two-year colleges in the United States Category:Educational institutions established in 1932 Category:1932 establishments in California Category:Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mecklenburg-Strelitz (district) Mecklenburg-Strelitz was a Kreis (district) in the southern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. Neighboring districts were (from the north clockwise) Demmin, Ostvorpommern Uecker-Randow, the districts Uckermark, Oberhavel and Ostprignitz-Ruppin in Brandenburg, and the district Müritz. The district-free city Neubrandenburg was nearly completely surrounded by the district. History The name of this district traces back to the duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. This duchy was established in 1701 after the former duchy of Mecklenburg-Güstrow ceased to exist. The area of the district is roughly identical with the old duchy's main territory, the Stargarder Land. The old duchy included an exclave around Ratzeburg, which is today situated in Schleswig-Holstein. Southern parts of the older Mecklenburg-Strelitz, including the town of Fürstenberg, today belong to Brandenburg's Oberhavel district. The capital of the duchy was the town of Strelitz, which was completely destroyed in a fire in 1712. After this disaster the duke ordered a new town built at the shore of a small lake called the Zierker See. This town became Neustrelitz (= "New Strelitz"). Mecklenburg-Strelitz District was established by merging the three previous districts of Neubrandenburg, Neustrelitz and Strasburg in 1994. On 4 September 2011, it was merged into Mecklenburgische Seenplatte. Coat of arms Towns and municipalities The subdivisions of the district were (situation August 2011): References External links Official website (German) Category:Former districts of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Star college Star College of Harbin Normal University () is a university located in Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China. Star College is situated in Jiangbei, north of the city centre. It developed from a small language college but now has expanded to close to 10,000 students. It offers a range of majors including Business, English, Chinese, Art and Modern Technology. One selling point of the college is the large number of foreign teachers who are typically a cosmopolitan bunch from many different countries. Star College has a special affiliation with the London Southbank University. See also List of universities in China References External links Chinese homepage Category:Universities and colleges in Heilongjiang Category:Universities and colleges in Harbin zh:哈尔滨师范大学	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1963 North Carolina Tar Heels football team The 1963 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill during the 1963 NCAA University Division football season. The Tar Heels were led by fifth-year head coach Jim Hickey and played their home games at Kenan Memorial Stadium. They competed as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference, finishing as co-champions with a league record of 6–1. Bob Lacey led the ACC in receiving with 48 catches for 533 yards. He was selected as a first-team All-American by the Associated Press, Football Writers Association of America and NEA. Schedule References North Carolina Category:North Carolina Tar Heels football seasons Category:Atlantic Coast Conference football champion seasons Category:Gator Bowl champion seasons Tar Heels	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Aguada de Baixo Aguada de Baixo was a freguesia ("civil parish") in Águeda Municipality, Aveiro District, Portugal. It had an area of 4.7 km2 and in 2011 had a population of 1373. In 2013 it was merged with Barrô as part of an administrative reorganization of the territory and formed the União das Freguesias de Barrô e Aguada de Baixo. Geography It was the southernmost freguesia of the municipality, and it bordered the Águeda freguesias of Barrô and Aguada de Cima and the municipalities of Anadia e Oliveira do Bairro. Places Aguadela Alto da Póvoa Bicarenho Landiosa Passadouro Povoa da Raposa Povoa do Nascido Vale do Grou Vale do Mouro Vidoeiro Demography Politics Elections As of 31 December 2011, it had 1532 registered voters. In the 2009 local elections for the Assembly of the Freguesia, there were 1598 registered voters, with 920 (57,57%) voting and 678 (42,43%) abstaining. The Lista Independente de Aguada de Baixo (LIAB) got 527 (57,28%) of the votes, electing five members of the Assembly and the Socialist Party (PS) got 364 votes (39,57%), electing four members of the Assembly. Religion The Portuguese Roman Catholic Church's Diocese of Aveiro includes the Parish of Aguada de Baixo as part of the archpriestship of Águeda. Notes Article based on the Portuguese Wikipedia article Aguada de Baixo. References Category:Parishes of Águeda Category:Former parishes of Portugal Category:2013 disestablishments in Portugal Category:Populated places disestablished in 2013	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Birmingham Bulls Birmingham Bulls may refer to: Birmingham Bulls (WHA), a defunct ice hockey team from the World Hockey Association and Central Hockey League Birmingham Bulls (SPHL), an American ice hockey team in the Southern Professional Hockey League Birmingham Bulls (ECHL), a defunct American ice hockey team from the East Coast Hockey League Birmingham Bulls (American football), a British American football team Birmingham Bulldogs or Birmingham Bulls, a British rugby league team	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Athletics at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase The men's 3000 metres steeplechase event at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games was held on 22 and 25 July at the Meadowbank Stadium in Edinburgh, Scotland. It was the first time that the metric distance was contested at the Games replacing the mile. Medalists Results Heats Qualification: First 5 in each heat (Q) qualify directly for the final. Final References Heats results (p9) Australian results Category:Athletics at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games 1970	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tahar Zaouche Tahar Zaouche (6 September 190419 December 1975) was a Tunisian doctor and politician. Biography Tahar Zaouche studied at Lycée Carnot. Like other members of the first-generation of Tunisian doctors, he enrolled in a French university to pursue medical studies. As a specialist in otorhinolaryngology, he presented his thesis, Contribution to the study about Plasmacytoma of the upper airways, in 1932 at the Faculty of Medicine of Paris.. He was a member of the Association of North African Muslim Students in the 1930s. In 1932, he came back to Tunisia and got engaged in a political movement. In just three years, he became the secretary general of the third political office of the Neo-Destour. He was accompanied by his brother Noureddine, who was treasurer of the office. As a doctor, he succeeded Mahmoud El Materi as head of council of the medical college. He became the second Tunisian president to serve in this mission between 1963 and 1971. He was assisted during this mandate by Tawhida Ben Sheikh, the first female doctor in Tunisia and the Arab world, as vice-president. In the 1950s, Tahar Zaouche served as Minister of Health in Tahar Ben Ammar's office and as Minister of Public Works. Along with Tahar Ben Ammar, Mongi Slim (his brother-in-law) and Hedi Nouira, he played an important role in the Tunisian–French negotiations in September 1954. This delegation led to the signing of the agreements on internal autonomy in 1955. Family Zaouche is the grandson of Tahar Zaouche, nephew of Abdeljelil Zaouche, cousin of and father of diplomat Hamid Zaouche. References Category:1904 births Category:1975 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bellavista (band) Bellavista is an indie rock/shoegaze band from San Francisco, California. The current lineup includes guitarist/vocalist Rex John Shelverton, bassist Jeremy Bringetto, and drummer Cary LaScala. Shelverton is also known for being a co-founder of the band/duo Tamaryn. History Shelverton, Bringetto and Bajda were childhood friends who grew up around Half Moon Bay in Northern California. All three, along with Jonah Buffa, were originally members of the influential 1990s hardcore punk band Portraits of Past, who helped pioneer the sound that would later become known as screamo. Portraits of Past reformed in 2008, but quickly broke up again in 2009. Shelverton, Bringetto and Buffa were next in the post-punk band The Audience, who released the 1997 Das Audience album on Hymnal Sound and the "Young Soul" 7" single on Gold Standard Laboratories. Their next band, Vue, formed in 1999 in San Francisco and included Shelverton, Bringetto, Buffa and final drummer Cary LaScala. Vue released three albums: Vue (2000, Sub Pop), Find Your Home (2001, Sub Pop) and Down for Whatever (2003, RCA). They also released the Babies Are for Petting EP on RCA in 2003. Between 2001 and 2004, Vue performed with The Rolling Stones, Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, Franz Ferdinand, The Faint and Trail Of Dead. Vue disbanded at the end of 2004. Shelverton, Bringetto and LaScala then formed Bellavista, and released their eponymous debut LP on April 24, 2007 on Take Root Records. From 2008 to 2017, LaScala was replaced by Bajda. In 2017, Bajda left to focus on his art and LaScala rejoined the band. Bellavista's single, "Always Oneness" backed by "Under the Walls", was released on November 6, 2012 as a vinyl 7" with download card, at first available only at Tamaryn's tour merchandise table. Bellavista's second album Sun and Skyway was digitally released June 13th, 2017 on Apple Music, Spotify, and Bandcamp. Bellavista's single Feline / Nocturnal was digitally released January 23rd, 2018 on Apple Music, Spotify, and Bandcamp. Band members Rex Shelverton – guitar, vocals Jeremy Bringetto – bass Cary LaScala – drums Discography Studio Albums Bellavista (2007, Take Root Records; 2008, KNTRST) Singles "Always Oneness" / "Under the Walls" 7"/digital (2012, self-released) References External links Bellavista on Facebook Official Site Bellavista on YouTube Bellavista on Soundcloud Cary LaScala's Drumming Resume Category:Rock music groups from California Category:Musical groups from San Francisco	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Armando Salati Armando Salati (1884–1963) was an Italian Vice Consul to the United States, and Philadelphia Honorary Consul from 1913-1940. Family Armando Salati, born June 20, 1884, was the eldest son of Ottavio and Adelaide Salati of the Comune di Gioi, Campania, Italy. Armando married Julia LaFazia in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 2, 1914; and they had eight children, one of which died as an infant. Career After graduating from law school in Italy, Armando Salati became a Lieutenant in the Italian Army. In 1912, he was offered an opportunity from the King of Italy to join the Italian Consulate in the United States. As Italian Vice Consul, he became Philadelphia Honorary Consul, serving from 1913 to 1940. Armando Salati became acting Consul in 1938, following the recall to Italy of Philadelphia Consul Edoardo Pervan, who had been accused by the House Un-American Activities Committee of being a Fascist propagandist. Salati held this post until Ludovico Censi was named Philadelphia Consul in 1939. The consulate was located at 2128 Locust Street in Philadelphia. In 1942 with the entry of the United States into World War II, the U.S. Government froze Italian assets, forbade Italians from leaving the country, and closed the consulates. The Philadelphia Consulate did not reopen until 1947, representing the Italian Republic which had replaced the Kingdom of Italy in 1946. In retirement, Salati returned to his home in Gioi, Campania, Italy in 1951. He died at his ancestral home on January 4, 1963. Inventor Armando Salati was granted United States patent #1,246,791 on November 13, 1917, as a subject of the King of Italy. Recognition Armando Salati was awarded Cavaliere of the Italian Crown by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy in 1921. See also Gioi Order of the Crown of Italy List of Italian orders of knighthood Victor Emmanuel III of Italy Kingdom of Italy Italian Republic References External links Consolato Generale D'Italia in Philadelphia Embassy of Italy to the United States Findagrave Memorial for Armando Salati Comune di Gioi Societa Organizzata da Gioiesi in Nord-America Category:1884 births Category:1963 deaths Category:Italian diplomats Category:Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Italy)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Operation Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa () was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, which started on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II. The operation put into action Nazi Germany's ideological goal of conquering the western Soviet Union so as to repopulate it with Germans. The German Generalplan Ost aimed to use some of the conquered as slave labour for the Axis war effort, to acquire the oil reserves of the Caucasus and the agricultural resources of Soviet territories, and eventually to annihilate the Slavic peoples and create for Germany. In the two years leading up to the invasion, Germany and the Soviet Union signed political and economic pacts for strategic purposes. Nevertheless, the German High Command began planning an invasion of the Soviet Union in July 1940 (under the codename Operation Otto), which Adolf Hitler authorized on 18 December 1940. Over the course of the operation, about three million personnel of the Axis powers—the largest invasion force in the history of warfare—invaded the western Soviet Union along a front, with 600,000 motor vehicles and over 600,000 horses for non-combat operations. The offensive marked an escalation of World War II, both geographically and in the formation of the Allied coalition including the Soviet Union. The operation opened up the Eastern Front, in which more forces were committed than in any other theater of war in history. The area saw some of the war's largest battles, most horrific atrocities, and highest casualties (for Soviet and Axis forces alike), all of which influenced the course of World War II and the subsequent history of the 20th century. The German armies eventually captured some 5,000,000 Soviet Red Army troops, a majority of whom never returned alive. The Nazis deliberately starved to death, or otherwise killed, 3.3 million Soviet prisoners of war, and a vast number of civilians, as the "Hunger Plan" worked to exterminate the Slavic population. Mass shootings and gassing operations, carried out by the Nazis or willing collaborators, murdered over a million Soviet Jews as part of the Holocaust. The failure of Operation Barbarossa reversed the fortunes of the Third Reich. Operationally, German forces achieved significant victories and occupied some of the most important economic areas of the Soviet Union (mainly in Ukraine) and inflicted, as well as sustained, heavy casualties. Despite these early successes, the German offensive stalled in the Battle of Moscow at the end of 1941, and the subsequent Soviet winter counteroffensive pushed German troops back. The Germans had confidently expected a quick collapse of Soviet resistance as in Poland, but the Red Army absorbed the German Wehrmacht's strongest blows and bogged it down in a war of attrition for which the Germans were unprepared. The Wehrmacht's diminished forces could no longer attack along the entire Eastern Front, and the subsequent operations—such as Case Blue in 1942 and Operation Citadel in 1943—eventually failed, which resulted in the Wehrmacht's retreat and collapse. Background Racial policies of Nazi Germany As early as 1925, Adolf Hitler vaguely declared in his political manifesto and autobiography Mein Kampf that he would invade the Soviet Union, asserting that the German people needed to secure Lebensraum ("living space") to ensure the survival of Germany for generations to come. On 10 February 1939, Hitler told his army commanders that the next war would be "purely a war of Weltanschauungen ... totally a people's war, a racial war". On 23 November, once World War II had already started, Hitler declared that "racial war has broken out and this war shall determine who shall govern Europe, and with it, the world". The racial policy of Nazi Germany portrayed the Soviet Union (and all of Eastern Europe) as populated by non-Aryan Untermenschen ("sub-humans"), ruled by Jewish Bolshevik conspirators. Hitler claimed in Mein Kampf that Germany's destiny was to "turn to the East" as it did "six hundred years ago" (see Ostsiedlung). Accordingly, it was stated Nazi policy to kill, deport, or enslave the majority of Russian and other Slavic populations and repopulate the land with Germanic peoples, under the Generalplan Ost. The Nazis' belief in their ethnic superiority pervades official records and pseudoscientific articles in German periodicals, on topics such as "how to deal with alien populations". While older histories tended to emphasize the notion of a "Clean Wehrmacht" upholding its honor in the face of Hitler's fanaticism, the historian Jürgen Förster notes that "In fact, the military commanders were caught up in the ideological character of the conflict, and involved in its implementation as willing participants." Before and during the invasion of the Soviet Union, German troops were heavily indoctrinated with anti-Bolshevik, anti-Semitic, and anti-Slavic ideology via movies, radio, lectures, books, and leaflets. Likening the Soviets to the forces of Genghis Khan, Hitler told Croatian military leader Slavko Kvaternik that the "Mongolian race" threatened Europe. Following the invasion, Wehrmacht officers told their soldiers to target people who were described as "Jewish Bolshevik subhumans", the "Mongol hordes", the "Asiatic flood", and the "Red beast". Nazi propaganda portrayed the war against the Soviet Union as both an ideological war between German National Socialism and Jewish Bolshevism, and a racial war between the disciplined Germans and the Jewish, Gypsy, and Slavic Untermenschen. An 'order from the Führer' stated that the Einsatzgruppen were to execute all Soviet functionaries who were "less valuable Asiatics, Gypsies and Jews". Six months into the invasion of the Soviet Union, the Einsatzgruppen had already murdered in excess of 500,000 Soviet Jews, a figure greater than the number of Red Army soldiers killed in combat during that time. German army commanders cast the Jews as the major cause behind the "partisan struggle". The main guideline for German troops was "Where there's a partisan, there's a Jew, and where there's a Jew, there's a partisan", or "The partisan is where the Jew is". Many German troops viewed the war in Nazi terms and regarded their Soviet enemies as sub-human. After the war began, the Nazis issued a ban on sexual relations between Germans and foreign slave workers. There were regulations enacted against the Ost-Arbeiter ("Eastern workers") that included the death penalty for sexual relations with a German. Heinrich Himmler, in his secret memorandum, Reflections on the Treatment of Peoples of Alien Races in the East (dated 25 May 1940), outlined the Nazi plans for the non-German populations in the East. Himmler believed the Germanization process in Eastern Europe would be complete when "in the East dwell only men with truly German, Germanic blood". The Nazi secret plan Generalplan Ost ("General Plan for the East"), prepared in 1941 and confirmed in 1942, called for a "new order of ethnographical relations" in the territories occupied by Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe. It envisaged ethnic cleansing, executions, and enslavement of the populations of conquered countries, with very small percentages undergoing Germanization, expulsion into the depths of Russia, or other fates, while the conquered territories would be Germanized. The plan had two parts: the Kleine Planung ("small plan"), which covered actions to be taken during the war, and the Große Planung ("large plan"), which covered policies after the war was won, to be implemented gradually over 25 to 30 years. A speech given by General Erich Hoepner demonstrates the dissemination of the Nazi racial plan, as he informed the 4th Panzer Group that the war against the Soviet Union was "an essential part of the German people's struggle for existence" (Daseinskampf), also referring to the imminent battle as the "old struggle of Germans against Slavs" and even stated, "the struggle must aim at the annihilation of today's Russia and must therefore be waged with unparalleled harshness". Hoepner also added that the Germans were fighting for "the defense of European culture against Moscovite–Asiatic inundation, and the repulse of Jewish Bolshevism ... No adherents of the present Russian-Bolshevik system are to be spared." Walther von Brauchitsch also told his subordinates that troops should view the war as a "struggle between two different races and [should] act with the necessary severity". Racial motivations were central to Nazi ideology and played a key role in planning for Operation Barbarossa since both Jews and communists were considered equivalent enemies of the Nazi state. Nazi imperialist ambitions rejected the common humanity of both groups, declaring the supreme struggle for Lebensraum to be a Vernichtungskrieg ("war of annihilation"). German-Soviet relations of 1939–40 In August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact in Moscow known as the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. A secret protocol to the pact outlined an agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union on the division of the eastern European border states between their respective "spheres of influence": the Soviet Union and Germany would partition Poland in the event of an invasion by Germany, and the Soviets would be allowed to overrun the Baltic states and Finland. On 23 August 1939 the rest of the world learned of this pact but were unaware of the provisions to partition Poland. The pact stunned the world because of the parties' earlier mutual hostility	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Elvina Bay, New South Wales Elvina Bay is a bay and adjacent suburb in northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 35 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of Northern Beaches Council. Elvina Bay is within the Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, on the western shores of Pittwater, beside Lovett Bay. Scotland Island, Church Point and Morning Bay. Clareville is on the opposite (eastern) Pittwater shore. Bushwalkers can access Elvina Bay and neighbouring Lovett Bay via the Elvina Bay Circuit. The circuit includes access to the bottom and top of Lovett Falls. References Category:Suburbs of Sydney Category:Bays of New South Wales Category:Northern Beaches Council	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Eneabba sandplain Eneabba sandplain or the Eneabba portion of the Northern sandplain, is an extension of the Swan Coastal Plain in Western Australia. The town Eneabba is located on the sandplain, as are former and current sand mining operations The sandplain is a habitat for Kwongan species Notes Category:Geology of Western Australia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Town of Wynnum The Town of Wynnum is a former local government area of Queensland, Australia, located in eastern Brisbane adjacent to Moreton Bay around the present day suburb of Wynnum. History of Wynnum The Bulimba Division was one of the original divisions created on 11 November 1879 under the Divisional Boards Act 1879. On 4 January 1888, the No. 2 subdivision of the Bulimba Division was separated to create the new Kianawah Division. On 17 March 1892, there was an alteration of boundaries. The Pritchard's Road land and gravel reserve (100 acres) were transferred from Kianawah Division to Balmoral Division. The Grassdale Estate land was transferred from Kianawah Division to Bulimba Division. Kianawah Division was renamed Wynnum Division on 3 November 1892. In 1902, the Local Authorities Act 1902 replaced all Divisions with Towns and Shires, creating the Shire of Wynnum on 31 March 1903. On 31 November 1912, the Shire of Wynnum was proclaimed the Town of Wynnum. In 1925, the Town of Wynnum was amalgamated into the City of Brisbane. Mayors The last Mayor of the Town of Wynnum was John William Greene. Greene won the election for Mayor for 1921, held on Saturday 23 July 1921, for a three-year term. He then successfully nominated for Mayor for 5 April 1924 elections, being elected Mayor with 1334 votes over his nearest rival's 1118 votes, with a third candidate getting 668 votes, for a term that would last less than a year before Wynnum was amalgamated into Brisbane. Green would later be elected Mayor of the greater Brisbane by a majority of Alderman for 1931 to 1934. References Category:Former local government areas of Queensland Category:Wynnum, Queensland Category:1925 disestablishments in Australia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Typhoon June (1984) Typhoon June, also known in the Philippines as Typhoon Maring, was the first of two tropical cyclones to affect the Philippines in a one-week time span in August 1984. June originated from an area of convection that was first witnessed on August 15 in the Philippine Sea. Despite initial wind shear, the area intensified into a tropical storm three days later as it tracked westward. After tracking over Luzon, June entered the South China Sea on August 30. Despite remaining poorly organized, June re-intensified over land, and it was estimated to have briefly attained typhoon intensity before striking China, just to the east of Hong Kong, at maximum intensity, although its remnants were last noticed on September 3. Affecting the country four days before Typhoon Ike would devastate the Philippines, June brought widespread damage to the nation. Throughout the Philippines, 470,962 people sought shelter. A total of 671 homes were destroyed, with 6,341 others damaged. A total of 121 people were killed, while 17 other individuals were reportedly missing, and 26 other people were wounded. Damage totaled $24.2 million (1984 USD, including $15.24 million in agriculture and $8.82 million in infrastructure). Following June and Ike, several major countries provided cash and other goods. In all, $7.5 million worth of aid was donated to the nation in relief. In addition to effects on the Philippines, 1,500 homes were damaged and of farmland were flooded in the Guangdong province. Meteorological history Typhoon June, the final of seven tropical cyclones to develop in the Western Pacific basin in August 1984, formed from the monsoon trough. A large area of convection was first detected on satellite imagery, and at midday, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center determined that a closed area of low pressure developed between the 135th meridian east and the 140th meridian east. The associated thunderstorm activity initially failed to consolidate due to strong wind shear caused by a displaced anticyclone. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) started to track the system 06:00 UTC on August 26. The next day, the wind shear began to relent, as an upper-level anticyclone became located over the system as the system tracked westward, although the circulation remained tough to identify by weather satellites. At 06:51 UTC on August 27, a Hurricane Hunter aircraft reported winds of . Based on the above data and an increase in the system's organization, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert. On August 28, the storm's center of circulation became better defined, and at 06:00 UTC, both the JTWC and JMA upgraded it to a tropical storm. Around this time, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) also began to monitor the storm and assigned it with the local name Maring. Continuing westward due to a subtropical ridge to its north, June slowly intensified. On the afternoon of August 28, June made landfall along the coast of Luzon as a strong tropical storm, with the JTWC and JMA estimating winds of and respectively. Over land, the low- and mid-level circulations began to decouple, with the mid-level center and most of the deep convection continuing west and the low-level center veering west-northwest and early on August 29, the surface center re-merged into open water, having weakened slightly according to both the JTWC and the JMA. June began to turn northwest in response to a trough over the East China Sea. At 18:00 UTC on August 29, the JMA classified June as a severe tropical storm. Six hours later, the JTWC reported that June attained its peak intensity of . Despite lacking in organization, a surface pressure of was measured in Basco as the cyclone passed near the area. The JMA declared June a typhoon at midday on August 30. At this time, it also estimated a peak intensity of and a minimum barometric pressure of . Five hours later, June made landfall east of Hong Kong while at peak intensity. The JMA continued to follow the system inland throughout September 3. Impact Typhoon June hit the Philippines four days before Typhoon Ike would devastate the archipelago. The first storm to hit the Philippines in 1984, June brought rough seas from Luzon to Davao. Philippine Airlines suspended flights to eight cities and railway services to the northern portions of the island chain were also suspended. Power was knocked out for four days across much of the country due to both systems. Six people were killed in landslides that isolated the mountain resort city of Baguio, where five others were missing and seven were injured. According to the Philippine News Agency, a 22-year-old man picking seashells drowned after he was swept out to sea near Bacolod, on Negros Island. In San Fernando, located in the northern province of La Union, 200 houses were flattened and 120 people were injured. In Manila, heavy winds and rough seas left streets flooded, resulting in traffic jams. The storm caused serious damage to the nation's rice fields, the country's main export. From the two storms combined, more than 1 million were displaced from their homes. Throughout the Philippines, 470,962 people or 92,271 families sought shelter due to the typhoon, of which 5,023 families or 30,138 people sought shelter in schools, churches and town halls in a total of 10 provinces. A total of 671 homes were destroyed while 6,341 others were damaged. One hundred-twenty-one people were killed while 17 other individuals were reportedly missing and 26 other people were wounded. The storm inflicted $24.2 million in damage, with $15.2 million in agriculture and $8.82 million in infrastructure. Prior to its second landfall, in Hong Kong, a No 1. hurricane signal was issued after June entered the South China Sea. The storm brought heavy rains and strong winds to the region. A minimum pressure of was recorded at the Hong Kong Royal Observatory early on August 30. Tate's Cairn recorded a peak wind speed of and a peak wind gust of . Cheung Chau observed of rain over a five-day period. Although damage in Hong Kong was minimal, heavy rains in eastern Guangdong inundated of farmland, and damage to 1,500 dwellings. Aftermath Due to effects from both Ike and June, President Ferdinand Marcos set aside $4 million for relief work but initially refused any international aid. He also traveled to Ilocos Norte to inspect damage. The Philippines Air Force delivered of food, medicine, and clothes. According to officials, 92 health teams backed by 17 army medical units were fielded; these teams distributed $1.66 million worth of medicine. The Philippine Red Cross disturbed food to 239,331 people, or 44,247 families. On September 8, the nation abandoned its policy of refusing foreign aid, citing a lack of resources in the country due to its poor economy, as well as, the mass destruction across the country from both systems. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs gave an emergency grant of $50,000. UNICEF provided $116,000 worth of vitamins and medicine and an additional $116,950 in cash, as well as of milk powder. Thy later provided vegetable seeds, died fish, and garden fertilizer. The World Health Organization provided $7,000 worth of aid. Furthermore, the United Nations Development Programme awarded the country $30,000 in cash. The European Economic Community provided of milk and $367,650 worth of cash. In the middle of September, the United States approved $1 million in aid to the archipelago. Japan also sent a $500,000 check. Australia awarded almost $500,000 worth of cash and food. New Zealand donated of skin milk. The Norwegian Red Cross provided $58,500 in aid while Belgium also provided three medical kits. The Swiss Red Cross awarded a little under $21,000 in cash. German provided slightly more than $50,000 in cash. France provided roughly $11,000 in donations to the nation's red cross. The Red Cross Society of China donated $20,000 in cash. Indonesia provided $25,000 worth of medicine. The United Kingdom granted $74,441 in aid. Overall, Relief Web reported that over $7.5 million was donated to the Philippines due to the storm. See also Typhoon Mike – Passed north of Mindanao and impacted the central Philippines, resulting in catastrophic damage Typhoon Nelson (1982) – Resulted in significant flooding across the Philippines after slowly traversing the archipelago Typhoon Lynn (1987) Tropical Storm Kelly Typhoon Agnes (1984) – Caused extensive damage and fatalities in the central Philippines before striking Vietnam Notes References J J J J J Category:August 1984 events in Asia Category:September 1984 events in Asia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Missy Hyatt Melissa Ann Hiatt (born October 16, 1963) is an American professional wrestling valet, better known by her ring name, Missy Hyatt. She gained the majority of her fame working for World Championship Wrestling, before joining Extreme Championship Wrestling. Career World Class Championship Wrestling and Universal Wrestling Federation Hyatt's professional wrestling career began in 1985 when she was hired by World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW). She was the manager of John Tatum, whom she was dating at the time. She was embroiled in a feud with another valet in WCCW, Sunshine. This rivalry culminated into a mud-pit match at Texas Stadium in 1986. Eventually, Hyatt and Tatum left for the Universal Wrestling Federation. At this time, Eddie Gilbert was the leader of "Hot Stuff International," a group that included Sting and Rick Steiner. Hyatt formed an alliance with his group and it was renamed "H & H International, Inc". It was not long before Hyatt and Gilbert started an affair that caused problems with Tatum. Hyatt left Tatum for Gilbert in 1987, and they split up on screen as well. She married Gilbert in 1988. World Wrestling Federation While still under UWF contract, Hyatt was contacted about working for the World Wrestling Federation. Vince McMahon wanted Hyatt to replace Rowdy Roddy Piper and his segment, Piper's Pit, with a new segment called "Missy's Manor." "Missy's Manor" segments were taped on March 21 and 22, and April 23, 1987. Despite having big name stars on her segment such as "Macho Man" Randy Savage with Miss Elizabeth, The Honky Tonk Man and Harley Race, the show was considered a disappointment, and McMahon asked Hyatt to become a Federette, which were the ring girls shown at pay-per-views. She thought the role was beneath her, and she went back to the UWF. World Championship Wrestling In 1987, when the UWF was purchased by the National Wrestling Alliance's Jim Crockett Promotions, Missy and Eddie came along. Missy was used as a commentator, conducting her debut interview with Sir Oliver Humperdink on the December 31, 1988 edition of World Championship Wrestling on TBS, and then eventually as the manager for Gilbert and The Steiner Brothers. She eventually returned to her role as commentator and hosted WCW Main Event, and soon was engaged in a feud with fellow commentator, Paul E. Dangerously. The feud led to various competitions between the two, including an arm wrestling match at the Clash of the Champions XIV: Dixie Dynamite on January 30, 1991, in which Hyatt defeated Dangerously. A contributing factor to her victory might be that Hyatt had removed her jacket to reveal her low-cut top as the ref started the contest. Missy would engage in a battle over who the "First Lady of WCW" was with The Dangerous Alliance's Madusa, with Hyatt narrowly winning a Bikini Showdown at the 1992 Beach Blast pay-per-view event. While in WCW Hyatt made an appearance in the IWA at ringside during a match between The Bushwhackers and The Thunderfoots. Hyatt returned to managing in 1993, with an association with The Nasty Boys. She also briefly managed The Barbarian. During a match, Hyatt jumped off the ring apron and her breast popped out of her top. When she went to the WCW offices the next day, they allegedly had a blown-up picture of it on the wall. Hyatt complained to her boss at the time, Eric Bischoff. Bischoff did not take action, so Hyatt went over his head, to his boss. As a result, Bischoff released her. She then decided to file a lawsuit against WCW for sexual harassment, and for overdue payments for her time doing a 1-900 hotline for the company. Bischoff, however, claimed that Hyatt was fired on February 8, for her behavior and jealousy over the signing of Sherri Martel. Extreme Championship Wrestling In 1996, Hyatt joined ECW. Independents When Hyatt left ECW, she still worked for various independent promotions. She has worked for Women Superstars Uncensored (WSU) at all of their events in New Jersey since April 2007. She often hosts her interview segment, Missy's Manor. On April 2, 2016, at the 2016 Wrestlecon, Hyatt managed Lance Storm in what was advertised as her final professional wrestling appearance. In the match, Storm was defeated by Matt Hardy, managed by Reby Sky. Wrestlers Managed "Hollywood" John Tatum "Hot Stuff" Eddie Gilbert Sting The Steiner Brothers Tom Prichard The Nasty Boys The Sandman Lacey Von Erich Angelo Vega Dawn Marie The Barbarian Lance Storm Championships and accomplishments !BANG! !BANG! Women's Championship (2 times) AWF AWF Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Women Superstars Uncensored WSU Hall of Fame (Class of 2009) Books Autobiography: Missy Hyatt, First Lady of Wrestling, 2001, . References Further reading External links 2009 Audio Interview with Missy Hyatt Category:1963 births Category:Living people Category:People from Tallahassee, Florida Category:Professional wrestlers from Florida Category:Professional wrestling announcers Category:Professional wrestling managers and valets Category:American female professional wrestlers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Georg Hamel Georg Karl Wilhelm Hamel (12 September 1877 – 4 October 1954) was a German mathematician with interests in mechanics, the foundations of mathematics and function theory. Biography Hamel was born in Düren, Rhenish Prussia. He studied at Aachen, Berlin, Göttingen, and Karlsruhe. His doctoral adviser was David Hilbert. He taught at Brünn in 1905, Aachen in 1912, and at the Technical University of Berlin in 1919. In 1927, Hamel studied the size of the key space for the Kryha encryption device. He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1932 at Zurich and in 1936 at Oslo. He was the author of several important treatises on mechanics. He became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1938 and the Bavarian Academy of Sciences in 1953. He died in Landshut, Bavaria. Selected publications ("On the geometries in which the straight lines are the shortest", Hamel's doctoral dissertation on Hilbert's fourth problem. A version may be found in Mathematische Annalen 57, 1903.) See also Hamel basis Cauchy's functional equation References Category:1877 births Category:1954 deaths Category:19th-century German mathematicians Category:20th-century German mathematicians Category:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences Category:Modern cryptographers Category:People from the Rhine Province Category:RWTH Aachen University alumni Category:RWTH Aachen University faculty Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni Category:University of Göttingen alumni Category:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology alumni Category:Technical University of Berlin faculty Category:German cryptographers Category:Fluid dynamicists Category:Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Zhang Hongjing Zhang Hongjing () (760 – July 24, 824), courtesy name Yuanli (元理), formally the Marquess of Gaoping (高平侯), was an official of the Tang dynasty of China, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xianzong. He was blamed in traditional histories for misruling Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), leading to Lulong soldiers' subsequent rebellion against the imperial government under Zhu Kerong. Background Zhang Hongjing was born in 760, during the reign of Emperor Suzong. His family traced its ancestry to the Jin Dynasty official Zhang Hua. His grandfather Zhang Jiazhen had served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Suzong's father Emperor Xuanzong, and at the time of Zhang Hongjing's birth, Zhang Hongjing's father Zhang Yanshang was already serving in the imperial government. Zhang Hongjing himself was said to be elegant, lenient, faithful, and honest in his youth. During Emperor Dezong's reign During the reign of Emperor Suzong's grandson Emperor Dezong, Zhang Yanshang was serving in progressively more important positions, and eventually served as a chancellor in 787 before dying late that year. Zhang Hongjing, on account of his heritage, was made an officer at Henan Municipality (河南, i.e., the region of the eastern capital Luoyang), and later served as the sheriff of Lantian County (藍田, in modern Xi'an, Shaanxi). When Du Ya (杜亞) served as the defender of Luoyang, he invited Zhang Hongjing to serve as his assistant. There was an occasion when the officer Linghu Yun (令狐運) had been chasing thugs out of the city that a robbery occurred in the same locale. As Linghu belonged to a strong clan, Du came to suspect Linghu of having committed the robbery and asked Zhang and his colleague Mu Yuan (穆員) to investigate. As both Mu and Zhang believed that Linghu would not commit such an act, they asked for the investigation to be suspended. Du refused to listen to them and had LInghu arrested; he also threw Mu and Zhang off his staff. However, a later investigation ordered by Emperor Dezong located the actual robber. Soon afterwards, when Princess Deyang was set to be married, the mansion that Emperor Dezong was constructing for her would have required the destruction of Zhang's ancestral shrine. Zhang requested an audience with Emperor Dezong, and he pleaded on account of his grandfather's and father's virtues. Emperor Dezong comforted him and ordered that the Zhang ancestral shrine be preserved. Zhang later submitted a poem to Emperor Dezong praising the Tang system of the two capitals (i.e., the main capital Chang'an and Luoyang). Emperor Dezong favored his writing and made him an imperial censor with the title Jiancha Yushi (監察御史), and then the greater title of Dianzhong Shiyushi (殿中侍御史). Zhang later served successively in a number of positions — Libu Yuanwailang (禮部員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of rites (禮部, Libu); Bingbu Langzhong (兵部郎中), a supervisorial official at the ministry of defense (兵部, Bingbu) (and at this time, he was also in charge of drafting edicts); Zhongshu Sheren (中書舍人), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng) (and at the time, he was also in charge of selecting officials to be stationed at Luoyang); deputy minister of public works (工部侍郎, Gongbu Shilang); deputy minister of census (戶部侍郎, Hubu Shilang); governor (觀察使, Guanchashi) of Shan'guo Circuit (陝虢, headquartered in modern Sanmenxia, Henan); and military governor (Jiedushi) of Hezhong Circuit (河中, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi). During Emperor Xianzong's reign In 814, when Emperor Dezong's grandson Emperor Xianzong was emperor, Zhang Hongjing was recalled to Chang'an and made the minister of justice (刑部尚書) as well as chancellor de facto with the title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事). Soon after he became chancellor, the warlord Wu Shaoyang the military governor of Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan) died, and at the advice of Zhang's fellow chancellor Li Jifu, Emperor Xianzong prepared for a campaign to seize control of Zhangyi by force if necessary, rather than allowing Wu's son Wu Yuanji to inherit the circuit. Zhang suggested first declaring a mourning period for Wu Shaoyang and then sending a key official to Zhangyi to mourn Wu Shaoyang and observe what Wu Yuanji's attitude was. Emperor Xianzong agreed and sent the official Li Junhe (李君何) to Zhangyi. Wu Yuanji refused to allow Li Junhe to enter his domain and further pillaged the cities of the surrounding circuits, thus leading to a general imperial campaign against Zhangyi. Around this time, Zhang was created the Marquess of Gaoping. In 815, Zhang's fellow chancellor Wu Yuanheng, who had been put in charge of the campaign against Zhangyi after Li Jifu died late in 814, was assassinated. Suspicions fell on a number of officers from Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) stationed at Chang'an, as Chengde's military governor, Wang Chengzong, was an ally of Wu Yuanji's and had been submitting petitions attacking Wu Yuanheng and urging the end of the campaign against Zhangyi. The Chengde officers were arrested and interrogated, and they confessed to assassinating Wu Yuanheng. Zhang, suspecting that these confessions were extracted by torture, requested further investigations. Emperor Xianzong declined and had them executed, and subsequently declared Wang a renegade, although he did not immediately order a campaign against Wang. However, Wang subsequently reacted by pillaging his surrounding circuits, and Emperor Xianzong was set to do so. Zhang, pointing out that it would be difficult for the empire to maintain two campaigns simultaneously, suggested waiting until the campaign against Zhangyi were complete. Emperor Xianzong did not agree, and Zhang thus offered to resign. In spring 816, Emperor Xianzong thus made Zhang the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), still carrying the chancellor title as an honorary title. Emperor Xianzong, who did not want to publicly go against Zhang's advice while Zhang remained chancellor, then declared a general campaign against Wang, even before Zhang could arrive at Taiyuan. Zhang prepared the Hedong army and requested to personally command the troops against Wang. Emperor Xianzong allowed him to send his troops but declined his request to personally command them. The imperial army was unsuccessful against Wang, but Wang became fearful after Wu Yuanji was captured and executed in 817, and subsequent submitted to the imperial government and surrendered two of his six prefectures to imperial control. In 819, after Han Hong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) went to Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Xianzong and then requested to remain at Chang'an, Zhang was made the military governor of Xuanwu and continued to carry the honorary chancellor title. It was said that when Zhang served at Hedong and Xuanwu, as he succeeded stern military governors, he was lenient and frugal, and the armies and the people were comforted by his leniency and frugality. During Emperor Muzong's and Emperor Jingzong's reigns In spring 821, by which time Emperor Xianzong had died and been succeeded by his son Emperor Muzong, Liu Zong the military governor of Lulong Circuit offered to resign and submit his circuit to imperial rule. As Liu was concerned that his officers might not abide by the decision he made, he further proposed that Lulong be divided into three circuits, with the circuit capital, You Prefecture (幽州), along with Zhuo Prefecture (涿州, in modern Baoding, Hebei), be given to Zhang Hongjing; Ji (薊州, in modern Tianjin), Gui (媯州, in modern Zhangjiakou, Hebei), and Tan (檀州, in modern Beijing) Prefectures be given to the general Xue Ping; and Ying (瀛州) and Mo (莫州, both in modern	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Choam Khsant District Choam Khsant District is a district located in Preah Vihear Province, in northern Cambodia. The district capital is at Cheom Ksan town, near the Thai border. Cambodia's famous Preah Vihear Temple is located in this district of the Preah Vihear province. According to the 1998 census of Cambodia, it had a population of 16,073. Administration The following table shows the villages of Banteay Ampil district by commune. References Category:Districts of Cambodia Category:Districts of Preah Vihear Province	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ser Petracco Ser Petracco (Pietro di Parenzo di Garzo; 1267—1326) was the father to the Italian poet Francesco Petrarch. His father was Ser Parenzo, son of Ser Garzo who reputedly lived to be 100. They all were notaries, the same office that Ser Petracco held in Florence. The family did have a small property in Florence. His wife’s name was Eletta Canigiani (1270—1319), the mother to Petrarch, whom he married around 1302. Petrarch’s granddaughter was named after her. Ser Petracco was a merchant and also worked for the State. Before he was 35 years old he had already held many high public positions. He was "Chancellor of the Commission for the Reforms" as well as a delegate of an important embassy to Pisa in 1301. At the end of 1302 of his political career he was falsely charged of legal matters in his absence. The sentence was a fine of 1000 Lira or the loss of his right hand. He refused to pay the fine and his property was taken from him. He belonged to the political party of the White Guelphs along with the famous poet Dante, being its most illustrious member. They both were then exiled from Florence by the opposing party, the Black Guelphs. Francesco Petrarch was an "Aretine" by these mere circumstances - as he always thought of himself really as a Florentine. The family, along with Dante and others that exiled to Arezzo, were not welcomed there. Ser Petracco had to seek employment elsewhere, however his wife and baby Francesco were permitted to go to their little family house they owned in Incisa with relatives. A family story goes that Francesco was about seven months old when he and his mother moved back to Incisa. Baby Francesco was being transported in a sling arrangement carried over a servant's shoulder. The servant was mounted on a horse. When they crossed through the flooded Arno river the horse slipped and fell. Francesco and the servant went headlong into the water. With much determination and inner strength the servant saved Francesco. Ser Petracco periodically visited the family in Incisca from his out of town employment. In 1307 Francesco’s brother Gherardo was born. About 1310 they were all reunited for a year in Pisa. Around 1311 Ser Petracco got employment in Avignon where the papal household had moved to from Rome. Then in 1312 the boys and his wife moved to Carpentras, where they lived happily for the next four years. Ser Petracco lived in Avignon most of this time because of his employment there in the profession of law. In 1316 he then sent Petrarch and his brother to study law at the University of Montpellier. Gallery Notes Category:Italian businesspeople Category:1267 births Category:1326 deaths Category:Petrarch Category:14th-century jurists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Winsford and Over railway station Winsford and Over railway station was one of three railway stations serving the town of Winsford in Cheshire. The station was the terminus of the Winsford and Over branch operated by the Cheshire Lines Committee and later British Railways. History Originally opening on 1 July 1870, it closed to passengers on 1 January 1874. It reopened on 1 May 1886, but closed to passengers for the second time on 1 December 1888. Following reopening on 1 February 1892, it remained open until final closure to passengers on 1 January 1931. The station's passenger facilities were fairly basic. The station building was a wooden structure, originally the first station building at Northwich railway station Notes References Further reading – 1952 photo of station External links Winsford & Over station on the Subterranea Britannica Disused Stations website Winsford and Over Station on navigable 1949 O.S. map – the white disc near the "D" of "WINSFORD" Category:Disused railway stations in Cheshire Category:Former Cheshire Lines Committee stations Category:Railway stations opened in 1870 Category:Railway stations closed in 1874 Category:Railway stations opened in 1886 Category:Railway stations closed in 1888 Category:Railway stations opened in 1892 Category:Railway stations closed in 1931 Category:Winsford	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Antonio Ruíz de Morales y Molina Antonio Ruíz de Morales y Molina, O.S. (died 1576) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Tlaxcala (1572–1576) and Bishop of Michoacán (1566–1572). Biography Antonio Ruíz de Morales y Molina was born in Córdoba, Spain and ordained a priest in the Order of Santiago. On 15 May 1566, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Pius V as Bishop of Michoacán. On 10 December 1572, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Gregory XIII as Bishop of Tlaxcala and installed on 8 October 1573. He served as Bishop of Tlaxcala until his death on 17 July 1576. While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Pedro de Moya y Contreras, Archbishop of México (1573); and the principal co-consecrator of Juan de Medina Rincón y de la Vega, Bishop of Michoacán (1574). References External links and additional sources (for Chronology of Bishops) (for Chronology of Bishops) (for Chronology of Bishops) (for Chronology of Bishops) Category:16th-century Roman Catholic bishops Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Pius V Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Gregory XIII Category:1576 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jamil Rostami Jamil Rostami (born 1971 in Sanandaj, Kurdistan Province, Iran) is an Iranian film director of Kurdish origin. In 2002 he made his first short film titled The Trouble of Being a Boy in Kurdish, which was screened in 24 domestic and international Festivals and was awarded several prizes. He made his first feature-length film, Requiem of Snow, in 2005. Fariborz Lachini, one of the most famous Iranian film music composers, made the music of the film. The photography of the film was done by Morteza Poursamadi, a celebrated Iranian photographer. The movie was awarded prestigious Crystal Simorgh for the best director in Asia and Middle East Films section of the International Fajr Film Festival. A joint production of Iran and Iraq, Requiem of Snow was the first film to represent Iraq in the Best Foreign Language Film category at the Oscars. His latest film, Jani Gal, is a Kurdish language drama, about Kurdish separatists in the 1940s and 1950 trying to create a Kurdish state from parts of Iran and Iraq. This film was also selected to represent Iraq in the Best Foreign Language Film category at the Oscars. References Iranian film selected as Iraqi representative in the Oscars External links Biography Category:Iranian film directors Category:Kurdish film directors Category:Iranian Kurdish people Category:People from Sanandaj Category:1971 births Category:Living people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pinlon, Kale Pinlon is a village in Kale Township, Kale District, in the Sagaing Region of western Burma. References External links Maplandia World Gazetteer Category:Populated places in Kale District Category:Kale Township	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ivan Fichev Ivan Fichev () (born on 15 April 1860 in Tarnovo, died on 13 November 1931 in Sofia) was a Bulgarian general, Minister of Defense, military historian and academician. Biography Ivan Fichev was born in 1860 in Tırnova (now Tărnovo), at that time part of the Ottoman Empire. He was a grandson of the famous architect from the National Revival, Kolyu Ficheto. Fichev studied in Tarnovo, Gabrovo and in Robert College in Istanbul. During the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) he participated in the Bulgarian volunteer corps and later served as translator for the temporary Russian governors in Gabrovo and Tarnovo. In 1880 he was accepted in the Military School in Sofia and graduated in 1882 with the rank of lieutenant and was assigned to serve in the 20th Varna infantry battalion. In August 1885 he was promoted to First Lieutenant. Serbo-Bulgarian War During the Serbo-Bulgarian War in 1885 he was a commander of 2nd Company in the 5th Danube Regiment and participated in the defense of Vidin between 12 and 16 November. 1886–1911 In January 1887 he was promoted to the rank of Captain and in 1898 graduated the Military Academy in Torino, Italy. On 1 January 1892 he was promoted a Major and on 1 January 1903 - a Colonel. From the beginning of 1907 he was appointed a commander of the Second Thracian Infantry Division based in Plovdiv and on 1 January 1908 Ivan Fichev was promoted a Major General. From 1910 to 1914 he was the Chief of the General Staff of the Bulgarian Army, which includes the time during the two Balkan Wars, and as such was responsible for devising the general plan for the war against the Ottoman Empire. Balkan Wars During the First Balkan War (1912–1913) he was the head of the operations in Thrace and fought in the successful battles at Lozengrad and Lule Burgas but after the Bulgarian advance was repulsed at Chataldja only 20 km from the Ottoman capital he fell into disgrace. He was one of the Bulgarian delegates during the negotiations that lead to the signing of the Chataldja Armistice on . In May 1913 Fichev resigned from his post as an act of protest but his resignation was not accepted and during the Second Balkan War he remained on the post of Chief of the General Staff of the Army. He also signed the Bucharest Peace Treaty as part of the Bulgarian delegation during the negotiations. Latter life After the Balkan Wars he continued to serve as Chief of the General Staff of the Army. On 1 January 1914 he was promoted a Lieutenant General and two weeks later was appointed commander of the 3rd Military District. On 14 September that year he was appointed a Minister of War and served as such until August 1915 when he went into the reserve. After the First World War he was a Minister Plenipotentiary in the Romanian capital Bucharest. Ivan Fiched died on 13 November 1931 in Sofia. Awards Order of Bravery, II grade; Order of St Alexander, II grade without swords,III grade and V grade Order of Military Merit, I grade and III grade Order of Stara Planina, 1st grade with swords - awarded posthumously on 20 December 2012 French Légion d'honneur,IV grade Italian Order of the Crown of Italy, II grade Romanian Order of the Star of Romania,III grade Persian Order of the Lion and the Sun,II grade Sources Недев, С., Командването на българската войска през войните за национално обединение, София, 1993, Военноиздателски комплекс „Св. Георги Победоносец“ Симеон Радев:"Конференцията в Букурещ и Букурещския мир от 1913 г. Вълков, Г., Генерал Иван Фичев. Избрани произведения, София, 1988, Военно издателство Category:Bulgarian generals Category:Bulgarian diplomats Category:Bulgarian people of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) Category:People of the Serbo-Bulgarian War Category:Bulgarian military personnel of World War I Category:Bulgarian military personnel of the Balkan Wars Category:Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Category:Recipients of the Order of Bravery Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Alexander (Bulgaria) Category:Recipients of the Order of Military Merit (Bulgaria) Category:Recipients of the Order of Stara Planina, 1st class with swords Category:Recipients of the Legion of Honour Category:Recipients of the Order of the Star of Romania Category:Recipients of the Order of the Lion and the Sun Category:Bulgarian expatriates in Romania Category:People from Veliko Tarnovo Category:1860 births Category:1931 deaths Category:Robert College alumni	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Wataru Kamimura is a Japanese professional shogi player ranked 5-dan. Early life and education Kamimura was born in Nakano, Tokyo on December 10, 1986. He learned how to play shogi from his father and entered the Japan Shogi Association's apprentice school at the rank of 6-kyū under the guidance of professional shogi player Osamu Nakamura in September 1998. Kamimura was promoted to the rank of apprentice professional 3-dan in October 2010, and obtained full professional status and the rank of 4-dan in October 2012 after winning the 51st 3-dan League (April 2012September 2012) with a record of 14 wins and 4 losses. Kamimura is a graduate of Keio University, majoring in mathematical sciences. He is the first professional shogi player to graduate from the school. Promotion history The promotion history for Kamimura is as follows: 1998, September: 6-kyū 2010, October: 3-dan 2012, October 1: 4-dan 2019, October 10: 5-dan References External links ShogiHub: Professional Player Info · Kamimura, Wataru Blog: かみむらブログ Category:Japanese shogi players Category:Living people Category:Professional shogi players Category:Keio University alumni Category:Professional shogi players from Tokyo Category:1986 births Category:People from Nakano, Tokyo	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Luzon broad-toothed rat The Luzon broad-toothed rat (Abditomys latidens) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is endemic to central and northern Luzon in the Philippines. It is the only member of the genus Abditomys. References Category:Muridae Category:Rats of Asia Category:Endemic fauna of the Philippines Category:Rodents of the Philippines Category:Fauna of Luzon Category:Mammals described in 1952 Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Category:Taxa named by Colin Campbell Sanborn	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Südavia Südavia (ICAO Code: VXY; IATA Code: FV; Callsign: Sudavia) was an airline based in Munich, Germany. Company history In 1984 a charter airline was founded in Munich under the name BN Rent-a-Plane. The name was changed to Südavia Fluggesellschaft in 1984 with scheduled services between Munich and Saarbrücken using Beech 90 aircraft. Further operations in 1984 included service to Verona, Italy. In 1986 services to Pisa were begun and the fleet expanded to include the larger Beech 200. At the end of 1987 the Dornier Do 228 was introduced and services to Strasbourg were begun. In 1987 the Beech 1900 was introduced and since this was the first pressurized aircraft in the fleet, it was used for the Italian routes. In February 1988, Südavia began to work closely with DLT and that led to the introduction of the Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia acquired from DLT. The rapid expansion of Südavia brought about financial problems and some routes were taken over by DLT. It was during this time that DLT tried to take over Südavia but the deal failed and a group of investors was found that took over 44% of the company and with that capital the Brasilias were replaced by the Saab 340. But by April 1990 the mounting debt and financial troubles led to the revocation of the license and operations were suspended. External links Airtimes timetables Sudavia fleet information Sudavia advertising References Category:Defunct airlines of Germany Category:Airlines established in 1984 Category:Airlines disestablished in 1990	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Alfred Rose Alfred Rose may refer to: Alfred Rose (singer) (1932–2003), Goan tiatrist Alfred Rose (bishop) (1884–1971), Church of England bishop Alfred Rosé (1902–1975), Austrian composer and conductor Alfred Rose (cricketer) (1894–1985), English cricketer Al Rose (1905–1985), American football tight end See also Albert Rose (disambiguation) Al Rosen (disambiguation) Elie Rous, French football manager Ali Roz, Lebanese columnist and commentator	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Route 66 (TV series) Route 66 is an American drama television that premiered on CBS on October 7, 1960, and ran until March 20, 1964, for a total of 116 episodes. The series was created by Herbert B. Leonard and Stirling Silliphant, who were also responsible for the ABC drama Naked City, from which Route 66 was indirectly spun off. Both series employed a format with elements of both traditional drama and anthology drama, but the difference was where the shows were set: Naked City was set in New York City, while Route 66 had its setting change from week to week, with each episode being shot on location. Route 66 followed two young men traversing the United States in a Chevrolet Corvette convertible, and the events and consequences surrounding their journeys. Martin Milner starred as Tod Stiles, a recent college graduate with no future prospects due to circumstances beyond his control. He was originally joined on his travels by Buz Murdock (played by George Maharis), a friend and former employee of his father, with the character leaving midway through the third season after contracting echovirus. Near the end of the third season, Tod met a recently discharged Vietnam veteran named Lincoln Case, played by Glenn Corbett, who decided to follow Tod on his travels and stayed with him until the final episode. Format and characters Route 66 was a hybrid between episodic television drama, which has continuing characters and situations, and the anthology format, in which each week's show has a completely different cast and story. In this narrative format, dubbed "semi-anthology" by the trade magazine Variety, the drama usually centers on the guest stars rather than the regular cast. Series creator Stirling Silliphant's concurrently running drama, Naked City (1958–1963), also followed this semi-anthology format. Original concept and trial pilot In the original concept under discussion between Silliphant and producer Herbert Leonard, the two series leads were both to be ex-army men who had left the service and were looking to re-establish themselves in American life. George Maharis was signed to a contract by Leonard before the Route 66 concept had even been fully developed and was set to be a cast member from the very beginning. An actor named Robert Morris was set to be the other lead. Morris was cast beside Maharis in a 1959 episode of Naked City that was written by Silliphant as a backdoor pilot to a potential spin-off series featuring two young travelers who were looking to find themselves. At that point, the Route 66 title was not yet decided upon, and the potential spin-off was tentatively entitled The Searchers. The Naked City episode that served as the Searchers pilot was called "Four Sweet Corners", and in it, Maharis played Johnny Gary, while Morris was Link Ridgeway. Both were ex-servicemen. After spending most of the episode rescuing Johnny's kid sister from a shoplifting ring, the two friends decided they were too restless to stay in New York City, and more of the world existed that they had to see. Johnny and Link ended the episode by leaving Johnny's family's apartment building, setting out for parts unknown. The half-hour pilot and the chemistry between the leads was judged to be good by the producers, although Herbert B. Leonard could not interest a network or a sponsor in the spin-off show. Morris died in May 1960 at age 25 of a cerebral hemorrhage, before any series could go into production. The concept was subsequently reworked. The title of the series became Route 66, the leads became Tod and Buz, and neither had ties to the army. Maharis was given the role of Buz, while Martin Milner beat out several actors (including Robert Redford) for the role of Tod. Leonard personally financed the shooting of a new hour-long pilot episode ("Black November", written by Silliphant) and CBS picked up the series in 1960. Character profiles Tod and Buz (and later, Linc) symbolized restless youth searching for meaning in the early 1960s. The two men take odd jobs along their journey, like toiling in a California vineyard or manning a Maine lobster boat, bringing them in contact with dysfunctional families or troubled individuals in need of help. The lead characters are not always the focus of any given episode, and their backstories are revealed only in occasional references across widely spaced episodes. Tod Stiles, portrayed by clean-cut Milner, is the epitome of the decent, honest, all-American type. Tod came from a background of wealth and privilege; his father owned a shipping company, and Tod's early years were spent in New York and Connecticut. He attended Yale, but after the death of his father, Tod discovered that his father's business had essentially gone bankrupt. The only legacy left to Tod was a new Corvette. Buz Murdock, meanwhile, was an orphan who had worked with Tod's father as a laborer on one of his ships in New York City. After the death of the senior Mr. Stiles, and the subsequent collapse of his business, Tod and Buz decided to drive across America in search of work, adventure, and themselves. The working-class Buz (George Maharis) is looser, hipper, and more Beat Generation in attitude than Tod, though the two characters share a mutual respect. Subtle indications were given that the Buz character was intended to loosely embody Jack Kerouac in appearance and attitude. Kerouac, in fact, contemplated a lawsuit against Leonard, Silliphant, and Chevrolet for misappropriating the characters and theme from his iconic novel On the Road. Toward the end of the second season, Maharis was absent for several episodes, due to a bout of infectious hepatitis. He returned for the start of the third season, but was again absent for a number of episodes before leaving the show entirely midway through season three. Consequently, in numerous episodes in late season two and early season three, Tod travels solo, while Buz is said to be in the hospital with "echovirus". Tod is often seen writing to Buz in these episodes or having a one-sided phone conversation with him. Tod appears solo in 13 episodes. Buz made his final appearance in a January 1963 episode and was then written out of the show without a definitive explanation — the character simply stopped appearing, and was never referenced again. After five consecutive solo Tod stories, Tod gained a new traveling companion named Lincoln Case (Glenn Corbett) in March 1963. Case is a United States Army veteran of the Vietnam War, haunted by his past. Tod met Linc in "Fifty Miles From Home", where Linc fought with an aspiring basketball player outside a Houston bus station. Linc severely injured the young man, whom Tod was coaching and training, and the incensed Tod followed Linc to his hometown, where he challenged him to a fistfight. After some prolonged, bloody, sweaty, pugilistic choreography, the two came to an understanding of where Linc had been in life. There, Linc became Tod's new traveling companion. Linc was more introspective than the often extroverted Buz, but he had (like Buz) a sometimes explosive temper. Linc was nonetheless a reliable companion as the duo continued their travels. The series concluded in Tampa, Florida, with the two-part episode "Where There's a Will, There's a Way," in which Tod Stiles married a Houston, Texas, commodities trader (played by guest-star Barbara Eden), and Linc announced his intention to return home to his family in Texas after a long period of estrangement from his father. Tod was headed with his new wife back to Houston and offered to bring Linc, who had to remind Tod how small the car was. The scene ends with Linc walking up a hill after loading the couple's luggage into the Corvette. This episode made the series one of the earlier primetime television dramas to have a planned series finale resolving the fate of its main characters. The show was filmed and presented in black and white throughout its run. Locations Route 66 shot each episode on location around the country. Writer-producer Stirling Silliphant traveled with location manager Sam Manners to a wide range of locales, and wrote scripts to match the settings. The actors and film crew would arrive some time later. Locations included a logging camp, shrimp boats, an offshore oil rig, and Glen Canyon Dam, the latter while still under construction. The show had little connection with the U.S. Highway providing its name. Most of the locations were far from "The Mother Road", which passed through only eight states while the series was filmed in 25 American states plus (one episode) Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Another episode featured a brief coda set in Mexico, but was filmed in California. U.S. Route 66 the highway was briefly referred to in just three early episodes of the series ("Black November", "Play It Glissando", and "An Absence of Tears"). The actual highway is even more rarely shown, as in the early first-season episode, "The Strengthening Angels". Route 66 is one of few television series to be filmed entirely on the road. People, their accents, livelihoods, ethnic backgrounds, and attitudes varied widely from one location to the next. Cars The Chevrolet Corvette seen in the first episode ("Black November", October 7, 1960) is a 1960 model, for the rest of that season the show used a 1961 model. Chevrolet provided vehicles throughout the show's run, upgrading to new models with each season. Although a few publicity photos show a black or	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
John Ordronaux (doctor) John Ordronaux (1830 – January 20, 1908) was an American Civil War army surgeon, a professor of medical jurisprudence, a pioneering mental health commissioner and a generous patron of university endowments. Between 1859 and 1901 Ordronaux published at least fifteen books and articles about subjects as diverse as heroes of the American Revolution of 1776, military medicine, medical jurisprudence, mental health, United States constitutional law and historical treatises. He left an estate worth $2,757,000 much of which he gave in endowments to several US universities and other institutions. He did not marry. Early life Ordronaux was the only son of Captain John Ordronaux (a notable privateer of the War of 1812), and his wife Jean Marie Elizabeth Ordronaux (née Charretton). This is supported by the younger Ordronaux's will which mentions a bequest to his sister Florine, and to his nieces Clara and May Molan, matching genealogical information prepared by an Ordronaux family member. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1850, from Harvard Law School in 1852, and from the National Medical School in 1859. In 1859 he published his first book a "Eulogy on the life and character of Rev. Zachariah Greene", who, before taking Holy Orders, had fought under Washington in the revolution of 1776 at the age of seventeen. In 1860 Ordronaux became a Professor of medical jurisprudence at Columbia Law School, a post that he held until 1887. Since 1861 he had also been a lecturer at Dartmouth College, The University of Vermont and Boston University. American Civil War During the American Civil War Ordronaux served as an army surgeon stationed in New York. He also acted as a military medical advisor and between 1861 and 1863 he published two textbooks on the health of armies, and an instruction manual of medical criteria for examining recruits. In the introduction to the latter, which was written for the United States Sanitary Commission, he said, The preservation of health in armies, is everywhere a subject of recognized importance. So much, in fact, depends upon it, that precautionary measures in this behalf can never be exaggerated. All that can be done, should be done to protect troops against preventable disease. It seems to have been formerly believed, that the presence of a surgeon in each regiment was all sufficient for this purpose ; and that officers and men could go their way free from any responsibility or apprehension on that score. But experience has proved that the preservation of health, in either one man, or many, is not purely objective with surgeons. Too much, in this particular, is expected from them, and too little is done by officers to cooperate with them. Armies, like patients, must act in concert with their medical advisers, and make the matter of health subjective as well as objective. Officers and men need an insight into the general principles of hygiene, in order to be able to assist, themselves, in furthering prophylactic measures. To supply them with the requisite amount of information, the accompanying popular manual has therefore been prepared. In 1863 he wrote a historical treatise in French (with Reinaud) on the commercial and political relations between the Roman Empire and the countries of Oriental Asia. In 1864 he wrote a second report for the United States Sanitary Commission. This concerned pensions for the war wounded and was subtitled, "On a system for the economical relief of disabled soldiers, and on certain proposed amendments to our present pension laws". After the war After the war he returned to Columbia Law School and began writing again. Between 1867 and 1871 he produced a book on preventative medicine and two textbooks on medical jurisprudence. He also translated into English verse the medieval Latin text of Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum, the medical encyclopedia of the Scuola Medica Salernitana. This school in Salerno, Italy was the pre-eminent medical school in Europe in the 11th century. This was not the first English translation but an attempt to make a medically accurate one. He appears to have done this as a tribute to former members of his profession and in an introduction to his work he said, Regimen Sanitatis Salerni was a work of transcendent merit. Though written in the early twilight of the Middle Ages and in inferior Latin, it at once took its place alongside of such classic productions as the Aphorisms of Hippocrates. No secular work, indeed, ever met with more popular favor, nor infused its canons so radically into the dogmas of any science. It was for ages the medical Bible of all Western Europe, and held undisputed sway over the teachings of its schools, next to the writings of Hippocrates and Galen. Work on mental health Ordronaux developed an interest in mental health and between 1872 and 1882 he was a member of the New York State Commission in Lunacy writing two books on the subject. The second of these books mentions the opening of a ground breaking mental hospital and in his preface to the book he says, The recent establishment of a department of Lunacy supervision by the State of New York, has turned public attention to it as a source for consultation, in the application of our Statute and Common Law to the legal relations of the insane......Insanity is a subject which touches our civil rights at so many different points, that it may be said to have a place in every problem involving human responsibility. It begins with man in the cradle, and follows him to the grave. It is often part of his physical heritage, and may become a qualifying element in all his civil acts. To collect and embody in one treatise the principles of law by which courts govern their adjudications in questions of mental incapacity, and to expound through commentaries both the philosophy of these decisions and the rules of procedure under which they are rendered, is the object aimed at in this manual of Lunacy practice. Ordronaux's activity as a Commissioner was frequently mentioned in the press. In 1875, he was called in to adjudicate whether a man, who was under sentence of death for murder, was insane. The same newspaper reported again on 7 January 1876 how Ordronaux had found that Kings County Lunatic Asylum was being mismanaged by the charity commissioners (17). He also investigated complaints from two inmates in Buffalo asylum of abusive behaviour by their carers. In his report Ordronaux upheld the complaints and recommended the discharge of the two staff involved. By 1882 his forward thinking and outspokenness had made him some enemies and in 1882 his salary of $4000 as Commissioner in Lunacy was temporarily opposed in debate in the finance committee of the New York State Senate. U.S. Constitution Ordronaux's work on State law in New York led him to consider its relationship with Federal law, and in 1891 he published what may be his most important book, on the relationship between the powers of Congress and State legislatures. About this book of more than 600 pages, Ordonaux said in the preface, The accompanying work is an attempt to present in a concrete form the entire system of Federal and State legislation, as practised under a written Constitution in the United States. Its object is to expound those administrative powers which, in our dual form of representative government, are sovereign within their several spheres of action.....A written Constitution is a political grammar to whose rules administrative laws must conform, in order to give them judicial validity.....The government of forty four independent States, dwelling in harmonious relations under a supervisory Federal sovereignty, would seem, therefore, to justify the treatment of Legislation as a department of jurisprudence meriting more textual consideration than it has yet received.....the present treatise has been prepared to meet the wants of those who, desiring to practise or interpret the canons of representative government in the United States, may seek to master the secrets of its architecture through a study of the labors of its founders, and to trace its genesis and development to a providential origin in the Spartan Commonwealths of our colonial period. Later life In 1898 Ordronaux wrote a biography of a Leonice Sampson Moulton, a presumed relative of his foster father, possibly his foster mother. She was born in 1811 and descended from the original Mayflower settlers to America. As Miss Sampson, she was sent on a secret mission to the US embassy in Buenos Aires to enquire into the sovereignty dispute between Great Britain and Argentina over the Falkland Islands. She is interesting according to Ordronaux for, among other things, keeping a very detailed diary which was far more comprehensive than the logs of the ships upon which she travelled. On 27 June 1901 Ordronaux addressed the graduate students of The University of Vermont. Reading like a tribute to his own life's work he says, A strange feeling possesses me as I rise to address you......I am here to perform, with much surprise to myself, the same duty which devolved upon me, on a similar occasion, thirty six years ago.......I stand in the presence of two distinct periods with all their differing and startling results. In this long interval, too long to be measured by the standard of months, and falling more properly in the category of cycles, the drama of human society has moved with accelerated pace. A generation has acted its part of good and evil, then passed to its final account. Science, the industrial art, Education, Commerce, Navigation, have all spread their wings as never before. Our country has added nine states to the framework of our Federal Union, and buttressed its Constitution with armor plated Amendments whose necessity had never been contemplated. Our very name, the United States, has changed its former significance and been adjudicated by	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.