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Bread & Butter (album)
Bread & Butter is the debut album by The Newbeats and was released in 1964. It reached #56 on the Billboard 200.
Four singles were released from the album with three of the singles charting in the United States: "Bread and Butter" reached #2, "Everything's Alright" reached #16, and "Thou Shalt Not Steal" reached #128.
Track listing
"Bread and Butter" – 1:58 (Larry Parks/Jay Turnbow)
"Bye Bye Love" – 2:53 (Felice and Boudleaux Bryant)
"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)" – 2:05 (Rudy Clark)
"There Oughta Be a Law (Bout the Stuff I Saw)" – 2:20 (Louis "Dean" Mathias/Marcus F. Mathis/Tress Redmon)
"So Fine" – 2:25 (Johnny Otis)
"Pink Dally Rue" – 1:57 (Don Gant/Norris Wilson)
"Everything's Alright" – 2:10 (John D. Loudermilk)
"A Patent on Love" – 2:03 (Larry Henley)
"I'm Blue (The Gong Gong Song)" – 2:17 (Ike Turner)
"Tough Little Buggy" – 2:23 (Dave Allen)
"Thou Shalt Not Steal" – 1:59 (Loudermilk)
"Ain't That Lovin' You Baby" – 1:50 (Jimmy Reed)
Charts
Singles
References
Category:1964 debut albums
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Fábrica Nacional de Munições de Armas Ligeiras
Fábrica Nacional de Munições de Armas Ligeiras, (FNM), (), was the national manufacturer of small arms and ammunition in Portugal. It was established in 1947, and closed by the government of Portugal in 2001.
FNM-branded ammunition continued to be sold after the closure of the factory, however it was manufactured by prvi partizan.
References
Category:Firearm manufacturers of Portugal
Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1947
Category:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2001
Category:1947 establishments in Portugal
Category:2001 disestablishments in Portugal
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Torigoe, Ishikawa
was a village located in Ishikawa District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.
As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 3,086 and a density of 41.62 persons per km². The total area was 74.15 km².
On February 1, 2005, Torigoe, along with the city of Mattō, the towns of Mikawa and Tsurugi, and the villages of Kawachi, Oguchi, Shiramine and Yoshinodani (all from Ishikawa District), was merged to create the city of Hakusan and no longer exists as an independent municipality.
External links
Official website of Hakusan
Category:Dissolved municipalities of Ishikawa Prefecture
Category:Hakusan, Ishikawa
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Mucurici
Mucurici is the northernmost municipality in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo. Its population was 5,914 (2008) and its area is 537.711 km².
References
Category:Municipalities in Espírito Santo
Category:Populated places established in 1953
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Altos Mirandinos metropolitan area
Altos Mirandinos metropolitan area or Los Teques metropolitan area ( or Area Metropolitana de Los Teques) is a metropolitan area in Miranda, Venezuela, that includes 3 municipalities, it's part of the Greater Caracas area. It has a population of 454,929 inhabitants.
Cities
The principal cities of the area are (2013):
Los Teques (pop. 251,872)
San Antonio de Los Altos (pop. 83,866)
Carrizal (pop. 58,561)
Paracotos (pop. 18,598)
San José de Los Altos (pop. 16,489)
San Pedro (pop. 13,170)
Municipalities
The 3 municipalities of the area are:
Transportation
Metro
The Los Teques Metro is the most important public transportation in the area with an operating line that runs for 9.5 kilometers. The system connects the city of Los Teques with the capital of Caracas.
Timeline of line extensions
See also
Greater Caracas
List of metropolitan areas of Venezuela
References
External links
Estado Miranda
Página de la alcaldía de Los Salias.
Página de la alcaldía de Carrizal
Página de la alcaldía del municipio Guaicaipuro
Página del Estado Miranda
Category:Caracas
Category:Geography of Miranda (state)
Category:Metropolitan areas of Venezuela
Category:Los Teques
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Dawelgué
Dawelgué is a village in the Saponé Department of Bazèga Province in central Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 459.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Category:Populated places in the Centre-Sud Region
Category:Bazèga Province
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Greenwell Point
Greenwell Point is a town in the Shoalhaven region of New South Wales, Australia. It is about 13 km east of Nowra on the South Coast. In the of Population and Housing, the town had a population of 1,209.
References
Category:Towns in New South Wales
Category:Towns in the South Coast (New South Wales)
Category:City of Shoalhaven
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Adams County Paleo-Indian District
The Adams County Paleo-Indian District is an archaeological site near Sandy Springs in Green Township, Adams County, Ohio, United States.
Excavation
Approximately 10,000 years BP, the site was repeatedly occupied by groups of Paleo-Indians, who took advantage of its location near salt springs to hunt local wildlife. Artifacts found at the site are concentrated in multiple small middens that are believed to represent individual campsites. Among these artifacts are gravers, scrapers, and projectile points.
Within a few years of the site's discovery, a 1982 report noted that it had yielded more than seventy fluted points (elsewhere identified as Clovis points), which the report's authors declared made it an example of "unusual size and complexity". Such large sites as Adams County, or "Sandy Springs" as it is also known, are rare among Paleo-Indian sites; most discoveries related to the people are isolated finds, although a comparable archaeological district known as the Welling Site has been discovered in Coshocton County, Ohio. It appears that southern Adams County was highly significant for such primitive peoples because of its geology: one of Ohio's few regions with combined shale and limestone bedrock, the Sandy Springs area is geologically similar to the Kentucky Bluegrass, making it a natural migration route for herds of animals roaming the Bluegrass. As a result, Paleo-Indian hunters learned to use the area to watch for and ambush large herds of animals, which would have been travelling slowly due to the large river.
Recognition
The Adams County Paleo-Indian Archeological District is particularly valuable as a well-preserved example of the Paleo-Indian period. It is believed that the portion of the site that has been excavated is smaller than the portion that has not yet been excavated. In recognition of its archaeological significance, the site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Approximately is included in the landmarked area.
References
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Adams County, Ohio
Category:Archaeological sites in Ohio
Category:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Category:Paleo-Indian archaeological sites in the United States
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TS Class 6
TS Class 6 was a series of sixteen trams built by Strømmens Værksted for Trondheim Sporvei. They were delivered in two slightly different batches; ten in 1948–49 and six in 1955.
The trams delivered with four Siemens motors, each at . They remained in service until the Dalsenget fire on 10 October 1956, in which all burnt down. It is the only class of trams that has not been preserved by the Trondheim Tramway Museum.
References
Category:Trondheim Tramway stock
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List of aircraft (Cd–Cn)
__NOTOC__
This is a list of aircraft in alphabetical order beginning with 'Cd' through to 'Cn'.
Cd–Cn
CD
(Rogers Construction Co, Gloucester, NJ)
CD Air Express
CEA
(Centre-Est Aéronautique)
CEA DR.1050
CEA DR.1051 Sicile Record
CEA DR.1052 Excellence
CEA DR.220
CEA DR.221 Dauphin
CEA DR.250 Capitaine
CEA DR.253 Regent
CEA DR.315 Petit Prince
CEA DR.340 Major
CEA DR.360 Chevalier
CEA DR.380 Prince
CEI
(Auburn, CA)
CEI Free Spirit Mk II
Celier Aviation
(Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland / Safi, Malta)
Celier Kiss
Celier Xenon 2
Celier Xenon 3
Celier Xenon 4
Celier Xenon IV
Celier Xenon XL
Celier XeWing
Centrair
Centrair C101 Pegase
Centrair C201 Marianne
Centrair SCN 34 Alliance
Central
(Central Aircraft Company, Mahaska, KS)
Central 1927 monoplane
Central
(Central Aircraft Company Limited)
Central CF.2a
Central CF.4
Central CF.5
Central Centaur IIA
Central Centaur IV
Sayers S.C.W.
Central States
(1926:Central States Aero Co Inc, Wallace Field, Bettendorf, IA, 1927:Renamed Central States Aircraft Co. 1928:Reorganized as Mono Aircraft Co, Moline, IL)
Central States Monocoupe 22
Central Washington
(Central Washington Air Service, Wenatchee, WA)
Central Washington 1931 monoplane
Century
(Century Aircraft Co, Kansas City, MO)
Century SMB-4 (Beal Centurion)
Century
(Century Aerospace Corporation, Albuquerque, NM)
Century CA-100 Century Jet
Century
(Century Aircraft Corp, 715 W 22 St, Chicago, IL)
Century Amphibian Monoplane (aka Sea Devil)
Cercle Aéronautique de SGAC
(Cercle Aéronautique de SGAC)
SGAC Marabout
CERVA
(Consortium Europeén de Réalisation et de Ventes d'Avions)
CERVA CE.43 Guépard
CERVA CE.44 Couguar
CERVA CE.45 Léopard
Cessna
(1933: Cessna Aircraft Co.)
Cessna A-37 Dragonfly
Cessna AT-8
Cessna AT-17
Cessna C-16
Cessna C-28A
Cessna C-35
Cessna C-77
Cessna C-78 Bobcat
Cessna C-94
Cessna C-106
Cessna C-126
Cessna H-41 Seneca
Cessna JRC
Cessna L-19
Cessna L-27
Cessna O-1 Bird Dog
Cessna O-2 Skymaster
Cessna OE
Cessna T-37
Cessna T-41 Mescalero
Cessna U-3 Blue Canoe
Cessna U-17
Cessna U-20
Cessna 1911 Monoplane "Silver Wings"
Cessna 1914 Monoplane
Cessna 1916 Monoplane
Cessna 120
Cessna 140
Cessna 150 Aerobat
Cessna 152 Trainer/Commuter/Aerobat
Cessna 160
Cessna 162 Skycatcher
Cessna 165 Airmaster
Cessna 170
Cessna 172 Skyhawk/Hawk XP/Cutlass/Cutlass RG/Powermatic/Skyhawk Powermatic etc. etc.
Cessna 175 Skylark/Skyhawk
Cessna 177 Cardinal/Cardinal RG/Classic
Cessna 180 Skywagon
Cessna 182 Skylane/deLuxe/Super Skylane
Cessna 185 Skywagon/AGwagon/CarryAll
Cessna 187
Cessna 188 AGwagon/AGpickup/AGtruck/AGhusky
Cessna 190 Businessliner
Cessna 195 Businessliner
Cessna 205 Skywagon
Cessna 206 Super Skylane/Stationair/Super Cargo Master/Turbo Stationair
Cessna 207 Skywagon
Cessna 208 Caravan I/Grand Caravan/Cargomaster/Soloy Pathfinder
Cessna 210 Centurion
Cessna 303 Clipper
Cessna T303 Crusader
Cessna 305 O-1 Bird Dog
Cessna 308
Cessna 309
Cessna 310
Cessna 318 T-37
Cessna 319 USNRL BLC experiments
Cessna 320 SkyKnight/Executive Skyknight
Cessna 321 OE
Cessna 325 L-19 modified crop-sprayer
Cessna 327
Cessna 335
Cessna 336 Skymaster
Cessna 337 Skymaster/Super Skymaster
Cessna 339 Super Skymaster
Cessna 340
Cessna 350 formerly the Columbia 350
Cessna 400 formerly the Columbia 400
Cessna 401
Cessna 402 Businessliner/Utililiner/Utilitwin
Cessna 404 Titan/Ambassador/Courier/Freighter
Cessna 405
Cessna 406 ???
Cessna 407
Cessna 408 SkyCourier
Cessna 411
Cessna 414
Cessna 421 Executive Commuter/Golden Eagle
Cessna 425 Corsair/Conquest I
Cessna 441 Conquest I/II
Cessna 500 Citation
Cessna 501 Citation
Cessna 525 Citation Jet
Cessna 526 JPATS Citation Jet
Cessna 550 Citation II/Citation SII/Citation Bravo
Cessna 551 Citation S/IISP
Cessna 560 Citation V/Citation Ultra/Citation Excel
Cessna 561 Citation Excel
Cessna 620
Cessna 650 Citation III/VI/VII
Cessna 670 Citation IV
Cessna Citation Latitude
Cessna 680 Citation Sovereign
Cessna 750 Citation X
Cessna 1014 XMC initial config.
Cessna 1034 XMC later config.
Cessna A
Cessna AA
Cessna AC
Cessna AF Special
Cessna AS
Cessna AW
Cessna A Racer
Cessna BW
Cessna C-3
Cessna C-34
Cessna C-37
Cessna C-38 Airmaster
Cessna C-145 Airmaster
Cessna C-165 Airmaster
Cessna Caravan
Cessna CG-2
Cessna Citation Family page with links to various sub-models
Cessna Clipper
Cessna CM-1
Cessna CO-119 Bird Dog Italian Army
Cessna Comet
Cessna Conquest
Cessna Corsair
Cessna CPG-1
Cessna CPW-6
Cessna CR-1
Cessna CR-2
Cessna CR-3
Cessna Crane
Cessna CW-6
Cessna DC-6
Cessna EC-1 Baby Cessna
Cessna EC-2 Baby Cessna
Cessna FC-1
Cessna GC-1
Cessna GC-2
Cessna LSA Sport
Cessna P-7
Cessna P-10
Cessna P-260
Cessna P-780
Cessna T-50 Bobcat Company designation
Cessna X210 tailwheel 210 prototype
Cessna XMC
Cessna-General Motors Special
Cessna CIRPAS Pelican
CFM Air
(Ciriè, Italy)
CFM Air Dardo
CGS Aviation
(CGS Aviation, Inc., Grand Bay, AL)
CGS Hawk Classic
CGS Hawk Arrow
CGS Hawk Plus
CGS Hawk Sport
CGS Hawk Ultra
CGS AG-Hawk
CGS Hawk Classic II
CGS Hawk Arrow II
Chaboud
(Claude Chaboud)
Chaboud CJC.01
Chadwick
Chadwick C-122
Chagnès
(Léo Chagnès)
Chagnes Microstar
Chagnès CB.10
Chaika
(Chaika (Seagull Experimental Design Bureau), Samara)
Chaika L-3
Chaika L-4
Chaika L-42
Chaika L-42M
Chaika L-44
Chaika L-6 (Aero-Volga L-6)<ref name=JAWA2004-05>{{cite book |title=Jane's all the World's Aircraft 2004-05 |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Paul, MRAeS |year=2005 |publisher=Janes Publishing Group |location=London |isbn=0-7106-2614-2}}</ref>
Chalard
(Jacques et Renée Chalard)
Chalard JRC-01 Julcar
Challis
(Hosea James Challis, Rensselaer, IN)
Challis Parasol
Chamberlin
(1929: (Clarence D) Chamberlin Aeronautical Corp, Jersey City, NJ, 1930: Crescent Aircraft Corp Aircraft Corp (Pres: C D Chamberlin), 372 Lembeck Ave, Jersey City, NJ, 1930: Bankruptcy. 1939: Reorganization.)
Chamberlin 2-S
Chamberlin Cadet
Chamberlin Pursuit Trainer
Chamberlin A
Chamberlin 2-S
Chamberlin C-2 Trainer
Chamberlin 2-S
Chamberlin C-5 Super Sport
Chamberlin C-5A Pursuit Trainer
Chamberlin C-82
Chamberlin Puddle Jumper
Crescent Transport
Chambers
(A A Chambers, Hornell, NY)
Chambers High-wing
Chambers
(Russell Chambers, Pomona, CA)
Chambers R-1
Chambers Trainer
Chambon Koenig
Chambon Koenig CK.01 Profil
Chamoy
Chamoy Trainer Monoplane
Champion
(Champion Airplane Co (Lester F Bishop), Chicago, IL)
Champion 1915 Biplane
Champion
(Champion Aircraft Corp.)
Champion 402 Lancer
Champion 7EC Traveler
Champion 7ECA Citabria
Champion 7FC Tri-Traveler
Champion 7GC Sky-Trac
Champion 7GCAA Citabria
Champion 7GCB
Champion 7GCBA Challenger
Champion 7GCBC Citabria
Champion 7HC DX'er
Champion 7JC Tri-Con
Champion 7KCA
Champion 7KCAB Citabria
Champion 8GCBC Scout
Champion 8KCAB Citabria Pro
Champion Olympia
Champion
(Champion Aircraft Co (unrelated to the previous))
Champion Citabria
Champion Citabria 150S
Champion Scout
Chance Vought
(see List of aircraft (V)#Vought)
Chandelle
(Chandelle Aircraft)
Chandelle Mk IV
Changhe
(Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation)
Changhe CA109
Changhe Z-8
Changhe Z-11
Changhe Z-18
Chanute
(Octave Chanute, United States)
Chanute Multiplane
Chanonhouse
(Fred C Chanonhouse, Squantum, MA)
Chanonhouse Stevens
Chaparral
(Chaparral Motors, Polmar Lake, CO)
Chaparral 2T-1A
Chapeau & Blanchet
Chapeau & Blanchet JC-1 Levrier</ref>
Chapeau & Blanchet JC-
Chapeau & Blanchet CB.10
Charette Executive Vertiplane
Charette Executive Vertiplane
Charles
((Ralph) Charles Airplane & Motor Co, 140 S 5th St, Zanesville, OH)
Charles A
Charles E-1
Charles Flivver
Charles MA-1
Charles
(P D Charles, Gettysburg, PA)
Charles R-1
Charliss-Wendling
Charliss-Wendling 1910 aeroplane
Charpentier
(Jean Charpentier )
Charpentier C-1
Chase
(Chase Aircraft Company)
Chase MS.1 (XCG-14)
Chase MS.7 (Company designation for the XCG-14B)
Chase MS.8 Avitruc
Chase XCG-14 (First prototype, all-wooden.)
Chase XCG-14A (Wood and metal version of XCG-14.) 24 seats.
Chase YCG-14A (Production prototype version of XCG-14A, superseded by XCG-14B.)
Chase YG-14A
Chase XCG-14B
Chase CG-18
Chase G-18
Chase CG-20
Chase G-20
Chase YC-122 Avitruc
Chase XC-123
Chase XC-123A
Chase-Gouverneur
(H M Chase & M F H Gouverneur, Wilmington, NC)
Chase-Gouverneur 1910 multiplane
Chasle
(Yves Chasle)
Chasle LMC-1 Sprintair
Chasle YC-10 Migrateur
Chasle YC-12 Tourbillon
Chasle YC-15
Chasle YC-20 Raz de Mareé
Chasle YC-100 Hirondelle
Chasle YC-101
Chasle YC-110
Chasle YC-111
Chasle YC-120
Chasle YC-320
Châtelain
(Armand Châtelain)
Châtelain AC.5 Bijou
Châtelain AC.7
Châtelain AC.9
Châtelain AC.10
Châtelain AC.11
Châtelain AC.12
Châtelain-Crépin
Châtelain 2000
Chauvet
(C.H. Chauvet)
Chauvet 1933 flying wing
Chauvière
(Lucien Chauvière & Sylvio de Penteado)
Chauvière-de Penteado 1909 Biplane
Chauvière 1909 Monoplane
Chauvière Gyroptere
Chayair
(Chayair Manufacturing and Aviation, Musina, South Africa)
Chayair Sycamore Mk 1
Chayair Sycamore Mk 2000
Cheney (aircraft constructor)
Cheney 1
CAC
(Chengdu Aircraft Corporation)
Chengdu JJ-5
Chengdu F-7
Chengdu J-7
Chengdu JZ-7
Chengdu J-9
Chengdu J-10
Chengdu J-20
Chengdu FC-1 Xiaolong
Chengdu JF-17 Thunder
Chengdu X-7 Jian Fan
Chengdu CA-1
Chengdu
(Chengdu Aircraft Corp.)
see CAC
Chernov
(Boris Chernov & E.Yungerov / Gidroplan LLC / Gidrosamolet LCC)
ChernoV Che-10
Chernov Che-15
Chernov Che-20
Gidroplan Che-22 Korvet
Chernov Che-23
Gidrosamolet Che-24
Chernov Che-25
Gidrosamolet Che-26
Chernov Che-27
Gidrosamolet Che-28
Gidrosamolet Che-29
Chernov Che-30
Chernov Che-35
Chester
(Milton A Chester, Bristol, PA)
Chester K-L-A-C
Chester
(Art Chester, Chicago, IL, Air Racing Chester)
Chester Jeep (aka Special #1)
Chester Goon (aka Special #2)
Chester Swee' Pea
Chester Swee' Pea II
Chester Wimpy
Chicago
(Chicago Aeroplane Mfg Co, Chicago, IL)
Chicago 1911 biplane
Chicago
(Chicago Aero Works, 326 River St, Chicago, IL)
Chicago Star Junior
Chicago Star Junior Sport
Chicago Star Tractor
Chicago Star Military Tractor
Chicago Speed Scout
Chicago
(Chicago Aviation Co/Chicago Aviation School, Chicago, IL)
Chicago Viking 10-A
Chicago-Midwest
( Chicago-Midwest Aircraft Co, Dayton, OH)
Chicago-Midwest X-101 (aka Dayton Overmount X)
Chichester-Miles
( Chichester-Miles Consultants / CMC)
CMC Leopard
Chickasha
(Chickasha Aeroplane Co, Chickasha, OK)
Chickasha 1911 aeroplane
Chilton
Chilton D.W.1
Chilton D.W.2
Chilleen-Fitton
(Simon Chilleen, Oak Park, IL, Fitton name or role unknown.)
Chilleen-Fitton H-22 Special
Chincul
(Chincul S.A.C.A.I.F.I.)
Chincul Cherokee Arrow Trainer
Chincul Cherokee Pawnee Trainer
Chinese Republic
(Republic of China / Nationalist China)
Chu CJC-3
Xianyi Rosamonde (aka Dashatou Rosamonde)
Foochow Ning Hae 2
Naval Air Establishment Beeng
Naval Air Establishment Ding
Naval Air Establishment Chiang Ho (River Crane) floatplane
Naval Air Establishment Chiang Feng (River Phoenix)
Naval Air Establishment Chiang Hung (River Swan)
Naval Air Establishment Chiang Gae'n
Haunlong 19
Fu-Shing AP-1
Schoettler I Dulux Dashatou(Ferdinand Leopold Schoettler and Ernst Fuetterer – China)
Schoettler III (Ferdinand Leopold Schoettler and Ernst Fuetterer – China)?
Schoettler B3 (Ferdinand Leopold Schoettler and Ernst Fuetterer – China)
Schoettler S4 (Ferdinand Leopold Schoettler and Ernst Fuetterer – China)
Schoettler C5 (Ferdinand Leopold Schoettler and Ernst Fuetterer – China)
Guangzhou No.51
Guangzhou No.53
Guangzhou No.54
Guangzhou No.57
Guangzhou No.58
Guangzhou No.59
Guangzhou No.74
Huang Xiaoci trainer (黃孝慈)
Type 3 trainer
Glider Type 1
Hsin-1 Ning Hai 2
Liuchow Kwangsi Type 3
Guiyang XP-1
Guiyang XP-2
Chung Yun-1
Chung Yun-2
Chu CJC-3(Major General C.J. Chu)
Chu CJC-3A(Major General C.J. Chu)
Chu Hummingbird A(Major General C.J. Chu)
Chu Hummingbird B(Major General C.J. Chu)
Chu X-P0(Major General C.J. Chu)
Yench'u X-P1
Chu D-2(Major General C.J. Chu)
Chinhae Naval Shipyard
Chinhae Naval Shipyard flying-boat
Chipman
(Phil Chipman, Anaheim CA.)
Chipman Challenge
Chiquet-Van Zandt
(L F Chiquet and H Van Zandt, White Plains, NY)
Chiquet-Van Zandt Aerial turbine
Chmielewski
(Joseph Chmielewski, Cleveland, OH)
Chmielewski 1A
Chodan
(Chodan first name unknown, Czechoslovakia and United States)
Chodan Helicopter
Chotia
(Designer: John Chotia)
Chotia Gypsy
Chotia Weedhopper
Chotia Woodhopper
CHRDI
(China Helicopter Research and Development Institute)
CHRDI/CAE Z-7
CHRDI Z-10
CHRDI/Changhe WZ-10 (no relation to Z-10)
Chris Tena
(Chris Tena, Hillsboro, OR, 1978: Sport Air Craft Corp.)
Chris Tena Mini CoupeL F Chiquet and H Van Zandt, White Plains, NY
Chrislea
Chrislea L.C.1 Airguard
Chrislea C.H.3 Series 1 Ace
Chrislea C.H.3 Series 2 Super Ace
Chrislea C.H.3 Series 3 Skyjeep
Chrislea C.H.3 Series 4 Skyjeep
Christavia
(Elmwood Aviation, Belleville, Ontario, Canada)
Christavia Mk.I
Christavia Mk.II
Christavia Mk.IV
Christen
(Christen Industries Inc (Fdr: Frank L Christensen), Hollister, CA, 1991: Acquired by Aviat Aircraft Inc, Afton, WY)
Christen Eagle I
Christen Eagle II
Christen Husky
Christensen
(Harvey Christensen)
Christensen 1948 monoplane
Christmas
(1910: (Dr William Whitney) Christmas Aeroplane Co, Washington, DC, c.1912: Durham Christmas Aeroplane Sales & Exhibition Co. 1918: Cantilever Aero Co, Copiague, NY)
Christmas 1912 pusher biplane
Christmas 1913 tractor biplane
Christmas 1915 biplane
Christmas Aerial Express
Christmas Bullet
Christmas Red Bird 1909 biplane
Christmas Red Bird II 1910 biplane
Christofferson
((Harry & Silas) Christofferson Aeroplanes, Portland and Vancouver, WA)
Christofferson 1912 biplane trainer
Christofferson 1912 biplane
Christofferson 1914 Tractor biplane
Christofferson 1915 Tractor biplane
Christofferson 1920 Pauling Edwards Amphibian
Christofferson Model D
Christofferson Looping biplane
Christofferson Flying Bike
Christofferson Flying Boat
Christofferson Hydro
Christopher
Christopher AG-1
Chrysler
(Chrysler Group, Detroit, MI)
Chrysler VZ-6
Chu
(Major General C.J. Chu)
Chu CJC-3
Chu CJC-3A
Chu Hummingbird A
Chu Hummingbird B
Chu X-PO
Chu D-2
Chudzik
(Claude Chudzik)
Chudzik CC.01
ChUR
(G.G. Chechet-M.K. Ushkov-N.V. Rebikov)
ChUR No.1
Church
((James) Church Airplane & Mfg Co, Chicago, IL)
Church Mid-Wing JC-1
Church Low-wing
Church & Miller
(P W Church & F R Miller (as part of (Lee U) Eyerly Aircraft Corp), Salem, OR)
Church & Miller Monoplane
Chyeranovskii
(Boris Ivanovich Cheranovsky, Soviet Union)
Chyeranovskii BICh-1 Parabola
Chyeranovskii BICh-2 Parabola (AVF-15)
Chyeranovskii BICh-3
Chyeranovskii BICh-5
Chyeranovskii BICh-7
Chyeranovskii BICh-7A
Chyeranovskii BICh-8 Treugolnik
Chyeranovskii BICh-9 Gnome
Chyeranovskii BICh-10
Chyeranovskii BICh-11 (Korolyev RP-1)
Chyeranovskii BICh-12
Chyeranovskii BICh-12 Parabola
Chyeranovskii BICh-13
Chyeranovskii BICh-13 Triangle
Chyeranovskii BICh-14 (TsKB-10)
Chyeranovskii BICh-16
Chyeranovskii BICh-17 (see Kurchyevskii)
Chyeranovskii BICh-18 Human-powered ornithopter also flown as a glider with wings locked
Chyeranovskii BICh-20 Pionyer
Chyeranovskii BICh-21
Chyeranovskii BICh-22
Chyeranovskii BICh-24
Chyeranovskii BICh-25
Chyeranovskii BICh-26
Chyeranovskii SG-1
Chyetverikov
Chyetverikov ARK-3
Chyetverikov Chye-2
Chyetverikov Gidro-1
Chyetverikov MDR-3
Chyetverikov MDR-6
Chyetverikov MP-2
Chyetverikov OSGA-101
Chyetverikov SPL
Chyetverikov TA
Chyetverikov TA-1
Chyetverikov TAF
CIAC
(CIAC - Corporacion de la Industria Aeronautica Colombiana SA)
CIAC T-90 Calima
Cicaré
(Augusto Ulderico Cicaré / Cicaré Helicopteros S.A.)
Cicaré CK.1 "Colibri"
Cicaré CH-1
Cicaré CH-2
Cicaré CH-3
Cicaré CH-4
Cicaré CH-5 – AG
Cicaré CH-6
Cicaré CH-7
Cicaré CH-7 2000 Angel
Cicaré CH-8 2002 VL
Cicaré CH-10C
Cicaré CH-11C
Cicaré CH-14 Aguilucho
Cicaré SVH-3 (heli sim)
Cicaré CH-2000
Cicaré CH-2002
Cierva
(Juan de Cierva, Cierva Autogiro Company)
Cierva C.1 Autogiro N°1
Cierva C.2 Autogiro N°2
Cierva C.3 Autogiro N°3
Cierva C.4 Autogiro N°4
Cierva C.5
Cierva C.6A
Cierva C.6C (Avro Type 574)
Cierva C.6D (Avro Type 575)
Cierva C.8
Cierva C.9
Cierva C.10
Cierva C.12
Cierva C.14
Cierva C.17
Cierva C.19
Cierva C.20
Cierva C.21
Cierva C.24
Cierva C.25
Cierva C.29
Cierva C.30
Cierva C.33
Cierva C.38
Cierva C.40
Cierva CR Twin
Cierva W.5
Cierva W.6
Cierva W.9
Cierva W.10 Air Horse?
Cierva W.11 Air Horse
Cierva W.14 Skeeter
Cierva-Lepère CL.10
Cieslak
(Zane Cieslak, St Louis, MO and Normandy, MO)
Cieslak C Little PalCIL
(Complexu Industrializare Lemnului – Reghin)
CIL Reghin RG-7 Şoim – (Nowitchi)
CIL Reghin RG-7 Şoim III – (Nowitchi)
CIL Reghin RG-8 H1 Tintar – (Rado-Nowitchi)
CIL Reghin RG-9 Albatros
Cincinnati
(Jungclass Automobile Co, Cincinnati, OH)
Cincinnati 1910 Monoplane
Cinquanta
(Joe Cinquanta, Paradise, CA)
Cinquanta Hornet
Cinquanta D B Hawker II
Circa
(Circa Reproductions Inc (Pres: Michael Lee), Calgary, Alberta, Canada)
Circa Nieuport 11
Circa Nieuport 12
Circa Nieuport 17
Circa Morane-Saulnier N
Circa Sopwith Baby
Circa Sopwith Tabloid
Circa Sopwith Triplane
Cirigliano
(Serafin Cirigliano, New Castle, DE & Farmingdale, NY)
Cirigliano SC-1 Baby Hawk
Smith-Cirigiliano SC-1
Cirrus
(Cirrus Aircraft (founders: Alan and Dale Klapmeier, Pres: Patrick Waddick), Duluth, MN)
Cirrus SRV
Cirrus SR20 & SR20-G2/G3/G6
Cirrus SR22 & SR22-G2/G3/G5/G6
Cirrus SR22T & SR22T-G5/G6
Cirrus SR Sport (SRS)
Cirrus ST-50
Cirrus Vision SF50/G2 Vision Jet
Cirrus VK-30 (Viken-Klapmeier)
CITA
(Centro de Industria y Technologia Aeroespacial Bolivia)
CITA Tiluchi
CITA Gavilán
Citroën-Marchetti
(Citroën & Charles Marchetti)
Citroën-Marchetti Re.1
Citroën-Marchetti Re.2
Civil Aviation Department of India
(Ministry of Civil Aviation (India) – Civil Aviation Department)
Civil Aviation Department ATS-1 Ardhra
Civil Aviation Department HS-1
Civil Aviation Department HS-2 Mrigasheer
Civil Aviation Department ITG-3
Civil Aviation Department KS-II Kartik
Civil Aviation Department MG-1
Civil Aviation Department Revathi
Civil Aviation Department RG-1 Rohini
Civil Aviation Department TS-2 Ashvini
Civil Aviation Department TS-4 Ashvini II
Civil Aviation Department LT-1 Swati
Civilian
(Civilian Aircraft Company)
Civilian Coupé
ČKD-Praga
(see Praga)
Clairco
(David Saunders / Cheetah Light Aircraft Company Ltd. / Clairco)
Clairco Cheetah
Clairco Super Cheetah
Clark
(James W Clark, Bridgewater, PA)
Clark 1900 Ornithopter
Clark
(Earl H & Donald Clark, Buffalo, NY)
Clark M-1
Clark
(Clark Airplane Co (founders: Richard D Clark, Charles D Reed), Ponca City, OK)
Clark 1930 aeroplane
Clark
((Virginius E) Clark Aurcraft Corp.)
Clark 46 Duramold
Clark
(Clark Aircraft Inc, Marshall, TX)
Clark 12
Clark 1000C
Clark & Wood
(Jesse O Clark & Delmar E Wood, 807 W Noble Ave, Visalia, CA)
Clark & Wood RKM-1
Clark-Fitzwilliams
Clark-Fitzwilliams Cycloplane
Clarke
(J Clarke, Chicago, IL)
Clarke 1909 biplane
Classic
(Classic Aircraft Co, Lansing MI, aka Classic Aero Enterprises.)
Classic F5 (replica Waco F-5)
Classic YMF Super (replica Waco YMF)
Classic HJ-2 Honey Bee
Classic H-3 pegasus
Classic HP-40 Warhawk
Classic Fighter Industries
Classic Fighter Industries Me 262 Project
Clavé
(Robert Clavé)
Clavé le Goëland
Claxton High School
Claxton High School Lil' Rascal
Cleary
((W) Cleary Aircraft Corp)
Cleary CL-1 Zipper
Clem
(John Wesley Clem, Kansas City, KS)
Clem Gold Bug
Clement
(Louis Clement)
Clement Triplane
Clement racing monoplane
Clement-Moineau Monoplane Racer
Clément-Bayard
(Gustave Adolphe Clément-Bayard)
Clément-Bayard No.1
Clément-Bayard No.2
Clément-Bayard No.3
Clément-Bayard No.4
Clément-Bayard No.5
Clément-Bayard No.6
Clément-Bayard 1909 (Demoiselle project - cf Santos-Dumont)
Clément-Bayard 1910 triplane
Clément-Bayard 1911 monoplane
Clément-Bayard 1911 biplane
Clément-Bayard 1912 biplane
Clément-Bayard 1912 monoplane
Clément-Bayard 1913 monoplane
Clément-Bayard 1913 flying boat
Clément-Bayard Military monoplane
Clément-Bayard Military biplane
Clément-Bayard bomber 1915/16
Clemson
(Aero Club, Clemson College, SC)
Clemson Special
Cleone
(Cleone Motors Co, St Louis, MO)
Cleone 5-M Paraquet
Cleone 7-M
Clifton Brothers
Clifton Trio
Clinger
(W R Clinger, Grandville, MI)
Clinger CL-1
Cloquet
(Cloquet Mfg Co dba Trainer Aircraft Co Inc (founders: Norman Nelson, Claude Phillips, "Rosie" Rosenthal), Cloquet, MN)
Cloquet 1931 Monoplane
Cloudbaser Trikes
Cloudbaser Trikes Cloudbaser
Cloud-Coupe
(Cloud Aircraft Co. Cloud-Coupe Aircraft & Motors Corp Inc, Milan, IN)
Cloud-Coupe A-1
Cloud-Coupe Cub
Cloud-Coupe EXP-1
Cloud-Coupe LW
Cloud-Coupe M-P
Cloud-Coupe SQ-2
Cloudbuster Ultralights
Cloudbuster Ultralights Cloudbuster
Cloudcraft Glider Company
Cloudcraft Dickson Primary
Cloudcraft Junior
Cloudcraft Phantom
Cloud Dancer
(Cloud Dancer Aeroplane Works, Columbus, OH)
Cloud Dancer Jenny Sport
Clouser
(Robert W Clouser, Ontario, CA)
Clouser CG-1 Gnat
Club ULM Rotor
(Kumertau, Bashkortostan, Russia)
Club ULM Rotor Ptenets-2
Clutton
Clutton-Tabenor FRED
Clutton-Tabenor E.C.2 Easy Too
CMASA
(Construzioni Mecchaniche Aeronautiche SA)
CMASA MF.4
CMASA MF.5
CMASA MF.6
CMASA MF.10
CMASA G.8
CMASA CS.15
C.N.A.
(Compagnia Nazionale Aeronautica)
C.N.A. Beta
C.N.A. Delta
C.N.A. Eta
C.N.A. Teta
C.N.A. Merah
C.N.A. 15
C.N.A. 25
C.N.A. PM.1
CNIAR
(Centrul National al Industriei Aeronautice Románe)
CNIAR IAR-93 Vultur
CNNA
(Companhia Nacional de Navegação Aérea / HL = Henrique Lage)
CNNA HL-1
CNNA HL-2
CNNA HL-3
CNNA HL-4
CNNA HL-5
CNNA HL-6
CNNA HL-8
CNNA HL-14
CNNC
(Cia Nacional de Navegação Costeira'')
Lafay Independência
References
Further reading
External links
List of aircraft (C)
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Virove
Virove is a village in Montana Municipality, Montana Province, northwestern Bulgaria.
References
Category:Villages in Montana Province
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{
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Azygophleps legraini
Azygophleps legraini is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Cameroon.
References
Category:Moths described in 2011
Category:Azygophleps
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{
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Crespithrips
Crespithrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae.
Species
Crespithrips enigmaticus
Crespithrips hesperus
References
Category:Phlaeothripidae
Category:Thrips
Category:Insect genera
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Hulman & Company
Hulman & Company is an American private, family-owned, company founded in 1850 by Francis T. Hulman as a wholesale foods supplier of groceries, tobacco, and liquor, headquartered in Terre Haute, Indiana. Throughout the early half of the 20th century, Hulman & Co. became nationally known for its Clabber Girl baking powder which it began producing in 1899. In 1945, the company purchased the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, in what many thought was an unusual investment for a company with a rich history in the food and beverage industry and owned the speedway until its sale to Roger Penske in 2019. The Hulman family on Monday November 4, 2019, announced the sale of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and Hulman & Co. to Penske Entertainment Corp., a subsidiary of Penske Corp.
Company history
Origins
In 1850 Francis T. Hulman, a native of Lingen, Germany, emigrated to the United States, settling in Terre Haute, Indiana, where he established a small grocery store. The small company proved successful and in 1854 Francis Hulman sent over for his younger brother, Herman Hulman (b. 1831), who had himself been working in the grocery business in the German town of Osnabrück.
The brothers would work together as partners in the wholesale grocery business until in 1858, when Francis and his entire family died at sea aboard a ship called the Astria, which went down en route to Germany. Herman Hulman thereafter assumed control of the growing and prospering firm.
In 1870 Hulman formed a partnership with Robert S. Cox, previously a main competitor in the wholesale grocery business, with the firm changing its name to Hulman & Cox. During this period the firm incidentally employed future Socialist Presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs, himself the son of Terre Haute grocers, as a warehouse worker and clerk for five years, with Debs leaving to pursue a political career as elected Terre Haute city clerk in 1879.
Hulman purchased the McGregor & Co. distillery of Terre Haute shortly after forming his partnership with Cox, greatly enlarging the capacity and sales of the firm. He sold the firm in 1875 to Crawford Fairbacks and returned for a visit to Germany, rebuying a half interest upon his return, with the distillery operating as Hulman & Fairbanks for a time. This half interest was then traded to Robert Cox for his share of the Hulman & Cox operation in 1879.
Herman Hulman conducted the business without a partner from 1879 until 1884, formally establishing the firm under the name Hulman & Company in that latter year. Herman Hulman took a new generation in the persons of B. G. Cox and Anton Hulman into partnership in the firm in 1886.
The firm continue to grow until its location at the corner of Fifth Street and Wabash Avenue was outgrown. A new facility was constructed, a vast, multi-story building occupying an entire city block, which was opened with tours and a celebratory banquet attended by more than 2,000 people in September 1893.
In May 2019, Hulman & Company sold Clabber Girl to B&G Foods for $80 million.
References
External links
Clabber Girl
Indianapolis Motor Speedway
IndyCar
Category:Companies based in Indiana
Category:Terre Haute, Indiana
Category:Food and drink companies established in 1850
Category:American companies established in 1850
Category:1850 establishments in Indiana
Category:Food manufacturers of the United States
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United States debt-ceiling crisis
United States debt-ceiling crisis may refer to one of several disputes over the United States debt ceiling
United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2013
United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011
Events related to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996
Debt-ceiling crises
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Plasmodium polymorphum
Plasmodium polymorphum is a malarial parasite of the genus Plasmodium. Currently its only known host is the Eurasian skylark, Alauda arvensis.
Description
This species was described by Zehtindjiev et al.
This species shows a marked preference of its blood stages for immature erythrocytes, including erythroblasts. Uniquely for an avian malaria species development and maturation of the gametocytes occur in immature red blood cells. Also uniquely the margins of nuclei in blood stages of are markedly smooth and distinct.
It appears morphologically to be related to the Huffia subgenus but this has yet to be established.
Geographical occurrence
This species was isolated in southern Italy. Because the host carries out an annual migration the parasite may also occur elsewhere.
Vectors
Not known.
References
polymorphum
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Compsosoma perpulchrum
Compsosoma perpulchrum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Vigors in 1825. It is known from Argentina and Brazil.
References
Category:Compsosomatini
Category:Beetles described in 1825
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{
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Mandeh Ab
Mandeh Ab (, also Romanized as Māndeh Āb) is a village in Kushk Rural District, Abezhdan District, Andika County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 36, in 5 families.
References
Category:Populated places in Andika County
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Gornova mogila
Gornova Mogila is a village in Gabrovo Municipality, in Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria.
References
Category:Villages in Gabrovo Province
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{
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Jimmy Kerr
James "Jimmy" Mitchell Kerr (12 May 1910 – 3 January 1998) was a Scottish international rugby and cricket player.
Career
Kerr was capped for between 1935-7. He also played for Heriot's RFC. He also played for the Scotland national cricket team.
References
See also
List of Scottish cricket and rugby union players
Category:1910 births
Category:1998 deaths
Category:Scottish rugby union players
Category:Scotland international rugby union players
Category:Scottish cricketers
Category:Sportspeople from Edinburgh
Category:Heriot's RC players
Category:Scotland cricketers
Category:Rugby union players from Edinburgh
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Anna Centenary Library
The Anna Centenary Library (ACL) is an established state library of the Government of Tamil Nadu. It is located at Kotturpuram, Chennai. It is built at a cost of 172 crores (1,720 million). It is named after a former chief minister of Tamil Nadu, C. N. Annadurai. It was opened by the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi. The average number of persons who visited the library between January and October 2011 is around 26,500, compared to the monthly average of 20,000 in 2010.
Infrastructure
Built on 8 acres of land, the 9-floor library houses a total area of 333,140 sq. ft and has a capacity to accommodate 1.2 million books. ACL has planned to adopt an integrated library management system that includes automated issue and return of books, user smartcards, access controls, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology and self-check counters. The library is designed to accommodate a total of 1,250 persons. An auditorium of 50,000 sq. ft. with a seating capacity of 1,280, and an amphitheatre on the terrace that can accommodate more than 800 persons and two conference halls with capacities of 151 and 30 persons respectively, are some of the facilities available. A dedicated children's section, spread over 15,000 sq. ft. has a fun-filled theme-based reading area with multimedia kits and storybooks. The library also boasts a high-tech section for the visually impaired, with talking books and Braille displays. Parking space exists for about 420 cars and 1,030 two-wheelers. A separate power substation with a capacity of 32 kV has been built on the premises. CCTV cameras have been installed in 493 locations in the building. A food court in the building is capable of serving 180 persons at any given point in time. The library was designed by C. N. Raghavendran.
The entrance to the building showcases a 5 ft bronze statue of C.N. Annadurai. The library employs 200 staff, including 96 permanent and 40 contract employees, and has a collection of 550,000 books. It is visited by about 2701 persons every day.
The library has a special section for Braille, children's books and manuscripts etc. The building is designed in such a way that the reading area receives good daylight. The western end is flanked by the service areas to prevent solar radiation. The seven-storey atrium allows in abundant natural light.
In July 2010, the library building received the LEED NC Gold rating from IGBC becoming the first library building in Asia to reach this. This project has achieved 43 LEED points, highest amongst any government buildings in Tamil Nadu thus far.
Controversy
A few months after Ms. J.Jayalalitha from the AIADMK took over as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu in the 2011 Elections, she announced her decision to convert the Library building in Kotturpuram, Chennai to accommodate a Super speciality Pediatric hospital. She declared that the library would be shifted to the proposed Integrated Knowledge Park on the DPI (Directorate of Public Instruction) campus in Nungambakkam, Chennai.
The decision sparked great outrage from educationists, writers and students. Facebook pages and blogs were opened and worked on 'saving the library'. While no association or individual was opposed to the idea of a fully equipped super speciality hospital coming up for children, writers and others who frequent the library urged the government to revoke its decision of shifting a fully functional library that has gone on to become a storehouse of knowledge and a key landmark in the city. A senior professor at the University of Madras said: "The library is excellent, offering very good facilities. In fact, there was a proposal to shift the oriental manuscripts in our University to the new library, so that they can be preserved better. Even that was prevented after the AIADMK came to power. The old manuscripts are lying in very poor condition." The then former chief minister Mr. Karunanidhi who built the Library even threatened that he would immolate himself to prevent the alteration.
The Madras high court then stayed the Tamil Nadu government's controversial proposal to shift the Anna Centenary Library to DPI campus in Nungambakkam.
Operations
After the inauguration of the library, consulates in the city expressed interest in visiting the library and donating books to it.
In October 2010, soon after the inauguration, the library placed an order involving 35,174 books worth £1.275 million with the Cambridge University Press (CUP), resulting in the biggest sale in CUP's history to an academic library in India and the biggest invoice CUP has ever issued – at 2,794 pages long.
A single order worth a million euros was placed with the world's largest publisher of books, Springer, which publishes in the fields of science, technology and medicine. Hillary Clinton, U.S. Secretary of State had lauded the library during her visit to Chennai on 20 July 2011.
Sections
Braille Section : Braille Section is located at Ground Floor, special care is taken to facilitate Braille readers in this section. This section has 1500 printed Braille books, 145 e-books and 1080 Audio Books
Own Book Reading Section : This section is located at the ground floor. It is a boon to the users who are searching for spacious, cool and calm reading environment in the city. The readers’ have the liberty to carry their personal notebooks, textbooks, learning materials and, laptops. It has comfortable furniture for readers. This section opens at 8.00am. Students are allowed inside according to their token number. Tokens have to be gotten from security personnel much earlier than 8.00am because after token no 90 is allowed inside, the remaining token no's students have to wait till 9.00am for opening of another own book reading section on first floor, which is not as comfortable as the section on the ground floor.
Children's Section : Children Section is located in the first floor ' B wing ' it spreads over 15,000 sq. ft. It has over 60,000 books which cover all subject areas. This section has a very good collection of books ranges from Alphabets, Numerals to Children Encyclopedias. Majority of books are in English and it has books in different Indian and foreign languages (Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi, German, French, Spanish and Italian). Over 2000 Multimedia CDs, DVDs in different categories and subjects are available for the users. Any children who are at the age between 4 years and 14 years can access this section.
Periodicals Section : Periodicals section is located in the ‘A’ Wing of first floor. Newspapers and Magazines and Journals are kept in this section. All leading newspapers and magazines are available in this section for readers. Currently 37 leading dailies in different languages are being subscribed. The library is subscribing over 500 Indian and Foreign Magazines in all categories to serve user needs. There is an exclusive section for women readers which comprises magazines focused on women.
Tamil Books Section : Second Floor of this library is dedicated to "Classical Language (Semmozhi)" Tamil. In this section we have almost all the books published in Tamil available in print. Readers who are fond of reading Tamil books can see the huge collections Tamil books from all leading publishers. Over 1, 00, 000 books in the form of Novels, Poems, Short Stories, Drama, Essays, Humor, letters.
English Book Section : This library has over 4.5 lakhs books in all subjects areas published by leading publishers across the world. English Books occupy majority of the library space from third floor to seventh floor.
Third Floor : General, Computer Science, Library & Information Science, Philosophy, Psychology, Ethics, Religion, Sociology, Statistics, Political science.
Fourth Floor : Economics, Law, Public Administration, Education, Languages & Linguistics, Literature, Folklore.
Fifth Floor : General Science, Mathematics, Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry, Earth science & Geology, Fossils & prehistoric life, Life science ( Biology), Plants ( Botany ), Animals ( Zoology), •Applied Science - Basic, Medicine & Health
Sixth Floor : Engineering, Agriculture, Home & Family management, Veterinary Science, Management & Public Relation, Accounting, Fine Arts, Architecture, Photography & Computer Arts, Music, Sports, Games & Entertainment.
Seventh Floor : History, Geography, Travel, Biography, e-library, Government Oriental Manuscript Library.
Eighth Floor : Administrative Office.
Events
A literary event named "Ponmalai Pozhudhu" is organized every Saturday. Leading personalities from various subjects deliver special talks on this event.
A special orientation program for competitive exam aspirants is arranged at Anna Centenary Library on Sundays. Bureaucrats and subject experts share their experience, interact and motivate the aspirants.
Children's section of the library organizes programmes like Art and Craft, Chess, Memory technique, Music, Painting, Science Experiments, Story Telling etc. for children on every Sundays morning.
See also
Connemara Public Library
References
External links
Save Anna Centenary Library
Category:2010 establishments in India
Category:Libraries in Chennai
Category:Culture of Chennai
Category:Tourist attractions in Chennai
Category:Public libraries in India
Category:Library buildings completed in 2010
Category:Memorials to C. N. Annadurai
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Ochraethes tulensis
Ochraethes tulensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1892.
References
Category:Ochraethes
Category:Beetles described in 1892
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Fredrik Svensson (ice hockey)
Fredrik Svensson (born April 13, 1975) is a Swedish professional ice hockey defenceman, currently playing with AIK of the Elitserien (SEL). His youth team is Skå IK.
References
Category:Living people
Category:1975 births
Category:Swedish ice hockey defencemen
Category:AIK IF players
Category:Espoo Blues players
Category:HPK players
Category:Ilves players
Category:Malmö Redhawks players
Category:Luleå HF players
Category:Södertälje SK players
Category:HC Ambrì-Piotta players
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La Pêche River
The La Pêche River () is a river in western Quebec, in Canada, which drains La Pêche Lake (Lac La Pêche) in Gatineau Park and empties into the Gatineau River at Wakefield.
Geography
The south shore of La Pêche Lake is just north of the Ottawa River. The mouth of the lake is at in direct line from the mouth of the La Pêche river.
From its source at La Pêche Lake in the Pontiac municipality, the La Pêche River flows for about to the east, partly in the Gatineau Park, sometimes in woodlands, agricultural or urban. La Pêche Lake receives water discharges of several lakes (to the west and north), including: Martin, Serpent, à Guilbeault, Fisher, Trois Monts, Malverson, du Loup and La Loutre. The mouth of La Pêche Lake is at its northern end.
La Pêche river flows towards the north-east, then east, where it will run along more or less the 366 West Main Road to its mouth. On its way to the east, La Pêche River collects various branches dumps lakes:
South side - Branch of Eardley, including lakes: Ben, Hawley, Blind, Ramsay, Kidder, Gervais, Richard and Leblanc;
South side - Branch of "chemin du lac-Philipe" (Road of Lake-Philipe), including lakes: Racine, Monette and Kingbury;
North side - Outlet of lake Gingras.
North side - Branch of Kennedy Road, particularly lakes: Gauvreau, Jean-Venne, Anderson and Kennedy;
North side - Branch of "chemin Horace-Cross" (Road Horace-Cross), particularly lakes: Wills, Fraser and Bell.
La Pêche river empties into the Gatineau River at south of the covered bridge of Wakefield, northern sector of the city of Gatineau, and upstream of the mouth of the Gatineau River in Ottawa River.
Toponymy
At the beginning of the 19th century, Joseph Bureau, among other explorers, described this lake as a very fishy lake, abounding especially pike and trout. Accessibility of La Pêche Lake, near the Ottawa River and Ottawa city, in (Ontario), favoured sport fishing.
The toponym "La Pêche River" was recorded as of December 24, 1976, at the "Bank of place names" in Commission de toponymie du Québec (Geographical Names Board of Québec). The toponyms of the lake and river are related together.
History
A grain mill was built in 1838 on the river at MacLaren Falls near Wakefield and is now operated as an inn, the Moulin Wakefield Inn and Spa. A textile mill and a sawmill at the same location helped to provide the impetus for the development of a settlement at Wakefield.
See also
List of Quebec rivers
Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais Regional County Municipality
References
Category:Rivers of Outaouais
Category:Tributaries of the Ottawa River
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Mule Variations
Mule Variations is the twelfth studio album by American musician Tom Waits, released on April 16, 1999, on the ANTI- label. It was Waits' first studio album since The Black Rider (1993). The album was backed by an extensive tour in Europe and North America during the summer and autumn of 1999, which was Waits' first proper tour since 1987. Other promotional stops included a solo performance on VH1 Storytellers.
Mule Variations won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album and was nominated for Best Male Rock Performance for the track "Hold On". It has sold more than 500,000 copies worldwide. In 2012, the album was ranked number 416 on Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.
Reception
Upon its release, Mule Variations received widespread critical acclaim. AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine stated that "the album uses the ragged cacophony of Bone Machine as a starting point, and proceeds to bring in the songwriterly aspects of Rain Dogs, along with its affection for backstreet and backwoods blues, plus a hint of the beatnik qualities of Swordfish. So Mule Variations delivers what fans want, in terms of both songs and sonics" and awarded the album four out of five stars. Former Village Voice editor Robert Christgau gave the album an A– rating and praised Waits' and Brennan's songwriting, saying "together they humanize the percussion-battered Bone Machine sound, reconstituting his '80s alienation effects into a Delta harshness with more give to it." David Browne of Entertainment Weekly said that Mule Variations "restores the wizened humanity — and a more traditional sense of songcraft — to [Waits'] music," gave the album a B+ rating and concluded that Waits was "the last of the classic American tunesmiths."
Hot Press reviewer Peter Murphy described the album as "an emotionally forthright record" and called it "a record of at least two minds: scuffed rooming-house madrigals [...] contrasted with big, fat, bleeding heart ballads." Zach Hooker of Pitchfork awarded the album a 9.5 out of 10 rating, describing it as "a great album" and further saying that "sonically, it picks up where Bone Machine left off, but drops some of that album's artifice: the clattering, trebly out-back-of-the-shed sound is still here and the inexplicable presence of Primus persists." Rolling Stone said that the album "contains the most blues of any album [Tom Waits has] made" but added "the problem is that it's more of the same", describing it as "the latest installment of discourse" and awarding the album three out of five stars.
Mule Variations was a moderate commercial success. The album charted in 14 countries worldwide upon its release, including debuting at number 30 on the United States Billboard 200 and number 1 on Norway's album chart. The album was certified gold in Canada in July 2001 after selling over 50,000 copies and as of April 2009 had sold more than 500,000 copies worldwide. Mule Variations won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album at the 42nd Grammy Awards and was nominated for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance.
In 2010, it was awarded a platinum certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, which indicated sales of at least 500,000 copies throughout Europe. As of 2006, sales in the United States have exceeded 440,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan.
Track listing
Personnel
Tom Waits - vocals (1–7, 9–16), The Voice (8), guitar (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 12), piano (5, 11, 13, 15, 16), organ (3), pump organ (7), percussion (9, 10), Chamberlin (9), optigan (2)
Andrew Borger - drums (9, 14, 16), percussion (14)
Ralph Carney - trumpet (1), sax (1, 16), alto-sax (11), bass clarinet (10), reeds (8, 9)
Les Claypool - bass (1)
Greg Cohen - bass (11, 12, 15), percussion (10)
Linda Deluca-Ghidossi - violin (13)
Dalton Dillingham III - bass (13)
Joe Gore - guitar (3, 16)
Chris Grady - trumpet (2, 14)
John Hammond - blues harp (7)
Stephen Hodges - percussion (3, 4)
Smokey Hormel - guitar (4), dobro (7), chumbus & dousengoni (2)
Jacquire King - programming (2, 14), recording engineer, & mixer (album)
Larry LaLonde - guitar (1)
Brain Mantia - drums (1)
Christopher Marvin - drums (6)
Charlie Musselwhite - blues harp (4, 12, 14, 16)
Nik Phelps - bari-sax (11, 16)
DJ M. Mark "The III Media" Reitman - turntable (8, 9, 10, 14)
Larry Rhodes - contrabassoon (10)
Marc Ribot - guitar (3, 9, 10, 14), lead guitar (5), guitar solo (6, 9)
Jeff Sloan - percussion (8)
Larry Taylor - bass (3, 4, 5, 6, 14, 16), guitar (14), rhythm guitar (5)
Wings Over Jordan Gospel, Bali Eternal - turntable samples (10)
Christopher Marvin, the son of actor Lee Marvin, was featured as a guest drummer as a nod to Waits' membership in The Sons of Lee Marvin, a humorous secret society of Marvin look-alikes.
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
Category:Tom Waits albums
Category:1999 albums
Category:Epitaph Records albums
Category:Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album
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Miriam Jordan
Miriam Jordan (3 March 1904 – 4 December 1987) was a British stage and film actress. She enjoyed a brief career in Hollywood as a leading lady during the early 1930s, but most of her work was confined to the stage.
Selected filmography
References
Bibliography
Aubrey Solomon. The Fox Film Corporation, 1915-1935: A History and Filmography. McFarland, 2011.
External links
Category:1904 births
Category:1987 deaths
Category:British film actresses
Category:Actresses from London
Category:20th-century British actresses
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Sarabi Mastiff
Persian Mastiff () is an ancient livestock guardian dog breed native to Sarab County in northern Iran. Is a molosser-type dog with short coat. Its height varies about 71 to 89 cm at the withers, and its weight between 50 and 90 kg approximately. They are friendly and affable with their owners, but very averse to strangers. They are used as guard dogs and also to protect livestock against predators.
Among the common colors of the dog are the acceptable colors such as pale gray, gray, bronze and black, which are other characteristics of the dog.
See also
Kangal dog
Aksaray Malaklisi dog
Bully Kutta
Iranian Beardog (Sage Mazandarani)
Kuchi dog
Pshdar dog
Notes
Taefehshokr, Sina & Key, Yashar & Neshat Ghara Maleki, Mehrdad. (2014). Survey on Iran's Breeds of Dogs.
References
Category:Rare dog breeds
Category:Livestock guardians
Category:Dog breeds originating in Asia
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Dactyloscopus boehlkei
Dactyloscopus boehlkei is a species of sand stargazer native to the coastal waters around the Bahamas, Cuba and the Lesser Antilles where it can be found at depths of from . It can reach a maximum length of SL. The specific name honours the American ichthyologist James Erwin Böhlke (1930-1982) who was curator of fishes at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
References
boehlkei
Category:Fish described in 1982
Category:Taxa named by Charles Eric Dawson
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Loomis (company)
Loomis (formerly Loomis, Fargo & Co.) is a cash handling company. The modern company was formed in 1997 by the consolidation of two armoured security concerns, Wells Fargo Armored Service and Loomis Armored Inc. Their international network covers over 400 operating locations in the US and eleven western European countries.
In the US, Loomis operates an electronically linked service network of nearly 200 operating locations, employs over 8,000 people and utilizes a fleet of approximately 3,000 armored and other vehicles to provide secure armored transport, automated teller machine (ATM) services, cash processing and outsourced vault services for banks, other financial institutions, commercial and retail businesses. It was a division of Securitas AB from 2001 to 2008, when it was listed at Nasdaq OMX Stockholm.
History
Wells Fargo Armored Service
When the express mail firm of Wells Fargo & Company ceased express service in 1918 upon the organization of American Railway Express, the company continued to exist, though no longer an operating company in the United States. George C. Taylor of American Express was president of American Railway Express with Burns D. Caldwell of Wells Fargo as chairman of the board of directors. Davis G. Meller, previously the firm's foreign traffic manager, assumed the presidency of Wells Fargo in 1918.
Elmer Ray Jones, who had been with Wells Fargo since 1893, purchased Wells Fargo & Company's
Express in Mexico and Wells Fargo in Cuba in 1919 for $640,000. He headed a group of men from Wells Fargo and American Express in 1924 to buy Wells Fargo & Company in the United States from the E.H. Harriman estate, making arrangements with the executors, Charles A. Peabody and Robert W. DeForest. The shares were taken by American Express (51 per cent) and the group of individuals headed by Jones (29 per cent); the remaining 20 per cent remained outstanding. In 1924 Jones was elected president of Wells Fargo, which sold its 20,000 shares in the Wells Fargo Nevada National Bank, severing the final tie between the two institutions.
Jones redeveloped Wells Fargo as a concern for armored transportation and other specialized express movements. In 1947, for instance, he personally supervised the transfer of 13 tons of gold from Montreal to Mexico City by airplane. The company had a fleet of 50 armored
cars in New York City, ten stores handling farm equipment, automobiles and trucks, and (together with American Express) the largest travel agency in Mexico. It also provided fast railroad freight service through a subsidiary, the Wells Fargo Carloading Corporation.
Succeeding Jones as president of Wells Fargo were Ralph T. Reed in 1956, Howard L. Clark in 1960, R.D. Beals in 1963, and James A. Henderson in 1964. Wells Fargo continued its overseas express service until the 1960s; by the middle of the decade, its subsidiaries operated armored cars in 12 Eastern and Southern states, and the concern had entered the coin-auditing and coin-rolling business.
As an operator of armored cars, the company did business as the Wells Fargo Armored Security Corporation as an affiliate of Baker Industries, and later, after its acquisition by Borg-Warner Security, as Wells Fargo Armored Service.
Loomis Armored Inc.
Lee B. Loomis established Loomis Armored Car Service in 1925 in Portland, Oregon. The company's headquarters was moved to Seattle, Washington, in 1932. Loomis died in 1949, but Loomis Corporation remained under his family's ownership until 1979 when it was acquired by Mayne Nickless. Wingate Partners purchased Loomis in 1991, and the company was consolidated with Wells Fargo Armored Service in 1997 to form Loomis Fargo & Company.
Mergers, acquisitions, and divestitures
On July 15, 1996, Borg-Warner Security agreed to consolidate its Wells Fargo Armored Service with Loomis Armored Inc. Employing 8,500 and providing armored transportation, cash services and automated teller machine maintenance, the new concern was named Loomis Fargo & Company. The transaction was completed in 1997.
In May 2001, Swedish securities services group Securitas AB agreed to buy the remaining 51 percent of Loomis Fargo & Co. for $102 million. On November 16, 2006, Securitas AB Chief Executive Officer Hakon Ericson announced the company's intention to split into several independent, specialized security companies, with its cash handling service division adopting the name "Loomis" throughout its international network. By the end of June 2007, the transition to the new identity had been completed, with Loomis employing 20,000 people in a network of 420 operating locations in 11 European nations and the United States.
On 26 November 2007, Loomis announced the sale of Loomis Cash Management Ltd, its cash handling operation in the United Kingdom, to Vaultex UK Ltd jointly owned by HSBC Bank plc and Barclays Bank plc, resulting in a loss of approximately 160 million SEK.
In 2008, Loomis was distributed to the Securitas shareholders and listed at Nasdaq OMX Stockholm as Loomis AB.
On 4 April 2014, Loomis acquired Zurich based VIA MAT Holding AG, one of the world’s leading companies in international valuables logistics with an enterprise value of approximately CHF 200 million, thus adding International Services to the existing Cash in Transit and Cash Management Services lines of businesses and becoming market leader in cash handling in Switzerland.
Major robberies
During its first year of operation as the new Loomis Fargo & Company, the company was the target for two of the largest cash robberies ever committed on American soil.
In March 1997, employee Philip N. Johnson, on his own, stole $18.8 million from the Loomis Fargo armored car that he was driving. In the October 1997 Loomis Fargo Bank Robbery, employee David Scott Ghantt and accomplices stole $17.3 million from the Loomis Fargo Charlotte, North Carolina branch vault that he was supervising. The perpetrators of both robberies, and a significant majority of the cash, were later caught by law enforcement.
These two robberies, along with the unrelated $18.9 million Dunbar Armored robbery, which also occurred in 1997, were the first to surpass the previous holder of the title "largest cash robbery" in U.S. history, the $5 million cash portion (along with $0.9 million in jewellery) of the Lufthansa heist of December 1978.
The UK division of the company hit the headlines in February 2006 when armed robbers raided its cash center located in Tonbridge in Kent. The criminals made off with £53m in what is known as the Securitas depot robbery.
The next month, a Securitas van in Warrington, Cheshire was also robbed by criminals who rammed it with a stolen tractor and subsequently made off with over half a million pounds.
Again the same month, an armed gang robbed a Securitas van as it was unloading money at Gothenburg's Landvetter Airport in Sweden.
On October 4, 2007, two armored truck guards working for Loomis were killed in a robbery in Northeast Philadelphia. Another man was wounded. A bank surveillance photo showed the gunman walking up to the two guards, shooting both of them execution-style, and running off with a bag containing ATM deposit envelopes. The man later confessed to the killings.
On November 30, 2016, a man stole a bucket containing gold flakes worth $1.6 million from the back of an open and unguarded Loomis truck on a busy street in Manhattan, New York.
References
External links
Category:Wells Fargo
Category:Companies based in Stockholm
Category:Security companies of Sweden
Category:1997 establishments in Sweden
Category:Business services companies established in 1997
Category:Financial services companies established in 1997
Category:Companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange
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Achille Boothman
Liam Boothman (February 1939 – 26 July 2018), better known as Achille Boothman, was an Irish hurler who played as a right wing-forward for club sides St. Columba's and Crumlin and at inter-county level with the Dublin senior hurling team.
Playing career
Inter-county
After playing for the Dublin minor team for two unsuccessful seasons in 1956 and 1957, Boothman made his senior debut on 8 November 1959 in a National League defeat of recently crowned All-Ireland champions Waterford. Later that season he made his first championship start in a Leinster Championship semi-final draw with Wexford.
On 16 July 1961, Boothman was at right wing-forward when Dublin defeated Wexford by 7-05 to 4-08 to win the Leinster Championship. In the subsequent All-Ireland final on 3 September 1961, Boothman played in the same position against Tipperary. The game ended in chaos, with Dublin losing by a point.
Honours
Dublin
Leinster Senior Hurling Championship (1): 1961
Leinster
Railway Cup (1): 1962
References
Category:1939 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Crumlin hurlers
Category:Dublin inter-county hurlers
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Servais-Théodore Pinckaers
Servais-Théodore Pinckaers O.P. (Liège, 1925 – Fribourg, 2008) was a noted moral theologian, Roman Catholic priest, and member of the Dominican Order (Order of Preachers). He has been especially influential in the renewal of a theological and Christological approach to Christian virtue ethics.
Biography
Servais Theodore Pinckaers was born in Liège (Belgium) in 1925 and raised in the village of Wonck (now part of the municipality of Bassenge) in Belgium’s Walloon region. In 1945 he entered the Dominican Order and pursued his studies in theology at the Belgian Dominican Studium at La Sarte, obtaining his license in theology (1952) under the direction of Jérôme Hamer, writing his thesis (tesina) on Henri de Lubac’s Surnaturel. He pursued doctoral studies at the Pontificium Athenaeum Internationale Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum, attending the classes of such notables as Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, Paul Philippe and Mario Luigi Ciappi. His dissertation, written under the direction of Louis-Bertrand Gillon, was a study of the medieval theology of hope, entitled “La vertu d’espérance de Pierre Lombard à saint Thomas” (1954).
Upon completion of his studies, Fr. Pinckaers returned to the Dominican Studium at La Sarte to teach moral theology from 1954-1965. (He was at La Sarte when in 1958 one of the friars of the community, Dominique Pire, won the Nobel Peace Prize for his labors on behalf of Europe's many war refugees (displaced persons)). It was also at La Sarte that Fr. Pinckaers undertook his first efforts to renew the contemporary understanding of moral theology, foreshadowing the Vatican Council’s call to renewal by several years. The fruits of these labors, which had been published as articles in various places, were subsequently drawn together in his groundbreaking study, Le renouveau de la morale (1964; Preface by Marie-Dominique Chenu). It was also at La Sarte that he wrote the textual analysis and commentary for Questions 6 through 21 of the Prima Secundae (i.e., Aquinas' treatise on Human Acts) for the Revue des Jeunes’ bilingual edition (Latin and French) of the Summa Theologiae (1961 and 1965). Fr. Pinckaers referred to his time at La Sarte, both as a student and later as a professor, as the time when he attained the insights that he would subsequently present and develop in his later work. These central insights for the renewal of moral theology are (1) the primacy of the Word of God, as a living Word that speaks to every generation and which is higher than any merely human word; (2) the foundational importance of the fathers of the Church, especially Augustine; and (3) the lasting value of St. Thomas’ method and insights.
After the Studium at La Sarte (Huy) was closed in 1965, Fr. Pinckaers went to the Dominican priory at Liège and engaged in pastoral ministry for the next eight years, years that shaped the pastoral concern expressed in much of his work. Then, in 1975 he was called to fill the French language chair in fundamental moral theology at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, where he taught for the next twenty-five years. As emeritus professor he remained in Fribourg, in residence at the international Dominican priory of St. Albert the Great (the "Albertinum"), until his death on 7 April 2008. He was eighty-two.
Works
His most well-known work in English is The Sources of Christian Ethics (1995), which has been well received by a surprisingly varied cross-section of the Church in America and in English-speaking countries. Other works in English include: his introduction to moral thought entitled Morality: the Catholic View (2001; with Preface by Alasdair MacIntyre); The Pinckaers Reader: Renewing Thomistic Moral Theology (2005), a collection of his most significant essays, subsequent to the publication of The Sources of Christian Ethics. Moreover, of special interest are the essay, “The Sources of the Ethics of St. Thomas Aquinas” (in The Ethics of Aquinas, 2002), and his popular presentation of the Christian call to flourishing through the Beatitudes, The Pursuit of Happiness: Living the Beatitudes (1998).
Pinckaers labored to demonstrate a complete vision of Catholic theology. He has argued that the academic departmentalization of theological disciplines risks falsifying the nature of theology. Returning to Aquinas' model and insight by drawing from scriptural, patristic, magisterial and contemporary sources, he has recognized that an interconnection of philosophical, moral, spiritual, and theological perspectives is needed in order to do justice to Christian agency and the interplay of nature and grace, law and prudence, human and divine interaction in the pursuit of Christian flourishing. With attention turned to fully Christian moral agency, his 25 books and over 300 articles aim either at academic or popular audiences.
His more academic works include a large number of articles (in journals such as Nova et Vetera and Revue Thomiste) and the following books: Ce qu’on ne peut jamais faire. La question des actes intrinsèquement mauvais: Histoire et discussion (1986); L’Evangile et la morale (1991); La morale catholique (1991); and La vie selon l’Esprit: Essai de théologie spirituelle selon saint Paul et saint Thomas d’Aquin (1996). In 2001, he published a new textual analysis and commentary for the first five questions of the Prima Secundae (that is, Aquinas’ treatise on happiness) for the second edition of the Revue des Jeunes bilingual edition (Latin and French) of the Summa Theologiae (La béatitude [Ia-IIae, qq. 1-5]).
His more popular works include an even larger number of articles for journals such as Sources and Kerit, as well as the following books: La faim de l’Evangile (1977); La quête du Bonheur (1979); La justice évangélique (1986); La Prière chrétienne (1989). A list of books and a selection of his articles are found below.
After a period of inactivity following a heart attack, Fr. Pinckaers published A la découverte de Dieu dans les Confessions (2002), the first of a two volume study of St. Augustine whose general title is: En promenade avec saint Augustin. The second volume. yet forthcoming in 2015, is on the Trinity. He also published Plaidoyer pour la vertu (2007), which was one of three works to receive an honorable mention as runners up for the Grand prix catholique de littérature for 2007. In the year before his death, Fr. Pinckaers prepared several texts for publication, including Passions et vertu (2009).
Services and honors
Servais Pinckaers also served on several Roman commissions, including the Commission that wrote the Catechism of the Catholic Church, contributing to the moral section, and the preparatory commissions for the encyclical Veritatis Splendor. From 1989 to 2005 he was consulter to the Congregation for Catholic Education. From 1992 until 1997 he was a member of the International Theological Commission.
In 1990, he was named Magister Sacrae Theologiae, the highest academic honor bestowed by the Dominican Order. In 2000, he received an honorary doctorate in “Theology of Marriage and Family” from the Pontifical Lateran University, Rome.
Chronological overview
1925. Born in Liège (30 October). Raised in the village of Wonck (now part of the municipality of Bassenge) in Belgium’s Walloon region.
1945. Entered the Dominican order in Belgium (after having studied one year in the diocesan seminary).
1946-1952. Studied philosophy and theology at the Dominican College of Theology at La Sarte, Huy, Belgium.
1951-52 Sacred Theology Licentiate (S.T.L.) under the direction of Jérôme Hamer. Title: "Le Surnaturel du P. De Lubac" (La Sarte: S.T.L. Thesis, 1952).
1951. 26 March (Easter Monday). Ordained priest, the Dominican priory, La Sarte.
1952-1954. Studied for a doctorate in sacred theology at the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum) in Rome. He attended classes of Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, Paul Philippe, and Mario Luigi Ciappi.
1954. Finished his dissertation, directed by Louis-Bertrand Gillon, entitled: "La Vertu d’espérance de Pierre Lombard à St. Thomas d’Aquin" (Rome: Angelicum S.T.D. Thesis, 1954)
1954-1965. Professor of Fundamental Moral Theology, Dominican College, La Sarte, Huy, Belgium.
1965-1972. Pastoral work (preaching and spiritual direction) at the Dominican priory in Liège, Belgium.
Prior of the community from 1966-1972.
1972-1973. Invited Professor (Professeur extraordinaire) at the Pontifical Faculty of Theology, University of Fribourg (CH).
1973-1975. Return to pastoral work at the Dominican priory in Liège, Belgium.
1975-1997. Professor of Fundamental Moral Theology (French language chair) at the Pontifical Faculty of Theology, University of Fribourg (CH).
1975. Co-founder of Sources, with Guy Bedouelle, Georges Cardinal Cottier, Raphaël Oechslin.
1983-1990 and 1996-1999. Prior of the Albertinum.
1989-1991. Dean of the Faculty of Theology, University of Fribourg (CH).
1989-2005. Consulter to the Congregation for Catholic Education (named by Pope John Paul II in June 1989).
Served on the Commission that drafted the Catechism of the Catholic Church (1992), contributing to the moral section.
Served on the preparatory commissions for the encyclical Veritatis Splendor (1993).
1990. Named “Magister de Sacra Theologia” (the highest academic honor bestowed) by the Dominican Order.
1990. Festschrift for his 65th birthday, Novitas et Veritas Vitae: Aux sources du renouveau de la morale chrétienne (edited by Carlos-Josaphat Pinto de Oliveira, OP, Fribourg/Paris: Ed. Universitaires/Cerf, 1991).
1992-1997. Member of International Theological Commission, Vatican.
1996, Farewell Conference (Leçon d’adieu), University of Fribourg (20 June).
As Emeritus Professor, he continued to teach at the University until his successor (Jean-Louis Bruguès, O.P., now Archbishop and Archivist and Librarian of the Holy Roman Church), took up the chair in Fall 1997.
2000. Honorary doctorate in “Theology of Marriage and Family” from the Pontifical Lateran University, Rome (in the presence of Cardinal Camillo Ruini, Grand Chancellor of the University and Cardinal Angelo Sodano, Secretary of State for the Vatican).
2005. Colloquium honoring him on his 80th birthday, “Making all Things New in Christ.” Festschrift: Renouveler toutes choses en Christ. Vers un renouveau thomiste de la théologie morale. Hommage à Servais Pinckaers, OP (edited by Michael Sherwin, OP, and Craig Steven Titus, Fribourg: Academic Press, 2009).
Bibliography
Books
Notes et appendices de: S. Thomas d’Aquin, Les actes humains (Somme théologique, Ia–IIae, 6-17), vol. I. Editions de La Revue des jeunes, Paris, Cerf, 1961.
Le renouveau de la morale. Etudes pour une morale fidèle à ses sources et à sa mission présente, Preface by M. D. Chenu, Tournai, Casterman, 1964.
Italian translation: Il rinnovamento della morale. Studi per una morale fedele alle sue fonti e alla sua missione attuale, Turin, Borla, 1968.
Spanish translation: La renovación de la moral. Estudios para une moral fiel a sus fuentes y a su cometido actuel, Estella, Verbo Divino, 1971.
Traduction et commentaires de: S. Thomas d’Aquin, Les actes humains (Ia–IIae, 18-21), vol. II. Editions de La Revue des jeunes, Paris, Cerf, 1965.
La faim de l’Evangile, Paris, Téqui, 1977.
Italian translation: La via della felicità. Alla riscoperta del Discorso della montagna (trans. by Agostino Donà), Milan, Edizioni Ares, 1997, section II.
La quête du bonheur, Paris, Téqui, 1979.
Italian translation: La via della felicità. Alla riscoperta del Discorso della montagna (trans. by Agostino Donà), Milan, Edizioni Ares, 1997, section I.
English translation: The Pursuit of Happiness—God’s Way: Living the Beatitudes, New York, Alba House, 1998.
Polish translation: Szczęście Odnalezione (trans. Piotr Siejkowski), Poznan, "W drodze", 1998.
La Morale: somma di doveri? legge d’amore? (trans. P. Cozzupoli), Rome, Edizioni "La Guglia", 1982.
Les sources de la morale chrétienne. Sa méthode, son contenu, son histoire, Fribourg, Editions Universitaires, 1985/1993.
Italian translation: Le fonti della morale cristiana. Metodo, contenuto, storia (trans. by Maria Cristina Casezza), Milan, Edizioni Ares, 1985.
Spanish translation: Las fuentes de la moral cristiana (trans. Juan José Garcia Norro), Pamplona, UNSA, 1988/20002.
Polish translation: Źrόdła moralności chrześcijańskiej (preface by Wojciech Giertych; trans. Agnieska Kuryś), Posnan, "W drodze", 1994.
English translation: The Sources of Christian Ethics, (trans. by M. T. Noble), Washington, D.C., The Catholic University of America Press, 1995.
Dutch translation: De bronnen van de christelijke moraal: Methode, inhoud, geschiedenis, (trans. by L. J. Elders), 's-Hertogenbosch, Uigeverij Betsaida, 2013.
La justice évangélique, Paris, Téqui, 1986.
Ce qu’on ne peut jamais faire. La question des actes intrinsèquement mauvais. Histoire et discussion, Fribourg, Editions Universitaires, 1986.
English translation of ch. II: "A Historical Perspective on Intrinsically Evil Acts [1982]", ch. 11, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 185–235.)
La prière chrétienne, Fribourg, Editions Universitaires, 1989.
La grâce de Marie. Commentaire de l’Ave Maria, Paris, Médiaspaul, 1989.
L’Evangile et la morale, Fribourg, Editions Universitaires, 1989.
Italian translation: La Parola e la coscienza, Turin, Società editrice internazionale, 1991.
Spanish translation: El Evangelio y la Moral, Barcelona, Eiunsa, 1992.
La morale catholique, Paris, Cerf, 1991.
Italian translation: La morale cattolica (trans. Maria Pia Ghielmi), Turin, Edizioni paoline, 1993.
English translation: Morality: The Catholic View (preface by Alasdair MacIntyre ; trans. Michael Sherwin), South Bend, Ind., St. Augustine’s Press, 2001/2003.
Spanish translation: La moral católica (trans. Mercedes Villar), Madrid, Ediciones Rialp, 2001.
German translation: Christus und das Glück. Grundriss der christlichen Ethik, (Preface by Alasdair MacIntyre, trans. Tobias Hoffmann), Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2004.
Hungarian Translation: Katolikus erkölcstan (trans. Odrobina László), Budapest, JEL könyvkiadó, 2010.
Pour une lecture de Veritatis splendor, Paris, Cahiers de l’Ecole Cathédrale, Mame, 1995.
Spanish translation: Para leer la Veritatis Splendor, Madrid, Rialp, 1996.
English translation: "An Encyclical for the Future: Veritatis splendor", in: Veritatis Splendor and the Renewal of Moral Theology (J. A. DiNoia and Romanus Cessario, ed.), Chicago: Scepter, 1999.)
La vie selon l’Esprit. Essai de théologie spirituelle selon saint Paul et saint Thomas d’Aquin, Luxembourg, Saint-Paul, 1996.
Italian translation: La Vita spirituale del cristiano. Secondo san Paolo e san Tommaso d’Aquino, Milan, Jaca Book, 1995.
German translation: Das geistliche Leben des Christen, Theologie und Spiritualität nach Paulus und Thomas von Aquin, (trans. Hans-Werner Eichelberger), Paderborn, Bonifatius Druckerei, 1999.
Croatian translation: O Duhovnom Životu. Pavlov i Tomin Nauk, (trans. Tin Šipoš), Zagreb, Kršćanska Sadašnjost, 2000.
Un grand chant d’amour. La Passion selon saint Matthieu, Saint-Maur, Parole et Silence, 1997.
Au Cœur de l’évangile, le « Notre Père », Saint-Maur, Parole et Silence, 1999.
La Spiritualité du martyre, Versailles, Editions Saint-Paul, 2000.
English translation: The Spirituality of Martyrdom, trans. Patrick M. Clark and Annie Hounsokou. Washington D.C., The Catholic University of America Press, 2016.
A l’école de l’admiration, Versailles, Editions Saint-Paul, 2001.
Traduction et commentaire de: S. Thomas d’Aquin, La béatitude (Somme théologique, Ia–IIae, 1–5), Editions de La Revue des jeunes, Paris, Cerf, 2001.
En Promenade avec saint Augustin. A la découverte de Dieu dans les Confessions, Paris, Parole et Silence, 2002.
The Pinckaers Reader: Renewing Thomistic Moral Theology (J. Berkman et C. S. Titus, ed.), Washington, D.C., The Catholic University of America Press, 2005.
Plaidoyeur pour la vertu, Paris, Parole et Silence, 2007.
Hungarian translation: Az erények védelmében, in Séta az erények kertjében - Az erények védelmében - Erények és szenvedélyek, Budapest, Kairosz Kiadó, 2015, pp. 9-280.
Passions et vertu, Paris, Parole et Silence, 2009.
English translation Passions and Virtue, trans. Benedict M. Guevin OSB. Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2015.
Hungarian translation: Erények és szenvedélyek, in Séta az erények kertjében - Az erények védelmében - Erények és szenvedélyek, Budapest, Kairosz Kiadó, 2015, pp. 281-384.
En Promenade avec saint Augustin. De Trinitate. Volume 2. Parole et Silence, Forthcoming.
L'attrait de la parole: sur les chemins de la morale chrétienne. Parole et Silence, Forthcoming.
Articles (selection since 1990)
"Les passions et la morale", RSPT 1990, pp. 379–91.
(trans.: "Reappropriating Aquinas’ Account of the Passions [1990]", ch. 13, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 273-87.)
"La méthode théologique et la morale contemporaine", Seminarium 29:2, 1991, pp. 313–27.
"La vive flamme d’amour chez S.Jean de la Croix et S. Thomas d’Aquin", Carmel 63:4, 1991, pp. 3–21.
"L’instinct et l’Esprit au coeur de l’éthique chrétienne", in: Novitas et Veritas vitae. Aux sources du renouveau de la morale chrétienne (C. J. Pinto de Oliveira, ed.), Fribourg, 1991, pp. 213-23.
(trans.: "Morality and the Movement of the Holy Spirit: Aquinas’s Doctrine of Instinctus [1991]", ch. 20, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 385-95.)
"Nature-surnature chez Saint Thomas d’Aquin", in: Ethique et natures (E. Fuchs et M. Hunyadi, ed.), Geneva, Fides et labor, 1992, pp. 19-28.
(trans.: "Aquinas on Nature and the Supernatural [1992]", ch. 18, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 359-68.
"La voie spirituelle du bonheur", in: Ordo sapientiae et amoris. (C. J. Pinto de Oliveira, ed.), 1993.
(trans.: "Aquinas’s Pursuit of Beatitude: From the Commentary on the Sentences to the Summa Theologiae", ch. 6, in: The Pinckaers Reader, 2005, pp. 93-114.
"L’enseignement de la théologie morale et saint Thomas", in: Saint Thomas au XXe siècle. Actes du colloque du centenaire de la Revue thomiste, Paris, Saint-Paul, 1993.
"La conscience et l’erreur", Communio 18, July 1993, pp. 23–35.
"L’Enseignement de la théologie morale à Fribourg", Revue Thomiste, 93, 1993, pp. 430–42.
(trans.: "Dominican Moral Theology in the 20th Century [1993]", ch. 5, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 73-89.)
"Redécouvrir la vertu", Sapientia 51, 1996, pp. 151–63.
(trans.: "The Role of Virtue in Moral Theology [1996]", ch. 14, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 288-303.)
"Les anges, garants de l’expérience spirituelle selon saint Thomas", Rivista teologica di Lugano 1, 1996, pp. 179–91.
"Linee per un rinnovamento evangelico della morale", Annales theologici 10, 1996, pp. 3–68.
"La Parole de Dieu et la morale", Le Supplément de la vie spirituelle 200, March 1997, pp. 21–38.
"Thérèse de l’Enfant Jésus, Docteur de l’Église", Revue Thomiste 97, July 1997, pp. 512–24.
(trans.: "Thérèse of the Child Jesus, Doctor of the Church", Josephinum Journal of Theology 5 [Winter–Spring 1998]: 26–40.)
"Morale humaine et morale chrétienne", Cahiers Saint-Dominique 250, December 1997, pp. 15–24.
"La Loi nouvelle, sommet de la morale chrétienne, selon l’encyclique ‘Veritatis splendor’", in: Gesu Cristo, Legge vivente e personale della Santa Chiesa. Atti del IX Colloquio Internazionale di Teologia di Lugano, Lugano, 1996.
(trans.: "The New Law in ‘Veritatis splendor’", Josephinum Journal of Theology 3 [1996].)
"Conscience and the Virtue of Prudence", in: Crisis of Conscience (John Haas, ed.), New York, 1996.
(trans.: "Conscience and the Virtue of Prudence [1996]", ch. 17, in: The Pinckaer Reader, pp. 342-55.)
"La defense par Capreolus de la doctrine de S. Thomas sur les vertus", in: Jean Capreolus et son temps Paris: Cerf, 1997.
(trans.: "Capreolus’ Defense of Aquinas: A Medieval Debate about the Virtues and Gifts [1997]", ch. 15, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 304-320.)
"Entretien avec le Père Servais Pinckaers", Montmartre June–July 1998, pp. 21–24.
"The Desire for Happiness as a Way to God", Maynooth University Record, 1998. pp. 33-48.
(trans.: "Beatitude and the Beatitudes in Aquinas’s Summa Theologiae [1998]", ch. 7, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 115-29.)
"Le retour de la Loi nouvelle en morale", in: Praedicando et docendo: Mélanges offerts au Père Liam Walsh (B. Hallensleben et G. Vergauwen, ed.), Fribourg, Editions Universitaires, 1998, 281–93.
(trans.: "The Return of the New Law to Moral Theology [1998]", The Irish Theological Quarterly, 64, 1999, pp. 3–15, and ch. 18, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 369-84.)
"Le désir de bonheur et Dieu", in: Dieu, la bonne nouvelle (Commission Théologique Internationale, ed.) Paris, Les éditions du cerf, 1999, pp. 21-28.
"L’expérience de Dieu dans la vie chrétienne", in: Dieu, la bonne nouvelle (Commission Théologique Internationale, ed.) Paris, Les éditions du cerf, 1999, pp. 107-21.
"The Place of Philosophy in Moral Theology", L’Osservatore Romano, June 16, 1999, 14–15.
(re-edited version): "The Place of Philosophy in Moral Theology", in: Faith and Reason (Timothy L. Smith, ed.) South Bend, Ind., St. Augustine Press, 2001, pp. 10–20 ; and ch. 4, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 64-72.)
"My Sources", Communio 26, 1999, pp. 913-15.
"La morale et l’Eglise Corps du Christ", Revue Thomiste, 100, 2000, pp. 239–58.
(trans.: "The Body of Christ. The Eucharistic and Ecclesial Context of Aquinas’s Ethics [2000]", ch. 2, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 26-45.)
"The Sources of the Ethics of St. Thomas Aquinas", in: The Ethics of St. Thomas Aquinas (Stephen J. Pope, ed.), Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2002, pp. 17-29.
Homages
"Hommage au Père Servais-Théodore Pinckaers, OP: The Significance of His Work." By Romanus Cessario, o.p. Nova et Vetera (English Edition) 5 (2007): 1-16.
"Eulogie pour le P. Servais Pinckaers, o.p." By Michael S. Sherwin, o.p. Nova et Vetera 84 (2009) : 133-136.
"Fribourg: Décès du dominicain Servais Pinckaers, ancien doyen de la Faculté de théologie," APIC-International Catholic Press Service.
"In memoriam: Père Théodore-Servais Pinckaers O.P.," University of Fribourg.
*"Introduction to the Pinckaers Reader" (2005) by John Berkman.The Thomist, volume honoring the work of S. Pinckaers 73 (2009).Nova et Vetera (English Edition), essays honoring the work of S. Pinckaers (2009, forthcoming).
References
External links
Servais Pinckaers, "My Sources," at University of Fribourg.
Complete Bibliography of Servais Pinckaers, at University of Fribourg.
Carlo Leget, "Aquinas, a Revolutionary in Morality?" Newspage (2000), Thomas Instituut te Utrecht''.
Pinckaers Colloquium, Program of "Making all Things New in Christ." (PDF)
Pinckaers publications on WorldCat.
Chair of Fundamental Moral Theology, University of Fribourg.
Website of the University of Fribourg, Switzerland.
Website of the Order of Preachers.
Category:Belgian Dominicans
Category:Belgian Roman Catholic theologians
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Category:Belgian Roman Catholic priests
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Category:International Theological Commission
Category:Christian ethicists
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Category:Roman Catholic moral theologians
Category:20th-century Roman Catholic priests
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Cape Wanbrow
Cape Wanbrow is a rocky headland overlooking Oamaru Harbour, New Zealand. Although it has been a commercial forestry area for a number of decades, the cape is now primarily a Council controlled reserve, and is gradually being replanted with native trees and shrubs. It has a network of walking tracks and mountain bike tracks, and is popular with the public.
Cape Wanbrow was an important lookout point during the Second World War and hosts a gun emplacement and remains of the original magazine which served the fortified gun. Below the cape on its north side is a protected area which is home to a blue penguin colony, and rare yellow eyed penguins are to the south of the cape. New Zealand fur seals and occasionally elephant seals are found resting on the rocks.
External links
Cape Wanbrow defence battery
Fossilised bird remains from the Cape
Category:Oamaru
Wanbrow
Category:Forts in New Zealand
Category:Geography of Otago
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Casas Las Escarnas
Casas Las Escarnas is a village in the municipality of Haría in the Las Palmas province of northern Lanzarote in the Canary Islands.
Category:Populated places in Lanzarote
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Rick Kasper
Rick F. G. Kasper (born 1951 or 1952) is a retired bricklayer and stonemason, and former political figure in British Columbia. He represented Malahat-Juan de Fuca in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1991 to 2001 as a New Democratic Party (NDP) and then Independent member.
He was educated as a bricklayer at the Pacific Vocational Institute. Kasper represented Langford on the Capital Regional District Board for nine years. In the provincial assembly, he served as parliamentary secretary to several ministers. Kasper was defeated by Brian Kerr when he ran for reelection as an independent in 2001. He served as councillor for Sooke from 2005 to 2008 and was elected again in 2011.
References
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:British Columbia New Democratic Party MLAs
Category:Stonemasons
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Bandon Distillery
Allman's Bandon Distillery was an Irish whiskey distillery which was established in 1826 in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland. The distillery closed in 1929 following financial difficulties. However, agents for the company trading under the name Allman, Dowden & Co., may have continued to sell off the existing stock which had built up in bonded warehouses, in both cask and bottled form, until 1939.
History
In 1826, James C. Allman established a distillery in a converted 18th Century mill, following the failure of the family's cotton manufacturing business. There is no record of any previous distillery operating in Bandon, nor is there any record of Allman having prior experience in distilling himself. A report at the time, showed that production between October 1826 and October 1827 totalled some 63,023 gallons. Thereafter, the distillery grew in capacity over time as profits from the initial years of operating were reinvested in the business, reaching a capacity of 200,000 per annum by 1836, and by the mid-1800s the distillery had become the largest rural distillery in Ireland, with a capacity in excess of 500,000 gallons per annum. By 1846, Richard Allman had succeeded to the business, and by 1881 it was owned by Richard and his brother James C. Allman (junior), in a partnership trading as "Allman and Company". When Alfred Barnard, a British historian visited the distillery in 1887, it had become a significant enterprise, with a payroll of about 200. Boasting its own private railway line, and with the largest malting floors in the United Kingdom aside from those at the Guinness Brewery in Dublin, which were marginally larger, Allmans' and was said to be "the most dominant landmark in rural Co. Cork". According to Barnard, Allman's whiskey was of "superior quality", and although it enjoyed a large trade in Ireland, was chiefly exported to "England, Scotland and the Colonies". At the time, the firm produced both traditional Irish single pot still whiskey and pure malt whiskey.
In 1878, a fire broke out in the mill room of the distillery, destroying the mill, malthouse and 400 barrels of grain. The nearby bonded warehouses were saved by cutting down a timber bridge which connected them to the burning building. The damage, estimated to have amounted to £6,000, was covered by insurance. The fire cost the life of one employee, a local man named Richard White, not connected with the establishment, who fell from a height of 12 ft while trying to extinguish the flames.
In the late 19th and early 20th century, while many Scottish distillers were introducing Coffey stills, which were cheaper to run than the traditional pot stills, a debate raged amongst Irish distillers as whether to follow suit. Many Irish distillers, whether rightly or wrongly, considered coffey stills to produce an inferior spirit. Mirroring this debate, in 1904, another James C. Allman, the 82-year-old company senior manager banned its introduction at the Bandon Distillery, bringing him into conflict with company director JJ McDaniel, his nephew. In 1910, James C. Allman went to the high court to request that the company be wound down. However, he died before the company could be closed, with the shares passing to his three nephews, and JJ McDaniel becoming the controlling shareholder.
However, the high costs of court action, coupled with the financial difficulties that many Irish distillers faced in the 1920s as Prohibition and the Anglo-Irish trade wars greatly reduced potential export markets meant that the planned Coffey still was never actually introduced, and the distillery was forced to cease production in 1925 just short of its centenary. This greatly impacted the local economy, as the distillery was both a large employer in the rural community, and a larger consumer of agricultural produce. Although some distillery buildings were operated as a mill through the 1930s, many were demolished, and the railway line uplifted following World War II.
In 2016, an extremely rare, unopened bottle of Allman's whiskey dating from 1916 sold for €6,600. According to the label, the whiskey was distilled in Bandon, but bottled at the Nuns' Island Distillery, County Galway. This bottle would be doubly rare, as the Nun's Island Distillery itself is believed to have closed circa World War I. As of 2016, another unopened bottle dating from before 1900 is listed for sale by a Dublin Whiskey shop.
A son of the founder, and partner in the business, Richard Allman sat as a Member of the British Parliament from 1880 to 1885.
Gallery
See also
Irish whiskey
Irish whiskey brands
Richard Allman
Bibliography
References
Category:Bandon, County Cork
Category:Defunct distilleries in Ireland
Category:1826 establishments in Ireland
Category:1929 disestablishments in Ireland
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Viewpoint Media Player
Viewpoint Media Player (VMP) is a browser graphics rendering plug-in originally produced by Viewpoint Corporation, a subsidiary of the marketing company Digital Generation, Inc. (). A predecessor of VMP is the browser plug-in MetaStream from the once acquired company MetaCreations.
Description
Viewpoint Media Player is a web browser plug-in that enables users to view 3D content and other rich media, such as Flash content and video, on the Internet. Viewpoint Media Player has been included with various products from AOL, including AOL Instant Messenger (AIM).
Some companies, ranging from online retailers to auto manufacturers, have used Viewpoint Media Player as the graphics platform for interactive 3D tours of their products. The player was used to power the Scion configurator on the Build Your Scion website, which won the People's Voice Webby Award in the Automotive category in 2006.
Adware concerns
Viewpoint Media Player is sometimes marked as adware due to the program commonly being installed without user notification or intervention. If Viewpoint is removed whilst a program requiring it remains installed, it again re-installs silently without notifying the user. The Viewpoint Media Player itself does not directly collect user identifiable information, unless the user enters it. The license agreement states that the software collects information about the user's interactions with advertisements, and also the browser and operating system in use. The privacy policy also states that the plug-in collects some browsing history by way of referrer information. This information is collected by Viewpoint along with a unique identifying code.
Browser hijacking
Allowing Viewpoint Media Player to update installs the Viewpoint Manager program, which runs in the background unless disabled. When installed, this application attempts to install the Viewpoint Toolbar in Internet Explorer every day, overriding any previously installed toolbars. The install is shown as a recommended browser "upgrade" from Viewpoint. The update and original Terms of Service do not indicate that a browser toolbar will be installed.
References
External links
Viewpoint Media Player Company Page
Category:Media players
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English folk music
The folk music of England is tradition-based music, which has existed since the later medieval period. It is often contrasted with courtly, classical and later commercial music. Folk music has been preserved and transmitted orally, through print and later through recordings. The term is used to refer to English traditional music and music composed, or delivered, in a traditional style. English folk music has produced or contributed to several important musical genres, including sea shanties, jigs, hornpipes and dance music, such as that used for Morris dancing. It can be seen as having distinct regional and local variations in content and style, particularly in areas more removed from the cultural and political centres of the English state, as in Northumbria, or the West Country. Cultural interchange and processes of migration mean that English folk music, although in many ways distinctive, has particularly interacted with the music of Scotland. It has also interacted with other musical traditions, particularly classical and rock music, influencing musical styles and producing musical fusions, such as British folk rock, folk punk and folk metal. There remains a flourishing sub-culture of English folk music, which continues to influence other genres and occasionally gains mainstream attention.
History
Origins
In the strictest sense, English folk music has existed since the arrival of the Anglo-Saxon people in Britain after 400 CE. The Venerable Bede's story of the cattleman and later ecclesiastical musician Cædmon indicates that in the early medieval period it was normal at feasts to pass around the harp and sing 'vain and idle songs'. Since this type of music was rarely notated, we have little knowledge of its form or content. Some later tunes, like those used for Morris dance, may have their origins in this period, but it is impossible to be certain of these relationships. We know from a reference in William Langland's Piers Plowman, that ballads about Robin Hood were being sung from at least by the late 14th century and the oldest detailed material we have is Wynkyn de Worde's collection of Robin Hood ballads printed about 1495.
16th century to the 18th century
While there was distinct court music, members of the social elite into the 16th century also seem to have enjoyed, and even to have contributed to the music of the people, as Henry VIII perhaps did with the tavern song "Pastime with Good Company". Peter Burke argued that late medieval social elites had their own culture, but were culturally ‘amphibious', able to participate in and affect popular traditions.
In the 16th century the changes in the wealth and culture of the upper social orders caused tastes in music to diverge. There was an internationalisation of courtly music in terms of both instruments, such as the lute, dulcimer and early forms of the harpsichord, and in form with the development of madrigals, pavanes and galliards. For other social orders, instruments like the pipe, tabor, bagpipe, shawm, hurdy-gurdy, and crumhorn accompanied traditional music and community dance. The fiddle, well established in England by the 1660s, was unusual in being a key element in both the art music that developed in the baroque, and in popular song and dance.
By the mid-17th century, the music of the lower social orders was sufficiently alien to the aristocracy and "middling sort" for a process of rediscovery to be needed in order to understand it, along with other aspects of popular culture such as festivals, folklore and dance. This led to a number of early collections of printed material, including those published by John Playford as The English Dancing Master (1651), and the private collections of Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) and the Roxburghe Ballads collected by Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer (1661–1724).
In the 18th century there were increasing numbers of collections of what was now beginning to be defined as "folk" music, strongly influenced by the Romantic movement, including Thomas D'Urfey's Wit and Mirth: or, Pills to Purge Melancholy (1719–20) and Bishop Thomas Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765). The last of these also contained some oral material and by the end of the 18th century this was becoming increasingly common, with collections including John Ritson's, The Bishopric Garland (1784), which paralleled the work of figures like Robert Burns and Walter Scott in Scotland.
It was in this period, too, that English folk music traveled across the Atlantic Ocean and became one of the main foundations of American traditional music. In the colonies, it mixed with styles of music brought by other immigrant groups to create a host of new genres. For instance, English balladry combined with the German, Scottish and Irish musical traditions and the African Banjo fused to become bluegrass and country music, which evolved, when combined with African-American blues, into rock and roll.
Early 19th century
With the Industrial Revolution the themes of the music of the labouring classes began to change from rural and agrarian life to include industrial work songs. Awareness that older kinds of song were being abandoned prompted renewed interest in collecting folk songs during the 1830s and 1840s, including the work of William Sandys' Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern (1833), William Chappell, A Collection of National English Airs (1838) and Robert Bell's Ancient Poems, Ballads and Songs of the Peasantry of England (1846).
Technological change made new instruments available and led to the development of silver and brass bands, particularly in industrial centres in the north. The shift to urban centres also began to create new types of music, including from the 1850s the Music hall, which developed from performances in ale houses into theatres and became the dominant locus of English popular music for over a century. This combined with increased literacy and print to allow the creation of new songs that initially built on, but began to differ from traditional music as composers like Lionel Monckton and Sidney Jones created music that reflected new social circumstances.
Folk revivals 1890–1969
From the late 19th century there were a series of movements that attempted to collect, record, preserve and later to perform, English folk music and dance. These are usually separated into two folk revivals.
The first, in the later 19th and early 20th centuries, involved figures including collectors Sabine Baring-Gould (1834–1924), Frank Kidson (1855–1926), Lucy Broadwood (1858–1939), and Anne Gilchrist (1863–1954), centred around the Folk Song Society, founded in 1911. Francis James Child's (1825–96) eight-volume collection The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (1882–92) became the most influential in defining the repertoire of subsequent performers, and Cecil Sharp (1859–1924), founder of the English Folk Dance Society, was probably the most important figure in understanding of the nature of folk song. The revival was part of a wider national movement in the period around the First World War, and contributed to the creation of a "national" or "pastoral" school of classical music which incorporated traditional songs or motifs, as can be seen in the compositions of Percy Grainger (1882–1961), Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872–1951), George Butterworth (1885–1916), Gustav Holst (1874–1934) and Frederick Delius (1862–1934). In 1932 the Folk-Song Society and the English Folk Dance Society merged to become the English Folk Dance and Song Society (EFDSS).
The second revival gained momentum after the Second World War, following on from the American folk music revival as new forms of media and American commercial music appeared to pose another threat to traditional music. The key figures were Ewan MacColl and A. L. Lloyd. The second revival was generally left wing in politics and emphasised the work music of the 19th century and previously neglected forms like erotic folk songs. Topic Records, founded in 1939, provided a major source of folk recordings. The revival resulted in the foundation of a network of folk clubs in major towns, from the 1950s. Major traditional performers included the Copper Family, The Watersons, the Ian Campbell Folk Group, and Shirley Collins. The fusing of various styles of American music with English folk also helped to create a distinctive form of guitar fingerstyle known as ‘folk baroque’, which was pioneered by Davy Graham, Martin Carthy, John Renbourn and Bert Jansch.
Progressive folk
The process of fusion between American musical styles and English folk can also be seen as the origin of British progressive folk music, which attempted to elevate folk music through greater musicianship, or compositional and arrangement skills. Many progressive folk performers continued to retain a traditional element in their music, including Jansch and Renbourn, who with Jacqui McShee, Danny Thompson, and Terry Cox, formed Pentangle in 1967. Others totally abandoned the traditional element and in this area particularly influential were the Scottish artists Donovan, who was most influenced by emerging progressive folk musicians in America like Bob Dylan, and the Incredible String Band, who from 1967 incorporated a range of influences including medieval and eastern music into their compositions. Some of this, particularly the Incredible String Band, has been seen as developing into the further subgenre of psych or psychedelic folk and had a considerable impact on progressive and psychedelic rock.
There was a brief flowering of English progressive folk in the late 1960s and early 1970s, with groups like the Third Ear Band and Quintessence following the eastern Indian musical and more abstract work by group such as Comus, Dando Shaft, The Trees, Spirogyra, Forest, and Jan Dukes De Grey, but commercial success was elusive for these bands and most had broken up or moved in very different directions by about 1973. Perhaps the finest individual work in the genre was from artists early 1970s artists like Nick Drake and John Martyn, but these can also be considered the first among the English ‘folk troubadours’ or ‘singer-songwriters’, individual performers who remained largely acoustic but who relied mostly on their own individual compositions. The most successful of these was Ralph McTell, whose ‘Streets of London’ reached number 2 in the UK Single Charts in 1974, and whose music is clearly folk, but without much reliance on tradition, virtuosity, or much evidence of attempts at fusion with other genres.
British folk rock
British folk rock developed in Britain during the mid to late 1960s by the bands Fairport Convention, and Pentangle which built on elements of American folk rock, and on the second British folk revival. It uses traditional music, and compositions in a traditional style, played on a combination of rock and traditional instruments. It was most significant in the 1970s, when it was taken up by groups such as Pentangle, Steeleye Span and the Albion Band. It was rapidly adopted and developed in the surrounding Celtic cultures of Brittany, where it was pioneered by Alan Stivell and bands like Malicorne; in Ireland by groups such as Horslips; and also in Scotland, Wales and the Isle of Man and Cornwall, to produce Celtic rock and its derivatives. It has been influential in those parts of the world with close cultural connections to Britain, such as the US and Canada and gave rise to the subgenre of Medieval folk rock and the fusion genres of folk punk and folk metal. By the 1980s the genre was in steep decline in popularity, but has survived and revived in significance as part of a more general folk resurgence since the 1990s.
Folk punk
In the mid-1980s a new rebirth of English folk began, this time fusing folk with energy and political aggression derived from punk rock. Leaders included The Pogues, The Men They Couldn't Hang, Oyster Band and Billy Bragg. Folk dance music also became popular in the 80s, with acts like the English Country Blues Band and Tiger Moth. The decade later saw the use of reggae with English folk music by the band Edward II & the Red Hot Polkas, especially on their seminal Let's Polkasteady from 1987.
Folk metal
In a process strikingly similar to the origins of British folk rock in the 1960s, the English thrash metal band Skyclad added violins from a session musician on several tracks for their 1990 debut album The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth. When this was well received they adopted a full-time fiddle player and moved towards a signature folk and jig style leading them to be credited as the pioneers of folk metal, which has spread to Ireland, the Baltic and Germany.
Traditional folk resurgence 1990-present
The peak of traditional English folk, like progressive and electric folk, was the mid- to late-1970s, when, for a time it threatened to break through into the mainstream. By the end of the decade, however, it was in decline. The attendance at, and numbers of folk clubs began to decrease, probably as new musical and social trends, including punk rock, new wave and electronic music began to dominate. Although many acts like Martin Carthy and the Watersons continued to perform successfully, there were very few significant new acts pursuing traditional forms in the 1980s. This began to change with a new generation in the 1990s. The arrival and sometimes mainstream success of acts like Kate Rusby, Bellowhead, Nancy Kerr, Kathryn Tickell, Jim Moray, Spiers and Boden, Seth Lakeman, Frank Turner, Laura Marling and Eliza Carthy, all largely concerned with acoustic performance of traditional material, marked a radical turn around in the fortunes of the tradition. This was reflected in the adoption creation of the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards in 2000, which gave the music a much needed status and focus and the profile of folk music is as high in England today as it has been for over thirty years.
Folk clubs
Although there were a handful of clubs that allowed space for the performance of traditional folk music by the early 1950s, its major boost came from the short-lived British skiffle craze, from about 1956–8. New clubs included the ‘Ballad and Blues’ club in a pub in Soho, co-founded by Ewan MacColl. As the craze subsided from the mid-1950s many of these clubs began to shift towards the performance of English traditional folk material. Many became strict ‘policy clubs’, that pursued a pure and traditional form of music. By the mid-1960s there were probably over 300 in Britain. Most clubs were simply a regular gathering, usually in the back or upstairs room of a public house on a weekly basis. They were largely a phenomenon of the urbanised middle classes and known for the amateur nature of many performances. There were also ‘residents’, who performed regular short sets of songs. Many of these later emerged as major performers in their own right, including A. L. Lloyd, Martin Carthy, and Shirley Collins. A later generation of performers used the folk club circuit for highly successful mainstream careers, including Billy Connolly, Jasper Carrott, Ian Dury and Barbara Dickson. The number of clubs began to decline in the 1980s, in the face of changing musical and social trends. But the decline began to stabilize in the mid-1990s with the resurgence of interest in folk music and there are now over 160 folk clubs in the United Kingdom, including many that can trace their origins back to the 1950s.
Folk music and the radio
The difficulty of gaining regular appearances on television in England has long meant that radio has remained the major popular medium for increasing awareness of the genre. The EFDSS sponsored the BBC Home Service radio program, As I Roved Out, based on field recordings made by Peter Kennedy and Séamus Ennis from 1952 to 1958, which probably did more than any other single factor to introduce the general population to British folk music in the period. Also important were occasional radio shows, such as Lomax's Ballads and Blues (1951), MacColl's Radio-ballads (1958–64) and The Song Carriers (1968). John Peel frequently included folk music of his Top Gear show on Radio One from 1968, but dropped it when punk arrived in the 1970s. The most consistent source of folk music on radio, has been BBC Radio 2. In 1967 "My Kind of folk" was broadcast on Wednesdays. In 1970 "Folk on Friday" began, presented by Jim Lloyd. In 1972 it became "Folk on Sunday". "Folkweave" was presented by Tony Capstick 1975–8. "Folk on Two" (Wednesdays) began in 1980. In 1998 Jim Lloyd retired from the programme and was replaced by Mike Harding. In 2007 it was renamed "The Mike Harding Folk Show". In October 2012 it was announced that Mike Harding would be leaving the programme to be replaced by Mark Radcliffe. Ian A. Anderson, editor of "fRoots", also presented the occasional series for Radio Two. He hosted a World music programme on "Jazz FM" and then spent 10 years broadcasting on the BBC World Service. He currently hosts "fRoots Radio" on the web. For over twenty years, until 2006, Charlie Gillett presented World music on BBC London.
Folk festivals
Folk festivals began to be organised by the EFDSS from about 1950, usually as local or regional event with an emphasis on dance, like the Sidmouth Festival (from 1955) and the Keele Festival (1965), which was abandoned in 1981 but reinstituted three years later as the National Folk Festival. The EFDSS gave up its organizing role in these festivals in the 1980s and most are locally run and financed. One of the largest and most prestigious English folk festivals at Cambridge was founded in 1965 and attracts about 10,000 people. Probably the largest is Fairport's Cropredy Convention, which since 1979 has provided a venue for folk, British folk rock, and rock artists; it now attracts up to 20,000 people a year as well as performances for Fairport Convention and their friends. Like rock festivals, folk festivals have begun to multiply since the 1990s and there are over a hundred folk festivals or varying sizes held in England every year.
Forms of folk music
Ballads
A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative story and set to music. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides. They are usually narrative in structure and make considerable use of repetition. The traditional ballad has been seen as originating with the wandering minstrels of late medieval Europe. There have been many different and contradictory attempts to classify traditional ballads by theme, but commonly identified types are religious, supernatural, tragic, love, historic, legends and humour. Many ballads were brought by English settlers to the New World, thus forming the bedrock of American folk music.
Carols
A carol is a festive song, in modern times recognised as being exclusively associated with Christmas, but in reality there are carols celebrating all festivals and seasons of the year and not necessarily Christian festivals. They were derived from a form of circle dance accompanied by singers, which was popular from the mid-12th century. From the 14th century they were used as processional songs, particularly at Advent, Easter and Christmas, and to accompany religious mystery plays. They declined after the Protestant Reformation which banned many religious festivals, but some famous carols were written in this period, including 'The Holly and the Ivy' and they were more strongly revived from the 19th century and began to be written and adapted by eminent composers.
Children's songs
The earliest vernacular children's songs in Europe are lullabies from the later medieval period. From soon after we have records of short children's rhyming songs, but most nursery rhymes were not written down until the 18th century. The first English collections were Tommy Thumb's Song Book and a sequel, Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book, are both thought to have been published before 1744, and John Newbery's, Mother Goose's Melody, or, Sonnets for the Cradle (c.1785), is the first record we have of many classic rhymes. These rhymes seem to have come from a variety of sources, including traditional riddles, proverbs, ballads, lines of Mummers' plays, drinking songs, historical events, and, it has been suggested, ancient pagan rituals. Roughly half of the current body recognised 'traditional' English rhymes were known by the mid-18th century. From this period we sometimes know the origins and authors of rhymes, like 'Twinkle Twinkle Little Star', which combined an 18th-century French tune with a poem by English writer Jane Taylor and 'Mary Had a Little Lamb', written by Sarah Josepha Hale of Boston in 1830. The first, and possibly the most important collection to focus in this area was, James Orchard Halliwell's, The Nursery Rhymes of England (1842) and Popular Rhymes and Tales in 1849. At the height of the revival Sabine Baring-Gould produced A Book of Nursery Songs (1895), and Andrew Lang produced The Nursery Rhyme Book in 1897. Children's songs, unlike folk songs, have remained part of a living and continuous tradition, for although added to from other sources and affected by written versions, most adults pass on songs they learned from oral sources as children.
Erotic folk songs
It has been noted by most recent commentators on English folk song, that love, the erotic and even the pornographic, were major traditional themes and, if more than ballads are considered, may have been the largest groups of printed songs. Many collectors in the first revival either ignored such songs, or bowdlerized them for publication, as Francis Child and Cecil Sharp did in their collections. In the second revival, erotic folk song was much more accepted as part of the canon of traditional song, helped by the publication of books such as Gershon Legman's, The Horn Book: Studies in Erotic Folklore (1964) and Ed Cray's, The Erotic Muse: American Bawdy Songs, which printed many previously unpublished songs (1968). In England A. L. Lloyd was the key figure in introducing erotic songs to the canon, lecturing and publishing on the subject. He recorded The Foggy Dew and Other Traditional English Love Songs in 1959, and then The Bird in the Bush, Traditional Erotic Songs in 1966 with Frankie Armstrong, and Anne Briggs. He drew a distinction between erotic songs, i.e. those that dealt with love and suggested sexuality through innuendo (like 'The Bonny Black Hare' and 'The Bird in the Bush'), and pornographic songs that were explicit and therefore unworthy of attention. Some authors, however, find these distinctions more difficult to maintain. Although erotic songs became part of the standard fare in folk clubs and among folk rock musicians, relatively few of the more explicit songs have been placed on record.
Hornpipes
The hornpipe is a style of dance music thought to have taken its name from an English reed instrument by at least the 17th century. In the mid-18th century it changed from 3/2 time to 2/2, assuming its modern character, and probably reaching the height of its popularity as it became a staple of theatrical performances. It is most often associated with the Sailor's Hornpipe, but has formed the basis of many individual and group country dances into the modern period. Like many dances it was taken up in Scotland and Ireland and given a distinctive national character and moved to America with emigration.
Jigs
Jigs are a style of dance music developed in England to accompany a lively dance with steps, turns and leaps. The term jig was derived from the French 'giguer', meaning 'to jump'. It was known as a dance in the 16th century, often in 2/4 time and the term was used for a dancing entertainment in 16th century plays. The dance began to be associated with music particularly in 6/8 time, and with slip jigs 9/8 time. In the 17th century the dance was adopted in Ireland and Scotland, where they were widely adapted, and with which countries they are now most often associated. In some, usually more northern, parts of England, these dances would be referred to as a "Gallop" - such as the Winster Gallop from Derbyshire (though this owes its origins to the Winster Morris).
Morris dance
A morris dance is a type of English folk dance, usually accompanied by music, and based on rhythmic stepping and the execution of choreographed figures by a group of dancers, often using implements such as sticks, swords, and handkerchiefs. The name is thought to derive from the term 'moorish dance', for Spanish (Muslim) styles of dance and may derive from English court dances of the period. References have been found that suggest that morris dance dates back to the mid-15th century, but claims of pre-Christian origins are now largely dismissed. Morris dance appears to have been widespread in England by the early 17th century, particularly in pastoral areas, but was suppressed, along with associated festivals during and after the English Civil War. It recovered after the Restoration in 1660 but was in steep decline after agricultural and industrial revolutions by the 19th century, when collectors like Cecil Sharp recorded the practice, particularly from versions of dance he found in the Cotswolds. This led to a revival of the tradition, although it may also have affected form and practice. Morris dance took something of a back seat to unaccompanied singing in the second revival, but received a further boost when it attracted the attention of British folk rock musicians like Ashley Hutchings, who produced several albums of dance music, including the influential Morris On series from 1972. Traditionally Morris dance was accompanied by either a pipe and tabor or a fiddle, but from the mid-19th century most common instruments were the melodeon, accordion, concertina and drums. Particularly in Cotswold and Border morris, many tunes are linked to particular dances. Morris dance survives in the distinct local traditions of Cotswold morris, north-west morris, Border Morris, rapper dance and Long Sword dance.
Protest songs
Perhaps the oldest clear example of an English protest song is the rhyme ‘When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman?’, used in the Peasants Revolt of 1381. Songs that celebrated social bandits like Robin Hood, from the 14th century onwards can be seen as a more subtle form of protest. With the Levellers and Diggers in the mid-17th century, more overt criticism surfaced, as in the ballad "The Diggers' Song". From roughly the same period, songs of protest at war, pointing out the costs to human lives, also begin to appear, like "The Maunding Souldier or The Fruits of Warre is Beggery", framed as a begging appeal from a crippled soldier of the Thirty Years War. With industrialisation from the 18th century. A surprising English folk hero immortalised in song is Napoleon Bonaparte, in songs such as the "Bonny Bunch of Roses" and "Napoleon’s Dream". As labour became more organised songs were used as anthems and propaganda, for miners with songs like "The Black Leg Miner", and for factory workers with songs like "The Factory Bell". These industrial protest songs were largely ignored during the first English folk revival of the later 19th and early 20th century, but were recorded by figures like A. L. Lloyd on albums such as The Iron Muse (1963). In the 1980s the anarchist rock band Chumbawamba recorded several versions of traditional English protest as English Rebel Songs 1381–1914. Ewan MacColl became the leading writer of English protest songs in the 1950s, with pro-communist songs such as "The Ballad of Ho Chi Minh" and "The Ballad of Stalin", as well as volatile protest and topical songs concerning the nuclear threat to peace, most notably "Against the Atom Bomb". The leading voice of protest in Thatcherite Britain in the 1980s was Billy Bragg, whose style of protest song and grass-roots political activism was mostly reminiscent of those of Woody Guthrie.
Sea shanties
Sea shanties are a type of work song traditionally sung by sailors. Derived from the French word 'chanter', meaning 'to sing', they may date from as early as the 15th century, but most recorded examples derive from the 19th century. Shanties were usually slow rhythmic songs designed to help with collective tasks on labour-intensive sailing and later steam ships. Many were call and response songs, with one voice (the shantyman) singing a lead line and the rest of the sailors giving a response together. They were derived from varied sources, including dances, folk songs, polkas, waltzes and even West African work-songs. Since different songs were useful for different tasks they are traditionally divided into three main categories, short haul shanties, for tasks requiring quick pulls over a relatively short time; halyard shanties, for heavier work requiring more set-up time between pulls; and Capstan shanties, for long, repetitive tasks requiring a sustained rhythm, but not involving working the lines. Famous shanties include, the 'Drunken Sailor' and 'Blow the Man Down'. There was some interest in sea shanties in the first revival from figures like Percy Grainger. In the second revival A. L. Lloyd attempted to popularise them, recording several albums of sea songs from 1965.
War songs
In England songs about military and naval subjects were a major part of the output of ballad writers from the 16th century onwards, including one of the earliest British ballads ‘The Ballad of Chevy Chase’, which deals with the events of the Scottish victory of the Battle of Otterburn in 1388 and may date to the early 15th century. The conflicts between England and Spain in the later 16th and early 17th centuries produced a number of ballads describing events, particularly naval conflicts like those of the Spanish Armada. The English Civil War (1642–1653) produced a subgenre of "Cavalier ballads", including "When the King Home in Peace Again". Many of these were adapted and reused by Jacobites after the ‘Glorious Revolution’ of 1688. The Anglo-French Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries saw more descriptive works, usually couched in patriotic terms, but some, like ‘Captain Death’ (1757) dealt with loss and defeat. As regimental identities emerged songs were adopted for marching, like ‘The British Grenadiers’, based on a 17th-century dance tune. Output became a flood during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1797–1815), seeing numerous patriotic war songs, like ‘Heart of Oak’ and the emergence of a stereotype of the English seaman as ‘Jolly Jack Tar’, who appeared in many ballads and on stage. As the musical hall began to take over the lead in popular music and folk song declined, folk song ceased to deal with contemporary wars in the later 19th century.
Work songs
Work songs include music sung while conducting a task (often to coordinate timing) or a song linked to a task or trade which might be a connected narrative, description, or protest song. The two main types of work song in England are agricultural work songs, usually are rhythmic a cappella songs sung by people working on a physical and often repetitive task, like the 'Harvest song' common in south-west England. The songs were probably intended to increase productivity while reducing feelings of boredom. Rhythms of work songs can serve to synchronize physical movement in a group or gang. Industrial folk song emerged in Britain in the 18th century, as workers took the music with which they were familiar, including ballads and agricultural work songs, and adapted them to their new experiences and circumstances. Unlike agricultural work songs, it was often unnecessary to use music to synchronise actions between workers, as the pace would be increasingly determined by water, steam, chemical and eventually electric power, and frequently impossible because of the noise of early industry. As a result, industrial folk songs tended to be descriptive of work, circumstances, or political in nature, making them amongst the earliest protest songs and were sung between work shifts or in leisure hours, rather than during work. This pattern can be seen in textile production, mining and eventually steel, shipbuilding, rail working and other industries.
Regional traditions
East Anglia
Like many regions of England there are few distinctive local instruments and many songs were shared with the rest of Britain and with Ireland, although the distinct dialects of the regions sometimes lent them a particular stamp and, with one of the longest coastlines of any English region, songs about the sea were also particularly important. Along with the West Country, this was one of the regions that most firmly adopted reed instruments, producing many eminent practitioners of the melodeon from the mid-19th century. Also like the West Country it is one of the few regions where there is still an active tradition of step dancing and like the Midlands the tradition of Molly dance died out in the 1930s. The region was relatively neglected by folk song collectors of the first revival. Lucy Broadwood and Cecil Sharp collected in Cambridgeshire, as did and Vaughan Williams as well as in Norfolk and Essex from 1905, but most important regional figure was composer Ernest John Moeran, who collected over 150 songs in Norfolk and Suffolk in the 1920s. The second folk revival led to the discovery of many East Anglian folk musicians, including Suffolk melodeon player Oscar Woods, Norfolk singers Sam Larner (1878–1965), Harry Cox (1885–1971) and Walter Pardon (1914–96); Suffolk fiddler Harkie Nesling (1890–1978); Suffolk singer and bargeman Bob Roberts (1907–82), many of whom recorded for Topic Records. Perhaps the most influential folk dance musical album was English Country Dance Music (1965), put together by Reg Hall and Bob Davenport with largely Norfolk musicians, it was the first instrumental recording of folk instruments. Also from Norfolk was Peter Bellamy, who in solo projects, with the Young Tradition and in theatrical productions was probably one of the most influential musicians of the post revival period. The Norfolk melodeon player and singer Tony Hall has given the tradition a unique style. East Anglia made a contribution to the British folk rock scene of the 1970s, producing the short-lived, but more recently reformed, bands Midwinter and Stone Angel, based in Great Yarmouth and the more successful Spriguns of Tolgus from Cambridge, who produced four albums. The most successful folk artists from the region in recent years are probably the Essex born Billy Bragg and the Norfolk born Beth Orton. The region is home to numerous folk clubs and hosts many folk festivals, including Steeleye Span's Spanfest at Kentwell Hall, Suffolk and the Cambridge Folk Festival, generally seen as the most prestigious in the calendar. Since 2000 the East Anglian Traditional Music Trust has been promoting folk music in the region, organising a ‘Traditional Music Day’ every year in August.
The Midlands
Due to its lack of clear boundaries and a perceived lack of identity in its folk music, the English Midlands attracted relatively little interest in the early revivals. However, in more recent years a distinct cultural heritage has been recognised including unique folk traditions and songs, many associated with the regions industrial connections. It has also produced a number of important performers and some particular local instruments, such as the Lincolnshire bagpipes, however the last player, John Hunsley, died in the 19th century and no actual examples of the pipes have survived. From the 19th century the instruments used appear to have been much like those in other regions, with fiddles, accordions and eventually silver and brass. Although, some traditions, like Molly dance died out in the 1930s, the Midlands retained strong traditions of both ceremonial and social dance, particularly in the south Midlands and Cotswolds and in the distinctive Border Morris from Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Shropshire. The region also furnished some important material for folk songs, including a claim by Nottinghamshire for one of the most popular series of ballads, that of Robin Hood, while local places appear in songs such as ‘The Leicester Chambermaid’ and ‘Oxford’ or ‘Worcester City’. Folk song collecting in the first revival was much less comprehensive than for many other regions. In the 1860s Llewellynn Jewitt, collected songs from Derbyshire, and some songs were printed by Georgina F. Jackson in her study of Shropshire folk lore. Cecil Sharp's interest in the region was largely confined to the south, particularly the Cotswold morris villages of Oxfordshire and Warwickshire, which provided him with an archetype of English ceremonial dance. From 1905 Percy Grainger was actively collecting in Lincolnshire, acquiring recordings of songs that would provide the basis for his Lincolnshire Posy (1937). It was not until the early 1970s that the broader heritage of the region, including the many industrial and work songs associated with mining or The Potteries, began to gain serious attention. Despite this neglect there was an active folk scene in the region, which produced several key artists of the second revival from the 1960s, including Anne Briggs from Nottinghamshire, The Settlers from the West Midlands and from Birmingham one of the most influential groups of the period, the Ian Campbell Folk Group, which numbered among its members later British folk rock musicians Dave Swarbrick and Dave Pegg. Slightly later a number of folk groups came out of Derbyshire, including The Druids, Ram's Bottom Band and Muckram Wakes, which included one of the most highly regarded modern performers John Tams. Lincolnshire has produced Martin Simpson, perhaps the most highly regarded folk guitarist of his generation. Birmingham's position as a centre for folk music has been emphasised by its place as the home of the Birmingham Conservatoire Folk Ensemble, led by former Albion Band fiddler Joe Broughton, which provides something of a clearing house of promising young folk musicians. The regions has numerous folk clubs and host many major folk festivals, including those of Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, Loughborough in Leicestershire, Shrewsbury in Shropshire, Warwick and Moseley.
The North West
Although relatively neglected in the first folk revival North West England had a rich tradition of balladry stretching back at least to the 17th century and sharing in the tradition of Border ballads, including perhaps the finest ‘The Ballad of Chevy Chase', thought to have been composed by the Lancashire-born sixteenth century minstrel Richard Sheale. Lancashire in particular was a common location for folk songs, including ‘The Lancashire Miller’, ‘Warrington Ale’ and ‘The soldier’s farewell to Manchester’, beside several local Wassailing songs. With a variety of dialects and acting as something of a crossroads for the cultures and immigrants of England, Scotland and Ireland, there is a distinctive local character to folk music, which expressed itself in local enthusiasm that emerged as a major factor within the wider folk movement in the second revival. The key event in the history of folk music in the counties of the north west of England was the Industrial Revolution, which divided the region economically and culturally into a northern, often highland and pastoral region, in Westmorland and Cumberland and a more urbanised and industrialised southern zone with large and growing conurbations like Manchester and Liverpool, where changing social and economic patterns emerged in new traditions and styles of folk song, often linked to migration and patterns of work, these included processional dances, often associated with rushbearing and the Wakes Week festivities and types of step dance, most famously clog dancing. These were very different from the styles of dance that collectors like Cecil Sharp had encountered in the Cotswolds and were largely dismissed by him as contaminated by urbanisation, yet they were, and remain, a thriving tradition of music and dance. A local pioneer of folk song collection in the first half of the 19th century in Lancashire was Shakespearian scholar James Orchard Halliwell, and he was followed a little later by John Harland, William E. Axon, Thomas T. Wilkinson and Sidney Gilpin, who performed a similar service for Cumberland. Most of these works, although important in unearthing, and in some cases preserving, locally relevant ballads, largely depended on manuscript sources, rather than oral collection and often did not give tunes, but only lyrics. It was not until the second folk revival that the full range of song from the region began to gain attention. The region not only produced one of the major figures of the revival in Ewan MacColl but also a local champion in Harry Boardman, who from 1965 onwards probably did more than anyone to popularise and record the industrial folk song of the region, in several albums and books. The region produced no significant bands in the folk rock movement of the 1970s but can claim one of the most significant figures, as Maddy Prior was brought up in Blackpool. However, perhaps the most influential folk artists to emerge from the region in this period were folk troubadour Roy Harper and comedian and broadcaster Mike Harding. More recently it has produced some significant performers including guitarist Ken Nicol and mother and daughter singer songwriters Chris and Kellie While. The region is home to numerous folk clubs, many of them catering to Irish and Scots folk. Folk festivals include the Fylde Folk Festival at Fleetwood in Lancashire.
Northumbria
Northumbria possesses a distinctive style of folk music with a flourishing and continuing tradition. The region is particularly noted for the unique Northumbrian smallpipes and strong fiddle tradition that was already well-established in the 1690s. Northumbrian music is characterised by considerable influence from other regions, particularly southern Scotland, other parts of the north of England and Ireland. Local tunes were collected from the mid-18th century by figures including Henry Atkinson and William Vickers and in the first revival by John Bell, Bruce. J. Collingwood and John Stokoe. The short-lived Northumbrian Small Pipes Society was founded in Newcastle in 1893 and the Northumbrian Pipers' Society in 1928, and they are generally credited with keeping the distinctive tradition alive. Border ballads were a major part of those collected by Francis James Child and make up most of the sixth volume of his ten volume collection of The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (1882–98). The second folk revival saw a number of acts drawing on this work, and enjoying some success. Probably the most influential piper at that time was Billy Pigg. Performers such Louis Killen, The High Level Ranters and Bob Davenport brought Northumbrian folk to national and international audiences. The 1970s saw folk rock bands like Lindisfarne, and the more traditionally focused Jack the Lad and Hedgehog Pie. More recently, Northumbrian folk music, and particularly the use of the Northumbrian pipes, has become one of the liveliest and most widely known subgenres of folk music in Britain, with artists like fiddler Nancy Kerr, piper Kathryn Tickell and Rachel Unthank and the Winterset gaining international reputations. Currently the region has over thirty active folk clubs and hosts several major folk festivals, including the Traditional Music Festival at Rothbury.
The South East
Even excluding Sussex and London, South-east England has been one of the key areas of English folk music and collection. It had retained a strong tradition of wassailing, and seafaring songs were important in the coastal counties of Kent and Hampshire. Arguably the published collection of oral material was made in this area by John Broadwood, as Old English Songs, As Now Sung by the Peasantry of the Weald of Surrey and Sussex (1843). When the first revival was at its height in the first decade of the 20th century, George Gardiner and Alice Gillington both collected songs in Hampshire, Lucy Broadwood in Surrey, Hampshire and Oxfordshire, Alfred Williams in Oxfordshire and Berkshire and Cecil Sharp in Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, and Kent. In the second folk revival the region contributed several figures, with probably the most important being Martin Carthy from Hertfordshire. The most significant British folk rock group from the region were the Oyster Band, formed in Canterbury, while guitarist John Martyn came from Surrey and fiddle player Chris Leslie from Banbury in Oxfordshire. From the current crop of young folk musicians probably the most prominent are Spiers and Boden from Oxfordshire and Chris Wood, born in Kent. The region is host to numerous folk clubs, and festivals, including the Oxford festival and Fairport's Cropredy Convention in Oxfordshire and St Albans in Hertfordshire.
London
Despite being the centre of both folk revivals and the British folk rock movement, the songs of London were largely neglected in favour of regional and rural music until relatively recently. London, unsurprisingly, was the most common location mentioned in English folk songs, including ‘London is a Fine Town’, and the ‘London Prentice’ and it was the centre of the broadside publishing industry. From the 17th century to the 19th, street singers were characteristic of London life, often selling printed versions of the songs they sang. The capital was home to the Folk-Song Society and the English Folk Dance Society from the late 19th century, but the most distinctive genre of London music, its many street cries, were not considered folk music by mainstream collectors and were recorded and published by figures such as Andrew White in Old London Street Cries ; and, The Cries of To-day (1885). Both Ewan MacColl and A. L. Lloyd gravitated to London in the 1950s, it was the base of Topic Records and it was there that the first folk clubs were formed before they spread out across the country. It was also the home of folk musicians like Ashley Hutchings, Richard Thompson and Simon Nicol who formed Fairport Convention, and many artists, like Bert Jansch and Davy Graham, moved there in order to be able to pursue their careers or for the greater networks and opportunities the capital allowed. More recent performers of folk music include Noah and the Whale, Emma Lee Moss, Mumford and Sons and The Border Surrender.
Sussex
Sussex has disproportionately affected the history of English folk music. This was due to a flourishing tradition of folk dance, mummers plays and folk song, but also in part because of the rural nature of the county in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and yet its relatively close proximity to London. It was thus a rich and convenient place for the collectors of the first folk song revival, including Kate Lee, Lucy Broadwood and W. P. Merrick. Sussex material was used by the composers of the English pastoral school, for example in Percy Grainger’s arrangement of ‘The Sussex Mummers' Christmas Carol’, Ralph Vaughan Williams' use of the tune ‘Monk's Gate’ as a setting for John Bunyan’s ‘To be a Pilgrim’ and George Butterworth’s arrangement of 'Folk Songs from Sussex'. Most important of the collector's sources were the Copper Family of Rottingdean, who emerged as authorities on folk song and eventually as major recording artists. Sussex folk song also had a formative effect on one of the major figures of the second revival, as it was as a child of five in Sussex that A. L. Lloyd first heard folk music. Other performers include Scan Tester, Henry Burstow and the sisters Dolly and Shirley Collins. Sussex songs were also the foundation of the repertoire of the influential Young Tradition. The county has over twenty folk clubs and other venues hosting folk music by organisations such as Acoustic Sussex. There are also annual folk music festivals at Eastbourne, Crawley and Lewes.
The West Country
Cornwall
The music of Cornwall is often noted for its similarity to that of Brittany and, as a result of the close physical and cultural ties between the two peninsulas, some older songs and carols share the same root as Breton tunes. From the late Middle Ages the fiddle (crowd in Cornish), bombarde (horn-pipe), bagpipes and harp all seem to have been used in music. The Cornish bagpipes died out, as elsewhere in southern England, in the 16th century, but have recently been re-created. From the mid-19th century accordions became progressively more popular as a folk instrument in the county, as in the rest of the West Country. There is long and varied history of Cornish dance from the medieval period, with records of strong traditions of morris dancing, mumming, guise dancing, and social dance. These seem to have been interrupted by the Reformation and Civil War and Commonwealth in the 16th and 17th centuries. However, there was revival from the late 18th century and seasonal and community festivals, mumming and guising all flourished. In the 19th century a strong tradition of nonconformity and temperance may also have affected dancing and music adversely and encouraged choral and brass band movements, while traditional tunes were used for carols. Some community events survived, such as the 'Obby 'Oss festival in Padstow and the Furry Dance in Helston. Folk songs include ‘Sweet Nightingale’, ‘Little Eyes’, and ‘Lamorna’. 'Trelawny' is often sung at sporting events and is seen by many as an unofficial anthem. Few traditional Cornish lyrics survived the decline of the language, but in some cases lyrics of common English songs became attached to older Cornish tunes. Some folk tunes have Cornish lyrics written since the language revival of the 1920s. Modern Cornish musicians include the former Cornish folk singer Brenda Wootton and the Cornish-Breton family band Anao Atao. Recently bands like Sacred Turf, Skwardya and Krena, have begun performing British folk rock in the Cornish language. The Cornwall Folk Festival has been held annually for more than three decades.
The rest of the West Country
Outside Devon and Cornwall Celtic influence on music in the West Country is much less obvious, but folk music still retains many distinctive local characteristics. As in Cornwall there are very strong traditions of folk dance and mumming, the best known being the Hobby horse celebrations at Minehead in Somerset. The maritime heritage of Devon made sea shanties, hornpipes and naval or sea ballads important parts of regional folk music. From the 19th century accordions have been a popular and accepted part of the local folk sound. Folk songs from the West Country include ‘Widdecombe Fair’, ‘Spanish Ladies’ and ‘The Seeds of Love.’ The region was important in the first folk revival, as the Devon-born antiquarian Sabine Baring-Gould invested effort in collecting regional music, published as Songs and Ballads of the West (1889–91), the first collection published for the mass market. He later collaborated with Cecil Sharp who, with Charles Marson, produced a three volume Folk-Songs from Somerset (1904–09). Other collectors included Henry and Robert Hammond in Dorset, the Reverend Geoffrey Hill in Wiltshire, Percy Grainger in Gloucestershire and, perhaps the most famous, Ralph Vaughan Williams' 'Folk Songs from Somerset', which provided themes for his English Folk Song Suite. In the second folk revival the most famous West country musicians were melodeon-player Bob Cann and writer, performer and broadcaster Cyril Tawney, 'The Father of the West Country Folk Revival'. In the 1970s there were figures such as Tony Rose. The same period saw one of the most surprising hybrids in music history Scrumpy and Western with bands like the Wurzels and The Yetties, who took most of the elements of West Country folk music for comical folk-style songs with affectionate parodies of more mainstream musical genres, delivered in local West Country dialects. More seriously, the West Country and particularly Devon, have produced some of the most successful folk artists of recent years, including Show of Hands, Mark Bazeley and Jason Rice, Paul Downes, Jim Causley, Seth Lakeman and his brothers. The region has numerous folk clubs and annual festivals, including those at Portsmouth and the first modern English folk festival to be established at Sidmouth in Devon along with its associated 'Late Night Extra' venue at Bulverton .
Yorkshire
Yorkshire has a rich heritage of folk music and folk dance including the Long Sword dance. Folk songs were collected there from the 19th century but, though it probably had more attention than other northern counties, its rich heritage of industrial folk song was relatively neglected. It was not until the second revival in the 1950s that Nigel and Mary Hudleston began to attempt to redress the balance, collecting Yorkshire songs between 1958 and 1978. Yorkshire folk song lacked the unique instrumental features of folk in areas like Northumbria and was chiefly distinguished by the use of dialect, particularly in the West Riding and exemplified by the song ‘On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at’, probably written in the later 19th century and using a Kent folk tune (almost certainly borrowed via a Methodist hymnal), but often seen as an unofficial Yorkshire anthem. Most Yorkshire folk songs were not unique and tended to be adapted to fit local geography and dialect, as was the case with probably the most commercially successful Yorkshire song, ‘Scarborough Fair’, recorded by Simon & Garfunkel, which was a version of the Scottish ballad ‘The Elfin Knight’. The most famous folk performers from the county are the Watersons from Hull, who began recording Yorkshire versions of folk songs from 1965. Other Yorkshire folk musicians include Heather Wood (born 1945) of the Young Tradition, the short-lived folk rock group Mr Fox (1970-2), The Deighton Family, Julie Matthews, Kathryn Roberts, and the Mercury Prize nominated Kate Rusby. Even considering its position as the largest county in England, Yorkshire has a flourishing folk music culture, with over forty folk clubs and thirty annual folk music festivals. In 2007, the Yorkshire Garland Group was formed to make Yorkshire folk songs accessible online and in schools.
Notes
External links
English Folk and Traditional Music
Historical Notes on British Melodies
Folk Music of England
East Anglian Music Trust
Pepys Ballad Archive
Yorkshire Garland Group
Field recordings by various collectors from the British Library (See under Europe)
*
Category:English styles of music
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Tadasuke Makino
is a Japanese racing driver. He has competed in a range of motorsport disciplines, including Super GT and European Formula 3. In 2018, Makino joined the FIA Formula 2 Championship with the series' defending champions Russian Time.
Racing record
Career summary
* Season still in progress.
Complete Super GT results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete FIA Formula 3 European Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete FIA Formula 2 Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
† Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.
Complete Super Formula Results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
References
External links
Category:1997 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Osaka
Category:Japanese racing drivers
Category:Japanese Formula 3 Championship drivers
Category:FIA Formula 3 European Championship drivers
Category:Super GT drivers
Category:FIA Formula 2 Championship drivers
Category:Formula 4 drivers
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Gunther Stent
Gunther S. Stent (28 March 1924 – 12 June 2008) was Graduate Professor of Molecular Biology at the University of California, Berkeley. One of the early bacteriophage biologists, he was known also for his studies on the metabolism of bacteria and neurobiology of leeches, and for his writing on the history and philosophy of biology.
Early life and early career
He was born Günter Siegmund Stensch in Berlin. His surname was changed following his emigration to the US in 1940, where he went to live in Chicago. He received his BS (1945) and PhD (1948) from the University of Illinois.
In 1949, Gunther Stent joined the small group of phage workers under Max Delbrück at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California. This phage group was the incubator for many of the fundamental ideas of the newly emerging science of molecular biology. Informal discussions among these workers on the progress of their research led to a book by Stent entitled "Molecular Biology of Bacterial Viruses" (dedicated to Max Delbrück) which was a lucid account of the state of accomplishments in the field up to 1963. Later, in his memoirs, Stent described some of his activities and interactions with others of the group. These personal memories illustrated the unique intellectual spirit of the phage group during its early crucial years (1948–1950).
Overview
His introductory textbook, Molecular Genetics; an Introductory Narrative has been translated into Italian, Japanese, Russian, and Spanish.
He was perhaps most generally known for his works on the progress of science, especially his 1969 lectures at Berkeley published as The Coming of the Golden Age.
Stent lectured in the molecular biology portion of Biology 1 at UC Berkeley. He had a very unusual lecture style; he introduced the major experiments that advanced the field of molecular biology in chronological order. It provided students with a unique understanding of molecular biology and experimentation.
Stent was at Oxford in 1953 when Watson and Crick made their announcement that they had "discovered the secret of life." Watson's book "The Double Helix" includes a picture of Stent with Watson and Crick.
Religious views
When asked "Do you believe in God?" Stent stated: "I don't know whether I do, even though I believe that I as a scientist ought to. But, by way of a paradox, I do believe, as Planck did, that all scientists have to believe in Him."
Publications
Books on Molecular biology
Stent, G. S. (1998). Nazis, Women, and Molecular Biology: Memoirs of a Lucky Self-hater. Kensington, Calif: Briones Books.
Muller, K. J., Nicholls, J. G., & Stent, G. S. (1981). Neurobiology of the Leech. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Stent, G. S. (1971). Molecular Genetics; an Introductory Narrative. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
Italian translation: Stent, G. S., & Stent, G. S. (1977). Genetica molecolare. Bologna, Italy: Zanichelli.
Russian translation: Stent, G. S., Calendar, R., & Stent, G. S. (1981). Molekuli︠a︡rnai︠a︡ genetika. Moskva: Izd-vo MIR.
Spanish translation: Stent, G. S. (1981). Genética molecular. Barcelona: Omega.
Japanese translation: Stent, G. S., Calendar, R., & Nagano, K. (1983). 分子遺伝学. Bunshi idengaku 岩波書店.
Stent, G. S. 1963. Molecular Biology of Bacterial Viruses. WH Freeman and Co., San Francisco, CA. OCLC 268815
Books edited
John Cairns, G. Stent, and J. D. Watson, eds. 2007. Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology (40th anniversary edition). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY,
Cairns, J., G. Stent, and J. D. Watson. 1992. Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology (expanded edition). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. OCLC 25872929
Cairns, J., G. Stent, and J. D. Watson. 1966. Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. OCLC 712215
German translation: Cairns, J., Geissler, E., Stent, G. S., Thomas-Petersein, G., & Watson, J. D. (1972). Phagen und die Entwicklung der Molekularbiologie (Phages and the origins of molecular biology, [German].) Hrsg. v. John Cairns.
Watson, J. D., & Stent, G. S. (1980). The Double Helix: a Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA. New York: Norton.
Stent, G. S. (1978). Morality as a biological phenomenon: report of the Dahlem Workshop on Biology and Morals, Berlin 1977, November 28 to December 2. Life Sciences Research Report, 9. Berlin: Dahlem Konferenzen.
Books on Philosophy of science
Stent, G. S. (2002). 'Paradoxes of free will'. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, v. 92, pt. 6. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
Delbrück, M., & Stent, G. S. (1986). Mind from matter? an essay on evolutionary epistemology. Palo Alto, Calif: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
German translation: Delbrück, M., Fischer, E. P., & Stent, G. S. (1986). Wahrheit und Wirklichkeit über die Evolution des Erkennens. Hamburg: Rasch und Röhring Verlag.
Spanish translation: Delbrück, M., Stent, S. G., & Casadesús, J. (1989). Mente y materia ensayo de epistemología evolutiva. Alianza Universidad, 616. Madrid: Alianza.
Stent, G. S., & Ogawa, M. (1981). 真理>と悟り : 科学の形而上学と東洋哲学 Shinri to satori kagaku no keijijōgaku to tōyō tetsugaku. 朝日出版社, Tōkyō: Asahishuppansha.
Stent, G. S. (1980). Morality as a biological phenomenon the pre-suppositions of sociobiological research. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Stent, G. S. (1978). Paradoxes of progress. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
Spanish translation: Stent, G. S. (1986). Las paradojas del progreso. Barcelona: Salvat.
Stent, G. S. (1969). The coming of the Golden Age; a view of the end of progress. Garden City, N.Y.: Published for the American Museum of Natural History [by] the Natural History Press.
French translation: Stent, G. S., & Bourdet, C. (1973). L'Avènement de l'âge d'or. L'humanité au carrefour de son évolution [Paris]: Fayard.
Other media
Stent, G. S. (1915). Gunther S. Stent papers.
Notes
References
Elvee, R. Q. (1992). The end of science? attack and defense. Lanham, Md: University Press of America.
External links
Guide to the Gunther S. Stent Papers at The Bancroft Library
berkeley.edu
Category:Philosophers of science
Category:Phage workers
Category:German emigrants to the United States
Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty
Category:1924 births
Category:2008 deaths
Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Category:Guggenheim Fellows
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Human trafficking in Lebanon
Lebanon is a destination for Asian and African women trafficked for the purpose of domestic servitude, and for Eastern European and Syrian women trafficked for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation. Lebanese children are trafficked within the country for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor in the metal works, construction, and agriculture sectors. Women from Sri Lanka, the Philippines, and Ethiopia migrate to Lebanon legally, but often find themselves in conditions of forced labor, through unlawful withholding of passports, non-payment of wages, restrictions on movement, threats, and physical or sexual assault. During the armed conflict in July 2006, Sri Lankan domestic workers reported being restricted from leaving the country by their employers. Eastern European and Syrian women come to Lebanon on "artiste" visas, but some become victims of trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation when they are subjected to coercive acts such as unlawful withholding of passports, restrictions on movement, threats, and physical assault.
The Government of Lebanon does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so. U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in "Tier 2" in 2017. Although it reported 17 prosecutions last year, the government failed to convict or criminally punish anyone for trafficking offenses, despite ample evidence of conditions of forced labor. In addition, the government continued to lack victim protection services or a formal system to ensure that victims are not punished.
Prosecution
Lebanon did not make significant efforts to prosecute or criminally punish trafficking offenses during the reporting period. Lebanon prohibits forced prostitution through Article 524 of its penal code; prescribed punishment under this statute is imprisonment for at least one year. In addition, commercial sexual exploitation of a person under 21 years old is prohibited by Article 523 of the penal code; the prescribed penalty for violation is imprisonment of one month to one year. The Lebanese Penal Code does not specifically prohibit forced labor, but Article 569's prohibition against deprivation of an individual's liberty to perform a task could be used to prosecute forced labor; the prescribed penalty under this statute is temporary hard labor. The prescribed penalties for acts of sex trafficking are not commensurate with those for other grave crimes, such as rape, and the prescribed penalties for prostitution of children and forced labor are not sufficiently stringent. Due to political constraints, during the reporting period, no legislation could be passed in Lebanon, on trafficking or otherwise. Domestic workers are not protected under Lebanese labor law provisions. Despite the availability of these statutes and laws against physical and sexual assault, the government reported no criminal prosecutions, convictions, or punishments for trafficking offenses; this represents a significant decrease from the 17 prosecutions reported last year. Although police arrested one employer for attempting to murder his domestic worker by beating her severely with a hammer on her back, shoulders, and hands, he was later released without a prison sentence in exchange for giving the worker $6,500; the case is being investigated. Under its administrative laws, the government suspended the licenses of 11 recruitment agencies and closed two for, among other violations, physically abusing workers; nonetheless, no recruitment agent was criminally prosecuted or punished for the abuse. Moreover, despite widespread reports of withholding of passports—a potential indicator of forced labor—the government did not report enforcing laws against this practice. Lebanon similarly did not report any prosecutions, convictions, or punishments for the forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation of children. Despite receiving 31 reports of physical abuse, rape, and withheld wages among adult club employees, these cases were settled out of court, and did not result in any prosecutions or convictions for trafficking offenses.
Protection
The Government of Lebanon did not make sufficient efforts to protect victims of trafficking during the reporting period. Though government officials received training on victim interview techniques paid for by UNODC and the NGO Caritas, the government does not have a formal procedure to identify victims of trafficking among vulnerable populations, such as foreigners arrested for immigration violations or prostitution. As a result, victims of trafficking were likely punished for acts committed as a result of being trafficked, as foreign workers without valid residency and work permits are subject to arrest, detention, and deportation. Consistent with government regulations, it remains common for employers to force a domestic worker who breaks her contract to repay residency and work permit fees, or pay for a paper releasing her from her contract; there is no exception for workers who break their contracts due to their employers’ abuse. Victims are neither encouraged to participate in trials, nor offered legal alternatives to deportation to countries where they would face hardship or retribution. Rather, victims are often deported home before being given the opportunity to testify against their traffickers. Lebanon does not offer protection services to victims of trafficking; the government, however, referred nine trafficking victims to NGO shelters during the reporting period.
Prevention
Lebanon made minimal efforts to prevent trafficking in persons. The government partnered with an NGO to produce a public awareness campaign on migrant workers’ rights. In August, the Sûreté General and Ministry of Labor met with recruitment agencies to warn them against trafficking workers. The government did not take any steps to reduce the demand for commercial sex acts in Lebanon. The government similarly did not institute a public awareness campaign targeting citizens traveling to known child sex tourism destinations.
References
Lebanon
Lebanon
Category:Human rights in Lebanon
Category:Crime in Lebanon
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Aleksanteri Keisala
Aleksanteri Keisala (31 May 1916 – 15 May 1983) was a Finnish wrestler. He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics and the 1952 Summer Olympics.
References
Category:1916 births
Category:1983 deaths
Category:Finnish male sport wrestlers
Category:Olympic wrestlers of Finland
Category:Wrestlers at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Category:Wrestlers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Category:People from Lapua
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Canesadooharie
"Canesadooharie" was a phonetic variant of a name of a river in the northern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. Traditionally thought by historians to refer to the Black River of modern-day Lorain County, it is now believed more likely to have been the Huron River, which passes Milan before meeting Lake Erie at the village of Huron. See also Guahadahuri, and Huron River, Ohio.
History of name
In 1755, 18-year-old James Smith was captured from Pennsylvania by indigenous Americans, and brought to live with their nation in Northern Ohio. (The custom of this tribe was to "adopt" a Caucasian male to replace one of their warriors killed in battle against them.) Smith lived here as one of them until 1759, having eventually found an opportunity to safely return to his Pennsylvania home. He later wrote about his own experiences. Much of his time in Northern Ohio was spent near a river which he calls "Canesadooharie". Smith, who was very well-educated for that time period, recorded that this river was "about 8 miles east of Sandusky" and "interlocks with the West Branch of the Muskingum". This corresponds to the Huron River, which is about 10 miles east of Sandusky Bay's mouth, and which nearly meets the headwaters of the Black Fork of the Mohican River, which connects into the Muskingum. But one additional detail that Smith recorded about the "Canesadooharie", that it had a "falls", "12 to 15 feet high, and nearly perpendicular". This detail was seized upon by later historians, as evidence that the river of Smith's travels, was instead the Black River of Lorain County, which has two separate and impressive falls in the vicinity of Elyria, Ohio. More historians added to the confusion, by attributing the meaning of the word "canesadooharie" as "black pearl", or even more romantically as "string of black pearls"; but it is not known what evidence, if any, that those historians used to support that translation. Later historians simply repeated the earlier theories, until finally Smith's "Canesadooharie" was accepted to be the Black River, instead of the Huron River. It is unfortunate that the original historians disregarded Smith's many details about his own travels here. The Black River is about 30 miles, not "about 8 miles", from Sandusky Bay; and the two separate falls on the Black River are each about 40 feet in height, and absolutely perpendicular, poorly matching Smith's description beyond the word "falls". The likelihood is that the single falls which Smith experienced over a many week period in 1756, "12 to 15 feet high, and nearly perpendicular", i.e. high and very steep rapids, was somewhere in the vicinity of (now) Norwalk, Ohio; and by the mid-1800s, nature had probably reduced them to being more like actual rapids, than a "falls". Regardless, due to 19th-century historians' errors, "Canesadooharie" is now accepted as an alternate name for the Black River, rather than for the Huron River for which it was intended.
References
Category:Rivers of Ohio
Category:Rivers of Lorain County, Ohio
Category:Tributaries of Lake Erie
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Catharosiini
Catharosiini is a tribe of flies in the family Tachinidae.
Genera
Catharosia Róndani, 1868
Litophasia Girschner, 1887
References
Category:Brachycera tribes
Category:Phasiinae
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Loutrel Briggs
Loutrel Winslow Briggs (December 12, 1893 - May 1977) was an American landscape architect active in Charleston, South Carolina.
Briggs was born in New York City, graduated from Cornell University in 1917 with a degree in "Rural Art" (landscape architecture), and chaired the department of landscape architecture at the New York School of Fine and Applied Art. In the 1920s he began a seasonal landscape architecture practice in Charleston catering to wealthy New Yorkers who wintered in the area. His first major commission was in 1929 for Mrs. Washington Roebling, widow of the engineer who supervised construction of the Brooklyn Bridge. In 1951, Briggs published a book, "Charleston Gardens," about the private gardens in Charleston, South Carolina.
Briggs is now best known for more than one hundred gardens that he designed in or near Charleston's historic district. He was also landscape architect for Mepkin Abbey.
References
Briggs, Loutrel, Charleston Gardens, University of South Carolina Press, 1951.
Birnbaum, Charles A., and Karson, Robin, eds., Pioneers of American Landscape Design, pp. 35–37, McGraw-Hill, 2000.
Cameron, Louisa Pringle, The Private Gardens of Charleston, Wyrick & Company, April 1992. .
Category:1893 births
Category:1977 deaths
Category:American landscape architects
Category:Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni
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Han Siong Kong
Han Siong Kong (1673-1743) is best known as the founder of the Han family of Lasem, one of the oldest dynasties of the Cabang Atas or the Chinese gentry (baba bangsawan) of colonial Indonesia. As government bureaucrats, landlords and politicians, his descendants played an important role in the colonial history of Indonesia.
History
He was born in Tianbao of Zhangzhou, in Fujian province of Imperial China. Han was from a long line of scholar-officials. His first attested ancestor is Han Zhaode, a general in the army of the warlord Tan Goan-kong (died 711), who pacified Fujian for the Tang Dynasty (618-907). Han Siong Kong's branch of the family is descended from Han Hong, who received the degree of Metropolitan Graduate in the Imperial examination of 1121, then received an appointment as Secretary in the Ministry of Inland Revenue during the Song Dynasty (960-1279).
Around 1700, Han Siong Kong left his native country for Lasem, a port on the north coast of Java island. By an unnamed woman of at least part-native ancestry, Han had five sons and four daughters. According to J. Hageman, Han's wife was the daughter of the regent of Rajegwesi (now part of Tegal regency). Two of their sons, Ngabehi Soero Pernollo and Han Bwee Kong, Kapitein der Chinezen, would play a significant role in establishing and consolidating Dutch colonial rule in East Java.
Death
Han Siong Kong died in 1743 in Rajegwesi, Central Java. Local legend has it that in the course of Han's funeral ceremony, there was a thunderstorm. As a result, Han's children abandoned their father's coffin in the forest in order to seek shelter. The displeased spirit of Han Siong Kong is said to have cast down a curse on his descendants who dared settle down in Lasem.
See also
Han family of Lasem
References
.
Category:People of the Dutch East Indies
Category:1673 births
Category:1743 deaths
Category:Businesspeople from Fujian
Category:Hokkien people
Category:Indonesian Hokkien people
Category:Indonesian people of Chinese descent
Category:People from East Java
Category:People from Zhangzhou
Category:Cabang Atas
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Alaska v. Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government
Alaska v. Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government, 522 U.S. 520 (1998), was a United States Supreme Court case. The local tribal council in Venetie, Alaska, wanted to collect tax from non-tribal members doing business on tribal lands. The Supreme Court granted certiorari on appeal from the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which had ruled in the tribe's favor, saying they occupied Indian Country.
The Court decided unanimously that the land was not the tribe's land subject to the tribal tax, even though it was owned by the tribe, because it was not part of a Native American reservation. Because all but one reservation in Alaska (the Annette Island reservation of the Tsimshian) had been eliminated by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971, the decision had the practical effect of prohibiting almost all Indian tribes in Alaska from collecting taxes for activities conducted on tribal land. Taxing authority is reserved as a right of the states and federal government.
The State of Alaska, the petitioner, was represented by John G. Roberts, who later became the Chief Justice of the United States. The respondent was represented by Heather Kendall-Miller, an attorney of Athabascan descent.
External links
Category:1996 in Alaska
Category:1997 in Alaska
Category:1998 in Alaska
Category:1998 in United States case law
Category:Alaska Natives and United States law
Category:United States Native American tax case law
Category:United States Supreme Court cases
Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
Category:Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska
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Debi Prasad Sarkar
Debi Prasad Sarkar (born 15 January 1958) is an Indian biochemist, immunologist and virologist. He was the head of biochemistry department at the University of Delhi and served as the Director of IISER Mohali from 2017 to 2019 He is known for his researches on Sendai virus and for developing reconstituted viral envelopes. He is an elected fellow of Indian Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, India and Indian National Science Academy. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1998, for his contributions to biological sciences.
Biography
Debi Prasad Sarkar, born on 15 January 1958, graduated (honours) in chemistry in 1978 and obtained a master's degree in biochemistry in 1980, both from Banaras Hindu University. His career started as a research assistant at the University of Delhi in 1985, working on Liposomes as immunomodulators and drug delivery using Liposomes and he secured a PhD degree for his thesis, Immunogenicity of carbohydrate determinants mediated through Liposomes: Liposome-mediated drug delivery from the University of Delhi in 1986. His post-doctoral studies were at the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health where he spent two years (1986–88) as visiting fellow and returned to Delhi University to take up the position of a lecturer of biochemistry. He stayed at the university for the rest of his academic career, holding various positions as the senior lecturer (1993–96) and reader (1996–2008), to superannuate as a professor in 2023.
Legacy
Sarkar's researches on Sendai virus is known to have resulted in the development of reconstituted viral envelopes containing only the fusion protein and this is reported to have assisted in a more efficient gene delivery in therapeutic use. Along with Vijay Kumar, he demonstrated for the first time that HBx protein stimulated Mitogen-activated signaling cascades in living animals. He continued his researches while working as an academic and holds patents for his inventions. Some of the inventions have resulted in Patent Cooperation Treaties (PCT) earning royalties for the university. He has also participated in clinical trials on behalf of the university, including a preclinical study with a Gunn rat model, in collaboration with National Research Development Corporation and AECOM. He has published his research findings in a number of articles and has delivered featured lectures on his work. He has also delivered several award orations including the Prof. B.K. Bachhawat Memorial Lecture of the National Academy of Sciences, India in 2011 and the Platinum Jubilee Lecture at the 102nd edition of the Indian Science Congress in 2015.
Awards and honors
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1998. He received the M. Sreenivasaya Memorial Award of the Society of Biological Chemists (India) in 2005 and the J. C. Bose National Fellowship in 2010. The National Academy of Sciences, India elected him as their fellow in 1996 and the Indian Academy of Sciences and the Indian National Science Academy followed suit in 2007 and 2011 respectively.
Selected bibliography
See also
Viral envelope
Notes
References
External links
Further reading
Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science
Category:1958 births
Category:Living people
Category:Indian immunologists
Category:Indian biochemists
Category:Indian medical writers
Category:Indian virologists
Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Category:Fellows of The National Academy of Sciences, India
Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni
Category:University of Calcutta alumni
Category:National Institutes of Health
Category:20th-century Indian inventors
Category:20th-century Indian biologists
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Medium Mark A Whippet
The Medium Mark A Whippet was a British tank of the First World War. It was intended to complement the slower British heavy tanks by using its relative mobility and speed in exploiting any break in the enemy lines. Whippets later took part in several of the British Army's postwar actions, notably in Ireland, North Russia and Manchuria.
Development and production history
On 3 October 1916 William Tritton, about to be knighted for developing the Mark I, proposed to the Tank Supply Committee that a faster and cheaper tank, equipped with two engines like the Flying Elephant, should be built to exploit gaps that the heavier but slow tanks made, an idea that up till then had been largely neglected. This was accepted on 10 November and approved by the War Office on 25 November. At that time the name for the project was the Tritton Chaser. Traditionally, the name Whippet (after the fast-running dog breed) is attributed to Sir William himself. Actual construction started on 21 December. The first prototype, with a revolving turret taken from an Austin armoured car — the first for a British tank design, as Little Willie's original turret was fixed — was ready on 3 February 1917 and participated (probably without one) in the tank trials day at Oldbury on 3 March. The next day, in a meeting with the French to coordinate allied tank production, the Commander-in-Chief of the British forces Field Marshal Haig ordered the manufacture of two hundred vehicles, the first to be ready on 31 July. Although he was acting beyond his authority, as usual, his decisions were confirmed in June 1917. The first production tanks left the factory in October and two were delivered to the first unit to use them, F Battalion of the Tank Corps (later 6th Battalion), on 14 December 1917. In December 1917 the order was increased from 200 to 385 but this was later cancelled in favour of more advanced designs, the Medium Mark B, Medium Mark C and Medium Mark D.
Description
This armoured fighting vehicle was intended for fast mobile assaults. Although the track design appears more "modern" than the British Tanks Mark I to V, it was directly derived from Little Willie, the first tank prototype, and was unsprung. The crew compartment was a fixed, polygonal turret at the rear of the vehicle, and two engines of the type used in contemporary double-decker buses were in a forward compartment, driving one track each.
Steering
When driving in a straight line the two engines were locked; turning the steering wheel gradually closed the throttle for the engine of one track and opened the throttle for the engine driving the other. The two engines were joined at their cross-shafts, from which the final drive to the tracks was by chains to sprockets on either side. When steering the clutches joining the cross-shafts were released, one engine sped up while the other slowed down, the turn being on the side opposite to that of the faster running engine. The steering effect could be increased by use of the brakes on one engine or another. This arrangement had the advantage over that of earlier tanks of being controlled by one man only, but called for great skill on the part of the driver, because one or both of the engines could be stalled if care was not exercised. Although in theory a simple solution to give gradual steering, in practice it proved impossible to control the speeds of the engines, causing the vehicle to take an unpredictable path. Drivers grew wary and stopped the vehicle and locked one track before every turn; this caused many track breaks, as the movement became too abrupt. Nevertheless, the vehicle could easily negotiate shell craters. Crews that believed that treads had to be as long as the hull, as with the heavy tanks, were surprised to see the Whippet, with shorter tracks, successfully exit holes.
Other features
The fuel tank was in the front of the hull. The sides featured large mud chutes which allowed mud falling from the upper treads to slide away from the tank, instead of clogging the track plates and rollers.
Armament
Armament was four 0.303 inch Hotchkiss Mk 1 machine guns, one covering each direction. As there were only three crewmen, the gunner had to jump around a lot, though often assisted by the commander. Sometimes a second gunner was carried in the limited space, and often a machine gun was removed to give more room, as the machine guns could be moved from one mounting position to another to cover all sides.
Variants
Major Philip Johnson, the unofficial head of Central Tank Corps Workshops in France, as soon as he received them began fitting one of the Whippets with leaf springs. Later, in 1918, he fitted this vehicle with sprung track rollers, Walter Gordon Wilson's epicyclical transmission from the Mark V and a 360 hp V12 Rolls-Royce Eagle aero-engine. A top speed of about was reached. This project made Johnson the best qualified man to develop the later fast Medium Mark D, which looks like a reversed Medium A. Other experiments included the fitting of a large trailing wheel taken from an old Mark I tank and attaching a climbing tail, in both cases attempts to increase trench-crossing ability.
For a time it was assumed that after the war some Whippets were rebuilt as armoured recovery vehicles, but this was not the case.
The Medium Mark B, a completely different design by Wilson, also had the name "Whippet". For a time it was common to describe any of the lighter tank designs as a Whippet, even the French Renault FT. It had become a generic name.
The German Leichter Kampfwagen — developed from December 1917 — being also a turret-less tank with the engine in front resembled the Whippet, but was a smaller vehicle with thinner armour.
Combat history
Whippets arrived late in the First World War, at a time when the entire British Army, recovering from the offensives in Flanders, was quite inactive. They first went into action in March 1918, and proved very useful to cover the fighting withdrawal of the infantry divisions recoiling from the German onslaught during the Spring Offensive. Whippets were then assigned to the normal Tank Battalions as extra "X-companies". In one incident near Cachy, a single Whippet company of seven tanks wiped out two entire German infantry battalions caught in the open, killing over 400. That same day, 24 April, one Whippet was destroyed by a German A7V in the world's second tank battle, the only time a Whippet fought an enemy tank.
The Whippet was, a British tank veteran wrote, "the big surprise" of the Royal Tank Corps. Crews used their vehicles' speed to attack troops in the rear. They were so successful that by summer 1918 civilians "seemed to talk in terms of whippets," not knowing of heavy tanks' importance in breaking through fortifications and barbed wire. British losses were so high however that plans to equip five Tank Battalions (Light) with 36 Whippets each had to be abandoned. In the end only the 3rd Tank Brigade had Whippets, 48 in each of its two battalions (3rd and 6th TB). Alongside Mark IV and V tanks, they took part in the Amiens offensive (8 August 1918) which was described by the German supreme commander General Ludendorff, as "the Black Day of the German Army". The Whippets broke through into the German rear areas causing the loss of the artillery in an entire front sector, a devastating blow from which the Germans were unable to recover. During this battle, one Whippet – Musical Box – advanced so far it was cut off behind German lines. For nine hours it roamed at will, destroying an artillery battery, an observation balloon, the camp of an infantry battalion, and a transport column of the German 225th Division, inflicting heavy casualties. At one point, cans of petrol being carried on Musical Box'''s roof were ruptured by small-arms fire and fuel leaked into the cabin. The crew had to wear gas masks to survive the fumes. Eventually, a German shell disabled it and as the crew abandoned the tank, one of them was shot and killed, and the other two were taken prisoner.
The Germans captured fewer than fifteen Whippets, two of which were in running condition. They were kept exclusively for tests and training purpose during the war, but one of them saw action afterwards with the Freikorps in the German Revolution of 1918–1919. The Germans gave them the designation Beutepanzer A.
After the war, Whippets were sent to Ireland during the Anglo-Irish War as part of the British forces there, serving with 17th Battalion, Royal Tank Corps. Seventeen were sent with the Expedition Forces in support of the Whites against Soviet Russia. The Red Army captured twelve, using them until the 1930s, and fitted at least one vehicle with a French 37 mm Puteaux gun. The Soviets, incorrectly assuming that the name of the engine was "Taylor" instead of "Tylor" (a mistake many sources still make) called the tank the Tyeilor. A few (perhaps six) were exported to Japan, where they remained in service until around 1930.
Surviving vehicles
Five Whippets survive:
A259 Caesar II, Bovington Tank Museum. This is the tank in which Cecil Harold Sewell won the Victoria Cross.
A347 Firefly'', Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History, Brussels. This tank, part of B-Company, is still in its original paint and markings. It still carries battle damage from when it was hit on 17 August 1918.
A231. Base Borden Military Museum, Ontario, Canada
United States Army Ordnance Museum (census number unknown).
Army College, Pretoria, South Africa. This tank was originally dispatched to South Africa to put down labour unrest.
See also
History of the tank
Tanks in World War I
Comparison of World War I tanks
Light tanks of the United Kingdom
Notes
References
External links
http://www.spartacus-educational.com/FWWwhippet.htm
The Bovington Medium Mark A Whippet
Photo gallery at svsm.org
MK A "Whippet" at Landships.com
Category:World War I tanks
Category:Medium tanks
Category:Medium tanks of the United Kingdom
Category:World War I tanks of the United Kingdom
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South Greenhill River
The South Greenhill River is a river in Algoma District and Sudbury District in northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is in the James Bay drainage basin, and is a right tributary of the Greenhill River.
Course
The river begins on open ground in geographic Winget Township, Algoma District, in part of the South Greenhill Lake Sand Delta Conservation Reserve. It heads southwest into geographic Rennie Township, Sudbury District and into South Greenhill Lake. The lake takes the river back northeast into Winget Township and then into geographic Amik Township, where it then leaves the conservation reserve. The river heads northeast, takes in the right tributary Mang Creek, and passes northeast through the northwest corner of geographic Abigo Township. The river continues northeast into geographic Nebotik Township, and reaches its mouth at the Greenhill River. The Greenhill River flows via the Missinaibi River and the Moose River to James Bay.
Drainage basin
The entire drainage basin (watershed) is within Algoma District, with the exception of short portion of the river as it enters South Greenhill Lake, the southwest tip of that lake, and the small watershed of a creek entering the southwest tip of South Greenhill Lake, that is in Sudbury District.
Natural history
The South Greenhill Lake Sand Delta Conservation Reserve has mammals including the pine marten and beaver, and bird species such as the red-tailed hawk.
Recreation
There is an outpost camp on the south end of South Greenhill Lake leased for use as a remote fishing and wildlife observation tourism location."
Tributaries
Mang Creek (right)
References
Sources
Category:Rivers of Algoma District
Category:Rivers of Sudbury District
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Horigoe Gosho
is an archaeological site containing the ruins of the Muromachi period residence of the Ashikaga clan in what is now part of the city of Izunokuni, Shizuoka in the Tōkai region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1984.
Background
In 1439 Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshinori invaded Kamakura to enforce the authority of the central government, forcing Ashikaga Mochiuji and his eldest son to commit seppuku His three younger sons escaped and were sheltered by the Yūki clan at Koga, Shimōsa Province. The shogunate later attacked Koga, capturing and killing two of the sons, with only the youngest, Eijuō-maru, surviving The shogunate then appointed the Uesugi clan to rule the Kantō region until 1449.
In that year, Eijuō-maru's uncle Ōi Mochimitsu managed to have him appointed to the post of Kantō kubō, nominally the Shōguns deputy in the Kantō region, and Eijuō-maru changed his name to Ashikaga Shigeuji. However, Shōgun Yoshimasa, not trusting Shigeuji, nominated his ally Uesugi Noritada as kanrei with the task of keeping him informed of whatever was happening in Kamakura. The relationship between the two men, already difficult because of the role the Uesugi had had in Mochiuji's death, was therefore strained from the beginning.Tension culminated with Shigeuji's 1454 killing of Uesugi Noritada, who was invited to Shigeuji's mansion where he was murdered. This killing caused the Kantō region ro fall into chaos as all of the Uesugi vassals rose in revolt against Shigeuji. This conflict was later known as the Kyōtoku Incident.
Shogun forces led by Imagawa Noritada defeated Shigeuji at Kamakura in 1455 and he fled back Koga, where he later became known as the Koga kubō. The Uesugi clan asked Ashikaga Yoshimasa to send someone to replace Shigeuji, so Yoshimasa sent his younger brother, Ashikaga Masatomo, from Kyoto. However, as many clans in the Kantō region remained loyal to Shigeuji and suspicious of the intentions of the Kyoto-based shogunate, Masatomo found that he was unable to even enter Kamakura. Instead, he set up his headquarters in Horigoe in Izu Province, which was thereafter known as the Horigoe Gosho. Thus, per the historian George Bailey Sansom, the Kantō therefore found itself with two rulers, one in Koga and one in Horigoe, neither of whom was able to rule.
The precise site of the Horigoe Gosho was not certain for many years, but was by tradition held to be at this location due to its local place name. Excavation surveys in 2007 and 2008 found the foundations of a large structure and the remains of an garden with ponds, indicating the presence of a Muromachi-period palace, confirming that the Horigoe Palace was most likely at this location.
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Shizuoka)
References
External links
Izunokuni city official site
Category:History of Shizuoka Prefecture
Category:Izunokuni
Category:Archaeological sites in Japan
Category:Historic Sites of Japan
Category:15th century in Japan
Category:Izu Province
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Password: Kill Agent Gordon
Password: Kill Agent Gordon (, ) is a 1966 Spanish-Italian Eurospy film directed by Sergio Grieco and starring Roger Browne.
Cast
Roger Browne as Doug Gordon
Helga Liné as Karin
Miguel de la Riva as Rudy Schwartz
Franco Ressel as Albert Kowalski / Kastiadis
Rosalba Neri as Amalia
Andrea Scotti as Walter
Silvana Jachino as Aisha
Mila Stanic as Magda
Enzo Andronico as Monsieur Lapipi
References
External links
Category:1966 films
Category:1960s spy films
Category:Italian films
Category:Italian spy thriller films
Category:Spanish films
Category:Spanish spy films
Category:1960s thriller films
Category:Films directed by Sergio Grieco
Category:Films scored by Piero Umiliani
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Thong Song
"Thong Song" is a song recorded by American R&B singer Sisqó. It was released on February 15, 2000 as the second single from Sisqó's 1999 solo debut studio album Unleash the Dragon. "Thong Song" garnered four Grammy nominations and numerous other awards. The song peaked at number one on the Billboard Rhythmic top 40 chart and number three on the Billboard Hot 100, Sisqó's second highest-peaking hit behind "Incomplete". It was a major success worldwide as well, reaching the top ten throughout European charts and reaching number three in the United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Denmark. The song also topped the charts in New Zealand.
Production
The song was written and produced by Sisqó, and Tim & Bob, the duo of Tim Kelley and Bob Robinson. Songwriters Desmond Child and Draco Rosa receive songwriting credit because of the interpolation of part of their composition, "Livin' la Vida Loca" (originally recorded by Ricky Martin), in the song's lyrics. The strings heard throughout the song, performed for the record by violinist Bruce Dukov, are inspired by Wes Montgomery's cover of The Beatles' "Eleanor Rigby" which Tim originally sampled in its origin.
Rapper Lil' Kim was originally supposed to be included on the album version but declined. However, Kim and Sisqó collaborated on her second album The Notorious K.I.M. a year later.
The alternate version, the official remix to the original version, "Thong Song Uncensored", features a guest rap from Foxy Brown in the spot where Sisqó whispers the main verse for the third time, and is included on the soundtrack for Nutty Professor II: The Klumps. A second, more urban-themed video was shot for the remix by Little X.
Track listing
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unleash the Dragon.
Recording locations
Larrabee West, LA
The Tracken Place, LA, CA
Personnel
Mixed By – Manny Marroquin
Producer – Sisqo The Golden Child for Da Ish Entertainment, Tim Kelley and Bob Robinson
Recorded By – Jan Fairchild
Written By – Mark Andrews, Tim Kelley, Bob Robinson, Robi Rosa and Desmond Child
Music video
MTV version
The video was released in 2000. Set in Miami, it shows Sisqó going to the beach from his home to participate in a Spring Break party with a large number of young women who are generally wearing bikinis and thongs, with the exception of one woman who wears a G-string. There are also scenes with Sisqo and his backup dancers driving a Bentley Azure down the Florida Keys, and cameos from the other three members of Sisqó's group, Dru Hill, Method Man & Redman, Ja Rule, as well as LL Cool J. Sisqó performs acrobatic feats atop the crowd that contradict the laws of physics, culminating in a stage performance lit with blacklights and with an orchestra in the background.
The whole video, consisting of cuts between Sisqó and barely clad women, drew criticism as it was accused of exploiting women as sex objects, and was credited for starting a new wave of "booty" videos. The director of the video, Joseph Kahn, was quoted as saying, "I listen to 'Thong Song', and I say, 'Well, this song is about asses.' So you can either accept it and do something like I did, or you can go and try and turn the 'Thong Song' into some kind of Chemical Brothers video and make it all pretentious; about some fucking communist upheaval or something. Let's just relax and make a booty video, and let's make a really good one, and make it fun."
Alternative version with Foxy Brown
In the alternative version of the video, after giving a radio interview with Nokio and Jazz of Dru Hill in his home town of Baltimore, Sisqó escapes from a group of fans with the help of Foxy Brown to a fashion show. Here, models strut in sexy costumes, which (again) all consist of bikinis just as in the original video, this time with the exception of two women in thongs. The video also features a cameo by professional wrestler Big Show. The song was done for the soundtrack of Nutty Professor II: The Klumps. The video was directed by Little X.
2017 remake
In 2017, Sisqó remade the song and music video with JCY, which was released on July 18, 2017. The video can be seen on YouTube and WorldStarHipHop with the video in its first week hitting over one million views.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Other versions and sampling
In 2000, Chicago female rapper Strings released a single entitled "Tongue Song", which was a female response to "Thong Song". It peaked at number 24 on the Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart and number 13 on Billboard Hot Rap Singles chart.
Reggaeton artists Daddy Yankee and Nicky Jam sampled "Thong Song" for their 2001 song "Tu Cuerpo En La Cama" on Yankee's album El Cartel II.
British girl group Little Mix interpolated various elements of the song for their song "Love a Girl Right" from their album LM5.
References
Category:1999 songs
Category:2000 singles
Category:Music videos directed by Director X
Category:Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn
Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand
Category:Songs about buttocks
Category:Songs about sexuality
Category:Songs written by Bob Robinson (songwriter)
Category:Songs written by Tim Kelley
Category:Song recordings produced by Tim & Bob
Category:Sisqó songs
Category:Songs written by Desmond Child
Category:Songs written by Draco Rosa
Category:Songs written by Sisqó
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Daddy-Long-Legs (novel)
Daddy-Long-Legs is a 1912 epistolary novel by the American writer Jean Webster. It follows the protagonist, Jerusha "Judy" Abbott, as she leaves an orphanage and is sent to college by a benefactor whom she has never seen.
Plot summary
Jerusha Abbott was brought up at the John Grier Home, an old-fashioned orphanage. The children were completely dependent on charity and had to wear other people's cast-off clothes. Jerusha's unusual first name was selected by the matron from a gravestone (she hates it and uses "Judy" instead), while her surname was selected out of the phone book. At the age of 17, she finished her education and is at loose ends, still working in the dormitories at the institution where she was brought up.
One day, after the asylum's trustees have made their monthly visit, Judy is informed by the asylum's dour matron that one of the trustees has offered to pay her way through college. He has spoken to her former teachers and thinks she has potential to become an excellent writer. He will pay her tuition and also give her a generous monthly allowance. Judy must write him a monthly letter, because he believes that letter-writing is important to the development of a writer. However, she will never know his identity; she must address the letters to Mr. John Smith, and he will never reply.
Judy catches a glimpse of the shadow of her benefactor from the back, and knows he is a tall long-legged man. Because of this, she jokingly calls him Daddy-Long-Legs. She attends a "girls college" on the East Coast. She illustrates her letters with childlike line drawings, also created by Jean Webster.
The book chronicles Judy's educational, personal, and social growth. One of the first things she does at college is to change her name to "Judy". She designs a rigorous reading program for herself and struggles to gain the basic cultural knowledge to which she, growing up in the bleak environment of the orphanage, was never exposed.
During her stay, she befriends Sallie McBride (the most entertaining person in the world) and Julia Rutledge Pendleton (the least so) and sups with them and Leonora Fenton.
At the end of the book, the identity of Daddy-Long-Legs is revealed as Jervis Pendleton, whom she had met and fallen in love with while she was still unaware that he was Daddy-Long-Legs.
Dedication
The book is dedicated "To You." Today this book is often classified as children's literature, but at the time it was part of a trend of "girl" or "college girl" books which featured young female protagonists dealing with post-high-school concerns such as college, career, and marriage. These books predated the contemporary view of adolescence. Other authors who wrote in this vein include L. M. Montgomery and Louisa May Alcott. In Georgina Castle Smith's children's novel Nothing to Nobody (1873), Daddy Long Legs (sic) is the name of the orphaned urchin who receives the assistance.
Themes
Webster tackles issues such as education of and the vote for women, and institutional reform, as well as the then-hot topic of heredity and eugenics. The literary, historical, and biographical evidence makes clear, Webster’s eugenics is decisively moderate; she insists on the importance of improving environments as well as limiting reproduction for society’s poorest and least healthy members. In the novel, Judy educates Jervis while he (as Daddy-Long-Legs) is paying for her education. Before Judy influences him, he is an autocratic man who insists on having his own way and whose dedication to socialism is academic but not particularly evident in his day-to-day life. It is only through her influence that his social activism moves beyond writing college tuition checks for the occasional deserving orphan. Jervis certainly gives Judy a hand up, but she eschews his attempts to control her, both as himself and as the anonymous Daddy-Long-Legs, long before she agrees to marry him. She consistently disobeys her benefactor’s orders and disrupts his ideas, transgressions for which she is never punished—either literally or metaphorically—and through which she shapes the world around her and creates herself as a person living with agency in that world. The novel affirms that, under some circumstances, it is actually possible to live out the American ideal of self-creation Her argument can be read as resistance to the biological determinism of eugenics, in which heredity and familial heritage decide the fate of future generations. Indeed, Judy makes a classic statement of self-creation by renaming herself at the beginning of the novel. Judy adopts her new name as soon as she arrives at school, able to imagine and create a new option, a new name, and a new life for herself.
Current Reception
Daddy Long Legs still receives good reviews. Reviewers comment on its relatability to a wide variety of audiences and unique nature in comparison to other modern books' – it isn’t filled with action or melodrama, but rather just regular life. Reviewers also note that people tend to be attracted to orphans and orphanages, especially now that they have been mythologized in fiction such as Little Orphan Annie. Judy's being an orphan makes her sympathetic and allows for more room for her to learn and grow while in college, reviewers note.
However, Janice Alberghene criticizes Daddy Long Legs for its paternalistic themes, asserting that the novel is considered a “classic” because it revolves around a father figure who offers what Alberghene calls “sugar,” or gifts. When Judy, an orphan her whole life just now starting to discover the world, meets her roommate’s uncle Jervis (who doesn’t yet reveal that he is Daddy Long Legs), she is attracted only by his wealth, and stays with him primarily for the gifts he gives her. Alberghene finds that Judy's vulnerability makes her attraction to a rich man particularly problematic and argues that this message is harmful in modern society, especially for the target audience, young women, implying that the ideal man should have money and that human relationships are transactional.
Stage and screen
This book was Webster's best-known work. Webster herself adapted it into a stage play which debuted in 1914. In addition, it was adapted into a 1952 British stage musical comedy called Love from Judy, as well as films in 1919 (starring Mary Pickford), 1931 (starring Janet Gaynor and Warner Baxter), 1935 (a Shirley Temple adaptation called Curly Top) and a 1955 film, Daddy Long Legs (starring Fred Astaire and Leslie Caron). The latter two film versions departed considerably from the plot of the original novel.
In Japan, Daddy-Long-Legs was made into a musical anime television special in 1979 by Tatsunoko Production, directed by of Superbook fame with Yūko Tanaka as the voice of Judy. Dubbed in English, it was released on home video in the United States.
This was followed in 1990 by the TV serial Watashi no Ashinaga Ojisan (My Daddy-Long-Legs), directed by Kazuyoshi Yokota for the Nippon Animation studio as that year's installment of the studio's World Masterpiece Theater. It notably makes Judy younger, with Daddy-Long-Legs paying her tuition for high school, not college.
One of Japan's longstanding charities, properly called The Foundation for Orphans from Automobile Accidents (交通遺児育成会募金), takes its inspiration as well as its nickname from the novel, providing financial support to fatherless children and calling itself the Ashinaga Ojisan Bokin (足長おじさん募金) or Daddy-Long-Legs Fund.
In India, the novel was adapted into a Malayalam movie, Kanamarayathu in 1984. Anokha Rishta, a Hindi remake by the same director was released in 1986.
The 2005 Korean movie Kidari Ajeossi has elements of Daddy-Long-Legs transferred into a modern setting.
In 2009, the novel was made into a two-person musical play by John Caird (book) and Paul Gordon (music), which premiered at the Rubicon Theatre Company (Ventura, California) and TheatreWorks (Palo Alto, California). On September 27, 2015, the musical premiered Off-Broadway at the Davenport Theatre with Megan McGinnis and Paul Alexander Nolan.
References
External links
Category:Epistolary novels
Category:American young adult novels
Category:1912 American novels
Category:Novels about orphans
Category:American novels adapted into films
Category:American bildungsromans
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Christmas with the Fizz
Christmas with the Fizz is a 2018 album by British pop group The Fizz. It is a festive-themed album, the group's first and was released in November 2018. The album features the line-up of Cheryl Baker, Mike Nolan and Jay Aston, fourth member Bobby McVay having parted with the band earlier in the year. Christmas with the Fizz is produced by experienced hit producer Mike Stock.
Background
Christmas with the Fizz was in the planning stages early in 2018, after the group had experienced chart success with their The F-Z of Pop album in late 2017. Producer Mike Stock came up with the idea of doing a Christmas-themed album, as he states, "from our first meeting, I always thought a Christmas record would work wonderfully with the band...because they are such a positive bunch of people and so much fun, it just really translates into Christmas cheer." Member Bobby McVay left the band in February, due to family commitments in Italy, reducing the act to a three-piece. Another challenge came a couple of months later as member Jay Aston was diagnosed with mouth cancer. As a result of this, she went into the studio early to record her vocals before she underwent surgery, there being a chance that she wouldn't be able to sing again afterwards. She underwent surgery in early July.
The songs for the album were mostly cover-versions of Christmas standards, mixed with original compositions, "Don't Start Without Me" and "So Christmas", the latter being written by member Cheryl Baker's daughter Kyla. Mike Stock chose the majority of the songs, while member Mike Nolan selected "Mull of Kintyre" as a festive-period song that he'd liked, the group themselves chose "White Christmas" as they'd performed it live a number of times through the years. The album was released on 16 November 2018 with the lead single "Don't Start Without Me" being released a week later. The video of the single featured fans of the group, who had been selected through a campaign with Pledge Music.
The album charted at No.93 in the official UK album charts, while it reached No.65 in Scotland and went to No.54 in the UK sales chart. Christmas with the Fizz met with mid to positive reviews, with The Herald Scotland saying that "[the group] were obviously loving every second of recording these songs and it radiates through the whole playlist". Concluding that it was "the seasonal album you didn't know you needed". Classic Pop magazine awarded the album a three-star review.
Track listing
"Don't Start Without Me" (Johan Kalel / Mike Stock) — 3:43
"I Believe in Father Christmas" (Greg Lake / Peter Sinfield) — 3:13
"Keeping the Dream Alive" (Aron Strobel / Stefan Zauner) — 4:02
"Mull of Kintyre" (Paul McCartney / Denny Laine) — 4:40
"So Christmas" (Kyla Stroud) — 2:31
"Home for My Heart" (Festive Mix) (Dave Colquhoun / Jay Aston / Mike Stock) — 3:15
"Wonderful Christmas Time" (McCartney) — 3:01
"Winter Wonderland" (Felix Bernard / Richard B. Smith) — 2:54
"Let it Snow! Let it Snow! Let it Snow!" (Jule Styne / Sammy Cahn) — 1:54
"Santa Claus is Coming to Town" (Haven Gillespie / J. Fred Coots) — 2:56
"What a Wonderful World" (Bob Thiele / George David Weiss) — 2:17
"White Christmas" (Irving Berlin) — 2:54
"River" (Joni Mitchell) — 3:34
"The Land of Make Believe (Christmas Mix)" (Andy Hill / Sinfield) — 3:37
"Don't Start Without Me (Extended)" (Kalel / Stock) — 5:46
Personnel
Cheryl Baker - vocals
Mike Nolan - vocals
Jay Aston - vocals
Mike Stock - instruments, production
Jimmy Junior - instruments, production
Chris Lyndon - engineer
Bobby McVay - vocals on tracks 6 and 14
Dave Colquhoun - guitar on tracks 1 and 6
Rick Wakeman - piano on track 6
The English Chamber Choir - vocals on track 6
Chart positions
References
Category:2018 albums
Category:Christmas albums by English artists
Category:Bucks Fizz albums
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Epiplema
Epiplema is a genus of moths in the family Uraniidae described by Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer in 1855. A number of species have been reassigned to Europlema.
Description
Palpi porrect (extending forward), projecting beyond the frons. Forewings with vein 5 from the upper angle of cell and veins 6, 7 and 8, 9 stalked. Vein 10 usually from cell, rarely stalked with 8 and 9. Hindwings with veins 3 and 4 from angle of cell. Vein 5 from middle of discocellulars and veins 6 and 7 from upper angle. Wings held more or less apart in repose.
Species
Epiplema acutangularia Herrich-Schäffer, [1855]
Epiplema albida
Epiplema angulata Warren, 1896
Epiplema argillodes Turner, 1903
Epiplema certaria (Walker, 1861)
Epiplema clathrata Warren, 1896
Epiplema coeruleotincta Warren, 1896
Epiplema exornata (Eversmann, 1837)
Epiplema himala (Butler, 1880)
Epiplema horrida (Warren, 1896)
Epiplema incolorata (Guenée, 1857)
Epiplema irrorata (Moore, 1887)
Epiplema latifasciata (Moore, 1887)
Epiplema leucosema Turner, 1911
Epiplema quadristrigata (Walker, 1866)
Epiplema saccata (Holloway, 1998)
Epiplema stereogramma (Turner, 1903)
Epiplema tenebrosa Hampson
Epiplema thiocosma Turner, 1911
References
Category:Uraniidae
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Systenites
Systenites is an extinct genus of flies in the family Dolichopodidae, known from Baltic amber.
Species
Systenites argutus (Meunier, 1907)
Systenites inclytus (Meunier, 1907)
Systenites splendidus (Meunier, 1907)
References
Category:Medeterinae
Category:Dolichopodidae genera
Category:Prehistoric Diptera genera
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1948 Newfoundland referendums
The Newfoundland Referendums of 1948 were a series of two referendums to decide the political future of the Dominion of Newfoundland. Before the referendums, Newfoundland was in debt and went through several delegations to determine whether the country would join Canada, remain under British rule or regain independence. The voting for the referendums occurred on June 3 and July 22, 1948. The eventual result was for Newfoundland to enter into Confederation.
Background
Newfoundland was the first region in what would become Canada to be settled by Europeans, but was the last to obtain either a local representative government or responsible government. In 1832, it received local representative government in the form of a locally elected body of officials overseen by a governor. The British granted responsible government, in which the government is responsible to the legislature and elected officials occupy ministerial jobs, only in 1855.
Newfoundland did not send any delegates to the 1864 Charlottetown Conference, which was to discuss a union of Maritime colonies. Later that year, Newfoundland attended the Quebec Conference, called by John A. Macdonald to discuss a greater British North America union. The two Newfoundland delegates, Frederick Carter and Ambrose Shea, returned in favour of a union with Canada. However, Confederation was highly unpopular with the Newfoundland public, and the Government of Newfoundland did not send representatives to the London Conference of 1866, in which the British government and the colonies agreed to the terms the British North America Act. Opponents of Confederation decisively won the 1869 Newfoundland general election. In 1907, Newfoundland became a self-governing Dominion separate from Canada.
By the 1920s and the 1930s, Newfoundland was almost $40 million in debt, and on the verge of economic collapse. A commission recommended Newfoundland to be "given a rest from party politics" and to be administered by a special Commission of Government. Chaired by the governor, it would consist of three people from Newfoundland and three from the United Kingdom. Backing the recommendation was the United Kingdom, which agreed to take on Newfoundland's debts. The Commission of Government began on February 16, 1934.
Prosperity returned when the Americans were invited to the island by Britain to set up military bases in 1941 to 1945. The American Bases Act became law in Newfoundland on June 11, 1941. As Earle (1998) finds, Newfoundland girls married American personnel by the thousands. In 1948 there was a short-lived but growing movement for some sort of economic union with the United States.
The British government, keen to cut expenditure after World War II, hoped that Newfoundland would decide to join confederation and end the rule by commission. Newfoundland first asked Canada for help in a return to responsible government, however. The response from the Canadian government was that it was not interested in helping Newfoundland economically unless Newfoundland joined Confederation.
The British did not want their colony to become an American possession, and the Canadian government, despite being convinced that absorbing Newfoundland would not benefit Canada economically, thought that the annexation would be the lesser of two evils when compared to the prospect of the country being almost completely surrounded by American territory.
Seeking a union with the United States was not a referendum option, despite the idea having some currency amongst locals. With the Cold War looming, U.S. interests in Newfoundland were centred primarily on its strategic importance to the defence of North America. The Americans' ability to maintain bases on the island satisfied those concerns — after receiving assurances that the Canadian government would honour the leases for bases on Newfoundland, the U.S. State department had no further interest in the political future of Newfoundland. President Harry S. Truman's administration had little incentive to pursue annexation. With respect to foreign policy, such a territorial ambition would have only served to antagonize two key allies. With respect to domestic policy, the administration would not likely have been able to convince Congress to offer statehood to Newfoundland due to its small population and geographical isolation from the then-48 existing states, and would not likely have been able to convince Newfoundlanders to accept territorial status as an alternative to admission as a U.S. state.
The National Convention
The British government decided to let Newfoundlanders deliberate and choose their own future by calling a National Convention in 1946. Chaired by Judge Cyril J. Fox, it consisted of 45 elected members one of whom was the future first premier of Newfoundland, Joey Smallwood.
The Convention set up committees to study where Newfoundland's future lay. Many members assumed that the final decision was due near the end of their deliberations, but the timeline was upset when Smallwood moved that the Convention should send a delegation to Ottawa to discuss a union in October 1946. His motion was defeated, as it only received the support of 17 members, although the Convention later decided to send delegations to both London and Ottawa.
The London Delegation
The London delegation, made up of so-called anti-confederates, preferred that Newfoundland become independent rather than join Canada. The group left Newfoundland on April 25, 1947, and met with a British delegation headed by the Dominions Secretary, Viscount Addison. The British response to the delegation was that it would give no economic help to Newfoundland if it returned to responsible government. The leader of the delegation from Newfoundland, Peter Cashin, gave an angry speech to the Convention on May 19 claiming, "A conspiracy existed to sell this country to the Dominion of Canada".
The Ottawa Delegation
The Ottawa delegation, dominated by pro-confederates including Smallwood, preferred a union with Canada to independence. The talks between them and Ottawa began on June 24, 1947 with the goal being to stay in Ottawa as long as needed to negotiate good terms for Newfoundland's entry. Ottawa was reluctant at first because they felt that the delegation was not an official representation of the Dominion of Newfoundland, but the Federal Cabinet finally decided to begin negotiations on July 18. By mid-August, the agreement of draft terms was nearly complete. However, with the death of Frank Bridges, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King's minister from New Brunswick, negotiations effectively ended. King refused further discussions until New Brunswick had representation, and so the delegation headed back to St. John's.
Back in St. John's
The Convention reconvened on October 10 and Smallwood presented his delegation's report, infuriating the anti-confederates. Just as the Convention decided to debate the delegation's report, the draft terms from Ottawa arrived. Ottawa offered to assume most of the debt, negotiate a tax agreement, and outlined which services would remain in the jurisdiction of the province.
Referendums
Newfoundland recommended that the British Government hold a referendum on Newfoundland's future. London agreed that a referendum was a good idea, and left it up to the Convention to decide what was to be on the ballot. Originally, the Convention decided that only two choices were to be on the ballot: restoration of responsible government and the continuation of the Commission of Government.
Smallwood moved on January 23, 1948, to add Confederation with Canada to the choices. The debate ended at 5:30 in the morning on January 28, with the motion being defeated 29-16. The British government intervened in March and overruled the Convention, deciding that Confederation with Canada would indeed be on the ballot. They did this after having concluding, "It would not be right that the people of Newfoundland should be deprived of an opportunity of considering the issue at the referendum".
The factions
Three main factions actively campaigned during the lead up to the referendums. One faction, led by Smallwood, was the Confederate Association (CA) advocating entering into Confederation. They campaigned through a newspaper known as The Confederate. The Responsible Government League (RGL), led by Peter Cashin, advocated an independent Newfoundland with a return to responsible government. They also had their own newspaper The Independent. A third smaller Economic Union Party (EUP), led by Chesley Crosbie, advocated closer economic ties with the United States.
The first referendum
The first referendum took place on June 3, 1948. The votes were as follows:
The second referendum
Since none of the choices had gained over 50%, a second referendum with only the two most popular choices was scheduled for July 22, 1948. Both sides recognized that more people had voted against responsible government than for it, which encouraged the CA and discouraged its opponents, although the RGL and EUP now became allies. The confederates widely publicized the Roman Catholic Archbishop E. P. Roche's strong opposition to confederation, and persuaded the Loyal Orange Association to advise Protestants to resist Catholic influence. The CA also denounced anti-confederates as anti-British and pro-republican, and called confederation with Canada "British Union". Anti-confederates responded that "Confederation Means British Union With French Canada".
The results of the second referendum were:
Results map
The Avalon Peninsula, the location of St. John's, supported responsible government in both referendums, while the rest of Newfoundland supported confederation. A majority of districts with mostly Catholic voters supported responsible government.
Reaction to the referendums
As the results of the binding referendum were to join Canada, Newfoundland began to negotiate with Canada to enter into Confederation. After negotiations were completed, the British Government received the terms and the British North America Act 1949 was subsequently passed by the British Parliament and given Royal Assent. Newfoundland officially joined Canada at midnight, March 31, 1949. At the elections for the Newfoundland House of Assembly two months later, Smallwood's Liberal Party won and controlled the provincial government until the 1970s. Reactions to Confederation were mixed.
Newfoundland as a province secured some significant guarantees as a part of the union. As ruled by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1927, Canada agreed to put Labrador under the jurisdiction of Newfoundland, after some consideration. Such commitments carried over to other areas as well, such as a ferry between Port aux Basques and North Sydney, and a guarantee that Newfoundland would be able to continue to manufacture and sell margarine, a very controversial product at the time.
Canada welcomed Newfoundland into confederation, as seen in an editorial in The Globe and Mail on April 1, 1949:
An editorial from the Montreal Gazette also welcomed Newfoundland, saying:
The Vancouver Sun also reflected on the results, saying:
References
Further reading
Argyle, Ray. Turning Points: The Campaigns That Changed Canada – 2011 and Before (2011) excerpt and text search ch 10
External links
The Newfoundland Referendums of June 3 and July 22, 1948
Newfoundland History
Category:Sovereignty referendums
1948
Category:1948 in Canada
Category:1948 elections in Canada
Category:1948 referendums
Category:Referendums in the Dominion of Newfoundland
Category:History of Canada (1945–60)
Category:Political history of Newfoundland and Labrador
Category:1948 in international relations
Category:Dominion of Newfoundland
Category:1948 in Newfoundland
Category:June 1948 events
Category:July 1948 events
Category:Multiple-choice referendums
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Billinge Hill
Billinge Hill, also known as Billinge Lump, is the highest point in the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens in North West England. It is also the highest point of Merseyside. It lies in Billinge, within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire. It is one of the 176 hills graded as a Marilyn in England.
A beacon tower is at the summit. Built as a summerhouse to Winstanley Hall in the 18th century, it was used for the Year 2000 celebrations. Most fireworks displays for miles around can be seen from the summit and people often gather there in small numbers to watch displays over the towns of Wigan and St Helens and the local village of Rainford. Over the years it has been covered in graffiti which was recently cleaned off and the metal panels restricting access to the inside of the beacon have been painted black.
Nearby to the north-west are several large transmitter masts which take advantage of the height and relative isolation of the land. The views are fairly extensive, notably to the south-west where, when clear, the mountains of Snowdonia, in Wales, can be seen and to the north-east Winter Hill can be seen. Looking east one sees Manchester and the Derbyshire Peak District. On a clear day, it is possible to see Blackpool Tower over thirty miles away, the town of St. Helens and the Widnes - Runcorn bridge. Depending on the conditions and direction it is facing, the telescope at Jodrell Bank can be seen to the south-east too.
Billinge Hill was also used by the Royal Observer Corps, and there was a bunker at the site, West of and below Beacon. The Beacon itself was used for aircraft observation during and after the war. The bunker would have been used to monitor the location of nuclear blasts and the resulting fallout over Lancashire in the event of nuclear war. The post opened in January 1960 and closed in October 1968.
References
External links
Visit St Helens - Billinge Hill - Tourist information regarding Billinge Hill
Category:Marilyns of England
Category:Metropolitan Borough of St Helens
Category:Highest points of English counties
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The Daily Item (Lynn)
The Daily Item is a six-day (Monday through Saturday) morning daily newspaper published in Lynn, Massachusetts, United States. In addition to its home city, The Daily Item covers the Massachusetts North Shore cities and towns of Nahant, Saugus, Swampscott, Peabody, Revere, Lynnfield, Marblehead, and circulates in several adjacent towns.
History
The Item’s history dates back to Horace N. Hastings, who, along with three of his four sons, first published the paper on Dec. 8, 1877. Their stated mission was to publish “a daily newspaper of the caliber to meet the needs of the people and to aid in the progress and prosperity of(the)growing city” of Lynn.
The newspaper remained in the control of the Hastings and Gamage families for five generations until the sale to Essex Media Group.
Competition
By 1996, the Daily Evening Item was the last family-owned newspaper on the North Shore, its chief competitor, The Salem Evening News, having been bought the year before by Essex County Newspapers, part of the Ottaway division of Dow Jones & Company, which already published four other dailies up the coast. Item Publisher Brian Thayer told employees the paper was "fac[ing] bankruptcy or failure".
The Gamage family hired a new publisher, B.J. Frazier, and cut employee wages. Four years later, Frazier changed the paper's name to The Daily Item, introduced a morning edition and announced an agreement with Essex County Newspapers to print the Lynn paper on their presses. The Daily Item circulation at the time was little over 20,000.
Contrary to reports in 1996 that the newspaper might be sold, possibly to Essex County Newspapers, Frazier in 2000 said the Beverly-based publisher would be treated as "a commercial printing company", not "a potential merger. ... The Daily Item is going to remain fully independent."
Sale by Hastings-Gamage family
In September 2014, Hastings & Sons Publishing Co. Inc., sold The Daily Item to Essex Media Group, a local investment group led by Communications Consulting Group principal and former Item editor Ted Grant. According to publisher Peter Hastings Gamage, the sale was required to meet the company's pension obligations. The sale ended 137 years of ownership by the Hastings family.
Prices
The Daily Item prices are: $1 Monday-Saturday.
References
External links
Itemlive, Website of The Daily Item.
Category:Newspapers published in Massachusetts
Category:Media in Essex County, Massachusetts
Category:Lynn, Massachusetts
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Shageluk, Alaska
Shageluk (Łeggi Jitno’) in Deg Xinag) is a city in Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 83, down from 129 in 2000.
Geography
Shageluk is located at (62.655998, -159.531132).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (11.53%) is water.
Demographics
Shageluk first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as the center of an unincorporated area called "Chageluk Settlements." It reported 150 residents, all of the Tinneh tribe. It would not report again on the census until 1920, when Shageluk appeared separately as an unincorporated village. In 1966, the village relocated 2 miles south to higher ground because of flooding and rebuilt. It formally incorporated in 1970. The old townsite is within the present city boundaries.
As of the census of 2000, there were 129 people, 36 households, and 29 families residing in the city. The population density was 12.2 people per square mile (4.7/km²). There were 52 housing units at an average density of 4.9 per square mile (1.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 3.10% White and 96.90% Native American.
There were 36 households out of which 44.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.3% were married couples living together, 33.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.7% were non-families. 16.7% of all households were made up of individuals and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.58 and the average family size was 3.83.
In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 42.6% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 14.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 124.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $26,667, and the median income for a family was $24,000. Males had a median income of $11,250 versus $22,083 for females. The per capita income for the city was $7,587. There were 11.8% of families and 16.2% of the population living below the poverty line, including 23.5% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.
Transportation
It is served by the Shageluk Airport.
Education
The Iditarod Area School District operates the Innoko River School in Shageluk.
References
Category:Cities in Alaska
Category:Cities in Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska
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Roger Aguilar Labrada
Roger Sebastián Aguilar Labrada (born 1947 in Pilón, Granma, Cuba) is a Cuban artist specializing in graphic design, painting, drawing and engraving.
Aguilar studied in 1965 at the Escuela Nacional para Instructores de Artes Plásticas in Havana and the following year he became part of the seminary the Taller Experimental de Gráfica (TEG) in Havana, Cuba. Between 1977- 1981, Aguilar was director of this institution and the Unión de Escritores y Artistas de Cuba (UNEAC).
Individual Exhibitions
Aguilar's personal exhibitions included these:
1980 - Calcografías de Roger Aguilar at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana;
1989 - El Paraíso Perdido (The Lost Paradise) at the Museo de Arte Colonial in Old Havana;
1994 - Pinturas de Roger Aguilar Labrada at the Galería La Acacia in Havana, Cuba.
Collective Exhibitions
He also formed part of many collective exhibitions:
1968 - "Exposición de La Havana’68" at the Galería Latinoamericana in the Casa de las Américas, Havana, Cuba;
1970 - "IX Premi Internacional Dibuix Joan Miró", Collegi d’Arquitectes (College of Architects), Barcelona, Spain
1971 - "Cubaanse Affiches" at the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
1984 - "1a. Bienal de La Habana", Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana
1997 at "Encuentro de Grabado’97", at the Centro de Desarrollo de las Artes Visuales(CDAV), Havana, Cuba.
Awards
Aguilar has received many awards and recognitions:
1975 - Prize in Lithography in Salón Nacional de Grabados, Galería Amelia Peláez, Havana.
1984 - Honorable Mention, Salón de Artes Plásticas UNEAC, Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana.
1985 - Honorable Mention, Salón de Artes Plásticas UNEAC, Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana.
Collections
His works can be found in the permanent collections of:
Wolfang Schneider Contemporary Graphic Collection, in Germany;
Collection of Engravings, at the Gallery of New Masters, in Dresden, Germany;
Museo Matta in Milan, Italy;
Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana
Taller Experimental de Gráfica (TEG) in Havana, Cuba.
References
Jose Veigas-Zamora, Cristina Vives Gutierrez, Adolfo V. Nodal, Valia Garzon, Dannys Montes de Oca; Memoria: Cuban Art of the 20th Century; (California/International Arts Foundation 2001);
Jose Viegas; Memoria: Artes Visuales Cubanas Del Siglo Xx; (California International Arts 2004);
External links
Casa Distalia webpage on the artist
Le Petit Bulletin Lyon website news release (French)
PortaLatino webpage on the artist
Category:1947 births
Category:Cuban contemporary artists
Category:Cuban painters
Category:Modern painters
Category:Living people
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Marion Rockefeller Weber
Marion Rockefeller Weber (born 1938) is the second eldest daughter of Laurance Spelman Rockefeller (1910–2004) and Mary French and a fourth generation member of the Rockefeller family. Her paternal great-grandfather is Standard Oil's founder John D. Rockefeller and maternal great-grandfather is Frederick Billings, a president of Northern Pacific Railway.
Biography
Weber is a philanthropist through her Flow Fund and is the founder and director of the Arts and Healing Network, which gives the prestigious "Most Outstanding Healing Artist for the Year" award annually. Weber is quoted as saying the "Arts and Healing Network honors and supports the emergence of healing artists and recognizes them as essential catalysts for positive change." She currently resides in the San Francisco Bay Area of California.
See also
Rockefeller family
Laurance Rockefeller
References
External links
Arts and Healing Network
Category:Rockefeller family
Category:American philanthropists
Category:1938 births
Category:Living people
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Felicja Schabińska
Felicja Schabińska (20 November 1909 – 5 June 1996) was a Polish hurdler. She competed in the women's 80 metres hurdles at the 1932 Summer Olympics.
References
Category:1909 births
Category:1996 deaths
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Category:Polish female hurdlers
Category:Olympic athletes of Poland
Category:Sportspeople from Warsaw
Category:People from Warsaw Governorate
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Domina (grape)
Domina is a dark-skinned variety of grape used for red wine. It was created by German
viticulturalist Peter Morio at the Geilweilerhof Institute for Grape Breeding in the Palatinate in 1927 by crossing the varieties Blauer Portugieser and Pinot noir (known in Germany as Spätburgunder).
Work on the variety was the continued by Bernhard Husfeld at the same institute in the 1950s. The variety received protection and was released for general cultivation in 1974.
In 2006, there were of Domina in Germany, with an increasing trend. Domina plantings are primarily found in Franconia. Domina wines are dark red and rich in tannin. In Belgium, it is authorised for AOCs : Hageland and Haspengouw.
Domina gives high yields and is not very demanding with respect to vineyard conditions. It ripens later than its parent Blauer Portugieser but earlier than its parent Pinot noir. Domina wines are full-bodied and have a deep colour, but are not considered as elegant as German-grown Spätburgunder.
Synonyms
The only synonym to Domina is the variety's breeding code Geilweilerhof 4-25-7 or Gf. IV-25-7 N.
References
Category:Red wine grape varieties
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Gymnastics at the 2017 Summer Universiade – Women's rhythmic individual ribbon
The Women's ribbon gymnastics at the 2017 Summer Universiade in Taipei was held on 29 August at the Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center.
Schedule
All times are Taiwan Standard Time (UTC+08:00).
Results
References
Women's rhythmic individual ribbon
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Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury
Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury PC (22 July 1621 – 21 January 1683), known as Anthony Ashley Cooper from 1621 to 1630, as Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, 2nd Baronet from 1630 to 1661, and as The Lord Ashley from 1661 to 1672, was a prominent English politician during the Interregnum and the reign of King Charles II. A founder of the Whig party, he was also the patron of John Locke.
Cooper was born in 1621. Having lost his parents by the age of eight, he was raised by Edward Tooker and other guardians named in his father's will, before attending Exeter College, Oxford, and Lincoln's Inn. He married the daughter of Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry in 1639; that patronage secured his first seat in the Short Parliament. He soon lost a disputed election to the Long Parliament. During the English Civil Wars he fought as a Royalist then as a Parliamentarian from 1644. During the English Interregnum, he served on the English Council of State under Oliver Cromwell, although he opposed Cromwell's attempt to rule without Parliament during the Rule of the Major-Generals. He also opposed the religious extremism of the Fifth Monarchists during the Barebones Parliament.
Later as a member and patron he opposed the New Model Army's attempts to rule after Richard Cromwell's ousting; encouraged Sir George Monck's march on London, a pivotal march in restoring the monarchy; sat in the Convention Parliament of 1660 which agreed to restore the English monarchy; travelled among its twelve-strong delegation to the Dutch Republic to invite King Charles II to return. Shortly before his coronation, Charles created Cooper Lord Ashley, so when the Cavalier Parliament assembled in 1661 he moved from the House of Commons to the House of Lords. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1661–1672. During the ministry of the Earl of Clarendon, he opposed the Clarendon Code, preferring Charles II's Declaration of Indulgence (1662), which the King became forced to scrap. After the fall of Clarendon, he was one of the five among the later-criticised, acronym-based, Cabal Ministry or 'the cabal', serving as Lord Chancellor 1672–1673 — he was created Earl of Shaftesbury in 1672. During this period, John Locke entered his household. Ashley took an interest in colonial ventures and was one of the Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina; in 1669, Ashley and Locke collaborated in writing the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina. By 1673, Ashley was worried that the heir to the throne, James, Duke of York, was secretly a Roman Catholic.
Shaftesbury became a leading opponent of the policies of Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby who favoured strict interpretation of penal laws and compulsory Anglican adherence. Shaftesbury, who sympathized with Protestant Nonconformists, briefly agreed to work with the possible heir to the throne the Duke of York (James), who opposed enforcing the penal laws against Roman Catholic recusants. By 1675, however, Shaftesbury was convinced that Danby, assisted by high church bishops, was determined to revert England to an absolute monarchy. He soon came to see the Duke of York's religion as linked. Opposed to the growth of "popery and arbitrary government" throughout 1675-1680 Shaftesbury argued in favour of frequent parliaments (spending time in the Tower of London, 1677–1678 for espousing this view) and argued that the nation needed protection from a potential Roman Catholic successor thus in the Exclusion Crisis an outspoken supporter of the Exclusion Bill. He doubled this with supporting Charles II's remarrying a Protestant princess to produce a legitimate Protestant heir, or legitimizing his illegitimate Protestant son the Duke of Monmouth. The Whig party was born during this crisis, and Shaftesbury was one of the party's most prominent leaders.
In 1681, during the Tory reaction following the failure of the Exclusion Bill, Shaftesbury was arrested for high treason, a prosecution dropped several months later. In 1682, after the Tories had gained the ability to pack London juries with their supporters, Shaftesbury, fearing re-arrest and trial, fled abroad, arrived in Amsterdam, fell ill and soon died, in January 1683.
Biography
Early life, 1621–1640
Cooper was the eldest son and successor of Sir John Cooper, 1st Baronet, of Rockbourne in Hampshire, and his mother was the former Anne Ashley, daughter and sole heiress of Sir Anthony Ashley, 1st Baronet. He was born on 22 July 1621, at the home of his maternal grandfather Sir Anthony Ashley in Wimborne St Giles, Dorset. He was named Anthony Ashley Cooper because of a promise the couple had made to Sir Anthony. Although Sir Anthony Ashley was of minor gentry stock, he had served as Secretary at War in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, and in 1622, two years after the death of his first wife, Sir Anthony Ashley married the 19-year-old Philippa Sheldon (51 years his junior), a relative of George Villiers, Marquess of Buckingham, thus cementing relations with the most powerful man at court. Cooper's father was created a baronet in 1622, and he represented Poole in the parliaments of 1625 and 1628, supporting the attack on Richard Neile, Bishop of Winchester for his Arminian tendencies. Sir Anthony Ashley insisted that a man with Puritan leanings, Aaron Guerdon, be chosen as Cooper's first tutor.
Cooper's mother died in 1628. In 1629, his father remarried, this time to the widowed Mary Moryson, one of the daughters of wealthy London textile merchant Baptist Hicks and co-heir of his fortune. Through his stepmother, Cooper thus gained an important political connection in the form of her grandson, the future 1st Earl of Essex. Cooper's father died in 1630, leaving him a wealthy orphan. Upon his father's death, he inherited his father's baronetcy and was now Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper.
Cooper's father had held his lands in knight-service, so Cooper's inheritance now came under the authority of the Court of Wards. The trustees whom his father had appointed to administer his estate, his brother-in-law (Anthony Ashley Cooper's uncle by marriage) Edward Tooker and his colleague from the House of Commons, Sir Daniel Norton, purchased Cooper's wardship from the king, but they remained unable to sell Cooper's land without permission of the Court of Wards because, on his death, Sir John Cooper had left some £35,000 in gambling debts. The Court of Wards ordered the sale of the best of Sir John's lands to pay his debts, with several sales commissioners picking up choice properties at £20,000 less than their market value, a circumstance which led Cooper to hate the Court of Wards as a corrupt institution.
Cooper was sent to live with his father's trustee Sir Daniel Norton in Southwick, Hampshire (near Portsmouth). Norton had joined in Sir John Cooper's denunciation of Arminianism in the 1628–29 parliament, and Norton chose a man with Puritan leanings named Fletcher as Cooper's tutor.
Sir Daniel died in 1636, and Cooper was sent to live with his father's other trustee, Edward Tooker, at Maddington, near Salisbury. Here his tutor was a man with an MA from Oriel College, Oxford.
Cooper matriculated at Exeter College, Oxford on 24 March 1637, aged 15, where he studied under its master, the Regius Professor of Divinity, John Prideaux, a Calvinist with vehemently anti-Arminian tendencies. While there he fomented a minor riot and left without taking a degree. In February 1638, Cooper was admitted to Lincoln's Inn, where he was exposed to the Puritan preaching of chaplains Edward Reynolds and Joseph Caryl.
On 25 February 1639, aged 19, Cooper married Margaret Coventry, daughter of Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry, who was then serving as Lord Keeper of the Great Seal for Charles I. As Cooper was still a minor, the young couple moved into Lord Coventry's residences of Durham House in the Strand, London and at Canonbury in Islington.
Early political career, 1640–1660
Parliament, 1640–1642
In March 1640, while still a minor, Cooper was elected Member of Parliament for the borough of Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire in the Short Parliament through the influence of Lord Coventry.
In October 1640, with opinion in the country swinging against the king's supporters (including Coventry), Cooper was not asked to stand for election for Tewkesbury in the Long Parliament. He contested, and by some accounts, won a by-election to the seat of Downton in Wiltshire, but Denzil Holles, soon to rise to prominence as a leader of the opposition to the King and a personal rival of Sir Anthony, blocked Cooper's admission to the Parliament. It was probably feared that Sir Anthony, as a result of his recent marriage to the daughter of Charles I's Lord Keeper, Coventry, would be too sympathetic to the king.
Royalist, 1642–1644
When the Civil War began in 1642, Cooper initially supported the King (somewhat echoing Holles's concerns). After a period of vacillating, in summer 1643, at his own expense, he raised a regiment of foot and a troop of horse, serving as their colonel and captain respectively. Following the Royalist victory at the Battle of Roundway Down on 13 July 1643, Cooper was one of three commissioners appointed to negotiate the surrender of Dorchester when he negotiated a deal whereby the town agreed to surrender in exchange for being spared plunder and punishment. However, troops under Prince Maurice soon arrived and plundered Dorchester and Weymouth, Dorset anyway, leading to heated words between Cooper and Prince Maurice.
William Seymour, Marquess of Hertford, the commander of the Royalist forces in the west, had recommended Cooper be appointed governor of Weymouth and Portland, but Prince Maurice intervened to block the appointment, on grounds of Cooper's alleged youth and inexperience. Cooper appealed to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Edward Hyde; Hyde arranged a compromise whereby Cooper would be appointed as governor but resign as soon as it was possible to do so without losing face. Cooper was promised that upon resigning as governor, he would be made High Sheriff of Dorset and president of the council of war for Dorset, both of which were offices more prestigious than the governorship. Cooper spent the remainder of 1643 as governor of Weymouth and Portland.
Parliamentarian, 1644–1652
In early 1644, Cooper resigned all of his posts under the king, and travelled to Hurst Castle, the headquarters of the Parliamentarians. Called before the Committee of Both Kingdoms, on 6 March 1644, he explained that he believed that Charles I was now being influenced by Roman Catholic influences (Catholics were increasingly prominent at Charles' court, and he had recently signed a truce with Irish Catholic rebels) and that he believed Charles had no intention of "promoting or preserving ... the Protestant religion and the liberties of the kingdom" and that he therefore believed the parliamentary cause was just, and he offered to take the Solemn League and Covenant.
In July 1644, the House of Commons gave Cooper permission to leave London, and he soon joined parliamentary forces in Dorset. After participating in a campaign, in August, parliament appointed him to the committee governing the army in Dorset. Cooper participated in fighting throughout 1644. However, in 1645, with the passing of the Self-denying Ordinance, Cooper chose to resign his commissions in the parliamentary army (which was, at any rate, being supplanted by the creation of the New Model Army) to preserve his claim to be the rightful member for Downton. He nevertheless continued to be active in the Dorset committee as a civil member.
It was during this period that Cooper first expressed an interest in overseas plantations, investing in a plantation in Barbados in 1646.
Little is known of Cooper's activities in the late 1640s. It is often assumed that he supported the Presbyterians against the Independents, and, as such, opposed the regicide of Charles I. Nevertheless, he was willing to work with the new regime, accepting a commission as justice of the peace for Wiltshire and Dorset in February 1649 and acting as High Sheriff of Wiltshire for 1647. Furthermore, in February 1650, he not only took the oath of loyalty to the new regime, but was a member of a commission that tendered the oath.
Cooper's first wife, Margaret, died on 10 July 1649; the couple had had no children. Less than a year later, on 15 April 1650, Cooper remarried, to seventeen-year-old Lady Frances Cecil (1633–1652), daughter of David Cecil, 3rd Earl of Exeter. The couple had two children, one of whom, Anthony, lived to adulthood. Frances died on 31 December 1652, aged only 19.
Statesman under the Commonwealth of England and the Protectorate, 1652–1660
On 17 January 1652, the Rump Parliament appointed Cooper to the committee on law reform chaired by Sir Matthew Hale (the so-called Hale Commission, none of whose moderate proposals were ever enacted).
In March 1653, the Rump issued a full pardon for his time as a Royalist, opening the way for his return to public office. Following the dissolution of the Rump in April 1653, Oliver Cromwell and the Army Council nominated Cooper to serve in Barebone's Parliament as member for Wiltshire. On 14 July, Cromwell appointed Cooper to the English Council of State, where he was a member of the Committee for the Business of the Law, which was intended to continue the reform work of the Hale Commission. Cooper aligned himself with the moderates in Barebone's Parliament, voting against the abolition of tithes. He was one of the members who voted to dissolve Barebone's Parliament on 12 December 1653 rather than acquiesce to the abolition of tithes.
When the Instrument of Government gave England a new constitution 4 days later, Cooper was again named to the Council of State. During the elections for the First Protectorate Parliament in summer 1654, Cooper headed a slate of ten candidates who stood in Wiltshire against 10 republican MPs headed by Edmund Ludlow. At the day of the election, so many voters turned up that the poll had to be switched from Wilton to Stonehenge. Cooper's slate of candidates prevailed, although Ludlow alleged his party was in the majority. At the same election, Cooper was also elected MP for Tewkesbury and Poole but chose to sit for Wiltshire. Although Cooper was generally supportive of Cromwell during the First Protectorate Parliament (he voted in favour of making Cromwell king in December 1654), he grew worried that Cromwell was growing inclined to rule through the Army rather than through Parliament. This led Cooper to break with Cromwell: in early January 1655, he stopped attending Council and introduced a resolution in parliament making it illegal to collect or pay revenue not authorised by parliament. Cromwell dissolved this parliament on 22 January 1655.
The exiled Charles II, hearing of Cooper's break with Cromwell, wrote to Cooper saying that he would pardon Cooper for fighting against the crown if he would now help to bring about a restoration of the monarchy. Cooper did not respond, nor did he participate in the Penruddock uprising in March 1655.
On 30 August 1655, Cooper married his third wife, Margaret Spencer (1627–1693), daughter of William Spencer, 2nd Baron Spencer of Wormleighton and sister of Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of Sunderland.
Cooper was again elected as a member for Wiltshire in the Second Protectorate Parliament, although when the parliament met on 17 September 1656, Cooper was one of 100 members whom the Council of State excluded from the parliament. Cooper was one of 65 excluded members to sign a petition protesting their exclusion that was delivered by Sir George Booth. Cooper eventually took his seat in the parliament on 20 January 1658, after Cromwell accepted an amended version of the Humble Petition and Advice that stipulated that the excluded members could return to parliament. Upon his return to the house, Cooper spoke out against Cromwell's Other House.
Cooper was elected to the Third Protectorate Parliament in early 1659 as member for Wiltshire. During the debates in this parliament, Cooper sided with the republicans who opposed the Humble Petition and Advice and insisted that the bill recognising Richard Cromwell as Protector should limit his control over the militia and eliminate the protector's ability to veto legislation. Cooper again spoke out against the Other House (consisting of new lords), and in favour of restoring the old House of Lords.
When Richard Cromwell dissolved parliament on 22 April 1659 and recalled the Rump Parliament (dissolved by Oliver Cromwell in 1653), Cooper attempted to revive his claim to sit as member for Downton. He was also re-appointed to the Council of State at this time. Throughout this time, many accused Cooper of harbouring royalist sympathies, but Cooper denied this. In August 1659, Cooper was arrested for complicity in Sir George Booth's Presbyterian royalist uprising in Cheshire, but in September the Council found him not guilty of any involvement.
In October 1659, the New Model Army dissolved the Rump Parliament and replaced the Council of State with its own Committee of Safety. Cooper, republicans Sir Arthur Haselrig and Henry Neville and six other members of the Council of State continued to meet in secret, referring to themselves as the rightful Council of State. This secret Council of State came to see Sir George Monck, commander of the forces in Scotland as the best hope to restore the Rump, and Cooper and Haselrig met with Monck's commissioners, urging them to restore the Rump. Cooper was involved in several plots to launch pro-Rump uprisings at this time. This proved unnecessary as, on 23 December 1659, troops resolved to stand by the Rump and the Council of State and disobey the Committee of Safety. The Rump Parliament reassembled on 26 December 1659, and on 2 January 1660, Cooper was elected to the Council of State. On 7 January 1659, a special committee reported back on the disputed 1640 Downton election and Cooper was finally allowed to take his seat as member for Downton.
Upon General Monck's march into London, Monck was displeased that the Rump Parliament was not prepared to confirm him as commander-in-chief of the army. On Cooper's urging, Monck's troops marched into London and Monck sent parliament a letter insisting that the vacant seats in the Rump Parliament be filled by-elections. When the Rump insisted on placing restrictions on who could stand in these by-elections, Cooper urged Monck to insist instead on the return of the members of the Long Parliament secluded by Pride's Purge, and Monck obliged on 21 February 1660. Two days later, the restored Long Parliament again elected Cooper to the Council of State. On 16 March 1660, the Long Parliament finally voted its own dissolution.
Beginning in spring 1660, Cooper drew closer to the royalist cause. As late as mid-April, Cooper appears to have favoured only a conditional restoration. In April 1660 he was re-elected MP for Wiltshire in the Convention Parliament. On 25 April he voted in favour of an unconditional restoration. On 8 May, the Convention Parliament appointed Cooper as one of twelve members to travel to The Hague to invite Charles II to return to England.
Restoration politician, 1660–1683
Cooper returned to England with Charles in late May. On the recommendation of General Monck and Cooper's wife's uncle, Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton, Charles appointed Cooper to his privy council on 27 May 1660. Cooper took advantage of the Declaration of Breda and was formally pardoned for his support of the English Commonwealth on 27 June 1660. During this period, he helped reorganise the privy council's committee on trade and plantations.
Cooper thus became a spokesman for the government in the Convention Parliament. However, during the debates on the Indemnity and Oblivion Bill, Cooper urged leniency for those who had sided with Parliament during the English Civil Wars or collaborated with the Cromwellian regime. He argued that only those individuals who had personal involvement in the decision to execute Charles I by participating in his trial and execution should be exempt from the general pardon. This view prevailed. After the Indemnity and Oblivion Act became law on 29 August 1660, Cooper sat on the special commission that tried the regicides, and in this capacity took part in sentencing to death several colleagues with whom he had collaborated during the years of the English Interregnum, including Hugh Peters, Thomas Harrison, and Thomas Scot. As a long-time foe of the Court of Wards, during the debate on the Tenures Abolition Bill, Cooper supported continuing the excise imposed by the Long Parliament to compensate the crown for the loss of revenues associated with the abolition of the court.
On 20 April 1661, three days before his coronation at Westminster Abbey, Charles II announced his coronation honours, and in those honours he created Cooper Baron Ashley, of Wimborne St Giles.
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1661–1672
Following the coronation, the Cavalier Parliament met beginning on 8 May 1661. Lord Ashley took his seat in the House of Lords on 11 May. On 11 May, the king appointed Ashley as his Chancellor of the Exchequer and under-treasurer (Southampton, Ashley's uncle by marriage, was then Lord High Treasurer).
In 1661–1662, Ashley opposed Charles' marriage to Catherine of Braganza because the marriage would involve supporting the Kingdom of Portugal, and Portugal's ally France, in Portugal's struggle against Spain. Ashley was opposed to a policy that moved England into the French orbit. During this debate, Ashley opposed the policy engineered by Charles' Lord Chancellor, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, thus beginning what would prove to be a long-running political rivalry with Clarendon.
When the Cavalier Parliament set about enacting the Clarendon Code, Ashley supported a policy of moderation towards Protestant dissenters. In July 1662, Ashley sponsored an amendment to the Act of Uniformity that would have allowed Protestant Nonconformists to allow for late subscription, giving moderate dissenters an additional opportunity to conform. In the latter half of 1662, Ashley joined Sir Henry Bennet, the Earl of Bristol, and Lord Robartes in urging Charles to dispense peaceable Protestant Nonconformists and loyal Catholics from the Act of Uniformity. This led to Charles issuing his first Declaration of Indulgence on 26 December 1662. The Cavalier Parliament forced Charles to withdraw this declaration in February 1663. Ashley then supported Lord Robartes' Dispensing Bill, which would have dispensed Protestant Nonconformists, but not Catholics, from the Act of Uniformity. During the debate on the Dispensing Bill in the House of Lords, Ashley criticised Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, Charles' Lord Chancellor, for opposing the royal prerogative to dispense with laws. Clarendon remarked that in his opinion, the declaration was "Ship-Money in religion". The king looked favourably on Ashley's remarks and was displeased by Clarendon's.
In May 1663, Ashley was one of eight Lords Proprietors (Lord Clarendon was one of the others) given title to a huge tract of land in North America, which eventually became the Province of Carolina, named in honour of King Charles. Ashley and his assistant John Locke drafted a plan for the colony known as the Grand Model, which included the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina and a framework for settlement and development.
By early 1664, Ashley was a member of the circle of John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale, who ranged themselves in opposition to Lord Clarendon.
During the debate on the Conventicle Bill in May 1664, Ashley proposed mitigating the harshness of the penalties initially suggested by the House of Commons.
Throughout late 1664 and 1665, Ashley was increasingly in the royal favour. For example, in August 1665, the king paid a surprise visit to Ashley at Wimborne St Giles, and, during a later visit, introduced Ashley to his illegitimate son James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth.
The Second Anglo–Dutch War began on 4 March 1665. During the parliamentary session of October 1665, Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet proposed that the use of funds voted to the crown should be restricted to the sole purpose of carrying on the war. Ashley opposed this proposal on the grounds that crown ministers should have flexibility in deciding how to use money received from parliamentary taxation.
In the 1666–1667 parliamentary session, Ashley supported the Irish Cattle Bill, introduced by the Duke of Buckingham, which prevented the importation of Irish cattle into England. During the course of this debate, Ashley attacked Charles' Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde. He suggested that Irish peers such as Ormonde should have no precedence over English commoners. The debate over the Irish Cattle Bill marks the first time that Ashley began to break with the court over an issue of policy.
In October 1666, Ashley met John Locke, who would in time become his personal secretary. Ashley had gone to Oxford seeking treatment for a liver infection. There he was impressed with Locke and persuaded him to become part of his retinue. Locke had been looking for a career and in spring 1667 moved into Ashley's home at Exeter House in London, ostensibly as the household physician. Beginning in 1667, Shaftesbury and Locke work closely on the Grand Model for the Province of Carolina and its centerpiece, the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina.
When Southampton died in May 1667, Ashley, as under-treasurer, was expected to succeed Southampton as Lord High Treasurer. King Charles, however, decided to replace Southampton with a nine-man Commission of the Treasury, headed by the Duke of Albemarle as First Lord of the Treasury. Ashley was named as one of the nine Treasury Commissioners at this time.
The failures of the English during the Second Anglo-Dutch War led Charles II to lose faith in the Earl of Clarendon, who was dismissed as Lord Chancellor on 31 August 1667. The court then moved to impeach Clarendon, supported by many of Ashley's former political allies (including George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol, and Sir Henry Bennett, who by this point had been created Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington). Ashley, however, refused to join in the fight against Clarendon, opposing a motion to have Clarendon committed to the Tower of London on a charge of treason.
After the fall of Lord Clarendon in 1667, Lord Ashley became a prominent member of the Cabal, in which he formed the second "A". Although the term "Cabal Ministry" is used by historians, in reality, the five members of the Cabal (Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale) never formed a coherent ministerial team. In the period immediately after the fall of Clarendon, the government was dominated by Arlington and Buckingham, and Ashley was out of royal favour and not admitted to the most powerful group of royal advisors, the privy council's committee on foreign affairs. Nevertheless, Ashley joined Arlington and Buckingham, as well as John Wilkins, Bishop of Chester, in introducing government-backed bills in October 1667 and February 1668 to include moderate dissenters within the Church of England. Nothing came of these bills, however. In January 1668, the privy council's committees were reorganised, but Ashley retained a prominent position on the committee for trade and plantations.
In 1667, Anthony Ashley Cooper signed "The Several Declarations of The Company of Royal Adventurers of England Trading into Africa." This document supported the Royal African Company which attempted to monopolize slave trade in England starting in the late 1660's. Cooper pledged his support and funded England's slave industry. He also co-owned a 205-acre sugar plantation in Barbados, which at one point employed 21 servants and 15 slaves.
In May 1668, Ashley became ill, apparently with a hydatid cyst. His secretary, John Locke, recommended an operation that almost certainly saved Ashley's life and Ashley was grateful to Locke for the rest of his life. As part of the operation, a tube was inserted to drain fluid from the abscess, and after the operation, the physician left the tube in the body, and installed a copper tap to allow for possible future drainage. In later years, this would be the occasion for his Tory enemies to dub him "Tapski", with the Polish ending because Tories accused him of wanting to make England an elective monarchy like the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
In 1669, Ashley supported Arlington and Buckingham's proposal for a political union of England with the Kingdom of Scotland, although this proposal floundered when the Scottish insisted on equal representation with the English in parliament. Ashley probably did not support the Conventicles Act of 1670, but he did not sign the formal protest against the passage of the act either.
Ashley, in his role as one of the eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina, along with his secretary, John Locke, drafted the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, which were adopted by the eight Lords Proprietor in March 1669.
By this point, it had become obvious that the queen, Catherine of Braganza, was barren and would never produce an heir, making the king's brother, James, Duke of York heir to the throne, which worried Ashley because he suspected that James was a Roman Catholic. Ashley, Buckingham, and Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle urged Charles to declare his illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth, legitimate. When it became clear that Charles would not do so, they urged Charles to divorce Catherine and remarry. This was the background to the famous Roos debate case: John Manners, Lord Roos had obtained a separation from bed and board from his wife in 1663, after he discovered she was committing adultery, and he had also been granted a divorce by an ecclesiastical court and had Lady Roos' children declared illegitimate. In March 1670, Lord Roos asked Parliament to allow him to remarry. The debate on the Roos divorce bill became politically charged because it impacted on whether Parliament could legally allow Charles to remarry. During the debate, Ashley spoke out strongly in favour of the Roos divorce bill, arguing that marriage was a civil contract, not a sacrament. Parliament ultimately gave Lord Roos permission to remarry, but Charles II never attempted to divorce his wife.
Ashley did not know about the Secret Treaty of Dover, arranged by Charles II's sister Henrietta Anne Stuart and signed 22 May 1670, whereby Charles II concluded an alliance with Louis XIV of France against the Dutch Republic. Under the terms of the Secret Treaty of Dover, Charles would receive an annual subsidy from France (to enable him to govern without calling a parliament) in exchange for a promise that he would convert to Catholicism and re-Catholicize England at an unspecified future date. Of the members of the Cabal, only Arlington and Clifford were aware of the Catholic Clauses contained in the Secret Treaty of Dover. For the benefit of Ashley, Buckingham, and Lauderdale, Charles II arranged a mock treaty (traité simulé) concluding an alliance with France. Although he was suspicious of France, Ashley was also wary of Dutch commercial competition, and he therefore signed the mock Treaty of Dover on 21 December 1670.
Throughout 1671, Ashley argued in favour of reducing the duty on sugar imports, arguing that the duty would have an adverse effect on colonial sugar planters.
In September 1671, Ashley and Clifford oversaw a massive reform of England's customs system, whereby customs farmers were replaced with royal commissioners responsible for collecting customs. This change was ultimately to the benefit of the crown, but it caused a short-term loss of revenues that led to the Great Stop of the Exchequer. Ashley was widely blamed for the Great Stop of the Exchequer, although Clifford was the chief advocate of stopping the exchequer and Ashley in fact opposed the move.
In early 1672, with the Third Anglo–Dutch War looming, many in the government feared that Protestant dissenters in England would form a fifth column and support their Dutch co-religionists against England. In an attempt to conciliate the Nonconformists, on 15 March 1672, Charles II issued his Royal Declaration of Indulgence, suspending the penal laws that punished non-attendance at Church of England services. Ashley strongly supported this Declaration.
According to the terms of the Treaty of Dover, England declared war on the Dutch Republic on 7 April 1672, thus launching the Third Anglo-Dutch War. To accompany the commencement of the war, Charles issued a new round of honours, as part of which Ashley was named Earl of Shaftesbury and Baron Cooper of Paulet on 23 April 1672.
In autumn 1672, Shaftesbury played a key role in setting up the Bahamas Adventurers' Company.
Lord Chancellor, 1672–1673
On 17 November 1672, the king named Shaftesbury Lord Chancellor of England, with Sir John Duncombe replacing Shaftesbury as Chancellor of the Exchequer. As Lord Chancellor, he addressed the opening of a new session of the Cavalier Parliament on 4 February 1673, calling on parliament to vote funds sufficient to carry out the war, arguing that the Dutch were the enemy of monarchy and England's only major trade rival, and therefore had to be destroyed (at one point he exclaimed "Delenda est Carthago"); defending the Great Stop of the Exchequer; and arguing in support of the Royal Declaration of Indulgence.
Shaftesbury was not, however, well received by the House of Commons. One of Shaftesbury's old Dorset rivals, Colonel Giles Strangways, led an attack on writs of election that Lord Chancellor Shaftesbury had issued to fill 36 vacant seats in the House of Commons; Strangways argued that Shaftesbury was attempting to pack the Commons with his supporters and that only the Speaker of the House could issue writs to fill the vacant seats. The House of Commons agreed with Strangways and declared the elections void and the seats vacant. Furthermore, the Commons attacked the Declaration of Indulgence and demanded its withdrawal. Charles ultimately withdrew the address and cancelled the Declaration of Indulgence.
The Commons then passed an address condemning the growth of popery in England. To shore up the Protestantism of the nation, Parliament passed the Test Act of 1673, which became law on 20 March 1673. The Test Act required all holders of civil and military office in England to take communion in the Church of England at least once a year and to make a declaration renouncing the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation. Shaftesbury supported the Test Act, and, alongside James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, received the sacrament at St Clement Danes, with John Locke serving as the legal witness for each man's conformity with the Test Act. In March 1673, Shaftesbury supported a bill for easing the plight of the Protestant dissenters in England, but nothing came of this bill.
Following the failure of the Declaration of Indulgence and the passage of the Test Act, it was obvious to all that the Cabal Ministry's days were numbered. Shaftesbury moved closer to the parliamentary opposition during this period, and became a supporter of ending the Third Anglo-Dutch War.
The Duke of York failed to take the Anglican sacrament at Easter 1673, further heightening Shaftesbury's concern that he was secretly a Catholic. Shaftesbury was initially mollified by the fact that both of the Duke of York's daughters, Mary and Anne, were committed Protestants. However, in autumn 1673, the Duke of York married the Catholic Mary of Modena by proxy, thus raising the possibility that James might have a son who would succeed to the throne ahead of Mary and Anne and thus give rise to a succession of Catholic monarchs. York urged the king to prorogue parliament before it could vote on a motion condemning his marriage to Mary of Modena, but Shaftesbury used procedural techniques in the House of Lords to ensure that parliament continued sitting long enough to allow the House of Commons to pass a motion condemning the match. Shaftesbury, Arlington, James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, and Henry Coventry all urged Charles II to divorce Catherine of Braganza and remarry a Protestant princess. York began denouncing Shaftesbury to Charles II, and Charles II decided to remove Shaftesbury from his post as Lord Chancellor. On 9 November 1673, Henry Coventry travelled to Exeter House to inform Shaftesbury that he was relieved of his post as Lord Chancellor, but also issuing him a royal pardon for all crimes committed before 5 November 1673.
Opposition to Catholicism and break with Charles II, 1673–1674
Following Shaftesbury's fall from royal favour, Arlington attempted to effect a reconciliation, in November 1673 convincing the French ambassador to offer Shaftesbury a bribe in exchange for supporting the French party at court. Shaftesbury refused this offer, saying he could never support "an interest that was so apparently destructive to [England's] religion and trade." Instead, he allied himself with the Spanish party at court, and urged peace with the Netherlands. He also continued to urge the king to divorce and remarry.
In the session of the Cavalier Parliament that began on 7 January 1674, Shaftesbury led the charge to keep England free from popery. He coordinated his efforts with a group of other peers who were displeased with the possibility of a Catholic succession; this group met at the home of Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles, and included Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle, Thomas Belasyse, 2nd Viscount Fauconberg, James Cecil, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, and George Savile, 1st Viscount Halifax. On 8 January 1674, Shaftesbury gave a speech in the House of Lords warning that the 16,000 Catholics living in London were on the verge of rebellion, which caused the Lords to pass an address expelling all Catholics from within 10 miles of London. On 12 January, he introduced a measure that would require every peer, including the Duke of York, to take the Oath of Allegiance renouncing the pope and recognising the royal supremacy in the church (the oath was first required by the Popish Recusants Act of 1605). On 24 January, the Earl of Salisbury introduced a bill requiring that any children of the Duke of York should be raised as Protestants. His proposed legislation further provided that neither the king nor any prince of the blood could marry a Catholic without parliamentary consent, on pain of being excluded from the royal succession. Shaftesbury spoke forcefully in favour of Salisbury's proposal; he was opposed by the bishops and Lord Finch. By February, the opposition lords were considering accusing the Duke of York of high treason, which resulted in the king proroguing parliament on 24 February to protect his brother.
Shaftesbury's actions in the 1674 session further angered Charles II, so on 19 May 1674, Shaftesbury was expelled from the privy council, and subsequently sacked as Lord Lieutenant of Dorset and ordered to leave London.
Leader of Opposition to Danby, 1674–1678
Charles II now turned to Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby. Danby proceeded to freeze out peers who had collaborated during the Cromwellian regime and promoted former royalists. Danby was a champion of the Church of England who favoured strict interpretation of the penal laws against both Catholics and Protestant Nonconformists.
On 3 February 1675, Shaftesbury wrote a letter to Carlisle in which he argued that the king needed to dissolve the Cavalier Parliament, which had been elected in early 1661, and call fresh elections. He argued that frequent parliamentary elections were in the best interest of both the crown and the people of England. This letter circulated widely in manuscript form.
The Duke of York was opposed to Danby's strict enforcement of the penal laws against Catholics, and by April 1675, he had reached out to Shaftesbury to make a truce between them whereby they would be united in opposition to Danby's brand of Anglican royalism. In late April 1675, Danby introduced a Test Oath by which all holding office or seats in either House of Parliament were to declare resistance to the royal power a crime, and promise to abstain from all attempts to alter the government of either church or state. Shaftesbury led the parliamentary opposition to Danby's Test Bill, arguing that, under certain circumstances, it was lawful to resist the king's ministers, and that, as in the case of the Protestant Reformation, it was sometimes necessary to alter the church so as to restore it.
In spite of Shaftesbury's eloquence, his view remained the minority view in the parliament, forcing the king to prorogue parliament on 9 June 1675 to avoid the passage of the bill. The Duke of York, grateful for Shaftesbury's assistance in the debate against Danby's bill, now attempted to reconcile Shaftesbury with the king, and Shaftesbury was admitted to kiss the king's hand on 13 June 1675. This, however, angered Danby, who intervened with the king, and on 24 June, the king again ordered Shaftesbury to leave court.
In 1675, following the death of Sir Giles Strangways, MP for Dorset, Shaftesbury initially endorsed Lord Digby, son of George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol for the seat, but, upon learning that Digby was a strong supporter of the court, he decided to back Thomas Moore, who was the chief supporter of conventicles in the county. This led to Shaftesbury making an enemy of both Digby and Bristol, who accused him of supporting sedition and faction and wanting a return of the English Commonwealth.
In summer 1675, Shaftesbury wrote a 15,000-word pamphlet entitled A Letter from a Person of Quality to his Friend in the Country denouncing Danby's Test Bill. (Shaftesbury's secretary, John Locke, appears to have played a role in drafting the Letter, although whether solely as amanuensis or in a more active role, perhaps even as ghostwriter, remains unclear.) The Letter argued that since the time of the Restoration, "the High Episcopal Man, and the Old Cavalier" (now led by Danby) had conspired to make "the Government absolute and arbitrary." According to the Letter, this party was attempting to establish divine right monarchy and divine right episcopacy, meaning that neither the king nor the bishops could be constrained by the rule of law. Danby's Test Oath proposal was merely the latest, most nefarious attempt to introduce divine right monarchy and episcopacy on the country. The Letter went on to describe the debates of the House of Lords during the last session, setting forth the arguments that Shaftesbury and other lords used in opposition to Danby and the bishops. This letter was published anonymously in November 1675, and quickly became a best-seller, in no small part because it was one of the first books ever to inform the public about the debates that occurred within the House of Lords.
Shaftesbury repeated the accusations of the Letter from a Person of Quality on the floor of the House of Lords during the parliamentary session of October–November 1675. During the debate on the case of Shirley v. Fagg, a jurisdictional dispute about whether the House of Lords could hear appeals from lower courts when the case involved members of the House of Commons, Shaftesbury gave a celebrated speech on 20 October 1675. He argued that Danby and the bishops were attempting to neuter the power of the House of Lords. Shaftesbury argued that every king could only rule either through the nobility or through a standing army; thus, this attempt to restrict the power of the nobility was part of a plot to rule the country through a standing army. He argued that the bishops believed that the king was king by divine right, not by law and that, if the bishops' propositions were taken to their logical conclusion, "our Magna Charta is of no force, our Laws are but Rules amongst our selves during the Kings pleasure" and "All the Properties and Liberties of the People, are to give away, not onely to the interest, but the will and pleasure of the Crown."
On 20 November 1675, Shaftesbury seconded a motion by Charles Mohun, 3rd Baron Mohun of Okehampton calling on the king to end the dispute of Shirley v. Fagg by dissolving parliament. This motion, which was supported by the Duke of York and the Catholic peers, was defeated by a vote of 50–48, prompting Shaftesbury and 21 other peers to enter a protest on the grounds that "according to the ancient Lawes and Statutes of this Realm ... there should be frequent and new Parliaments" and that the House of Commons was being unnecessarily obstructionist. Parliament was prorogued on 22 November 1675, with the prorogation saying that parliament would not sit again until 15 February 1677. Shortly thereafter, there appeared a pamphlet entitled Two Seasonable Discourses Concerning the Present Parliament, that argued that the king should call a new parliament because a new parliament would vote the king money, preserve the Church of England, introduce religious toleration for the Nonconformists, and deliver Catholics from the penal laws in an exchange for Catholics being deprived of access to court, holding office, and the right to bear arms.
In mid-February 1676, Charles sent his Secretary of State for the Southern Department, Sir Joseph Williamson to tell Shaftesbury to leave town. Shaftesbury refused and continued to receive visits at Exeter House from opposition MPs and other discontented elements. Danby argued that Charles should order Shaftesbury arrested and sent to the Tower of London, but Sir Joseph Williamson refused to sign the warrant. In this period, Shaftesbury relocated from Exeter House to the less expensive Thanet House.
On 24 June 1676, during the election of the Sheriffs of the City of London at the Guildhall, linen draper Francis Jenks gave a sensational speech arguing that two statutes from the reign of Edward III required that parliament sit every year, and that by proroguing the Cavalier Parliament until 15 February 1677 (meaning no session would be held in 1676 at all), the king had inadvertently dissolved parliament and that the Cavalier Parliament was now legally dissolved. Although Buckingham, not Shaftesbury, was behind Jenks' speech, many suspected Shaftesbury's involvement; after Jenks' speech, Shaftesbury decided to take full advantage of the argument, arranging with his allies for a number of pamphlets arguing the case. One of these pamphlets, Some considerations upon the question, whether the parliament is dissolved, by its prorogation for 15 months? argued that parliament had the authority to restrict the royal prerogative and could even "bind, limit, restrain and govern the Descent and Inheritance of the Crown it self." The Duke of York was furious at the inclusion of this argument; Buckingham told York that Shaftesbury had drafted the controversial passage, but Shaftesbury claimed that the passage was inserted in the pamphlet without his knowledge.
When parliament finally met on 15 February 1677, Buckingham, backed by Shaftesbury, Salisbury, and Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton, introduced a motion declaring that, because of the 15-month prorogation, on the basis of the statutes from the reign of Edward III, no parliament was legally in existence. Parliament not only rejected this argument, but also resolved that the four peers had committed Contempt of Parliament and should apologise. When the four refused, they were committed to the Tower of London. Shaftesbury petitioned for his release, and in June 1677, brought a writ of habeas corpus before the Court of King's Bench. The court, however, determined that it lacked jurisdiction because Parliament, a superior court, was currently in session. Charles ordered Buckingham, Salisbury, and Wharton released from the Tower shortly thereafter, but Shaftesbury continued to refuse to apologise. Shaftesbury had grown increasingly suspicious of Charles II. Charles had begun raising an army, ostensibly for war with France, but Shaftesbury worried that Charles was really preparing to abolish parliament and rule the country with a standing army on the model of Louis XIV of France. It was not until 25 February 1678 that Shaftesbury finally apologised to the king and to parliament for his support of the motion in the House of Lords and for bringing a writ of habeas corpus against Parliament.
With war with France looming, in March 1678, Shaftesbury, Buckingham, Holles, and Halifax spoke out in favour of immediately declaring war on France. Charles delayed declaring war, however, leading Shaftesbury to support a resolution of the House of Commons providing for immediately disbanding the army that Charles was raising. Charles prorogued parliament on 25 June, but the army was not disbanded, which worried Shaftesbury.
In August and September 1678, Titus Oates made accusations that there was a Popish Plot to assassinate the king, overthrow the government, and massacre English Protestants. It was later revealed that Oates had simply made up most of the details of the plot, and that there was no elaborate Popish Plot. However, when Parliament re-convened on 21 October 1678, Oates had not yet been discredited and the Popish Plot was the major topic of concern. Shaftesbury was a member of all the important committees of the House of Lords designed to combat the Popish Plot. On 2 November 1678, he introduced a motion demanding that the Duke of York be removed from the king's presence, although this motion was never voted on. He supported the Test Act of 1678, which required that all peers and members of the House of Commons should make a declaration against transubstantiation, invocation of saints, and the sacrifice of the mass, effectively excluding all Catholics from Parliament. Oates had accused the queen, Catherine of Braganza, of involvement in the Popish Plot, leading the House of Commons to pass a resolution calling for the queen and her retinue to be removed from court; when the House of Lords rejected this resolution, Shaftesbury entered a formal protest. Shaftesbury was now gaining a great reputation amongst the common people as a Protestant hero. On 9 November 1678, Charles promised that he would sign any bill that would make them safe during the reign of his successor, so long as they did not impeach the right of his successor; this speech was widely misreported as Charles' having agreed to name the Duke of Monmouth as his successor, leading to celebratory bonfires throughout London, with crowds drinking the health of "the King, the Duke of Monmouth, and Earl of Shaftesbury, as the only three pillars of all safety." The citizens of London, fearing a Catholic plot on Shaftesbury's life, paid for a special guard to protect him.
In December 1678, discussion turned to impeaching the Earl of Danby, and, to protect his minister, Charles II prorogued parliament on 30 December 1678. On 24 January 1679, Charles II finally dissolved the Cavalier Parliament, which had sat for 18 years.
The Exclusion Crisis and the birth of the Whig Party, 1679–1683
The Habeas Corpus Parliament, 1679
In February 1679, elections were held for a new parliament, known to history as the Habeas Corpus Parliament. In preparation for this parliament, Shaftesbury drew up a list of members of the House of Commons in which he estimated that 32% of the members were friends of the court, 61% favoured the opposition, and 7% could go either way. He also drafted a pamphlet that was never published, entitled "The Present State of the Kingdom": in this pamphlet, Shaftesbury expressed concern about the power of France, the Popish Plot, and the bad influence exerted on the king by Danby, the royal mistress Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth (a Catholic), and the Duke of York, who, according to Shaftesbury was now attempting "to introduce a military and arbitrary government in his brother's time."
The new parliament met on 6 March 1679, and on 25 March, Shaftesbury delivered a dramatic address in the House of Lords in which he warned of the threat of popery and arbitrary government; denounced the royal administration in Scotland under John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale and Ireland under James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde; and loudly denounced the policies of Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby in England. Shaftesbury supported the House of Commons when they introduced a Bill of Attainder against Danby, and voted in favour of the bill in the House of Lords on 14 April 1679. Shaftesbury attempted to neutralise the influence of the episcopal bench in favour of Danby by introducing a bill moving that the bishops should not be able to sit in the House of Lords during capital trials.
Lord President of the Council, 1679
Charles II thought that Shaftesbury was mainly angry because he had been out of royal favour for long, and hoped that he could rein Shaftesbury in by naming him Lord President of the Council on 21 April 1679, with a salary of £4,000 a year. Soon, however, Shaftesbury made it clear that he could not be bought off. During meetings of the now reconstituted privy council, Shaftesbury repeatedly argued that the Duke of York must be excluded from the line of succession. He also continued to argue that Charles should remarry a Protestant princess, or legitimise James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth. During these meetings, Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex and George Savile, 1st Earl of Halifax argued that the powers of a Catholic successor could be limited, but Shaftesbury argued that that would change "the whole government, and set up a democracy instead of a monarchy."
On 11 May 1679, Shaftesbury's close political ally, William Russell, Lord Russell, introduced an Exclusion Bill in the House of Commons, which would have excluded the Duke of York from the succession. This bill passed first and second reading on 21 May 1679. To stop the Exclusion Bill and the Bill of Attainder directed at Danby, Charles II prorogued the parliament on 27 May 1679 and dissolved it on 3 July 1679, both of which moves infuriated Shaftesbury. As its name implies, the only achievement of the Habeas Corpus Parliament was the passage of the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679.
For the time being, Shaftesbury retained his position on the privy council, and he and the Duke of Monmouth formed an alliance on the council designed to be obstructionist. There were some disagreements between Shaftesbury and Monmouth: for example, Shaftesbury was critical of Monmouth's decision to crush a rebellion by Scottish Covenanters quickly at the Battle of Bothwell Brig in June 1679, arguing that the rebellion should have been drawn out to force Charles II to recall parliament.
On 21 August 1679, the king fell ill, leading Essex and Halifax (who feared Monmouth was about to launch a coup) to ask the Duke of York, whom Charles had sent to Brussels in late 1678, to return to England. Charles soon recovered and then ordered both York and Monmouth into exile. When Charles agreed to allow his brother to move from Flanders to Scotland in October 1679, Shaftesbury summoned an extraordinary meeting of the privy council to discuss the Duke's move, acting on his own authority as Lord President of the Council because the king was at Newmarket at the time. Angered by this insubordination, Charles removed Shaftesbury from the privy council on 14 October 1679.
The Exclusion Bill Parliament, 1679–1680
Elections for a new parliament, which ultimately came to be known as the Exclusion Bill Parliament, were held in summer 1679, but they went badly for the court, so, with parliament scheduled to meet in October 1679, Charles prorogued the parliament until 26 January 1680. Shaftesbury worried that the king might be intending to not meet this new parliament, so he launched a massive petitioning campaign to pressure the king to meet parliament. He wrote to the Duke of Monmouth, telling him that he should return from exile, and on 27 November 1679 Monmouth rode back into London amidst scenes of widespread celebration. On 7 December 1679, a petition signed by Shaftesbury and fifteen other Whig peers calling on Charles to meet parliament, followed up with a 20,000-name petition on 13 January 1680. However, instead of meeting parliament, Charles further prorogued parliament and recalled his brother from Scotland. Shaftesbury now urged his friends on the privy council to resign and four did so.
On 24 March 1680, Shaftesbury told the privy council of information he had received that the Irish Catholics were about to launch a rebellion, backed by the French. Several privy councillors, especially Henry Coventry, thought that Shaftesbury was making the entire story up to inflame public opinion, but an investigation was launched. This investigation ultimately resulted in the execution of Oliver Plunkett, Catholic Archbishop of Armagh, on trumped-up charges.
On 26 June 1680, Shaftesbury led a group of fifteen peers and commoners who presented an indictment to the Middlesex grand jury in Westminster Hall, charging the Duke of York with being a popish recusant in violation of the penal laws. Before the grand jury could act, they were dismissed for interfering in matters of state. The next week, Shaftesbury again tried to indict the Duke of York, but again the grand jury was dismissed before it could take any action.
The parliament finally met on 21 October 1680, and on 23 October, Shaftesbury called for a committee to be set up to investigate the Popish Plot. When the Exclusion Bill again came before the House of Lords, Shaftesbury gave an impassioned pro-Exclusion speech on 15 November. The Lords, however, rejected the Exclusion Bill by a vote of 63–30. The Lords now explored alternative ways of limiting the powers of a Catholic successor, but Shaftesbury argued that the only viable alternative to exclusion was calling on the king to remarry. On 23 December 1680, Shaftesbury gave another fiery pro-Exclusion speech in the Lords, in the course of which he attacked the Duke of York, expressed mistrust of Charles II, and urged the parliament to not approve any taxes until "the King shall satisfie the People, that what we give is not to make us Slaves and Papists." With parliament pursuing the Irish investigation vigorously, and threatening to impeach some of Charles II's judges, Charles prorogued parliament on 10 January 1681, and then dissolved it on 18 January, calling for fresh elections for a new parliament, to meet at Oxford on 21 March 1681. On 25 January 1681, Shaftesbury, Essex, and Salisbury presented the king a petition signed by sixteen peers asking that parliament should be held at Westminster Hall rather than Oxford, but the king remained committed to Oxford.
The Oxford Parliament, 1681
In February 1681, Shaftesbury and his supporters brought another indictment against York, this time at the Old Bailey, with the grand jury this time finding the bill true, although York's counsel were able to pursue procedural delays until the prosecution lapsed.
At the Oxford Parliament, Charles insisted he would listen to any reasonable expedient short of changing the line of succession that would assuage the nation's concerns about a Catholic successor. On 24 March 1681, Shaftesbury announced in the House of Lords that he had received an anonymous letter suggesting that the king's condition could be met if he were to declare the Duke of Monmouth legitimate. Charles was furious. On 26 March 1681, an Exclusion Bill was introduced in the Oxford Parliament and Charles dissolved parliament. The only issue the Oxford Parliament had resolved had been the case of Edward Fitzharris, who was to be left to the common law, although Shaftesbury and 19 other peers signed a formal protest of this result.
Prosecution for high treason, 1681–1682
The end of the Oxford Parliament marked the beginning of the so-called Tory Reaction. On 2 July 1681, Shaftesbury was arrested on suspicion of high treason and committed to the Tower of London. He immediately petitioned the Old Bailey on a writ of habeas corpus, but the Old Bailey said it did not have jurisdiction over prisoners in the Tower of London, so Shaftesbury had to wait for the next session of the Court of King's Bench. Shaftesbury moved for a writ of habeas corpus on 24 October 1681, and his case finally came before a grand jury on 24 November 1681.
The government's case against Shaftesbury was particularly weak – most of the witnesses brought forth against Shaftesbury were witnesses whom the government admitted had already perjured themselves, and the documentary evidence was inconclusive. This, combined with the fact that the jury was handpicked by the Whig Sheriff of London, meant the government had little chance of securing a conviction and on 13 February 1682, the case against Shaftesbury was dropped. The announcement prompted great celebrations in London, with crowds yelling "No Popish Successor, No York, A Monmouth" and "God bless the Earl of Shaftesbury".
Attempts at an uprising, 1682
In May 1682, Charles II fell ill, and Shaftesbury convened a group including Monmouth, Russell, Ford Grey, 3rd Baron Grey of Werke, and Sir Thomas Armstrong to determine what to do if the king died. They determined they would launch a rebellion demanding a parliament to settle the succession. The king recovered, however, and this was not necessary.
At the election of the Sheriffs of London in July 1682, the Tory candidates prevailed. Shaftesbury was worried that these Sheriffs would be able to fill juries with Tory supporters and he was desperately afraid of another prosecution for high treason. Shaftesbury, therefore began discussions with Monmouth, Russell, and Grey to launch co-ordinated rebellions in different parts of the country. Shaftesbury was much more eager for a rebellion than the other three, and the uprising was postponed several times, to Shaftesbury's chagrin.
Following the installation of the new Tory sheriffs on 28 September 1682, Shaftesbury grew desperate. He continued to urge an immediate uprising, and also opened discussions with John Wildman about the possibility of assassinating the king and the Duke of York.
Flight from England and death, 1682–1683
With his plots having proved unsuccessful, Shaftesbury determined to flee the country. He landed at Brielle sometime between 20 and 26 November 1682, reached Rotterdam on 28 November, and finally, arrived in Amsterdam on 2 December 1682.
Shaftesbury's health had deteriorated markedly during this voyage. In Amsterdam, he fell ill, and by the end of December he found it difficult to keep down any food. He drew up a will on 17 January 1683. On 20 January, in a conversation with Robert Ferguson, who had accompanied him to Amsterdam, he professed himself an Arian. He died the next day, on 21 January 1683.
According to the provisions of his will, Shaftesbury's body was shipped back to Dorset on 13 February 1683, and he was buried at Wimborne St Giles on 26 February 1683. Shaftesbury's son, Lord Ashley, succeeded him as Earl of Shaftesbury.
Legacy
In North America, the Cooper River and the Ashley River which merge in Charleston, South Carolina are named in his honor. The Ashley was given its current name by explorer Robert Sandford.
Shaftesbury has been portrayed on screen by Frederick Peisley in The First Churchills (1969) and by Martin Freeman in Charles II: The Power and The Passion.
References
Further reading
K. H. D. Haley, The First Earl of Shaftesbury (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968).
External links
Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury on Spartacus Educational
Category:1621 births
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Category:People from Dorset
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Anthony
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Anthony
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Amanda Johnston
Amanda Johnston (born 1977) is an African-American poet. She was born in East St. Louis, Illinois, and currently resides in Round Rock/Austin, Texas.
A Cave Canem Fellow and a Affrilachian Poet, Johnston is both a poet and performer.
Johnston is the founding editor of Torch: a journal dedicated to poetry, prose, and short stories by African American Women.
Awards
2005: Austin International Poetry Festival Christina Sergeyevna Award
2004: Kentucky Foundation for Women Artist Enrichment Grant
2003: Kentucky Foundation for Women Artist Enrichment Grant
Publications
2008 "Sparky Considers God's Hands" Cave Canem XI 2007 Anthology
2008 “Orange” The Journal of Affrilachian Arts & Culture
2008 “Making Brown” Pluck!: The Journal of Affrilachian Arts & Culture
2007 "A Burden of Flame: An interivew with Amanda Johnston" Callaloo, Vol. 30, Number 4
2007 “Suburban Cows” New Literati
2007 “Pity” New Literati
2007 “Over Breakfast” His Rib, Penmanship Publishing
2007 “History Lesson” His Rib, Penmanship Publishing
2007 “Bowing in the Church of Beauty” The Ringing Ear: Black Poets Lean South, Georgia Press
2006 “Bowing in the Church of Beauty” Sorin Oak Review
2006 “Origami” Sorin Oak Review
2005 "Cul-de-sac" Kudzu
2005 "Dissecting Heritage" Kudzu
2005 "Thyme for Onions" di-verse-city Anthology
2004 "Reading in Bed" di-verse-city Anthology
2004 "Baby Mama Drama" KRHN Newsletter
2003 "Four Line Depression" The Heartland Review
2002 "Animal Instinct" The Heartland Review
2002 "Miz Cassidy's Vision" The Heartland Review
2002 “If Iraq Happens" The Heartland Review
ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS
2008 "Pinky Wants To Live" The Nubian Chronicles
2008 "Swimsuit" Un-Mute.com
2008 "First Song" Un-Mute.com
2006 “Bowing in the Church of Beauty” Cave Canem Featured Poems
2003 "If Iraq Happens" Poets Against the War
2003 "Miz Cassidy's Vision" Poetry Repair Shop
BOOKS, CHAPBOOKS, CDS, DVDS
2008 Affrilachian Poets at the Nuyorican Poets Cafe, DVD
2008 Excerpts, Chapbook
2004 Not Another Love Jones, Chapbook
2004 Quickies, CD
External links
Official website
Cave Canem
Category:African-American poets
Category:Affrilachian Poets
Category:American women poets
Category:Living people
Category:People from Round Rock, Texas
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Category:1977 births
Category:21st-century American poets
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Masako Okōchi
is a Japanese voice actress from Osaka Prefecture. She is a freelance performer not affiliated with any one studio, and has provided voice work for a number of video games and other projects since beginning her career in 2004.
Works
Web anime
Bakumatsu Kikansetsu Irohanihoheto (Girl 2)
Video game
Battle Fantasia - Olivia, Odile
Hexyz Force - Rafael Gemini
Gurumin: A Monstrous Adventure - Parin
Minna de Kitaeru Zenno Training - Voice
Sangokushi Online - Other voices
The Legend of Heroes VI: Sora no Kiseki - Anelace Elfead
Wrestling Angels - Sophie Sierra
Mugen Souls Z - Ending theme
Other
Sanrio character Cinnamoroll (Azuki)
References
External links
Official blog
Category:1983 births
Category:Japanese voice actresses
Category:Living people
Category:People from Osaka Prefecture
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EU–US Open Skies Agreement
The EU–US Open Skies Agreement is an open skies air transport agreement between the European Union (EU) and the United States. The agreement allows any airline of the European Union and any airline of the United States to fly between any point in the European Union and any point in the United States. Both EU and US airlines are allowed to fly on to a further destination in another country after their initial stop (Fifth Freedom rights). Because the EU is not treated as a single territory for the purposes of the Agreement, this means in practice that US airlines can fly between two points in the EU as long as that flight is the continuation of a flight that started in the US (e.g. New York - London - Berlin). Airlines of the European Union are also allowed to fly between the United States and non-EU countries that are part of the European Common Aviation Area, like Switzerland. EU and US airlines can operate all-cargo flights under Seventh Freedom rights, meaning US airlines' all-cargo flights can be operated from one EU country to any other country (including another EU country) and EU airlines' all-cargo flights can operate between the US and any other country. Norway and Iceland acceded to the Agreement from 2011 and their airlines enjoy the same rights as EU airlines.
The treaty disappointed European airlines as they felt it was tilted in favour of United States airlines: while US airlines are allowed to operate intra-EU flights (if this is an all-cargo flight or a passenger flight if it is the second leg of a flight started in the US), European airlines are not permitted to operate intra-US flights nor are they allowed to purchase a controlling stake in a US operator. The Agreement replaced and superseded previous open skies agreements between the US and individual European countries.
The initial agreement was signed in Washington, D.C., on 30 April 2007. The agreement became effective 30 March 2008. Phase two was signed in June 2010 and it has been applied provisionally, pending ratification by all signatories.
Impact
London–United States
Under the agreement, London Heathrow Airport was opened to full competition. This ended the exclusive right granted for only two US airlines and two UK airlines (established under Bermuda II Agreement in 1977, which remains in force for UK overseas territories' traffic rights to the US) to fly transatlantic services out of Heathrow. These four airlines were British Airways, Virgin Atlantic Airways, United Airlines, and American Airlines.
This right also exists for third-country carriers with incumbent fifth freedom rights to carry passengers between London Heathrow and the United States. These rights were previously exercised by Air New Zealand (between Los Angeles-London Heathrow), Air India (between New York City-London Heathrow), and Kuwait Airways (also between New York City and London Heathrow). El Al also had such rights but chose not to use them, and Iran Air technically also had similar rights, but is prohibited from flying to the US due to US government economic sanctions against Iran.
Delta Air Lines began services to London Heathrow from Atlanta, New York (JFK), Boston, Detroit and Seattle in 2008. Other airlines, such as Northwest Airlines, US Airways and Continental Airlines also began services to Heathrow, but have since ceased independent operations under these brand names, following mergers with airlines also serving Heathrow.
Nevertheless, expansion of transatlantic flights to or from Heathrow continue to be limited by lack of runway capacity (currently its two runways operate at over 98 percent capacity), government limits (especially when expansion plans to build a third runway and a sixth terminal were cancelled on 12 May 2010, by the new coalition government), and the fact that many take-off slots are owned by incumbent airlines (IAG's airlines, including British Airways, Aer Lingus and Iberia, account for 54% of slots).
Fares
There is little consensus about whether increased transatlantic competition will have any effect on fares. Some believe the market is already highly competitive. Other sources have been predicting radical changes, such as €10 flights.
There have been a number of new entrants that have come into the market in recent years, who have adapted the model of the short-haul low-cost airlines to the transatlantic route. Initially in 2007, Ryanair announced that it was planning to start a new airline (RyanAtlantic) that would operate long-haul flights between Europe and the United States but that project was cancelled. However, in 2014 Norwegian Air Shuttle announced it would start low-cost flights to the US from the Republic of Ireland and later the UK, in part made possible by new wide-body and narrow-body aircraft with increased fuel efficiency and range. Its Irish and then its new UK subsidiaries applied for US permission to operate these routes, which was met with resistance in the US. Eventually, after the European Commission said it would initiate arbitration procedures under the Agreement, the US granted the Norwegian subsidiaries rights to fly to the US. Other long-haul low-cost airlines, such as LEVEL, Primera Air and Wow Air, have since entered the market, however the latter 2 have since ceased operation.
Consequences of the UK leaving the EU
There was some debate as to what consequences the UK leaving the EU (Brexit) in 2020 would have on UK and United States airlines flying between the UK and United States. Both the EU and the Secretary of State for Exiting the EU, David Davis MP, have since confirmed it was likely the UK would leave the EU-US Open Skies Agreement. It has subsequently emerged that the UK has initiated negotiations with the US on a future US-UK Air Transport Agreement.
In November 2018, the UK concluded an individual open sky agreement with the United States that will supersede the EU agreement post-Brexit.
References
Category:Aviation agreements
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Category:United States–European Union relations
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Category:Treaties concluded in 2010
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New Glasgow, Nova Scotia
New Glasgow is a town in Pictou County, in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. It is situated on the banks of the East River of Pictou, which flows into Pictou Harbour, a sub-basin of the Northumberland Strait.
The town's population was 9,075 in the 2016 census. New Glasgow is at the centre of the province's fourth largest urban area; the population of the New Glasgow census agglomeration in the 2016 census was 34,487. The New Glasgow census agglomeration includes the smaller adjacent towns of Stellarton, Westville, and Trenton as well as adjacent rural areas of the county.
History
Scottish immigrants, including those on the ship Hector in 1773, settled the area of the East River of Pictou during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
Deacon Thomas Fraser first settled the area at the head of navigation on the East River of Pictou in 1784. The settlement was officially named "New Glasgow", after Glasgow in Scotland, in 1809, the same year its first trading post was developed.
The discovery of large coal deposits in the East River valley during the early 19th century saw New Glasgow, at the head of navigation, quickly develop into a manufacturing and port community.
In 1829, a horse-drawn tramway was built using standard gauge rails from the settlement of Albion Mines (now Stellarton) to a wharf near New Glasgow. This was the first use of standard gauge rails in what would become Canada. On September 19, 1839, the Albion Railway was opened from Albion Mines to New Glasgow, hauling coal wagons behind steam locomotives such as the Samson along the west bank of the East River of Pictou. This was the second steam-powered railway in what would become Canada and the first to use iron rails. The railway was extended north to a coal loading pier at Dunbar's Point on May 14, 1840.
In 1840, George MacKenzie started the town's first shipbuilding company, which eventually built or owned 34 vessels; hundreds of ships would later be built along the East River in New Glasgow.
In June 1867, the Nova Scotia Railway opened its "Eastern Line" from Truro through New Glasgow to its terminus at the passenger and cargo wharf in Pictou Landing. In 1882 the "Eastern Extension" of the Intercolonial Railway was opened from New Glasgow to Mulgrave on the Strait of Canso, placing New Glasgow on the mainline between Cape Breton Island and the North American rail network.
Economic development in New Glasgow was driven by the steel industry in neighbouring Trenton (site of the first steel manufacturing in Canada), shipbuilding and shipping in Pictou and Pictou Landing, and coal mining in Stellarton and Westville.
After World War I, the famous New York sculptor J. Massey Rhind was commissioned to make the Nova Scotia Highlander soldier cenotaph. In 1946, New Glasgow was the setting for an important civil rights case when Viola Desmond challenged racial segregation of New Glasgow's Roseland Theatre. New Glasgow became a service centre for the county during the late 20th century as shopping centres, retail and residential development was spurred by the construction of Highway 104.
Municipal amalgamation
Talk of amalgamating the six municipal units in Pictou County has increased in recent years. Among the reasons for this, small towns adjacent to New Glasgow are having a hard time coping financially on their own due to the declining economy. Also, Pictou County has the most politicians per capita in Canada. With the Government of Nova Scotia having already amalgamated Halifax County, Cape Breton County, and Queens County into regional municipalities, Pictou County residents feel it is only a matter of time before that concept is introduced in Pictou County. The two most often suggested scenarios involve amalgamating the entire county (six municipalities) into a single regional municipality, or amalgamating the upper East River towns (New Glasgow, Stellarton, Trenton, Westville) into a single larger town. After several months of public backlash a vote was held and the public spoke against amalgamation, effectively killing any possibility of a future merger.
Geography
New Glasgow is located on Nova Scotia's north shore, northeast of Halifax, west of the Canso Causeway to Cape Breton and south of the Prince Edward Island ferry at Caribou. The town can be easily accessed from several exits off the Trans Canada Highway. It is in the Atlantic Time Zone, four hours behind UTC.
New Glasgow is divided by the East River (north - south), a tidal estuary with brackish (salt and fresh) water. The three lane George Street bridge is the only vehicle crossing within town limits and is considered the main entrance into the downtown core on the east side of the river. The closest bridges out of town are the Trenton Connector to the north, the Trans Canada Highway to the south and Bridge Avenue (Stellarton) also to the south.
Climate
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies New Glasgow's climate as humid continental (Dfb), with rainy and snowy cold winters and warm humid summers. The highest temperature ever recorded in New Glasgow was on 10 August 2001. The coldest temperature ever recorded was on 2 February 1961.
Demographics
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of New Glasgow recorded a population of 9,075 living in 4,208 of its 4,640 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2011 population of 9,562. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
Mother tongue language (2006)
Neighbourhoods
South End
The southeastern part of the town is located on the east bank of the East River immediately north of the unincorporated community of Plymouth and west of the unincorporated community of Priestville. It is largely commercial and centred upon East River Road (signed as Route 348).
The Aberdeen Hospital, New Glasgow business park, New Glasgow Police headquarters, North Nova Education Centre and the Aberdeen Shopping Centre are situated here as well as a residential area.
Downtown
Located on the east bank of the East River and centred on the George Street Bridge, the downtown core has a central business district along Provost Street and Archimedes Street. Banks, insurance companies, law firms, accounting firms, engineering companies, restaurants and independent retailers are located in historic buildings along these streets.
Formerly industrial, the downtown area along the river has undergone a waterfront revitalization in recent decades as factories and foundries closed and were replaced by a performing arts centre, office buildings and a marina. Currently only one foundry and several warehouses and a cement plant remain along the rail corridor in this area.
East Side
The east end is the area east of downtown and is bordered on the east by the unincorporated communities of Frasers Mountain and Linacy. It is largely residential.
North End
The northeastern part of the town stretches along the east bank of the East River from the downtown to the border with Trenton.
West Side
The west side of the town is located on the west bank of the East River consists of a residential area north of George Street through to the unincorporated community of Abercrombie.
The area of the West Side southwest of George Street along Westville Road is a commercial area and includes the Highland Square Mall as well as a district of big box stores. This part of the town borders the town of Stellarton to the south and the Town of Westville to the southwest. Westville Road leads to the town of Westville, about beyond Exit 23 at the Trans Canada Highway.
Economy
Major employers in the area include the Aberdeen Hospital, a Michelin tire plant in nearby Granton, the Northern Pulp Nova Scotia pulp mill in nearby Abercrombie, and the headquarters of Sobeys, a national grocery chain, in nearby Stellarton. However, New Glasgow and Pictou County have suffered the closure of many large employers, including Convergys (~200 jobs) and Michelin (~500 jobs).
New Glasgow's historic downtown core is home to several shops and services. Including restaurants, pubs, cabarets, clothing stores, gift shops, furniture department stores, a marina on the riverfront, government offices and banks. A major revitalization plan was recently announced for the downtown core. A large sum of the funds will be provided by the federal government. Among the projects are a walking bridge that will connect the riverfront marina with the Samson Trail on the west side, improvements to the historic town hall, an updated and possibly expanded library, and beautification of public spaces and store fronts.
New Glasgow is the commercial hub of northeastern Nova Scotia. Well known chain stores include Sobeys (three locations), Atlantic Superstore, Shoppers Drug Mart, Sears, Staples, The Brick and Canadian Tire.
The Westville Road/Highland Square Mall area has seen significant commercial growth in recent years. A new Walmart opened next to Highland Square in early 2007, replacing the smaller location in the mall. Canadian Tire relocated to Walmart's old location in the spring of 2008, making it the second largest Canadian Tire store in Nova Scotia. Winners opened in Spring 2009, in Canadian Tire's former location. Future Shop has built a new store next to the new Canadian Tire, which opened in Spring 2009 but has since closed. SportChek opened a new store inside the mall in Fall 2009. The Highland Square Mall is unfortunately well known for its high turnover rate of stores and the closure of many long-time shops including Carlton Cards, Sears, Sparkles Arcade, Ranchers Steakhouse, Captain Sub, etc.
About a minute away from the Westville Road commercial district, on the opposite side of the Trans Canada Highway in Stellarton, a new business park is currently being developed. The Holiday Inn Express Hotel Stellarton - New Glasgow was the first confirmed business for the park. It officially opened on July 25, 2008. Proudfoot's Home Hardware Building Centre opened in the park in 2012.
The New Glasgow Farmers Market expanded into an additional, heated facility in November 2015 with the financial assistance of ACOA, The Market is now open every Saturday from 9am until 1pm and boasts more than 70 vendors and more than 1,800 weekly visitors during the peak season from May until October. On July 1, 2017, the New Glasgow Farmers Market will unveil a new community garden project titled The Giving Garden. The project was completed by Market volunteers with the financial grants from the province's Department of Communities, Culture and Heritage through the 150 Forward Fund and a Wellness grant from the Pictou County Health Authority.
Culture
Museums in New Glasgow include the Carmichael Stewart House Heritage Museum, local Military Museum, and local Sports Hall of Fame.
Glasgow Square Theatre, located on the downtown riverfront, is a 285-seat auditorium that hosts year-round concerts, plays, and other community functions. The theatre can be transformed into an outdoor amphitheatre, one of the few theatres in Canada (if not the only) that can do that. During the summer it hosts celebrations for Canada Day on June 30, the New Glasgow Riverfront Jubilee during the first weekend in August, and the Race on the River Dragon Boat Festival in mid-August. The Roseland Cabaret nightclub operates in the former Roseland film theatre in downtown New Glasgow, one of the oldest film theatres in Nova Scotia and site of a famous 1946 civil rights case.
The award-winning New Glasgow Jubilee features popular local and national musical acts. It has become the town's most successful event since its inception in 1995.
The Race on the River features teams representing local companies and organizations paddling along the East River to raise money for local charities.
New Glasgow's oldest summer mainstay, The Festival of the Tartans, has been scaled back over the years. There is no longer a parade. The festival is a celebration of the town's Scottish roots.
Sports
New Glasgow's John Brother MacDonald Stadium (formerly New Glasgow Stadium) used to be home to the Pictou County Crushers of the Maritime Junior Hockey League and the Weeks Major Midgets of the Nova Scotia Major Midget Hockey League. The team now plays at the Pictou County Wellness Centre.
The Crushers were based in Halifax and known as Team Pepsi until 2004 when the Weeks Hockey Organization bought the club and moved it to New Glasgow. After struggling to attract fans in Halifax's crowded hockey market, the team is now one of the league's top draws.
New Glasgow hosted the 2005 MJAHL All Star game and the 2006 MJAHL Entry Draft. It was announced on December 29, 2006, that New Glasgow would host the 2008 Fred Page Cup, where the Crushers defeated the defending FPC winners from Pembroke, Ontario in the championship game.
The town hosted the Telus Cup (then Air Canada Cup), in 1997 and the 2001 World Under 17 Hockey Championships (co-hosted with Truro).
In 2007, New Glasgow hosted its first Major Junior hockey game (St. John's Fog Devils vs P.E.I. Rocket).
On February 9, 2008, New Glasgow was one of six communities across Canada selected to be showcased on CBC Sports' day-long Hockey Day in Canada The New Glasgow segments featured hometown NHL player Jon Sim and the town's annual Westside winter carnival.
New Glasgow is the home of the annual Johnny Miles running event weekend, named after the two time Boston Marathon winner. It is the second largest running event in Atlantic Canada, behind only Halifax's Blue Nose Marathon.
Education
There are five schools in New Glasgow; including three primary-to-six elementary schools, a junior high school and a high school. The junior high school is made up of grades seven to nine. North Nova Education Centre, which opened its doors in 2003, is made up of grades nine to twelve, and has students from four ‘feeder’ schools, East Pictou Middle School, Trenton Middle School, New Glasgow Junior High School and Thorburn Consolidated.
Notable residents
Dr. Carrie Best, journalist, publisher, activist
George Canyon, country singer who was the runner-up in the USA Network's Nashville Star 2 in 2004
Kori Cheverie, 2014 Clarkson Cup champion
Brian Cyr, darts player
J.D. Fortune, former lead singer of Australian rock band INXS. He was chosen as their new singer after winning CBS's Rock Star: INXS in 2005.
Graham Fraser, XIX century industrialist, Founder of the Nova Scotia Steel Company and mayor of New Glasgow
John James Grant, Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia
Peter MacKay, federal Conservative politician, formerly served as Minister of Justice and Attorney General
Lisa MacLeod, Ontario cabinet minister
Jon Sim, professional ice hockey player with the Bridgeport Sound Tigers of the American Hockey League, won the Stanley Cup in 1999 with the Dallas Stars.
Mike Smith, actor known primarily for his role as "Bubbles" in Trailer Park Boys.
Derrick Walser, professional ice hockey player with the Rapperswil-Jona Lakers of the Swiss National League A.
Colin White, Retired NHL player, won the Stanley Cup in 2000 and 2003 with the New Jersey Devils.
John Wilson, internationally renowned sculptor.
Media
Radio
FM 88.7: CBAF-10 (Première Chaîne)
FM 89.5: CBHN (CBC Radio One)
FM 94.1: CKEC East Coast FM (adult contemporary)
FM 97.9: CKEZ (Classic Rock)
Newspapers
The News
See also
List of municipalities in Nova Scotia
References
External links
Official New Glasgow Website
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Honduran Independence Party
The Honduran Independence Party was a short-lived 1950s political party that was essentially a splinter group of the People's United Party (PUP).
Background: Central Committee resignations
A convention held by the People's United Party on September 27, 1956 settled a long political dispute that had hindered the party's development for some time. 10 members of the Central executive of the PUP, led by Leigh Richardson and Phillip Goldson, resigned and vowed to form their own political party.
Formation and leaders
The HIP was formed on October 4, 1956, and elected its leaders on October 15. They included:
Party Leader Leigh Richardson
Deputy Phillip Goldson
Chairman William Coffin
Vice Chairman Frank Tench
Aims
Belizean self-government within the Commonwealth
Higher standard of living for all with more training and opportunity
Cooperation with management and labour for the betterment of the country.
Reception by Belizeans
As the HIP prepared to contest the 1957 general election, Belizeans had a few questions for them. How serious was the PUP split, and could it be repaired? If the party wanted independence, even eventually as the name suggested, why split with the PUP in the first place?
And just what the heck was "Honduras", anyway? (Shoman). A puzzled electorate offered nearly 18% of its votes, but no seats, to the new party, placing them second behind the victorious PUP.
For a summary of results, see 1957 British Honduras legislative election.
Devolution
A discouraged Richardson resigned as Leader in February 1958 and left for Trinidad. Goldson carried the party along a little further, but he had no choice but to meet with members of the National Party (Belize) (NP) to ask for a merger. The details were worked out in early summer, and the HIP was dissolved on June 25, 1958 (one day before the NP) and merged to form the National Independence Party (Belize) on July 1.
References
Assad Shoman's 13 Chapters history text and Lawrence Vernon's "History of Political Parties" essay in Readings in Belizean History both have sections on the HIP.
See also
National Party (Belize)
People's United Party
National Independence Party (Belize)
United Democratic Party (Belize)
Category:Political parties established in 1956
Category:Defunct political parties in Belize
Category:Political parties disestablished in 1958
Category:1956 establishments in British Honduras
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David Eldridge (dramatist)
David Eldridge (born 20 September 1973) is a British dramatist and screenwriter, born in Romford, Greater London, United Kingdom.
His plays have been produced in the West End and on Broadway. He has written for stage, screen and radio.
Career
Eldridge is currently lecturer in Creative Writing at Birkbeck, University of London.
His plays have been performed at major new writing institutions in the UK, including The Royal Court Theatre, the Bush Theatre, the Finborough Theatre and the National Theatre. His stage adaptation of the film Festen transferred from the Almeida Theatre to the West End and Broadway. His play Market Boy, informed by his childhood working on a stall at Romford Market, played at the National Theatre's largest space, the Olivier in June 2006. In July 2008 his play Under the Blue Sky was revived at the Duke of York's Theatre starring Chris O'Dowd, Catherine Tate and Francesca Annis.
In March 2011 his play The Knot of the Heart played at the Almeida Theatre and starred Lisa Dillon, for whom the role of Lucy was written and in February 2012 his play In Basildon, played at the Royal Court Theatre directed by Dominic Cooke starring Linda Bassett and Ruth Sheen. Both plays opened to critical acclaim. The Knot of the Heart won the Off-West End Theatre Award for Best New Play and In Basildon was voted The Guardian Theatre Critics and Arts Writers No.1 Theatre of 2012. In April 2012 the Royal Exchange Theatre presented his new version of Miss Julie by August Strindberg, starring Maxine Peake. In July 2014 his play Holy Warriors played at Shakespeare's Globe.
David's screenplay for a ninety-minute single film, The Scandalous Lady W, based upon Hallie Rubenhold's book Lady Worsley's Whim, was broadcast on BBC2 in August 2015 starring Natalie Dormer and directed by Sheree Folkson.
In October 2017 The National Theatre presented the world premiere of his play Beginning in the Dorfman Theatre directed by Polly Findlay. Beginning will transfer from The National Theatre to the Ambassadors Theatre in the west end, opening in January 2018 with both Sam Troughton and Justine Mitchell reprising their original roles.
He also teaches screenwriting for the Arvon Foundation.
Plays
Cabbage for Tea, Tea, Tea! (Exeter University, 1995)
Sideways Moving (Edinburgh Fringe, 1995)
Fighting for Breath (Finborough Theatre, 1995)
Serving It Up (Bush Theatre, 1996)
Dirty (Theatre Royal Stratford East, 1996)
A Week with Tony (Finborough Theatre, 1996)
Summer Begins (Donmar Warehouse, 1997)
Thanks Mum (Red Room/Battersea Arts Centre, 1998)
Falling (Hampstead Theatre, 1999)
Under the Blue Sky (Royal Court Theatre, 2000)
Killers (BBC Television, 2000)
Michael & Me (BBC Radio 4, 2001)
The Nugget Run (Short Film, 2002)
Stratford, Ilford, Romford and All Stations to Shenfield (BBC Radio 4, 2003)
M.A.D. (Bush Theatre, 2004)
Incomplete and Random Acts of Kindness (Royal Court Theatre, 2005)
Market Boy (National Theatre, 2006)
The Picture Man (BBC Radio 3, 2008)
The List (Arcola Theatre, 2009)
A Thousand Stars Explode in the Sky (written with Simon Stephens and Robert Holman), (Lyric Hammersmith, 2010)
Like Minded People (BBC Radio 4, 2011)
The Knot of the Heart (Almeida Theatre, 2011)
The Secret Grief (BBC Radio 3, 2011)
The Stock Da'wa (Hampstead Theatre, 2011)
Something, Someone, Somewhere (Sixty Six Project/Bush Theatre/Westminster Abbey, 2011; inspired by 1 John)
In Basildon (Royal Court Theatre, 2012)
Holy Warriors (Shakespeare's Globe 2014)
Jenny Lomas (BBC Radio 3, 2017)
Beginning (National Theatre, 2017)
Adaptations/Versions
Festen - adaptation of the Dogme film (Almeida Theatre/Lyric Theatre, 2004 / Music Box Theatre, New York, 2006)
Our Hidden Lives - television adaptation of a book by Simon Garfield (BBC Television, 2005)
The Wild Duck - new version of a play by Henrik Ibsen (Donmar Warehouse, 2006)
John Gabriel Borkman - new version of a play by Henrik Ibsen (Donmar Warehouse, 2007)
Babylone adaptation of the play Rue de Babylone by Jean-Marie Besset (Belgrade Theatre Coventry, 2009)
The Lady from the Sea - new version of a play by Henrik Ibsen (Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester, 2010)
Miss Julie - new version of a play by August Strindberg (Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester, 2012)
The Scandalous Lady W - screenplay based upon Hallie Rubenhold's book Lady Worsley's Whim (BBC2, 2015)
Bibliography
Plays: One (Serving It Up/Summer Begins/Under the Blue Sky/M.A.D) (Methuen, 2005)
Plays: Two (Incomplete and Random Acts of Kindness/Market Boy/The Knot of the Heart/The Stock Da'wa) (Methuen, 2012)
Short Story: (A Whole New World) (Metheun)
References
External links
Independent on Sunday interview
Oh, throw away your stopwatch
Massive Attack David Eldridge on the Monsterists
Telegraph interview
David Eldridge & Rufus Norris Guardian interview
Time Out interview
Independent interview
Under the Blue Sky in the West End
David Eldridge, Simon Stephens & Robert Holman FT interview
David Eldridge, Simon Stephens & Robert Holman Guardian interview
Metro interview
Guardian interview
The Stage interview
Exeunt interview
Category:1973 births
Category:English dramatists and playwrights
Category:People from Romford
Category:Living people
Category:English male dramatists and playwrights
Category:People educated at Brentwood School, Essex
Category:Screenwriting instructors
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Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées
The Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées () is a French monthly scientific journal of mathematics, founded in 1836 by Joseph Liouville (editor: 1836–1874). The journal was originally published by Charles Louis Étienne Bachelier. After Bachelier's death in 1853, publishing passed to his son-in-law, Louis Alexandre Joseph Mallet, and the journal was marked Mallet-Bachelier. The publisher was sold to Gauthier-Villars (:fr:Gauthier-Villars) in 1863, where it remained for many decades. The journal is currently published by Elsevier. According to the 2018 Journal Citation Reports, its impact factor is 1.961. Articles are written in English or French.
References
External links
Online access
http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/
Index of freely available volumes
Up to 1945, volumes of Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées are available online free in their entirety from Internet Archive or Bibliothèque nationale de France. Recent volumes (from 1997 onward) are made freely available on the journal's website after 48 months.
"J. Math. Pures Appl. Ser. 9 Vol 76-103 (1997 - Jun 2015)" ScienceDirect
Category:Mathematics journals
Category:Publications established in 1836
Category:Elsevier academic journals
Category:Monthly journals
Category:Multilingual journals
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April 2011 Miyagi earthquake
The April 2011 Miyagi earthquake (Japanese: ) occurred off the coast of Miyagi Prefecture, approximately east of Sendai, Japan. The thrust earthquake was classified as an aftershock of the March 11 Tōhoku earthquake, and occurred at 23:32 JST (14:32 UTC) on Thursday, 7 April 2011.
Several tsunami warnings were issued for the northeastern coast of Honshu; however, they were all canceled 90 minutes later. Over 3 million households in the area were left without power, and several nuclear plants suffered minor inconveniences. There was no major structural damage, but the quake killed at least 4 people and injured 141.
Earthquake
The submarine earthquake occurred at a focal depth of 49 km (30.4 mi) in the western Pacific Ocean on 7 April 2011 at 14:21 UTC, approximately 66 km (41 mi) east of Sendai. The quake was a direct result of thrust faulting on or near the subduction zone plate boundary between the Pacific and North American Plates. Initially estimated at a magnitude of 7.4, the tremor was felt in several areas near the east coast of Honshu as an aftershock of the 11 March magnitude 9.0 megathrust Tōhoku earthquake. The aftershock sequence of this event is ongoing since 11 March, and includes over 58 earthquakes of magnitude 6.0 or greater up until 7 April 2011, with only two others of magnitude 7.0 or greater.
Damage and casualties
Although the quake was located several miles offshore, moderate to very strong shaking was reported as far inland as Tokyo, about 333 km (207 mi) from its epicentre. Upon the detection of the earthquake, the Japan Meteorological Agency issued a tsunami warning for Miyagi Prefecture, as well as tsunami alerts for Iwate Prefecture, Fukushima Prefecture, Aomori Prefecture, Ibaraki Prefecture and the Pacific Rim. Waves of between 0.5 and 1 m were anticipated, and residents along coastal areas were urged to evacuate. All warnings and alerts were canceled within 90 minutes, however. The tremor caused widespread power outages, with power still not restored to some 3.6 million households across several prefectures by 8 April. Nuclear power plants within the region also suffered from the outages; two of three power lines supplying power to fuel coolers were cut off at the Onagawa power plant. Radioactive water consequently leaked out of spent fuel pools at three of its reactors, though no change in the radiation levels outside the plant was reported. Five coal-powered power plants also shut down, adding to concerns over energy shortages. Fukushima I power plant, which had earlier been struck by the 11 March quake, evacuated its workers as a safety precaution, but the plant sustained no damage.
Four people were reported dead as a result of the earthquake, including an elderly woman in Yamagata Prefecture who lost power to her medical ventilator. An additional 141 people suffered minor injuries, ranging from cuts and bruises to bone fractures. No major losses were reported, though some roads sustained damage, as well as a few homes. The Nikkei index fell sharply at the closing but rebounded the next day when reports of limited damage were confirmed.
See also
List of earthquakes in 2011
List of earthquakes in Japan
References
External links
Category:Earthquakes in Japan
Category:2011 in Japan
Category:April 2011 events in Asia
Category:2011 earthquakes
nl:Zeebeving Sendai 2011#Naschok 7 april 2011
ja:宮城県沖地震#2011年4月7日（東北地方太平洋沖地震の余震）
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Tele7ABC
Tele7abc () is a defunct television station in Romania, which became popular in the 1990s and stopped airing in 2005. It was famous for airing such series as The Addams Family, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Knight Rider, The A-Team, MacGyver, Kung Fu, and The Incredible Hulk. Tele7ABC was the broadcaster of Michael Jackson's HIStory Tour concert in 1996 in Bucharest.
It was the beginning of stars like Mircea Badea, Teo Trandafir, Dan Diaconescu and Radu Coşarcă.
It died after getting in the control of Florin Călinescu. Soon after, most of its movies were transferred to other stations, Tele7 remaining only with religious B rated movies and similar shows.
In 2003, the station temporarily closed its gates with the message that the workers were not paid in months, and they had neither any adequate sanitary facilities. Soon after, the station closed down for good.
References
Adapted from Wikinfo article Tele7ABC, text released under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Category:Defunct television channels in Romania
Category:1994 establishments in Romania
Category:2005 disestablishments in Romania
Category:Television channels and stations established in 1994
Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2005
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Daphnella omaleyi
Daphnella omaleyi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.
Description
The length of the shell attains 10 mm, its diameter 3 mm.
A very delicate flesh-coloured shining shell with oblong aperture and produced siphonal canal. This attenuate-fusiform shell contains 7 whorls, including two decussated and alveolate apical whorls. They are much impressed at the sutures, longitudinally few-ribbed, there are but seven on the body whorl, and spirally obscurely lirate. The outer lip and the base of the siphonal canal are tinged with brown. The columella is upright.
Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Gulf of Oman.
References
External links
omaleyi
Category:Gastropods described in 1899
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GMK Ltd
GMK Ltd is in the business of brand representation and distribution in the UK shooting sports market, and provides a full importation business including; sales, warehousing, marketing, credit collection and after sales service. It is the leading UK importer of shotguns, rifles and rifle ammunition and also distributes other shooting related products. Many of the brands it represents are market leaders in the UK.
GMK Ltd (previously Gunmark until January 1998) is a privately owned enterprise which commenced trading in 1971 and has been continuously owned and managed by the Waktare family. Founded by Bjorn Waktare, he was then joined by his sons, Karl and Oskar, in 1994 and 1996, respectively. They now head the company following Bjorn’s retirement in 1998.
In 2005, Beretta, the major supplier to GMK bought 20% of the company. In March 2013, Beretta increased their share of the business to 60%. The remaining 40% continues to be owned by the Waktare family.
History
Bjorn Waktare moved from Sweden to the UK and founded Gunmark, in 1971. Initially, the company was a joint venture between Bjorn Waktare and Patrick Keen. The company exclusively imported and distributed foreign goods.
In 1977 Gunmark was appointed Beretta distributor for the UK and quickly developed Beretta into one of two leading shotgun brands in the UK market. Patrick Keen left Gunmark in the late eighties to pursue other business interests.
The company worked hard to diversify their business and introduced many new products on to the UK market. In 1989 they became distributors for the luxury rubber boot brand Le Chameau, which grew to become their second largest brand after Beretta. Le Chameau was purchased by Lafuma Group SA in the early 1990s.
In the mid 1990s a new UK Sales Manager was appointed for Le Chameau, to spearhead the move into non-shooting country-wear stores. It was this move which prompted the change of name from Gunmark Ltd to GMK Ltd.
Having recruited his two sons into the business, Waktare moved to the South of France in 1998, making Karl Waktare managing director at the age of 31 and Oskar Waktare, finance director at 28.
In 2000, GMK became the distributor for Franchi shotguns, followed a year later by their appointment as distributor for Tikka rifles from Finland. In that same year they won the UK distribution rights from US ammunition giant ATK (brands including Federal, CCI and RCBS), and began importing their products in to the UK. The storage of this ammunition coupled with generic growth forced GMK to look for new premises and in 2002 they moved into a new, purpose built building. Also in 2002 GMK moved the distribution of Le Chameau into a joint venture with Lafuma called LLC Ltd.
Having begun supplying to UK police forces, GMK’s presence in the Law Enforcement market steadily increased. In 2004 they applied for ISO 9001 certification which was later awarded.
In 2005 The Beretta Gallery was opened, on the corner of St James Street and Jermyn Street, London. A joint venture between Beretta and GMK Ltd, this flagship store sells both ladies and gentlemen’s luxury shooting clothing and related goods. The top floor of the Beretta Gallery houses the largest gun room in London, exhibiting the entire range of Beretta shotguns.
The company continued to show strong growth right up until the 2008 financial crisis, where problems with exchange rates created difficulties for GMK Ltd. However, troubles in the domestic markets were offset by strong growth in their tactical sales.
In 2008 GMK supplied the British MOD with Benelli M4 shotguns, for use by the British Army as an urgent operational requirement. In 2013 GMK won its biggest tender to date, to supply the British MOD with Steiner military 8 x 30 R binoculars. This was a multimillion pound contract, initially for five years but with options to extend.
Although sales were obviously affected by the financial crisis of 2007-08 and the subsequent recession, GMK took the opportunity to re-evaluate certain areas of the business, emerging stronger and recovering very quickly.
At the end of 2013 GMK completed a major project to install solar panels on the roof of the building. The system generates large amounts of electricity, even on overcast days, and feeds excess electricity back into the National Grid. This produces an income for GMK but more importantly contributes to the reduction of carbon emissions in the UK.
External links
Category:1971 establishments in the United Kingdom
Category:Business services companies established in 1971
Category:Shooting sports in the United Kingdom
Category:Beretta
Category:Retail companies established in 1971
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Manchester Wolves
The Manchester Wolves were a professional arena football team, based at the Verizon Wireless Arena in Manchester, New Hampshire, which folded at the end of the 2009 season along with the rest of the league. They played in the East Division of the American Conference of the AF2 league, which was the minor league of the Arena Football League.
Team history
Inception
On July 19, 2001, Uncasville, Connecticut was awarded an AF2 expansion team. On December 12, 2001, Mohegan Sun and Dr. Eric Margenau, President/Chief Executive Officer of United Sports Ventures, announced that the new expansion AF2 franchise would be named the Mohegan Wolves. Margenau introduced Gary Porter, as the head coach for the team that would first take the field April 5, 2002 at the Mohegan Sun Arena against the Albany Conquest. Gary Porter, previously led the expansion Peoria Pirates to a 7-9 record in 2001.
The team name was selected through a "Name the Team" contest sponsored by WCTY, Mohegan Sun and X-Tra Mart. A Jewett City, Connecticut resident, came up with the winning name. The winner won four season tickets for the 2002 Mohegan Wolves season, dinner for four on the night of the team's first home game, and a team merchandise package.
New owners
On February 6, 2003, the AF2 league office announced that Big Win Ventures LLC would now be the operator of the Mohegan Wolves. Dr. Margenau, the former principal operator of the Mohegan Wolves, assumed the role of President of Big Win and remained a substantial shareholder. Big Win, which is privately held, also announced the same day that it has assumed operations of the Albany Conquest AF2 franchise.
For the 2003 season, AFL veteran head coach Mark Stoute led the Wolves and dramatically improved their record. The team finished with a 10-6 regular season record (which included a 7-1 home record) and won their first postseason game on August 2, 2003 against the Atlantic Division Champion Cape Fear Wildcats 50-47. The season ended the next week on August 8, 2003 with a 47-30 loss to the Tennessee Valley Vipers.
Relocation
On October 29, 2003, the league office approved the relocation of the Mohegan Wolves team to Manchester, New Hampshire. The Wolves’ move to Manchester was made possible through the efforts of a group of local businessmen and Dr. Margenau. The team of local investors was led by longtime area resident Steve Schubert, a former player for the New England Patriots and Chicago Bears.
During the first season in Manchester, New Hampshire, the new head coach, Rik Richards, was first fired midway through the season and replaced by his coordinator Ron Hill. And assistant coaches Mark Page and Ryan Ray. The Wolves finished out the season with a 5-11 record.
New coach/Turnaround
Things turned around in 2005 with new head coach, Ben Bennett. Bennett, a veteran coach and player with Arena Football and AF2 transformed the Manchester team to a 12-4 regular season record and won the East Division. The regular season included a 10-game win streak. The season ended with a first round playoff loss at home on August 12, 2005 against the Louisville Fire 56-69.
Quarterback problems
In 2006, the Wolves had loftier expectations because of many key players and Head Coach Ben Bennett returning. The team had issues at Quarterback however as D. Bryant and Kyle Rowley were ineffective while trying to fill the shoes of the 2005 starter and current Jake Eaton. With four games remaining in the season and the team sitting at 5-7, Coach Bennett turned to former Ohio State Quarterback Steve Bellisari. A failed defensive back in the NFL, Bellisari took over of the Wolves offense and led them to four straight victories which took the Wolves from the bottom of the division to making the playoffs and hosting a first-round game.
Bellisari found his favorite target Steve Gonzalez and the Wolves had a defense with the tandem of William Haith and Allistair Sebastien as the Wolves got a 55-47 win against the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Pioneers in front of 3,732 fans at Verizon Wireless Arena. The Wolves season would end one week later in Florida however as Steve Bellisari was driving the Wolves down the field late in the fourth quarter when he threw his last pass as a Wolf, a game-sealing interception to the Florida Firecats. The final score was Florida 40, Manchester 39.
Sponsors
In 2007 HAVOC announced a partnership with the Wolves as well as other AFL teams.
Season-by-season
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" | Mohegan Wolves
|-
|2002 || 3 || 13 || 0 || 5th AC Northeast || --
|-
|2003 || 10 || 6 || 0 || 2nd AC Northeast || Won AC Round 1 (Cape Fear 50-47) Lost AC Semifinal (Tennessee Valley 47-30)
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" | Manchester Wolves
|-
|2004 || 5 || 11 || 0 || 4th AC Northeast || --
|-
|2005 || 12 || 4 || 0 || 1st AC East || Lost AC Semifinal (Louisville 69-56)
|-
|2006 || 9 || 7 || 0 || 2nd AC East || Won AC Round 1 (Wilkes-Barre/Scranton 55-47) Lost AC Semifinal (Florida 40-39)
|-
|2007 || 10 || 6 || 0 || 2nd AC East || Lost AC Round 1 (Central Valley 42-41)
|-
|2008 || 9 || 7 || 0 || 2nd AC East || Won AC Round 1 (South Georgia 46-42) Won AC Semifinal (Green Bay 55-54) Lost AC Championship (Tennessee Valley 45-35)
|-
|2009 || 7 || 9 || 0 || 2nd AC East || Lost AC Round 1 (Iowa 70-53)
|-
!Totals || 65 || 61 || 0
|colspan="2"| (including playoffs)
|}
Notable players
Steve Bellisari – QB/S
D. Bryant – QB
Steve Gonzalez – WR
Mike Potts – QB
Rich Ranglin – OL
Kyle Rowley – QB
See also
Category:Manchester Wolves players
References
External links
Official website (Offline due to team disbanding in 2009)
Official fan club (Offline)
Mohegan Wolves at ArenaFan
Category:2004 establishments in New Hampshire
Category:2009 disestablishments in New Hampshire
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2004 TNA World X Cup Tournament
The TNA 2004 World X Cup Tournament was an X Division tournament that was hosted by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. It was the successor to America's X Cup Tournament.
History
America's X Cup Tournament was used somewhat as a preview for the World X Cup Tournament. America's X Cup featured four Teams: Team USA (representing the National Wrestling Alliance/Total Nonstop Action Wrestling), Team Canada, Team Mexico (representing AAA), and Team Britain. The concept of America's X Cup was that it was to be defended by Team USA against challengers from around the world. In an upsetting turn of events for Team USA, Team Mexico virtually dominated the international competition and ended up being the eventual winners of America's X Cup.
Rules
The competition is divided into four rounds.
In Round One, there will be a gauntlet involving all 16 wrestlers. The winner gets three points for their respective team
In Round Two, there are two tag team matches. The winners get two points for their respective teams.
In Round Three, there will be a Ladder match involving 1 member from each team. The winner gets four points for their respective teams.
In Round Four, there will be an Ultimate X match involving 1 member from the top 3 teams. (The team in last place is eliminated). The winner gets five points for there respective team.
In the event of a tie, the captains of the two teams will compete in a singles match in order to determine the champion.
Teams and Members
Team TNA
Jerry Lynn (Captain)
Christopher Daniels
Chris Sabin
Elix Skipper
Team Canada
Petey Williams (Captain)
Johnny Devine
Bobby Roode
Eric Young
Team Mexico
Héctor Garza (Captain)
Abismo Negro
Heavy Metal
Mr. Águila
Team Japan
NOSAWA (Captain)
Ryuji Hijikata
Mitsu Hirai Jr.
Taichi Ishikari
Preview Matches
TNA Weekly PPV 91: April 28, 2004
Team TNA defeated Team Mexico
''TNA Weekly PPV 92: May 5, 2004 Team Canada defeated Team TNATNA Weekly PPV 93: May 12, 2004 Team Canada's Bobby Roode & Petey Williams defeated Team Mexico's Héctor Garza & Abismo NegroTNA Weekly PPV 94: May 19, 2004 Team TNA's Jerry Lynn defeated Team Canada's Bobby Roode
Team Mexico defeated Team Japan
Results
Round One (The Gauntlet) - 3 Points TNA Weekly PPV 95: May 26, 200416-man Gauntlet: Team Mexico's Héctor Garza was the last remaining competitor, thus winning the match
Round Two (Tag Team Matches) - 2 Points TNA Weekly PPV 95: May 26, 2004 Team TNA's (Christopher Daniels and Elix Skipper) defeated Team Canada's (Bobby Roode and Johnny Devine)
Team Japan's (Ryuji Hijikata and Mitsu Hirai Jr.) defeated Team Mexico's (Abismo Negro and Heavy Metal)
Round Three (Ladder Match) - 4 Points TNA Weekly PPV 95: May 26, 2004 Team Canada's Eric Young defeated Team TNA's Jerry Lynn, Team Mexico's Mr. Águila and Team Japan's Taichi Ishikari
Round Four (Ultimate X Match) - 5 Points TNA Weekly PPV 95'': May 26, 2004
Team TNA's Chris Sabin defeated Team Canada's Petey Williams and Team Mexico's Héctor Garza
Standings
World X Cup Events
The World X Cup Tournament began almost immediately after Team AAA was decisively victorious in America's X Cup Tournament. Team Britain departed from TNA after America's X Cup ended, and Team Japan was brought in to fill the gap. Several Team changes were also made during the World X Cup. Team Mexico's Captain, Juventud Guerrera, was released from TNA after an in-ring accident involving Team USA's Captain, Jerry Lynn. Hector Garza took Guerrera's place as the Team Captain during the end of America's X Cup and the entire duration of the World X Cup.
Despite a strong showing from Team Mexico during America's X Cup events, Team USA enjoyed the majority of the success during the World X Cup. Team Japan was eventually eliminated from the tournament and it came down to the United States vs. Canada vs. Mexico in an Ultimate X match. Representing Team Canada was "The Canadian Destroyer" Captain Petey Williams. Representing Team Mexico was Captain Hector Garza. Despite the fact that both Canada and Mexico used their Team Captains for the Ultimate X match, Team USA was represented by Captain Jerry Lynn's hand-picked selection, Chris Sabin. This proved to be a wise decision for Team USA, as Sabin was able to defeat Williams and Garza and win the World X Cup Tournament for Team USA and the NWA/TNA.
See also
TNA X Cup Tournaments
TNA 2003 Super X Cup Tournament
TNA 2004 America's X Cup Tournament
TNA 2005 Super X Cup Tournament
TNA 2006 World X Cup Tournament
TNA 2008 World X Cup Tournament
External links
TNAWrestling.com (Official Website of TNA Wrestling)
Category:Impact Wrestling tournaments
Category:2004 in professional wrestling
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Luis Alberto Bonnet
Luis Alberto Bonnet (born 27 April 1971) is a former Argentine-Peruvian football striker.
External links
delgol website
Category:1971 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Buenos Aires
Category:Argentine footballers
Category:Peruvian footballers
Category:Peruvian Primera División players
Category:Club Atlético Atlanta footballers
Category:Sporting Cristal footballers
Category:Cienciano footballers
Category:Gimnasia y Tiro footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Argentina
Category:Expatriate footballers in Peru
Category:Argentine emigrants to Peru
Category:Association football forwards
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Željko
Željko or Zeljko (Cyrillic script: Жељко) is a Slavic masculine given name. Notable people with the name include:
Željko Čajkovski (1925–2016), Croatian football (soccer) player and coach
Željko Đokić (born 1982), Serbian footballer
Željko Šašić (born 1969), Serbian pop-folk singer
Željko Šturanović (born 1960), former Prime Minister of Montenegro who served from 2006 to 2008
Željko Adžić (born 1965), former Croatian footballer
Željko Bebek (born 1945), popular Bosnian singer, lead vocalist of Bijelo dugme from 1974 to 1984
Željko Blagojević, Bosnian Serb runner who ran over 900 km from Banja Luka, Bosnia to Kosovo as a protest
Željko Božić (born 1974), famous Serbian stuntman and actor
Željko Bogut (born 1969), Bosnian chess player and two time national champion
Željko Brkić (born 1986), Serbian football goalkeeper
Željko Cicović (born 1971), Serbian football goalkeeper
Željko Đurđić (born 1961), Serbian handball goalkeeper
Željko Filipović (born 1988), Slovenian footballer
Željko Franulović (born 1947), former Croatian tennis player
Željko Ivanek (born 1957), Emmy-award winning Slovenian American actor
Željko Ivanković (born 1954), Croatian writer from Bosnia and Herzegovina
Željko Janjetović, Bosnian diplomat, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Russian Federation
Željko Joksimović (born 1972), popular Serbian singer, composer, songwriter and producer
Željko Kalac (born 1972), Australian goalkeeper currently playing for Greek club Kavala
Željko Kalajdžić (born 1978), Serbian professional football midfielder
Željko Kerum (born 1960), Croatian entrepreneur and politician
Željko Komšić (born 1964), Bosnian-Herzegovinian politician
Željko Kopanja (1954–2016), Bosnian Serb newspaper editor and director of Nezavisne Novine
Željko Kopić (born 1977), Croatian football coach
Željko Kovačević (born 1981), Serbian footballer
Željko Krajan (born 1979), Croatian tennis coach and former professional tennis player
Željko Kuzmić (born 1984), Serbian professional football goalkeeper
Željko Lelek (born 1962), Bosnian Serb indicted for mass rape crimes in Višegrad during the Bosnian War
Željko Ljubenović (born 1981), Serbian football midfielder
(born 1948), Croatian cartoonist, animator and illustrator
Željko Malnar (1944–2013), writer and TV presenter
Željko Matuš (born 1935), former Croatian footballer
Željko Mavrović (born 1969), retired male boxer from Croatia turned entrepreneur
Željko Mijač (born 1954), Croatian football manager and former player
Željko Milinovič (born 1969), former Slovenian footballer
Željko Milošević (born 1976), Serbian footballer
Željko Mitrakovič (born 1972), Slovenian football midfielder
Željko Mrvaljević (born 1981), Montenegrin football defenderer
Željko Nimš (born 1950), Croatian handball player
Željko Obradović (born 1960), professional basketball coach and former professional basketball player
Željko Pahek (born 1954), Croatian and Serbian comics creator and illustrator
Željko Pavlović (born 1971), Croatian football goalkeeper
Željko Perušić (1936–2017), former Croatian footballer
Željko Pervan (born 1962), Croatian comedian
Željko Petrović (born 1965), retired footballer from Montenegro, technical coach of Feyenoord Rotterdam
Željko Polak (born 1976), retired Bosnian Serb football player
Zeljko Ranogajec (born 1961), professional gambler from Australia
Željko Ražnatović (1952–2000), better known as Arkan, Serbian career criminal and later a paramilitary leader
Željko Rebrača (born 1972), retired Serbian professional basketball player
Željko Rohatinski (1951–2019), current Governor of the Croatian National Bank
Željko Samardžić (born 1955), Bosnian Serb pop-folk singer
Željko Senečić (1933–2018), Croatian film and television production designer, film director and screenwriter
Željko Sošić (born 1980), young Montenegrin director
Željko Sopić (born 1974), Croatian football midfielder
Željko Srdić (born 1977), Serbian contemporary hyperrealist artist and comic book artist
Željko Stinčić (born 1950), former Croatian footballer
Željko Tadić (born 1974), former Montenegrin footballer
Željko Tanasković (born 1967), Serbian volleyball player
Željko Turk (born 1962), the current mayor of Zaprešić, a town in Zagreb County, Croatia
Željko Vincek (born 1986), Croatian sprinter who specializes in the 400 metres
Željko Vuković (footballer, born 1962), Croatian-born Austrian footballer
Željko Vuković (footballer, born 1963), Montenegrin footballer
Željko Zagorac (born 1981), professional basketball player
Zeljko Babic (born 1976), former association football player in the now defunct National Soccer League in Australia
Zeljko Bilecki (born 1950), retired Canadian soccer player
Zeljko Gavrilović (born 1971), veteran Serbian footballer
Zeljko Loparić (born 1939), Croatian philosopher, historian of the philosophy and university teacher
Zeljko Marasovich, Croatian American composer of classical and film music
Zeljko Radovic (Austrian footballer) (born 1974), Austrian football player
See also
Želimir
Category:Slavic masculine given names
Category:Bulgarian masculine given names
Category:Croatian masculine given names
Category:Macedonian masculine given names
Category:Serbian masculine given names
Category:Slovene masculine given names
Category:Ukrainian masculine given names
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Margaret Abraham
Margaret Abraham is a professor of sociology at Hofstra University and served as the 18th president (2014–2018) of the International Sociological Association. She is known for her research regarding gender issues, specifically concerning women, and the ways gender issues are connected to concepts such as globalization, societal customs and norms, and violent behavior.
Career
From 2010-2014 she had been Vice President of Research and the American Sociological Association Representative of the international Sociological Association. In 2014 she was elected President of the International Sociological Association, the first feminist researcher and activist to hold the position.
She served on the Board of Directors of Sakhi for South Asian Women and the Asian Pacific Islander Coalition on HIV/AIDS
From 2008-2015 she was Special Adviser to the Provost for Diversity Initiatives at Hofstra University, New York.
Her research interests are in the field of gender, and she takes a feminist and intersectional perspective to sociology. Her PhD thesis was on dual ethnic identity and marginality in Indian Jews, in India and Israel.
Selected publications
External links
References
Category:Living people
Category:American sociologists
Category:Hofstra University faculty
Category:American women scientists of Indian descent
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
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Fjærland Tunnel
The Fjærland Tunnel () is a long road tunnel in Vestland county, Norway. The tunnel opened on 31 May 1986 and it is part of Norwegian National Road 5. The opening ceremony was led by former US vice president Walter Mondale who has family connections to Fjærland.
The tunnel connects the village of Lunde in Sunnfjord Municipality and the village of Fjærland in Sogndal Municipality. The tunnel goes through mountains in the Jostedalsbreen National Park which lies between the two villages. The Marabreen glacier sits high above the tunnel.
The village area of Fjærland was only accessible by boat on the Fjærlandsfjorden until 1986 when this tunnel opened. Then in 1995, the Frudal Tunnel opened which continued National Road 5 from Fjærland all the way to Sogndalsfjøra.
References
Category:Sogndal
Category:Sunnfjord
Category:Road tunnels in Sogn og Fjordane
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Grade II* listed buildings in North Lincolnshire
There are over 20,000 Grade II* listed buildings in England. This page is a list of these buildings in the district of North Lincolnshire in Lincolnshire.
North Lincolnshire
|}
Notes
External links
Category:Lists of listed buildings in England
Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Lincolnshire
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Morton Downey
John Morton Downey (November 14, 1901 – October 25, 1985) was an American singer and entertainer popular in the United States of America in the first half of the 20th century, enjoying his greatest success in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Downey was nicknamed "The Irish Nightingale".
Early years
John Morton Downey was born in Wallingford, Connecticut, the fourth of six children of James A. and Bessie (Cox) Downey, a well-known family in both Wallingford and Waterbury, Connecticut. The grandson of Irish immigrants, he was always known by his middle name since so many of his near relatives were also named John. His father was the chief of the Wallingford Fire Department until a near fatal automobile accident necessitated his retirement. Downey began his singing career as a member of the choir of Most Holy Trinity Church in Wallingford.
Music
Downey's signature sound was a very creamy and very high-timbred Irish tenor which an uninformed listener can easily mistake for a female voice. The popularity of such highly artificial and "heady" male pop vocals peaked in the late 1920s and early 1930s. By the mid-1930s the style was out of fashion, so Downey toned down some of his broader mannerisms and made a transition to a somewhat more "chesty" vocal timbre.
For a time in the 1920s, Downey sang with Paul Whiteman's Orchestra. He first recorded in 1923 for Edison Records under the pseudonym Morton James; the following year he recorded for Victor with the S.S. Leviathan Orchestra. In 1925 he began four years of recording for Brunswick Records. In 1926 he had a hit in the show Palm Beach Nights.
Downey toured London, Paris, Berlin, New York City and Hollywood. He also began appearing in motion pictures, including Syncopation (1929), the first film released by RKO Radio Pictures.
Downey was also a songwriter whose most successful numbers include "All I Need is Someone Like You", "California Skies", "In the Valley of the Roses", "Now You're in My Arms", "Sweeten Up Your Smile", "That's How I Spell Ireland", "There's Nothing New", and "Wabash Moon". He joined ASCAP in 1949.
The famous tenor vocalist Bill Kenny grew up idolizing Downey and it is believed that he was Kenny's biggest influence. The similarities in style can be heard in Kenny's earliest recordings with The Ink Spots.
Radio
In 1930, Downey began making national radio broadcasts after opening his own nightclub (The Delmonico) in New York. He was voted America's "Radio Singer of the Year" in 1932. At the time, Downey was featured nightly on the Camel Quarter Hour radio broadcast. On February 5, 1945, his transcribed program, Songs by Morton Downey, moved from the NBC Blue Network to the Mutual Broadcasting System. The move came after Blue Network officials adopted a policy "against the use of transcriptions for network originated programs, except where technical difficulties void live broadcasts." As a result of the shift, the number of stations carrying the program more than doubled.
Recordings
In the 1930s he recorded for ARC, Hit of the Week, and Decca Records, and in the 1940s made records for Columbia.
Television
Starting in 1949, Morton Downey began appearing on television. From 1950 to 1951, he co-hosted the CBS Television show Star of the Family.
Personal life
Morton Downey was the father of television personality Morton Downey Jr. by his first wife, actress Barbara Bennett (1906–1958), the sister of actresses Constance and Joan Bennett, and with whom he ultimately had five children, four sons, and a daughter: Michael, "Sean" (John Morton Downey Jr.), Lorelle, Anthony, and Kevin. Her early promise as a dancer and actress gave way to her turbulent marriage with Downey. The couple married in 1929 and divorced in 1941. She would marry singing cowboy actor Addison Randall shortly afterward.
Downey's second wife was Peggy Boyce Schulze (1922–1964), the former wife of Prince Alexander zu Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst and the granddaughter of Colorado mining industrialist William Boyce Thompson. Downey owned a house in Hyannis, Massachusetts next to Joseph P. Kennedy's. This house was used by John F. Kennedy as his summer White House.
Downey's third wife was Ann Trainer, the widow of Howell Van Gerbig and the former wife of John Kevin Barry; they married in 1970.
Downey died following a stroke in 1985 in Palm Beach, Florida, aged 83, and was buried in the local Catholic cemetery in his hometown of Wallingford, Connecticut.
References
External links
Category:1901 births
Category:1985 deaths
Category:American male singers
Category:American pop singers
Category:People from Palm Beach, Florida
Category:People from Wallingford, Connecticut
Category:Disease-related deaths in Florida
Category:20th-century American singers
Category:20th-century male singers
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Artuby
Artuby (Artubi in Provençal) is a river in France, crossing the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Alpes-Maritimes and Var departments, and a sub-tributary of Rhône by the Verdon and Durance.
References
Category:Rivers of France
Category:Rivers of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Category:Rivers of Alpes-Maritimes
Category:Rivers of Var (department)
Category:Durance basin
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Steve Stavro
Steve Atanas Stavro, (September 27, 1926 – April 23, 2006; born Manoli Stavroff Sholdas) was a Macedonian-Canadian businessman, grocery store magnate, Thoroughbred racehorse owner/breeder, sports team owner, and a noted philanthropist.
Personal life and Knob Hill Farms
Born in the village of Gavros (Γάβρος), near Kastoria in Greece, Stavro immigrated to Toronto with his family when he was seven years old to join his father, who had come to Canada in 1927. He attended Duke of Connaught Public School, where he was given the name Steve, and Riverdale Collegiate Institute. He worked in his father's grocery store, Louis Meat Market, at Queen Street and Coxwell Avenue and left school after Grade 10 to work full-time.
In 1951, he and his family opened a new store across the street under the Knob Hill Farms name. Stavro said he took the name off a box of produce from California, although Knob Hill was also the name of a community in Scarborough, Ontario. By 1954, he was running his own grocery store at 425 Danforth Avenue while his older brother, Chris Stavro, managed the original store. By the late 1950s, Stavro was operating nine grocery stores and outdoor markets in Toronto. His father was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died in 1960.
In December 1963, Stavro opened his first food "terminal"—a forerunner of the big-box store—which featured low prices and no-frills service. It was located at Woodbine Road and Highway 7 in Markham, Ontario. Eight years later, he opened a second terminal in Pickering, Ontario. A terminal at Lansdowne Avenue and Dundas Street West in Toronto opened in 1975. Through the years, he opened nine terminals in the Greater Toronto Area and a outlet in Cambridge, Ontario, which opened in 1991, billed as the world's largest grocery store.
In 1992, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada. At the time, he was said to own a manor house on in Campbellcroft, Ontario, a 49-room mansion on Teddington Park in Toronto, a palatial mansion in Palm Beach, Florida, at Holland Marsh, and a farm in Kentucky.
All Knob Hill Farms stores were shut down in 2000 with the last one closing in 2001. In 2006, Stavro died in his home at age 78 after a heart attack. He was buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery where he had built a tomb adorned with icons of many of his achievements including the Toronto Maple Leafs, Toronto Raptors, Order of Canada, Knights of Malta, Order of the Masons and an equestrian statue of Alexander the Great.
Stavro and soccer
In 1966 Stavro helped form the United Soccer Association and entered a team called Toronto City in the new league. The USA originally intended to launch its league in the spring of 1968, but a rival league, the National Professional Soccer League, announced it was ready to launch in 1967. Not wanting to lose ground to its rival, the USA decided to fast track its launch. Without any players of its own, it opted to import whole teams from Europe and South America, which would represent the franchises during the inaugural season, giving them time to build their own squads for the following season. Toronto City was represented by Hibernian of the Scottish Football League. In December 1967 the USA and the NPSL merged to form the North American Soccer League. As a result of this merger some of the USA franchises, including Toronto City folded, in part to avoid cities having more than one club in the new league with City losing out to its NPSL rival Toronto Falcons. Stavro sold his team back to the league for $160,000.
Knob Hill Stable
Steve Stavro became a racehorse owner in 1965, buying three yearlings in partnership with lawyer Joe Kane. Kane got out of the business, and Stavro continued racing and breeding and as the owner of Knob Hill Stable based in Newmarket, Ontario, enjoyed considerable success. He usually named his horses after famous Macedonian heroes and battles.
In 1988, Stavros acquired a farm in Kentucky and was used to train his horses during the winter.
Stavro was a member of the Canadian Thoroughbred Horse Society and the
Jockey Club of Canada. In 2006, he was inducted in the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame as a builder of the sport.
Toronto Maple Leafs – Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment
A long-time friend of Toronto Maple Leafs owner Harold Ballard, Stavro had served as a director of Maple Leaf Gardens since 1981, and he, Don Giffin, and Don Crump served as the executors of the Ballard estate following the latter's death. Stavro became chairman of the board of Maple Leaf Gardens and governor of the Maple Leafs in October 1991 following Ballard's death. That year, Stavro paid off a $20 million loan that had been made to Ballard in 1980 by Molson, who also owned the Leafs' bitter rivals, the Montreal Canadiens. In return, he was given an option to buy Maple Leaf Gardens shares from Ballard's estate. Molson also agreed to sell its stake in Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd. to Stavro. That deal closed in 1994, and shortly after Stavro bought Ballard's shares from the estate for $34 a share or $75 million. The purchase was the subject of a securities commission review and a lawsuit from Ballard's son Bill, but the deal stood.
In contrast to Ballard, Stavro was a somewhat reclusive man who hated the spotlight, and largely left the Maple Leafs in the hands of the hockey operations staff. The first period of success was led by general manager Cliff Fletcher. In 1992–93, the Maple Leafs had their first winning season in 14 years, coming within one game of the Stanley Cup Finals, and again made the Conference Finals the following season. During the tenure of head coach and general manager Pat Quinn from 1999 to 2002, the team was an annual contender, clinching a Northeast Division title, the first two 100-point seasons in franchise history, and two Eastern Conference Finals appearances. However, Stavro's legacy was somewhat tainted when he vetoed the Fletcher deal for Wayne Gretzky. Said Gretzky, "Toronto was my first choice. It was really where I wanted to go. But Cliff came back and said he had taken it to the owner, and the owner nixed it."
Maple Leaf Gardens, Limited was renamed Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment in 1996, with the acquisition of the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association after establishing a partnership with Larry Tanenbaum. The partnership enabled the Leafs and Raptors to share the new Air Canada Centre rather than building two separate venues. However, Stavro and Tanenbaum were said to have a poor relationship, as Tanenbaum disputed a report that claimed that Stavro saw him as a favored son. A Globe and Mail Report on Business magazine article also alleged that Stavro would worry about minute details such as hot dogs. The owners' lounge at the Air Canada Centre was modeled in a Scottish theme with dark wood panels while Stavro was chairman; his successor Tanenbaum had the room remodeled to a white modernistic style with some insiders saying that the change was made because the old room reminded him too much of Stavro.
Stavro was also known in the local Macedonian community to have a friendly competition with fellow Macedonian Mike Ilitch who owned a rival NHL hockey team, the Detroit Red Wings. Stavro's Knob Hill Farms sponsored a hockey team in the Metro Junior A League in the 1962–63 season. The team and the league folded after the end of the season.
Stavro stepped down as Chairman of MLSE in 2003 in favour of Tanenbaum, as part of a restructuring plan that also saw him sell his majority stake to the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan. Jim Leech, OTTP Senior Vice President of Private Equity (also known as the Teachers' Merchant Bank), had orchestrated the deal after the closure of Stavro's Knob Hill Farms grocery chain, giving rise to rumours that the financial state of MLSE could also be affected. Stavro received a luxury box as part of the deal, which caused some controversy as several disabled season-ticket holders were displaced without notification.
Honours
Honorary lifetime director of the Royal Agricultural Winter Fair
Honorary director of the Ontario Jockey Club
1993, TOBA Award as North American Thoroughbred Breeder of the Year
1992, Member of the Order of Canada
1992, City of Toronto Award of Merit
1992, Beth Sholom Brotherhood Humanitarian Award
1991, Ellis Island Award of Distinction
1988, Decorated Knight Commander, Knights of Malta
1987, Man of the Year, Kupat Holim, Canadian chapter
1985, Canadian Award, John G. Diefenbaker Memorial Foundation
1980, The Knight of the Golden Pencil Award, Food Industry Association of Canada
Other achievements
Stavro was a director of the Liquor Control Board of Ontario, a member of the Executive Committee of the Economic Council of Canada, a trustee of the Ontario Jockey Club, and honorary campaign chairman of Toronto East General Hospital Emergency Critical Care Fund (1987–89).
Stavro was a founding sponsor of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame and a member of its advisory council, founding member of the Canadian Federation of Independent Grocers, corporate member of 4-H Canada, member of the board of directors of the John G. Diefenbaker Memorial Foundation, member of the advisory council for the Equine Research Centre, member of the Jockey Club of Canada, member of the Canadian Thoroughbred Horse Society, and a member of the Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association (TOBA) of Lexington, Kentucky.
Notes
External links
Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame profile
Order of Canada citation
Category:1926 births
Category:2006 deaths
Category:Businesspeople from Toronto
Category:Retail company founders
Category:Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame inductees
Category:Canadian people of Macedonian descent
Category:Canadian philanthropists
Category:Canadian racehorse owners and breeders
Category:Canadian soccer chairmen and investors
Category:Canadian Soccer Hall of Fame inductees
Category:Canadian sports businesspeople
Category:Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment
Category:Members of the Order of Canada
Category:National Hockey League executives
Category:National Hockey League owners
Category:Sovereign Award winners
Category:Toronto Maple Leafs executives
Category:Canadian company founders
Category:20th-century philanthropists
Category:Burials at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto
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Stony Brook
Stony Brook, Stonybrook or Stoney Brook may refer to:
Education
Stony Brook University, a public research university in Stony Brook, New York
Stony Brook Seawolves, the university's athletic programs
Stony Brook University Hospital, a tertiary academic medical center serving the Long Island region
The Stony Brook School, a Christian private school in Stony Brook
Places
Communities
Stoney Brook Township, St. Louis County, Minnesota
Stony Brook, New York, a hamlet in western Suffolk County on Long Island
Stonybrook, former name of Farwell, California, United States
Parks and historic sites
Stony Brook Air Force Station, a defunct facility of the United States Air Force in Ludlow
Stony Brook Reservation, a state park in Boston at the headwaters of Stony Brook
Stony Brook Meeting House and Cemetery, historic Quaker sites in Princeton, New Jersey, United States
Stony Brook State Park, in Dansville, New York, United States
Transportation
Stony Brook station (Boston and Maine Railroad), a former station on the MBTA Fitchburg Line in Weston
Stony Brook station (MBTA), a rapid transit station in Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Stony Brook (LIRR station), a Long Island Rail Road Station in Stony Brook, New York, United States
Waterways
New England, United States
Stony Brook (Charles River, Boston), a tributary of the Charles River in Boston, eastern Massachusetts
Stony Brook (Merrimack River), northeastern Massachusetts
Stony Brook (Charles River, Weston), a tributary of the Charles River, eastern Massachusetts
Stony Brook (Souhegan River), southern New Hampshire
Mid-Atlantic, United States
Stony Brook (Delaware River), in Warren County, New Jersey
Stony Brook (Fishing Creek tributary), in Columbia County, Pennsylvania
Stony Brook (Flat Brook), a tributary of Flat Brook, in Sussex County, New Jersey
Stony Brook (Green Brook), in central New Jersey
Stony Brook (Mehoopany Creek), in northeastern Pennsylvania
Stony Brook (Millstone River), in Mercer County, New Jersey
See also
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Laban Korir
Laban Kipngetich Korir (born 30 June 1985 in Uasin Gishu District) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in road running competitions. Korir is currently part of the NN Running Team, an international team of elite long-distance runners managed by Global Sports Communication in Nijmegen, Netherlands.
He began competing abroad for the first time in 2008 in his early twenties. His first win came at the Setúbal Half Marathon in Portugal, and another followed at the 2009 Pombal Meia Maratona. Working with athletics manager Jos Hermens, he gained a place at the 2011 Amsterdam Marathon and made the third-fastest marathon debut in history with his run of 2:06:05 hours, which was enough for second place behind Wilson Chebet.
In his first race of 2012 he came fifth at the Roma-Ostia Half Marathon, but improved his best over the distance to a time of 1:00:38 hours. He was invited to the 2012 Boston Marathon and managed sixth place, although difficult running conditions left him with a slower time of 2:15:29 hours. A run at the 2012 Chicago Marathon saw him in contention up to the halfway point, but he faded into eleventh place by the finish.
Korir then won the 2014 Toronto Waterfront Marathon with a time of 2:08:15.
References
External links
Category:Living people
Category:1985 births
Category:Kenyan male long-distance runners
Category:Kenyan male marathon runners
Category:People from Uasin Gishu County
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1985 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres
The women's 60 metres event at the 1985 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 3 March.
Medalists
Results
Heats
First 2 from each heat (Q) and the next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.
Semifinals
First 3 from each semifinal qualified directly (Q) for the final.
Final
References
Category:60 metres at the European Athletics Indoor Championships
60
Euro
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Hartlib Circle
The Hartlib Circle was the correspondence network set up in Western and Central Europe by Samuel Hartlib, an intelligencer based in London, and his associates, in the period 1630 to 1660. Hartlib worked closely with John Dury, an itinerant figure who worked to bring Protestants together.
Workings of the Circle
Structure
J. T. Young writes:
At its nexus, it was an association of personal friends. Hartlib and Dury were the two key figures: Comenius, despite their best efforts, always remained a cause they were supporting rather than a fellow co-ordinator. Around them were Hübner, Haak, Pell, Moriaen, Rulise, Hotton and Appelius, later to be joined by Sadler, Culpeper, Worsley, Boyle and Clodius. But as soon as one looks any further than this from the centre, the lines of communication begin to branch and cross, threading their way into the entire intellectual community of Europe and America. It is a circle with a definable centre but an almost infinitely extendable periphery.
Examples given of the "periphery" are John Winthrop and Balthazar Gerbier.
Themes
Agriculture and horticulture: Ralph Austen, John Beale, Robert Child, Cheney Culpeper, Cressy Dymock, Gabriel Plattes, Adolphus Speed.
Alchemy, chemistry, mineralogy: Robert Boyle, Frederick Clod, Cheney Culpeper, John Worthington, Ezechiel Foxcroft, John French, Johann Moriaen, Gabriel Plattes.
Finance: Cheney Culpeper, William Potter
Mathematics: John Pell, Robert Wood.
Medicine: William Rand, Thomas Coxe
Pansophism: Hartlib and Dury were close allies of Comenius.
Protestantism: Sarah Hewley, John Dury, John Sadler, John Stoughton.
Settlement of Ireland: Gerard Boate and his brother Arnold Boate, William Petty, Benjamin Worsley.
Education
Educational reform was topical, and central to the pansophist programme. Hartlib compiled a list of "advisers", and updated it. It included Jeremy Collier, Dury, Thomas Horne, Marchamont Nedham, John Pell, William Rand, Christian Ravius, Israel Tonge, and Moses Wall. The staff proposed for Durham College was influenced by the Circle's lobbying. John Hall was another associate who wrote on education. In the period 1648–50 many works on education appeared from Circle authors (Dury, Dymock, Hall, Cyprian Kinner, Petty, George Snell, and Worsley).
A letter from Hartlib to John Milton prompted the tract Of Education (1644), subtitled To Master Samuel Hartlib. But Milton's ideas were quite some way from those of the Comenians.
The problem of the "Invisible College"
Robert Boyle referred a few times in his correspondence to the 'Invisible College'. Scholarly attention has been paid to identifying this shadowy group. The social picture is not simplistic, since en masse Hartlib's contacts had fingers in every pie.
Margery Purver concluded that the Invisible College coincided with the Hartlib-led lobbyists, those who were promoting to the Parliament the concept of an Office of Address. The effective lifetime of this idea has been pinned down to the period 1647 to 1653, and as a second wave of speculation on the ideal society, after Comenius left England.
In the later Interregnum the "Invisible College" might refer to a group meeting in Gresham College. According to Christopher Hill, however, the 1645 group (the Gresham College club that was convened from 1645 by Theodore Haak, certainly a Hartlibian) was distinct from the Comenian Invisible College. Lady Katherine Ranelagh, who was Boyle's sister, had a London salon during the 1650s, much frequented by virtuosi associated with Hartlib.
Projects
Office of Address
One of Hartlib's projects, a variant on Salomon's House that had more of a public face, was the "Office of Address" — he envisaged an office in every town where somebody might go to find things out. This might well be compatible with Baconian ideas, and a related public office scheme was mooted under James I (by Arthur Gorges and Walter Cope). But the immediate inspiration was Théophraste Renaudot and his Paris bureau d'adresse. For example, at a practical level, Hartlib thought people could advertise job vacancies there — and prospective employees would be able to find work. At a more studious level, Hartlib wanted academics to pool their knowledge so that the Office could act as a living and growing form of encyclopedia, in which people could keep adding new information.
The Office of address idea was promoted by Considerations tending to the happy Accomplishment of Englands Reformation in Church and State (1647), written by Hartlib and Dury, a pamphlet also including an ambitious tiered system of educational reform. There was a limited implementation, by Henry Robinson, in 1650.
Foundation of the Royal Society
In 1660 Hartlib was at work writing to John Evelyn, an important broker of the royal charter for the eventual Royal Society. He was, however, not promoting a purist Baconian model, but an "Antilia". This was the name chosen by Johann Valentin Andreae for a more hermetic and utopian fellowship. The proposal, which conformed to Comenian ideas as more compatible with pansophia or universal wisdom, was in effect decisively rejected. Hartlib was relying on a plan of Bengt Skytte, a son of Johan Skytte and knighted by Charles I, and the move was away from Bacon's clearer emphasis on reforming the natural sciences. Despite some critical voices, the Hartlib-Comenius trend was written out of the Royal Society from the beginning. Hartlib himself died shortly after the Society was set up.
Eclectic attitudes and associations
Hartlib was noted as a follower of Francis Bacon and Comenius, but his background in the German academies of the period gave him a broad view of other methods and approaches, including those of Petrus Ramus, Bartholomäus Keckermann, and Jacobus Acontius. Further, the Hartlib Circle was tolerant of hermetic ideas; Hartlib himself had an interest in sigils and astrology. Boyle too attempted to straddle the opening divide between experimental chemistry and alchemy, by treating the latter in a less esoteric way; he did distance himself to an extent from the Hartlib group on moving to Oxford around 1655.
Both Boyle and William Petty became more attached to a third or fourth loose association, the group around John Wilkins, at this period, now referred to as the Oxford Philosophical Club. Wilkins was to be the founding Secretary of the Royal Society.
References
Category:Early Modern period
Category:History of the Royal Society
Category:Literary circles
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John Day River (northwestern Oregon)
The John Day River is a tributary of the Columbia River, approximately long, in northwestern Oregon in the United States. The river rises in the Northern Oregon Coast Range in Clatsop County at .
Flowing generally north, the river enters the Columbia at John Day Point, east of Tongue Point and about east of Astoria. It passes under U.S. Route 30 near the unincorporated community of John Day (not to be confused with the city of the same name in Grant County). The mouth of the river is about upstream from the mouth of the Columbia on the Pacific. The John Day River has only one named tributary, Jack Creek, which enters from the left.
The river is named for John Day, a hunter and fur trapper who took part in William Price Hunt's overland expedition for John Jacob Astor in 1811–12. There's a John Day River in eastern Oregon, a John Day Dam, a city John Day, and John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, which were all named after John Day. John Day Point, a cape located at the mouth of the river and protruding into Cathlamet Bay, takes its name from the river, as did a former railway station in the vicinity. Lewis and Clark, who camped near here in 1805, referred to the river as Kekemarke, their version of a Native American name. Lewis and Clark write about the river in their journals. The river was known as Swan Creek by Charles Wilkes, of the U.S. Exploring Expedition and was documented as such on his illustrated map.
There's a railroad swing bridge crossing the mouth of the river. The tracks were used by Lewis and Clark Explorer Train which is no longer operating. The railroad bridge has a clearance of 8 feet.
Tidal currents control the river throughout most of its length. Moored houseboats cover some of the shorelines on both sides of the river.
Recreational activities
The John Day River is open to boats, kayaks, and fishing. John Day County Park is 54 acres and the only public park along the John Day River. The boat launch is accessed off Oregon Highway 30. The boat launch puts users into the John Day River just before it enters the Columbia River, giving users access to both. The river can be accessed for about 3.5 miles upstream once you leave the boat ramp.
Marsh
An uncommon tidal marsh exists along the John Day River. The Marsh is a little over 24 acres owned by North Coast Land Conservancy. The John Day River Marsh is part of the Columbia Quiet Waters initiative which covers the lower Columbia River swamp. The initiative includes a conservation plan to protect the Sitka spruce wetlands that are regarded as rare worldwide.
See also
Clatsop County, Oregon
Lists of rivers
List of rivers of Oregon
List of tributaries of the Columbia River
River
Riverboat
References
External links
Category:Rivers of Oregon
Category:Rivers of Clatsop County, Oregon
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Stoke Dry
Stoke Dry is a village and civil parish in the county of Rutland in the East Midlands of England, about three miles (5 km) southwest of Uppingham.
In 2007 it had a population of 39. At the 2011 census the population remained less than 100 and was included with the parish of Seaton. With only 14 homes this is a quiet village with a mediaeval church dedicated to Saint Andrew. The parish church has mediaeval wall paintings and Romanesque chancel arch. A myth claims that the Gunpowder Plot conspirators met in a small room above the porch; the only basis for this is that the manor was part of the estate of Sir Everard Digby.
Stoke Dry is known as the site of the Eyebrook Reservoir located at the bottom of the hill. The reservoir was used by Avro Lancasters flying from RAF Scampton as the final practice run for Guy Gibson's No. 617 Squadron RAF prior to Operation Chastise, the Dambusters attack on the Ruhr valley dams on the night of the 16/17 May 1943.
In 2009 the village was one of three (along with Lyddington and Thorpe by Water) to become the first in the UK to benefit from superfast broadband using sub-loop unbundling
References
Category:Villages in Rutland
Category:Civil parishes in Rutland
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Imbia Sylvester Itoe
Imbia Sylvester Itoe is a member of the Pan-African Parliament from Cameroon.
See also
List of members of the Pan-African Parliament
References
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Cameroon
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Heimler method of Human Social Functioning
Heimler Method of Human Social Functioning (Human Social Functioning, HSF, sometimes referred to as The Heimler Method) is a form of psychotherapy that uses a client's own language and thought forms to aid them in finding their own solutions.
Dr. Eugene Heimler developed this approach out of his work in the United Kingdom within the National Health Service in the late 1950s and early 1960s (drawing on his earlier life experience in WWII concentration camps). He formulated a precise and powerful structure for counselling along with a sensitive questionnaire, The Heimler Scale of Social Functioning (HSSF).
HSF is ideal for focused short-term work which is goal- and action-orientated, it can be used among diverse client groups, by a variety of professional disciplines on a one-to-one basis, with couples, or with groups. These include Counselling (at all levels), Supervision (management, coaching, training and counselling), Staff support, and Meetings (formal as well as informal).
A method of therapy
In HSF, the therapist is taught to listen at depth, rather than hear and interpret, and thus is more likely to genuinely share another's world. For many people this is the best form of help that could be given. The underlying ethos "the client knows best" enables the therapist to support individuals to make their own choices within their own framework. The expertise of this approach lies in being a genuine and effective listener rather than providing a framework in which to understand people's problems.
For the listening process to be effective a structure is helpful to both participants. The stages of this can be identified, quickly learned and readily applied.
This structure for listening has applications within a number of spheres from problem solving to a deeper psychotherapeutic approach or in team development; with adults or children.
As a further structuring to the interviewing process, the HSSF can also be administered during counselling. Research has yielded detailed analysis that accurately identifies support needs and appropriate therapeutic responses with great accuracy. Some of the research studies concentrated on identifying specific coping patterns, while others have examined the diagnostic and predictive use of the HSSF. Other practitioners have described the use of HSF method with different types of groups: for instance with family therapy
HSF theory and method
Heimler's theory reflects John Donne's well-known statement that "no man is an island entire of itself": that it is our relationships, positively or negatively perceived, that give life its meaning. For Heimler this means that society has a pivotal role with its more deprived members, to permit connection and meaning in their environment and that we can exist as sane or useful people only as long as we can transform and utilise the negative in us.
Heimler's principles include the importance of the relationship between satisfaction and frustration. He observed that "those who functioned in society ... had the common feature of a subjectively felt satisfaction that corresponded with their level of bearable frustration." Too much frustration or too little satisfaction is detrimental to good functioning for an individual. The person's life experience is valued and used as a resource for healing in addition to recognising where their energy is distributed. This enables the person to make changes that will allow more positive use of energy.
Another important principle which Heimler introduces is the use of the individual's past experience to dialogue with the present experience and project on to the future. Using a process, called the "Fragmenta Vitae", the person is enabled to become aware of the current emotional triggers and helped to access their early antecedents recalling childhood stories with the same emotional content. By engaging with the child in the past, the individual is encouraged to dialogue between the present and the past and to a projected future. This can help break patterns from the past and provide for an altered future outcome.
Heimler understood his theory in a developmental model with three levels. Briefly put: Level 1 (L1) is the infant world of instinctual responses to pleasure or pain; Level 2 (L2) "revolves" around L1 as it were by taking the growing and developed child into social interactions with all the satisfactions and frustrations this can entail; while Level 3 (L3) revolves around life itself, often as a more dominant force in later life, but as well, a creative force than many people tap into from earlier years. All these levels are relatively fluid as development ebbs and flows.
Heimler identified that "when a psychiatric or medical history is taken, it is looking at what is wrong or what went wrong" [and he continues:] "... rarely ... will you find ... that which seeks what is right with people". The HSF method sets out the whole of a client's current experience so that positive and negative can be set together and the client can see her/himself as a whole. In this methodology, the individuals stand firmly at the centre of their own world, exerting their will and abilities to change their own situation. Rodway sums up Heimler's philosophy as: "the belief that man has choices, that choices should be made available to man and that freedom is equated with self-determination as man makes his choices".
Heimler's approach engages with the need to clarify the crux of the problem so as to facilitate a remedy. Although the concepts of social functioning were not new, Heimler sought a practical integrative tool which would "focus on the positive, and how frustrations, abnormalities and difficulties could be turned into ultimate gain". Heimler recognised that his ideas were not original but he sought an integrative whole which would offer a therapeutic tool. Along with his colleagues he produced a visual scale that showed to both therapist and client the connection between the individual's subjective experience and objective reality.
Training
HSF training is largely experientially-based with participants using their own life material when learning the interviewing techniques. Further training in therapeutic applications follows a similar pattern and incorporates imaginative techniques. Traditionally those wishing to use the HSSF have had to complete the full Human Social Functioning methodology with its disciplined structured mirroring approach as well as the administration of the HSSF. However most practitioners have a prior training in a form of counselling and find it irksome to learn another approach. Although HSF practitioners still consider that the methodology has its own distinctive value, there is a recognition that many want to use the HSF more as an assessment and add-on to their own core practice. Training in the Heimler scale includes an understanding of the ethos of the scale, administration, calculation, understanding, therapeutic aspects as well as the diagnostic opportunities it affords. Learning is through practical administration, video practice in feedback and written work to achieve a required standard in diagnosis and scale analysis. Training in the full HSF method is open to anyone with a professional health care qualification, taking 60 training hours with 20–40 hours of private study. For those who have prior counselling training, the HSSF (tool specific) training takes 30 hours with 20–30 hours of private study. Successful participants to both parts receive a certificate from The British Association of Social Functioning (BASF) and practitioner status with Heimler International. HSF training from qualified trainers in HSF has been recognised by BACP as contributing to the theory and skills development hours that are required for BACP accreditation.
Heimler Scale of Social Functioning
The Heimler Scale of Social Functioning (HSSF) is a unique tool in that it covers a wide area of an individual's life experience, encouraging him to see himself in his societal setting. It was initially developed in the 1960s and has been widely used in a variety of contexts. It sets out, through a series of 55 questions, (most of them answered by a simple "Yes", "No", or "Perhaps") a pattern of energies in terms of "Satisfactions" and "Frustrations". It also puts these alongside an overall (existential) life view – Outlook. Satisfactions are set out in 25 questions under five headings: "Work", "Finance", "Friends", "Family (past & present)", and "Personal". These are set alongside Frustrations where there are also five areas, each with a sub-set of five questions: "Activity", "Health", "Influences", "Moods", and "Escape Routes". The final section, the Outlook, has five questions, which are answered in terms of a scale response.
While recognising its diagnostic capabilities, Heimler used the scale primarily as an aid to counselling. From early in its development, researchers have shown it to be an extremely sophisticated diagnostic instrument. The balance of Satisfactions to Frustrations provides an accurate picture of how well a person feels that he or she is coping, what help, if any, they may require, and likely outcomes. These energy balances vary according to how life is being experienced at the time of filling in the questionnaire. How these energies are distributed allows for a deeper analysis and therapeutic use of the scale. More recently, through research studies, it has also come to light that definite themes emerge among different groups of people. For instance those in the caring professions are likely to be more questioning and flexible in their life approach than top managers in industry, and very high achievers in sport have greater frustration than those whom they beat. Administration of the Scale is a simple matter and takes about 15–20 minutes to complete: scoring the questionnaire allows for an immediate diagnosis of support needs. A deeper analysis of the answers can be deduced in a comparatively short period of time compared with what would otherwise take hours of interviewing. The discipline of this analysis takes time and patience to acquire – that of understanding a person's world from within and seeing the logic of that world. Once acquired it is an invaluable aid to genuine understanding and sensitive response.
Criticism
Criticism has largely centred around the lack of availability of the HSSF for peer review. The copyright that was meant to protect it from abuse in the hands of non-practitioners had the effect of removing it from the critical analysis of those who use psychometric tools. Despite considerable interest and research in its earlier years, this restrictive copyright has continued to prevent appropriate scrutiny. The Eugene Heimler Literary Trust (EHLT) has now accepted this and is taking steps, albeit belatedly to permit the scale to be disseminated more widely for the purpose of such examination. Another area for concern has been the response range to the questions: "Yes", "Perhaps" and "No" have been thought to be too limited and it has been suggested that a Likert scale with a range between 1 and 5 might give more accurate results. Van Breda, a moderate critic of the HSSF, attempted to test this out, using a large number of scales, but found that similar results were obtained when the original scale and the Likert scale were used.
References
Eugene Heimler
Heimler, E. (1955), Psychiatric social work with National Assistance Board cases, The Medical Officer, 25, 351–353.
Heimler, E. (1957), The emotional significance of work 96-98, The Medical Officer, 60, 96–98.
Heimler, E. (1958), New roads in psychiatric community care, The Medical Officer, 100, 295–296.
Heimler, E. (1959), Night of the Mist, New York, Gefen Books.
Heimler, E. (1960), A course in human relations, The Medical Officer, 103, 346–347.
Heimler, E. (1962), A Link in the Chain, London, The Bodley Head Ltd.
Heimler, E. (1967), The Hendon Experiment: on being one's brother's keeper – community care with a difference, Pulse, 15 13–14.
Heimler, E. (1975), Survival in Society, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Heimler, E. (1980), Possibilities of treatment out of psychiatric hospitals, in World Health Organisation, Gent, Belgium, WHO.
Heimler, E. (2010), Survival in Society, Edinburgh, BASF Publications (re-published with editorial changes)
Davis, N. & Heimler, E. (1957), Mental health in General Practice: an experimental joint approach, British Journal of Psychiatric Social Work, 4, p. 11–15.
Davis, N. & Heimler, E. (1967), An experiment in the assessment of social functioning, The Medical Officer, 117, 31–32.
Heimler, E. (1989) Work with the Unemployed, in Counselling Diverse Client Groups: an international perspective on Human Social Functioning, Lampeter, Edwin Mellen Press pp. 37–58.
Heimler, E. (1985) The Healing Echo, London, Souvenir Press
A full list of Heimler's publications including his Hungarian poetry can be found on the Heimler-International website.
Other authors
Anon (1967), Editorial comment: an experiment in the assessment of Human Social Functioning, The Medical Officer, 117, 30.
Bates, D. (1989), A coping index derived from the Heimler Scale of Social Functioning, in M. Rodway (Ed.) Counselling Diverse Client Groups. Lampeter, Edwin Mellen Press, 105–136.
Burnell, G. (1989), Research applications of Human Social Functioning in a health care setting, in M. Rodway (Ed.) Counselling Diverse Client Groups. Lampeter, Edwin Mellen Press, 139–202.
Burnell, G. & Northfleet, M. (1990), Loss items on the schedule of recent events: duration of psychotherapy, Journal of Psychology, 124, 165–167.
Clipstone, A. (1978), Archetypes in Action, New York, Vantage Press Inc.
Coleman, J.A. (1980), Personality and stress in the shooting sports, Journal for Psychosomatic Research, 24, 286–296.
Das, T. & Wagenaar, K. (1998) In Het Licht van de Scaduw – De Human Social Functioning methode van Eugene Heimler, NIZW Uitgeverij
Das, T. & Wagenaar, K. (2005) In gesprek met Human Social Functioning, Garant, AntwerpProctor, B. (1978), Counselling Shop, London, Burnett Books Ltd.
Regis, S. (1986a, b & c), Health, frustration and stress in the context of work, The Safety Practitioner, March–May
Regis, S. (1993), What is Human Social Functioning (HSF)?, British Association for Counselling, 4(1), 193–196.
Rodway, M. (1980), Family Human Social Functioning: an integrative approach to family practice, in D. Freeman (Ed.) Perspectives on Family Therapy, Toronto, Ontario, Butterworth, 19–32.
Rodway, M. (Ed.) (1989), Counselling Diverse Client Groups: an international perspective on Human Social Functioning, Lampeter, Edwin Mellen Press.
Van Breda, A.D. (2002), The Heimler Scale of Social Functioning: a partial validation in South Africa, British Journal of Social Work, 38, 1089–1101.
Unpublished university theses
Allison, H. (1980), Evaluation of social work practice with the terminally ill, unpublished MA dissertation, University of Calgary.
Burford, G. (1990), Assessing teamwork: A comparative study of group home teams in Newfoundland & Labrador, unpublished thesis for PhD, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland.
Casey, M. (1972), A descriptive study of six cases in Human Social Functioning, unpublished dissertation for MA in Social Work, University of Washington.
Fulcher, L. (1983), Who cares for the caregivers? A comparative study of residential and day care teams working with children, unpublished thesis for PhD, University of Stirling.
Jones, E.S. (2008), Use of the Heimler Scale of Social Functioning within the context of the Edinburgh International Health Centre, unpublished thesis for MPhil, University of Wales at Bangor.
Maher, D. (1969), A preliminary validation of HSSF, unpublished dissertation for MA in Social Work, University of Calgary.
Mascie Taylor, C. (1971), Examination of the Heimler Scale of Social Functioning, unpublished dissertation for BSc, University of Surrey.
Regis, S. (1981), A dissertation on human energy and social work, unpublished dissertation for diploma in Social Work, London Institute.
Rodway, M. (1972), A comparative study of the Heimler Scale of Human Social Functioning and eclectic therapeutic approaches, unpublished dissertation for PhD, University of Calgary.
Ross, M.E. (1973), The Heimler Scale of Social Functioning as a measure of pre- and post-hospitalisation adjustment of alcoholics, unpublished dissertation for PhD, University of Washington.
Thomas, J.B. (1974), A descriptive study investigating diagnostic and predictive use of the Heimler Scale of Social Functioning, unpublished dissertation for MA, Simon Fraser University.
Van Zyl, M.A. (1986), Validation of the Heimler Scale of Social Functioning (HSSF) for client groups in SA, unpublished dissertation for PhD, University of Natal.
Some of these papers along with other conference proceedings are available through the BASF website.
External links
www.heimler-international.org
www.centrumvoorhsf.nl
www.basf.org.uk
www.newholocaustliterature.com
Category:Mind–body interventions
Category:Counseling
Category:Psychological methodology
Category:Psychotherapy
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1991 Croatian census
The 1991 population census in Croatia was the last census of the population of Croatia taken before the Croatian War of Independence. It was conducted by the Croatian Bureau of Statistics during the final week of March 1991. For the 1991 census there were 106 municipalities of which five were part of Zagreb.
Population by ethnicity
TOTAL = 4,784,265
Croats = 3,736,356 (78.1%)
Serbs = 581,663 (12.2%)
Yugoslavs = 106,041 (2.2%)
Muslims = 43,469 (0.9%)
Slovenes = 22,376 (0.5%)
Hungarians = 22,355 (0.5%)
Italians = 21,303 (0.4%)
Czechs = 13,086 (0.3%)
Albanians = 12,032 (0.3%)
Montenegrins = 9,724 (0.2%)
Romani = 6,695 (0.1%)
Macedonians = 6,280 (0.1%)
Slovaks = 6,606 (0.1%)
Rusyns 3,253 (0.1%)
Germans = 2,635 (0.1%)
Ukrainians = 2,494
Romanians = 810
Russians = 706
Poles = 679
Jews = 600
Bulgarians = 458
Turks = 320
Greeks = 281
Austrians = 214
Morlachs = 22
others = 3,012
unspecified = 73,376
regional affiliation = 45,493
unknown = 62,926
By municipality
Absolute ethnic majority
Relative ethnic majority
References
Croatia
Population
Category:Demographic history of Croatia
Croatia
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Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge (electoral district)
Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge is one of the 299 single member constituencies (German: Wahlkreis) used for the German parliament, the Bundestag. One of sixteen districts covering the state of Saxony, it is coterminous with the Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge district. The constituency elects one representative under the mixed member proportional representation (MMP) system. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 158.
The constituency was created for the 2002 election as Sächsische Schweiz – Weißeritzkreis, assuming its current name for the 2009 election, following a local government reform. Most of the constituency had previously been part of the Pirna – Sebnitz – Bischofswerda constituency. All elections to date have been won by the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) candidate Klaus Brähmig.
Results
2009 election
References
Category:Federal electoral districts in Saxony
Category:Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge
Category:2002 establishments in Germany
Category:Constituencies established in 2002
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Pleasant Plains station
Pleasant Plains is an elevated Staten Island Railway station in the neighborhood of Pleasant Plains, Staten Island, New York.
History
The station opened on June 2, 1860, with the opening of the Staten Island Railway from Annadale to Tottenville.
Station layout
Located at Penton Street and Amboy Road, the station has two side platforms and orange canopies. Parts of the old northbound platforms are visible and can be viewed from either side at the north end of this station; wooden boards and concrete are evidence of this.
Exit
The only exit is at the northeast end of each platform, which leads to Amboy Road via a long passage and steps.
Mount Loretto Spur
South of the station is another set of crossovers and the right-of-way of the Mount Loretto Spur that formerly served the Mount Loretto orphanage. The B&O served the Mt. Loretto non-electrified branch until 1950, which had some industry and a passenger station. The Mt. Loretto branch track was removed in the 1960s and 1970s but some ties were visible until the 1980s. A coal dump trestle is all that remains, located behind the powerhouse.
References
External links
Staten Island Railway station list
Staten Island Railway general information
Amboy Road entrance from Google Maps Street View
Platform level from Google Maps Street View
Category:Staten Island Railway stations
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Panavia Tornado ADV
The Panavia Tornado Air Defence Variant (ADV) is a long-range, twin-engine interceptor version of the swing-wing Panavia Tornado. The aircraft's first flight was on 27 October 1979, and it entered service with the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1986. It was also previously operated by the Italian Air Force (AMI) and the Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF).
The Tornado ADV was originally designed to intercept Soviet bombers as they were traversing across the North Sea with the aim of preventing a successful air-launched nuclear attack against the United Kingdom. In this capacity, it was equipped with a powerful radar and beyond-visual-range missiles, however initial aircraft produced to the F2 standard lacked radars due to development issues. The follow-up F3 standard was the definitive variant used by the RAF, as well as all Tornado ADV aircraft that were leased by the AMI and procured by the RSAF.
During its service life, the Tornado ADV received several upgrade programmes which enhanced its aerial capabilities and enabled it to perform the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) mission in addition to its interceptor duties. Ultimately, both the RAF and RSAF retired their Tornado ADV fleets; the type has been replaced in both services by the newer, multi-role Eurofighter Typhoon.
Design and development
Origins
The Tornado ADV had its origins in an RAF Air Staff Requirement 395 (or ASR.395), which called for a long-range interceptor to replace the Lightning F6 and Phantom FGR2. The requirement for a modern interceptor was driven by the threat posed by the large Soviet long-range bomber fleet, in particular the supersonic Tupolev Tu-22M. From the beginning of the Tornado IDS's development in 1968, the possibility of a variant dedicated to air defence had been quietly considered; several American aircraft had been evaluated, but found to be unsuitable. However, the concept proved unattractive to the other European partners on the Tornado project, thus the UK elected to proceed in its development alone. On 4 March 1976, the development of the Tornado ADV was formally approved; it was announced on this day that 165 of the 385 Tornados that were on order for the RAF would be of the air defence variant.
In 1976, British Aerospace was contracted to provide three prototype aircraft. The first prototype was rolled out at Warton on 9 August 1979, before making its maiden flight on 27 October 1979 with David Eagles. The second and third development aircraft made their first flights on 18 July and 18 November 1980, respectively. During the flight testing, the ADV demonstrated noticeably superior supersonic acceleration to the IDS, even while carrying a full weapons loadout. The testing of the prototypes was greatly aided by the use of real-time telemetry being broadcast back to ground technicians from aircraft in flight. The third prototype was primarily used in the testing of the new Marconi/Ferranti AI.24 Foxhunter airborne interception radar.
The Tornado ADV's differences compared to the IDS include a greater sweep angle on the wing gloves, and the deletion of their kruger flaps, deletion of the port cannon, a longer radome for the Foxhunter radar, slightly longer airbrakes and a fuselage stretch of 1.36 m to allow the carriage of four Skyflash semi-active radar homing missiles. The stretch was applied to the Tornado front fuselage being built by the UK, with a plug being added immediately behind the cockpit, which had the unexpected benefit of reducing drag and making space for an additional fuel tank (Tank '0') carrying of fuel. The artificial feel of the flight controls was lighter on the ADV than on the IDS.Various internal avionics, pilot displays, guidance systems and software also differed; including an automatic wing sweep selector not fitted to the strike aircraft.
The Tornado F2 was the initial version of the Tornado ADV in Royal Air Force service, with 18 being built. It first flew on 5 March 1984 and was powered by the same RB.199 Mk 103 engines used by the IDS Tornado, capable of four wing sweep settings, and fitted to carry only two underwing Sidewinder missiles. Serious problems were discovered with the Foxhunter radar, which meant that the aircraft were delivered with concrete and lead ballast installed in the nose as an interim measure until they could be fitted with the radar sets. The ballast was nicknamed Blue Circle, which was a play on the Rainbow Codes nomenclature, and a British brand of cement called Blue Circle.
Production of the Tornado ADV was performed between 1980 and 1993, the last such aircraft being delivered that same year. A total of 165 Tornado ADVs were ordered by Britain, the majority being the Tornado F3.
Further developments
The Tornado F3 made its maiden flight on 20 November 1985. Enhancements over the F2 included RB.199 Mk 104 engines, which were optimised for high-altitude use with longer afterburner nozzles, the capacity to carry four underwing Sidewinder missiles rather than two, and automatic wing sweep control. The F3's primary armament when it was introduced into service was the short-range Sidewinder and the medium-range Skyflash missiles, a British design based on the American AIM-7 Sparrow.The F.3 (originally F.Mk3) became operational in 1989, with an automatic maneuver device system incorporated, enabling the flight control computer to automatically adjust the sweeping the wing to obtain the optimum flight characteristics, making F.Mk3 to possess the same automatic sweeping wing (ASW) capability of F-14, a capability that greatly enhanced maneuverability but did not exist on any previous Tornado IDS and ADV models.
In order to maintain the Tornado F3 as an effective platform up to its planned out-of-service date of 2010, the Ministry of Defence initiated the Capability Sustainment Programme (CSP). This project, announced on 5 March 1996, involved many elements, including the integration of ASRAAM and AIM-120 AMRAAM air-to-air missiles, and radar upgrades to improve multi-target engagement. Additionally, pilot and navigator displays would be improved, along with the replacement of several of the onboard computer systems. The CSP would see the removal of a non-standard state of aircraft; various upgrades, in particular to the Foxhunter radar, had led to a situation described as "fleets within fleets". The Foxhunter radar was a source of difficulties in the upgrade programme, in particular the integration of the new AMRAAM missile.
The Tornado F3 was not able to exploit the full capabilities of either the AMRAAM or ASRAAM missiles. AMRAAM uses two mid-course updates after launch to refresh target information prior to its own seeker taking over; however, the CSP did not include the datalink to provide this capability, as it was considered to be too expensive. In addition, the ASRAAM was not fully integrated, which prevented the full off-boresight capability of the missile being exploited. On 8 June 2001, the MoD signed a contract for a further upgrade to the F3 force to allow these midcourse updates. The upgrade to give full AMRAAM capability, together with updated IFF, known as the AMRAAM Optimisation Programme (AOP) was incorporated in the remaining F3 fleet between December 2003 and September 2006.
A further upgrade, disclosed in early 2003, was the integration of the ALARM anti-radiation missile to enable several Tornado ADVs to conduct Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) missions. The F3's existing radar warning receivers formed the basis of an Emission Location System (ELS), which can be employed to detect and locate operational radar systems in the aircraft's vicinity. These modified aircraft were re-designated Tornado EF3 and operated by No. 11 Squadron RAF.
Performance
According to aviation historian Michael Leek, from the onset of the type's development, the Tornado ADV encountered "...controversy and many questions over the ADV's performance and suitability - controversy which stayed with the aircraft for much of its service life".
The Tornado ADV was designed to serve in the role of an interceptor against the threat of Soviet bombers, rather than as an air superiority fighter for engaging in prolonged air combat manoeuvering with various types of enemy fighters. In order to perform its anti-bomber primary mission, it was equipped with long range beyond visual range missiles such as the Skyflash, and later the AMRAAM; the aircraft also had the ability to stay aloft for long periods and remain over the North Sea and Northern Atlantic in order to maintain its airborne patrol. The Ministry of Defence acknowledged the Tornado ADV was not as significantly superior an aircraft to the Phantoms it had replaced in the air-defence role. However, the capability of its weapon systems was a dramatic improvement; in particular the radar and onboard computer facilities. Compared with the Phantom, the ADV had greater acceleration, twice the range and loiter time, and was more capable of operating from short 'austere' air strips.
The Tornado's advanced avionics meant that it could be more effective than previous British interceptors, such as the Lightning. While older aircraft were reliant on a network of ground-based radar stations, the onboard Foxhunter radar was capable of performing much longer and wider scans of surrounding airspace; the Tornado could track and engage targets at far greater distances. The Tornado also had the ability to share its radar and targeting information with other aircraft via JTIDS/Link 16 and was one of the first aircraft to have a digital data bus, used for the transmission of data between onboard computers.
Operational history
Royal Air Force
On 5 November 1984, the first interim Tornado F2 was first delivered to the RAF, and its short career came to an end shortly following the improved Tornado F3 entered service. These aircraft were used primarily for training by No. 229 Operational Conversion Unit until they were placed in storage. The F2s were intended to be updated to Tornado F2A standard (similar to the F3 but without the engine upgrade) but only one F2A, the Tornado Integrated Avionics Research Aircraft (TIARA) was converted, having been customised by QinetiQ for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) trials at MoD Boscombe Down.
In November 1987, No. 29 (Fighter) Squadron became the first RAF squadron to be declared operational with the Tornado ADV.
The Tornado F3 made its combat debut in the 1991 Gulf War with 18 aircraft deployed to Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The aircraft deployed to the region were later upgraded in a crash program with improved radar and engines, better defensive countermeasures and several adaptions to the weapons systems to improve combat performance in the Iraqi theatre; however, they still lacked modern IFF and secure communications equipment. They therefore flew patrols further back from Iraqi airspace where encounters with enemy aircraft were less likely, and did not get the opportunity to engage any enemy aircraft. From August 1990 to March 1991, the RAF's F3 detachment flew more than 2000 combat air patrol sorties.
Following the Gulf War, the RAF maintained a small squadron of F3s in Saudi Arabia to continue routine patrols of Iraqi no-fly zones. The Tornado F3 saw further combat service, from 1993 to 1995 as escort fighters in Operation Deny Flight over Bosnia, and in 1999 flying combat air patrols during Operation Allied Force in Yugoslavia; during these extended overseas deployments, the F3 proved troublesome to maintain at operational readiness when based outside the UK. Following lengthy delays in the Eurofighter programme to develop a successor to the F3 interceptor, in the late 1990s the RAF initiated a major upgrade program to enhance the aircraft's capabilities, primarily by integrating several newer air-to-air missiles.
In 2003, the Tornado F3 was one of the assets used in Operation Telic, Britain's contribution to the Iraq War. An expeditionary force composed of No. 43 (F) and No. 111 (F) Squadrons (known as Leuchars Fighter Wing) was deployed to the region to carry out offensive counter-air operations. The Tornado F3's of Leuchars Fighter Wing operated all over Iraq, including missions over and around Baghdad, throughout Operation Telic. Due to a lack of airborne threats materialising in the theatre, the F3s were withdrawn and returned to European bases that same year.
As part of Delivering Security in a Changing World, the British Government's 2003 Defence White Paper, on 21 July 2004, Defence Secretary Geoff Hoon detailed plans to reduce the number of Tornado F3 squadrons by one to three squadrons. This represented 16 aircraft and was the first stage in the transition to the F3's replacement, the Eurofighter Typhoon, which entered operational service with the RAF in 2005. In April 2009, it was announced that the Tornado F3 force would be reduced to one squadron of 12 aircraft in September 2009. The last operational Tornado F3s in RAF service were retired when No. 111 (F) Squadron, located at RAF Leuchars, was disbanded on 22 March 2011.
In addition to the RAF's Tornado F3s, in 2007, QinetiQ leased four Tornado F3s from the MOD for the purpose of conducting weapons testing activities. QinetiQ's force of four F3s remained flying beyond the RAF's retirement of the type, in their latter service they were being used for aerial testing of the new MBDA Meteor air-to-air missile, and thus were the only flying examples in the UK for a time. Their final mission was flown on 20 June 2012, and the last three flown to RAF Leeming for scrapping on 9 July 2012.
Italian Air Force
In the early 1990s, the Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana, or AMI) identified a requirement for a fighter to boost its air defence capabilities pending introduction of the Eurofighter Typhoon. These fighters were to operate alongside the service's obsolescent F-104ASA Starfighters. The Tornado ADV was selected from, amongst others, the F-16. On 17 November 1993, Italy signed an agreement with the RAF to lease 24 Tornado F3s from the RAF for a period of ten years. At this time the Eurofighter Typhoon was expected to begin entry into service around 2000.
First training of AMI pilots began in March 1995 at RAF Coningsby while technicians gained experience at RAF Cottesmore and Coningsby. The first aircraft was accepted on 5 July 1995 and flown to its Italian base the same day. Delivery of the first batch was completed by 1996; these aircraft were deployed at Gioia del Colle in Southern Italy. The second batch was delivered between February and July 1997, these aircraft were of a slightly higher specification. In early 1997, the AMI cancelled a series of scheduled upgrades to its Tornado fleet, stating that it was placing priority for funding on the developing Eurofighter instead.
In 2000, with major delays hampering the Eurofighter, the AMI began a search for another interim fighter. While the Tornado itself was considered, any long term extension to the lease would have involved upgrade to RAF CSP standard and thus was not considered cost effective. In February 2001, Italy announced its arrangement to lease 35 F-16s from the United States. The AMI returned its Tornados to the RAF, with the final aircraft arriving at RAF Saint Athan on 7 December 2004. One aircraft was retained by the Italian Air Force for static display purposes.
Royal Saudi Air Force
On 26 September 1985, Saudi Arabia and Britain signed a memorandum of understanding towards what would be widely known as the Al-Yamamah arms deal, for the provision of various military equipment and services. The September 1985 deal involved the purchase of a large number of Tornado aircraft; including the Tornado ADV variant, along with armaments, radar equipment, spare parts and a pilot-training programme for the inbound fleet, in exchange for providing 600,000 barrels of oil per day over the course of several years. The first Al-Yamamah agreement ordered 24 Tornado ADVs and 48 Tornado IDSs. The RSAF received its first ADV on 9 February 1989.
Historian Anthony Cordesman commented that "the Tornado ADV did not prove to be a successful air defence fighter... The RSAF's experience with the first eight Tornado ADVs was negative". In 1990, the RSAF signed several agreements with the US to later receive deliveries of the McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle, and thus had a reduced need for the Tornado ADV; Saudi Arabia chose to convert further orders for up to 60 Tornado ADVs to the IDS strike variant instead.
In 1991, during Operation Desert Storm over neighbouring Iraq, RSAF Tornado ADVs flew 451 air-defence sorties, operating in conjunction with RSAF F-15s. In 2006, it was announced that, in addition to Saudi Arabia's contract to purchase the Eurofighter Typhoon, both the Tornado IDS and ADV fleets would undergo a £2.5 billion program of upgrades, allowing them to remain in service to at least 2020. The Eurofighter has now replaced the Tornado ADV in the air-defence role.
Variants
Tornado F2 Two-seat all-weather interceptor fighter aircraft, powered by two Turbo-Union RB.199-34R Mk 103 turbofan engines. Initial production version, 18 built.
Tornado F2A F2 upgrade to F3 standard, but retaining F2 engines, one converted.
Tornado F3 Improved version, powered by two Turbo-Union RB.199-34R Mk 104 engines, with automatic wing sweep control, increased AIM-9 carriage and avionics upgrades. 171 built for the Royal Air force (RAF) and Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF).
Tornado EF3 Unofficial designation for F3 aircraft modified with ALARM missile capability.
Operators
Italian Air Force (1995–2004)
Gioia del Colle Air Base, Bari
12° Gruppo (1995–2004)
21° Gruppo (1999–2001)
Cameri Air Base, Novara
21° Gruppo (1997–1999)
Royal Saudi Air Force (1989–2006)
Dhahran Airfield, Eastern Province
29th Squadron (1989–2006)
34th Squadron (1989–1992)
Royal Air Force (1979–2011)
RAF Coningsby, Lincolnshire, England
No. V (AC) Squadron (1987–2003)
No. 29 (F) Squadron (1987–1998)
No. 41 (R) Squadron (2006–2011)
No. 65 (R) Squadron (Shadow identity of No. 229 OCU) (1986–1992)
No. 56 (R) Squadron (1992–2003)
No. 229 Operational Conversion Unit (1984–2003)
RAF Leeming, North Yorkshire, England
No. XI (F) Squadron (1988–2005)
No. 23 (F) Squadron (1988–1994)
No. XXV (F) Squadron (1989–2008)
RAF Leuchars, Fife, Scotland
No. 43 (F) Squadron (1989–2009)
No. 56 (R) Squadron (2003–2008)
No. 111 (F) Squadron (1990–2011)
RAF Mount Pleasant, East Falkland, Falkland Islands
No. 1435 Flight (1992–2009)
Specifications (Tornado F3)
See also
References
Citations
Bibliography
Aeroguide 21: Panavia Tornado F Mk 2/Mk 3. Ongar, UK: Linewrights Ltd. 1988. .
Butler, Tony. British Secret Projects: Jet Fighters Since 1950. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2001. .
Cordesman, Anthony. Saudi Arabia Enters the Twenty-first Century: The military and international security dimensions. Greenwood Publishing, 2003. .
Eagles, J.D. "Preparing a Bomber Destroyer: The Panavia Tornado ADV." Putnam Aeronautical Review (Naval Institute Press), Volume 2, 1991, pp. 88–93.
Evans, Andy. Panavia Tornado. Wiltshire UK: Crowood Press, 1999. .
Jackson, Robert. Air War At Night. Charlottesville, Virginia: Howell Press Inc. 2000. (see p. 139–144).
Lake, Jon. "Panavia Tornado Variant Briefing:Part Two". World Air Power Journal, Volume 31, Winter 1997. London: Aerospace Publishing. pp. 114–131. . ISSN 0959-7050.
Lambert, Mark. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–94. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Data Division, 1993. .
Laming, Tim. Fight's On: Airborne with the Aggressors. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 1996. .
Leek, Michael. The Panavia Tornado: A Photographic Tribute. Pen and Sword, 2015. .
Nicholas, Jack C. "Sustaining the F.3". Air International, July 2000, Vol 59 No 1. pp. 28–31. ISSN 0306-5634.
Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1992. .
Moir, Ian and Allan Seabridge. Aircraft Systems: Mechanical, Electrical and Avionics Subsystems Integration. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2011. .
Smith, Dan. The defence of the realm in the 1980s. Taylor & Francis, 1980. .
Szejnmann, Claus-Christian W. Rethinking History, Dictatorship and War: New Approaches and Interpretations. Continuum International, 2010. .
External links
Panavia website
BAe Tornado at FAS.org
Tornado ADV at Aerospaceweb.org
Unofficial Panavia Tornado site
Category:1970s British fighter aircraft
Category:1970s international fighter aircraft
Category:Variable-sweep-wing aircraft
Category:Twinjets
Category:Panavia Tornado
Category:Aircraft first flown in 1979
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John Frith
John Frith (1503 – 4 July 1533) was an English Protestant priest, writer, and martyr.
Frith was an important contributor to the Christian debate on persecution and toleration in favour of the principle of religious toleration. He was 'perhaps the first to echo in England' of that 'more liberal tradition' of 'Zwingli, Melanchthon and Bucer'. As his ministry progressed, Frith took dangerous stands against the Roman Catholic teachings of Purgatory and Transubstantiation. He was eventually brought before the Inquisition for his teachings and condemned to be burned at the stake for heresy.
In his revision of Foxe's Book Of Martyrs, author Harold Chadwick writes the following about John Frith: "Master Frith was a young man noted for his godliness, intelligence, and knowledge. In the secular world, he could have risen to any height he wished, but he chose, instead, to serve the Church and work for the benefit of others and not himself." During his studies, he became acquainted with William Tyndale who deeply influenced Frith's beliefs. Like Tyndale and Luther, Frith played an influential role in the Protestant Reformation.
Early life and education
John Frith (John Fryth) was born in 1503 in Westerham, Kent, England to Richard Frith the innkeeper of White Horse Inn (now known as Church Gate House.) The house still stands at the gates of the Westerham Parish Church of St Mary the Virgin. His name is recorded in the baptism registry of St Mary's Church in 1503. Though much of the church has been renovated several times over the centuries, the original 14th-century font in which Frith was baptised is still used today.
The John Fryth Room was added in the 1960s as a meeting room and there is a stone commemorative plaque in the church surrounds. The extended church choir are known as The John Fryth Singers.
He went to Sevenoaks Grammar School. He was further educated at Eton College before being admitted as a scholar to Queens' College, Cambridge, although he received his Bachelor of Arts degree as a member of King's. While Frith was at Cambridge, his tutor was Stephen Gardiner, who would later take part in condemning him to death. He became proficient in Latin, Greek, and Mathematics.
He also met Thomas Bilney a graduate student of Trinity Hall, and began to have meetings concerning the Protestant Reformation. It may have been at one of these meetings that Frith met with William Tyndale.
After graduating in 1525, Frith became a junior canon at Thomas Wolsey's Cardinal College, Oxford. While in Oxford, Frith was imprisoned, along with nine others, in a cellar where fish was stored, due to his possession of what the University's officers considered "heretical" books. Frith was released and fled England, joining Tyndale who was then residing in Antwerp.
Residence in continental Europe
In 1528 he went to Marburg, where he translated Places by Patrick Hamilton. One year later, Frith translated A Pistle to the Christian Reader: The Revelation of the Anti-Christ; An Antithesis between Christ and the Pope. He also published A Disputacion of Purgatorye, divided into thre bokes in response to Thomas More, John Rastell, and Bishop John Fisher. Rastell was persuaded by this publication and adhered to the Protestant Reformation until his death. Frith explains in his A Disputation of Purgatory, that there are two purgatories, "God hath left us two purgatories; one to purge the heart and cleanse it from the filth which we have partly received of Adam … and partly added thereto by consenting unto our natural infirmity. This purgatory is the word of God, as Christ saith." The second purgatory is Christ's cross. "I mean not his material cross that he himself died on, but a spiritual cross, which is adversity, tribulation, worldly depression, [etc]."
During this year of 1528 Frith also got married and had children.
People he encountered during his life
When John Frith first began his studies at Cambridge University; he was tutored by Stephen Gardiner, who later became the Bishop of Winchester. Gardiner instilled a "love of learning" in the young Frith, and developed a so-called great loyalty and admiration for the youth. In later years, this loyalty toward Frith ended when Gardiner and Sir Thomas More began to criticize the church, but stopped when they realized that they were only adding fuel to the fire of the heretics.
Frith was called out of Cambridge to attend Oxford University by Thomas Wolsey, who personally gathered young men who excelled in learning and knowledge. Oxford was the first place in which Frith was apprehended and committed to prison under suspicion of being in favor of Luther's doctrine. He was released a short time later.
After this, Frith went to London where he made acquaintance with William Tyndale. Tyndale had a huge influence on Frith's religious views, and the two encountered much danger for their stance on purgatory. The second time that Frith was imprisoned was when he went to see the Prior of Reading, a friend to whom he retreated when he ran out of money to live on. Upon arriving in Reading, Frith was taken for a vagabond and a rogue. Frith was arrested and put in the stocks. Frith was released with the help and persuasion of Leonard Coxe, who was schoolmaster in Reading, with whom he met and discussed topics such as education, Universities, languages, etc. Coxe went to the magistrates and got him freed because of his pity and admiration for Frith's intelligence and eloquence.
Sir Thomas More was the Chancellor of England at the time that Coxe had pushed for and gained Frith's freedom from imprisonment. He issued a warrant for Frith's arrest on a charge of heresy. Frith was sent to the Tower of London when he was caught trying to escape to Holland. While imprisoned in the Tower, Frith composed a book on his views of purgatory and presented it to a tailor named William Holt, a man whom made his acquaintance there. Holt made out to be a friend and supporter of Frith's ideas, only to take the composition given him by Frith himself and bring it to the hands of More. Upon reading Frith's book, More wrote his own composition in response. Later More would condemn Frith to death, eventually burning him at the stake. Ironically, More was later imprisoned in that same Tower of London for refusing to acknowledge King Henry VIII as supreme head of the Church of England. He was found guilty of treason and beheaded.
Return to England and arrest
In 1532, he returned to England, and warrants for his arrest were issued by Thomas More (who at the time was Lord Chancellor). In October he was arrested by the local authorities before he could arrange passage to Antwerp, wearing an elaborate disguise. While imprisoned for approximately eight months in the Tower of London, Frith penned his views on Communion, fully knowing that it would be used "to purchase me most cruel death." John Foxe writes of John Frith and his works and writings and of the great chains that were piled onto his body. Frith, in his last days in London's Tower, writes a final book, the Bulwark. It has been suggested that Rastell is persuaded to convert to Frith's views on Christianity because of the meetings they had together, as well as this final book. Rastell was converted through Frith's final arguments in the Bulwark. The Bulwark is an impressive book in its theological content and in its style, at times relaxed, and at other times serious. Frith claims that men sin if the motives behind their good works were to gain favour with God. The emphasis, then, is placed on justification by faith.
Eventually transferred from the Tower to Newgate Prison, Frith refused to stop his controversial writing. When William Tyndale learned of Frith's plight, he tried to bolster the prisoner's spirits with a pair of letters that still survive. "If your pain", Tyndale counseled, "proves to be above your strength, pray to your Father in that name, and he will ease it."
Polemical use of rhetoric and logic
John Frith's writings are in answer to, or debate with, the beliefs of men such as Bishop John Fisher, Sir Thomas More, and John Rastell.
In 1531 Frith published three attacks on the doctrines of purgatory and transubstantiation, which left him, according to his biographers, a wanted man. The first of these, A Disputacion of Purgatorye, answered the apologies for purgatory contained in Bishop John Fisher's Assertonis Lutheranae Confuatio (1525), in Sir Thomas More's The Supplicacion of Soules (1529), and in A New Boke of Purgatory (1530) by More's brother-in-law, John Rastell. [9]
John Frith was unique among the reformers of the early Tudor period in his predilection for polemics and the very weapons of controversy, many of which he fashioned from the figures of rhetoric.
To emphasize his opponents' venality and thus question the motives for their doctrinal position, he used sarcasm, irony, significatio, and praemunitio.
To prejudice his readers against opponents' arguments he used praemunitio. A "coulour of Rhetorike"—because Frith uses so many colours to debate against his opponents—which plays an important part in Frith's controversial technique is praemunitio, the orator's preparation of the audience for some succeeding portion of his speech. Frith uses this device to prejudice his readers either against his opponent's entire work prior to dealing with it, or to prejudice them against a particular passage in that work he is about to cite. To impugn his opponents' competence, he answered them with the texts they themselves had cited. [10]
Trial and death
Frith was tried before many examiners and bishops, including the archbishop of Canterbury. He produced his own writings as evidence for his views that were deemed as heresy. He was sentenced to death by fire and offered a pardon if he answered positively to two questions: Do you believe in purgatory, and do you believe in transubstantiation? He replied that neither purgatory nor transubstantiation could be proven by Holy Scriptures, and thus was condemned as a heretic and was transferred to the secular arm for his execution on 23 June 1533. He was burned at the stake on 4 July 1533 at Smithfield, London for, he was told, his soul's salvation. (King Henry VIII was excommunicated one week later.)
Aftermath
Thomas Cranmer would later subscribe to Frith's views on purgatory, and published the 42 articles which explicitly denied purgatory.
Frith's works were posthumously published in 1573 by John Foxe.
Timeline
1503 Born in Westerham, Kent, England
1510 Frith and family moved to Sevenoaks
1520–22 Recorded to have attended Eton College
1522 Enrolled at Queens' College, Cambridge
1523 Transferred over to King's College, Cambridge
1525–28 Transferred to Thomas Wolsey's Cardinal College, Oxford to become a junior canon
1528 Imprisoned at Cardinal College in the institution's fish cellar by Cardinal Wolsey
1528 Roughly 6 months later, Cardinal Wolsey released surviving fish cellar prisoners on the paroling condition of residing within a 10-mile radius around Oxford
1528 Fled England for Antwerp
1528 Travelled to Marburg, Germany
1532 Returned to England and was imprisoned in the Tower of London for approximately 8 months
23 June 1533 Sentenced to death as a heretic and was transferred to Newgate Prison
4 July 1533 Publicly burned at the stake in Smithfield, London
Bibliography
John Frith: Forging the English Reformation by Herbert Samworth
John Frith: His Final Year
John Frith and the Claims of Truth
References
Sources
Brian Raynor, James Jones (2000). John Frith: Scholar and Martyr. Read All Over. .
Tyndale, William, John Frith, and Thomas Russell. The Works of the English Reformers. Vol. 3. London: Printed for Ebenezer Palmer, Printed by Samuel Bentley, 1831. 1–473. At Google Books.
Hillerbrand, Hans J. Christendom Divided: The Protestant Reformation. London: Hutchinson & Co. LTD, 1971.
Routh, C.R.N. Who's Who in History, Vol. 2: England. London: Billing & Sons,LTD, 1966.
10 Mar 2008
10 Mar 2008
Hagstotz, Gideon and Hilda. "Heroes of the Reformation." Hartland Publications. Virginia. 1951.
External links
Category:1503 births
Category:1533 deaths
Category:People from Westerham
Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Category:English Protestant ministers and clergy
Category:16th-century English clergy
Category:People educated at Eton College
Category:People educated at Sevenoaks School
Category:People executed for heresy
Category:Executed British people
Category:People executed under Henry VIII of England
Category:Executed people from Kent
Category:16th-century English writers
Category:16th-century male writers
Category:16th-century Protestant martyrs
Category:People executed by the Kingdom of England by burning
Category:Protestant martyrs of England
Category:Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
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