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Abish (name)
Abish may refer to the following people:
Given name
Abish (Book of Mormon), a Lamanite woman who lived in the 1st century BC
Absh Khatun, the Queen of Persia from 1263 to 1287
Abish Kekilbayev (1939–2015), Kazakhstani politician
Abish Mathew, an Indian stand-up comedian and a YouTube performer
Surname
Cecile Abish (born 1930), American artist
Walter Abish (born 1931), Austrian-American author of experimental novels and short stories
Category:Masculine given names | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Dmitrii Ialin
Dmitrii Mihailovich Ialin (, born 9 August 1998) is a Russian pair skater. With his skating partner, Polina Kostiukovich, he is the 2018 World Junior and the 2018–19 Junior Grand Prix Final silver medalist, and the 2019 World Junior bronze medalist. He is also the 2017 JGP Croatia and the 2018 JGP Austria champion.
Career
Early years
Ialin began learning to skate in 2002. He trained as a single skater until 2013 in Yekaterinburg. He later switched to pair skating and moved to Saint Petersburg.
Ialin and Polina Kostiukovich began competing together in 2016. They are coached by Vasili Velikov in Saint Petersburg.
2017–2018 season: Silver at Junior Worlds
Kostiukovich/Ialin made their international debut in late September 2017 at the Junior Grand Prix (JGP) competition in Zagreb, Croatia, where they won the gold medal. They beat the silver medalist, Gao Yumeng / Xie Zhong, by less than one point and the bronze medalist, their teammates Aleksandra Boikova / Dmitrii Kozlovskii, by about two points. At this competition Kostiukovich/Ialin performed a level 3 quad twist which is rarely seen even at senior competitions. They received 10.46 points for that twist.
In January 2018 Kostiukovich/Ialin won the bronze medal at the 2018 Russian Junior Championships after placing eleventh in the short program and second in the free skate.
In March 2018 Kostiukovich/Ialin competed at the 2018 Junior Worlds where they won the silver medal after placing second in the short program and third in the free skate. They were part of a Russian sweep of the pairs' podium, along with their training partners Anastasia Mishina / Aleksandr Galliamov (bronze) and Daria Pavliuchenko / Denis Khodykin (gold).
2018–2019 season: Bronze at Junior Worlds
Kostiukovich/Ialin started their season by competing in the 2018 Junior Grand Prix series. At their first Junior Grand Prix event of the season they won the gold medal in Linz, Austria. They were ranked first in both the short program and the free skate and won the gold medal by a margin of more than 14 points over the silver medalist, their teammates Anastasia Poluianova / Dmitry Sopot. At their second JGP event of the season they won the silver medal in Ostrava, Czech Republic. They were ranked first in the short program and second in the free skate, and were beaten by the gold medalists, their teammates and training partners Kseniia Akhanteva / Valerii Kolesov by a margin of about 4 points. At this event they set the junior-level pairs' record for the short program (66.30 points). With these results they qualified for the 2018–19 Junior Grand Prix Final.
At the JGP Final, Kostiukovich/Ialin won the silver medal after placing first in the short program and second in the free skate. They were part of a Russian sweep of the pairs' podium. Kostiukovich/Ialin beat the bronze medalists, Apollinariia Panfilova / Dmitry Rylov, by about 3 points but the race for the gold medal were really tight. The gold medalists, their training partners Mishina/Galliamov, beat Kostiukovich/Ialin by a margin of only 1.1 point. At this event Kostiukovich/Ialin scored their personal best score of 189.53 points and they also upgraded their junior-level pairs' record for the short program (66.84 points).
At the 2019 Russian Championships, Kostiukovich/Ialin placed eighth in the senior event and second in the junior event, and were assigned to the 2019 World Junior Championships alongside Mishina/Galliamov and Panfilova/Rylov. They won the short program at Junior Worlds, narrowly ahead of both of the other Russian teams, and were awarded a gold small medal for the result. In the free skate, they had underrotations called on their combination jump and Kostiukovich fell on a throw triple Salchow. As a result, they finished third in the free skate and third overall. Ialin admitted "unfortunately, not everything worked out today." Kostiukovich expressed the hope that "at our next Junior World Championships we can improve, fix our mistakes, and gain experience to be able to win."
2019-2020 season
Kostiukovich/Ialin were assigned to the ISU JGP Croatia Cup 2019, in Zagreb, Croatia and they missed the events.
Competing at the 2020 Russian Championships at the senior level, they placed eighth. Kostiukovich/Ialin have qualified junior championships as well.
Programs
With Kostiukovich
Records and achievements
(with Ialin)
Set the junior-level pairs' record of the new +5 / -5 GOE (Grade of Execution) system for the short program (66.30 points) at the 2018 JGP Czech Republic.
Upgraded their junior-level pairs' record for the short program (66.84 points) at the 2018–19 JGP Final.
Upgraded their junior-level pairs' record for the short program (68.31 points) at the 2019 World Junior Championships.
Competitive highlights
JGP: Junior Grand Prix
With Kostiukovich
Detailed results
Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships.
With Kostiukovich
References
External links
! colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #78FF78;" |World Junior Record Holders
Category:1998 births
Category:Russian male pair skaters
Category:World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Yekaterinburg | {
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Etu Uaisele
Etuate Uaisele (born 12 December 1984) is a Tongan rugby league footballer who last played for the Dewsbury Rams in the Kingstone Press Championship. He plays as a winger or centre.
Biography
Early life
Etu, short for Etuate was born in Tonga an island nation in the South Pacific. He later migrated to New Zealand in 1996 where he first started his rugby career. Growing up in South Auckland, Uaisele attended Ferguson Intermediate in Otara, he later joined Otahuhu College where he became one of the most talented students of the school. Uaisele played for the Otahuhu Leopards and represented Auckland and Counties Manukau in the regional under 16, under 17 and under 18 tournament and was well known for his fierce tackling and running with the ball. Uaisele has also represented New Zealand in the Kiwi under 18.
Premier League/New South Wales Cup
In 2006, Uaisele was one of the players that won the 2006 Premier League Competition for Parramatta. For the next two years, Uaisele played well in the Premier League division. However, the Parramatta Eels first grade side included international and State of Origin capped players such as Jarryd Hayne, Krisnan Inu and Eric Grothe, Jr. at his preferred positions of wing and centre, so he was not called up until Grothe was injured in early in 2009.
First Grade
Uaisele made his first grade NRL début for the Parramatta Eels on 24 April 2009, scoring a try despite a 40-8 loss. At the end of the 2011 NRL season, he moved to the Penrith Panthers on a one-year contract. Uaisele scored his first hat trick for the Penrith Panthers against his former club, the Parramatta Eels, during their match in round 4, 2012.
Uaisele was not re-signed by Penrith for the 2013 season. Uaisele returned to the second tier competition, the NSW Cup, in 2013, with the Wyong Roos.
Uaisele joined the Featherstone Rovers for the 2014 season in the English Championship.
Bradford Bulls
2015 - 2015 Season
Uaisele signed for Bradford on a two-year Deal. He featured in the pre-season friendly against Castleford Tigers.
He featured in round 1 (Leigh Centurions) to round 3 (Featherstone Rovers). Uaisele featured in round 8 (Dewsbury Rams) to Round 17 (Dewsbury Rams) then in round 20 (Hunslet Hawks) to round 21 (Sheffield Eagles). He also featured in the Challenge Cup in round 4 (Workington Town) and Round 5 (Hull Kingston Rovers). He scored against Leigh Centurions (1 try), Dewsbury Rams (1 try), London Broncos (2 tries), Doncaster (3 tries), Sheffield Eagles (1 try) and Hunslet Hawks (1 try).
Midway through 2015 he signed on loan for the Dewsbury Rams until the end of the season.
2016 - 2016 Season
Uaisele did not feature in any pre-season friendlies.
Etu featured in round 8 (Halifax). Uaisele played in the Challenge Cup in the 4th Round (Dewsbury Rams). He scored against Halifax (1 try).
It was announced that Uaisele was released from Bradford towards the end of the season.
Statistics
Statistics do not include pre-season friendlies.
Representative
From 2006 to 2013, Uaisele appeared on several occasions for Tonga. He first played for Tonga in the Federation Shield competition,.
The next year, Uaisele was again capped for the national team. He stunned Fiji with an intercept try within the last two minutes of the game, giving Tonga a two-point win.
In August 2008, Uaisele was named in the Tonga training squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup, and in October 2008 he was named in the final 24-man Tonga squad. He played all three games for Tonga in the World Cup, scoring two tries.
On 20 April 2013, Uaisele played for Tonga in the Pacific Rugby League International against fierce rivals Samoa at Penrith Stadium. Uaisele scored 1 try in the Tongans 36-4 demolishing of the Samoan team.
References
Category:1984 births
Category:Living people
Category:Bradford Bulls players
Category:Dewsbury Rams players
Category:Featherstone Rovers players
Category:Otahuhu Leopards players
Category:Parramatta Eels players
Category:Penrith Panthers players
Category:People educated at Otahuhu College
Category:People from Tongatapu
Category:Rugby league wingers
Category:Sheffield Eagles players
Category:Tonga national rugby league team players
Category:Tongan emigrants to New Zealand
Category:Tongan rugby league players
Category:Windsor Wolves players
Category:Wyong Roos players | {
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Eitoku (crater)
Eitoku is a crater on Mercury. It has a diameter of 101 kilometers. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1976. Eitoku is named for the Japanese artist Kanō Eitoku, who lived from 1543 to 1590.
References
Category:Impact craters on Mercury | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Gjoa (disambiguation)
Gjoa may refer to:
(sailing sloop), a Norwegian sailing ship launched in 1872, the first ship to transit the Northwest Passage
, the first transit of the Northwest Passage in 1903-1906, under the command of Roald Amundsen, aboard the ship Gjøa
, a Norwegian cargo steamship
Gjøa oilfield, an oilfield in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, Atlantic Ocean.
Gjöa Rupes (Gjoa Ridge) on Mercury
Gjöa Bay, another name for Gjøahavn (Gjøa Harbour), see Gjoa Haven
(Gjoa Sports Club), a Norwegian sports club in Oslo with a soccer team and ice hockey team
See also
Gjoa Haven (disambiguation) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Kanishka Gupta
Kanishka Gupta is a literary agent, author, consultant and publishing commentator. He is the founder of Writer's Side, the largest literary agency and consultancy in South Asia. In less than seven years since forming Writer's Side, he has represented more than 400 authors. In fact, according to Publishersmarketplace rankings, he is currently one of the highest individual dealmakers in the world for English books. He is also the youngest literary agent in South Asia.
His first novel, History of Hate, was long-listed for the Man Asian Literary Prize in 2009.
Writer's Side
In 2009, Kanishka Gupta founded a manuscript assessment agency – India's first – called Writer's Side In March 2010, he expanded its operations to agenting. Since then, he has secured well over 500 book deals for his clients. As of 2016, he represents over 400 authors to mainstream publishers in Indian and overseas markets.
Kanishka has provided services like editing, agenting, and mentorship, and his network has brought publishers such as Penguin, Random House, and Harper Collins to some authors. He has stated that his goal is to systematise the growing Indian publishing industry. Kanishka was responsible for the publication of Ravinder Singh's I Too Had a Love Story which has sold over a million copies.
In 2012, Kanishka brought to the attention of the Editorial Director of Vintage India the out-of-print works of Padma Bhushan winner and one of India's most respected poets Shiv K. Kumar resulting in Vintage reissuing three of his works including a translation of Faiz under their Classics imprint. Kumar was 92 at the time of this publication. In the same year his author Navneet Jagannathan made it to the shortlist of the Shakti Bhatt award for his comic novel Tamasha in Bandargaon. Many of his titles have featured on the best-selling charts of online portals and Nielsen Scan. Two of his business titles GameChangers: 20 Extraordinary Stories from Entrepreneurs of IIT Kharagpur, and Dhanda: How Gujaratis Do Business were among the highest selling business titles of 2011 and 2013 respectively. His first author Anees Salim has won India's two most prestigious literary prizes, The Crossword Book Award and The Hindu Literary Prize.
In media
Kanishka Gupta's story was recently featured in Publishers' Weekly - the world's biggest and most prestigious site for publishing-related news. He is the first South Asian agent and one of only a handful of South Asian publishing professionals whose publishing journey has been featured in it.
Publishing Perspectives singled him out as the only agent making an impact in India TheNewsMinute, a popular news portal, called him a top dealmaker in the Indian publishing world, while the Sunday Tribune called him a y-brigade innovator. Business Insider called him one of the key players in the Indian publishing market. Dainik Bhaskar Post called him South Asia's "top literary agent." A blog on the Times of India website called him South Asia's "intrepid literary agent." The Quint called him India's top literary agent.
Swarajya magazine described him as South Asia's most successful literary agent. The Asian Age called him India's top literary agent, while Foreword described him as a redoubtable, no-nonsense agent. The Times of India called him a key player in Indian publishing. The Hindustan Times called him a big name Indian publishing. The Pioneer called him the most successful agent in South Asia and the one person who is changing the course of authorship in India.
The Hindu and Outlook Magazine have referred to Writer's Side as India's premier agency. Kanishka represents more than 25 authors from Pakistan and has been covered extensively in Pakistani mainstream media, including interviews in The News on Sunday and The Friday Times. Sri Lanka's Sunday Observer called him a path breaker. The Hans called him "India’s numero uno literary agent, who has almost singularly pioneered professional representation in the Indian sub-continent writing world." In the Hindustan Times, columnist Malavika Sangghvi dubbed him the "publishing industry's golden boy."
Print Week India credited him for popularizing agenting in India
References
Category:Indian magazine editors
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people) | {
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1913 United States Senate special election in Colorado
REDIRECT 1912 and 1913 United States Senate elections#Colorado (Special)
Colorado 1913
Colorado 1913
1913 Special
Colorado Special
United States Senate Special
United States Senate 1913 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Heineman
Heineman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Benjamin W. Heineman (1914–2012), American railroad executive
Dannie Heineman (1872–1962), Belgian-American engineer and businessman
Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics
Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics
Dave Heineman (born 1948), American politician and 39th governor of Nebraska
Fred Heineman (1929–2010), American politician from North Carolina
Laurie Heineman (born 1948), American actress and teacher
Rebecca Heineman (born 1963), American video game programmer
Tyler Heineman (born 1991), American professional baseball player
See also
Heinemann (disambiguation)
Jamie Hyneman | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
St Alban, Wood Street
St Alban's was a church in Wood Street, City of London. It was dedicated to Saint Alban. Of medieval origin, it was rebuilt in 1634, destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666, and rebuilt, this time to a Gothic design by Sir Christopher Wren. It was severely damaged by bombing during the Second World War and the ruins cleared, leaving only the tower.
History
Some argue that it dated back to King Offa of Mercia, who is believed to have had a palace on the site which included a chapel. Offa founded an abbey also dedicated to Alban in 793 and subsequently a number of churches were dedicated to St Alban in the City of London. The accounts of the parish clerk date back to 930. In 1077 the abbot of St Albans exchanged the right of presentation of the cleric for this church for the patronage of another church belonging to the abbot of Westminster. At the time of King John the church was known as St Alban Wuderstrate.
In 1633 Inigo Jones and Sir Henry Spiller, among others, were requested to examine the church, which had fallen into disrepair, and report on its condition. It was found to be beyond repair and was demolished and rebuilt in 1634.
The church was completely destroyed in the Great Fire of London. It was rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren in a late Perpendicular Gothic style, and completed in 1685. The rebuilt church was divided into nave and aisles by piers shaped as clustered columns, supporting unusually flattened pointed arches. The nave had plaster lierne vaults. After the fire the parish was combined with that of St Olave's, Silver Street, which was not rebuilt.
The church was restored in 1858–9 by George Gilbert Scott, who added an apse.
The 92-foot high tower, which stood on the north side of the church, had four pinnacles which were replaced in 1879.
The building was burnt out and partially destroyed during the Blitz in 1940. The parish was united with that of St Vedast Foster Lane in 1954 and the remains of the body of the church demolished in 1965. The tower was left standing and today remains as a private dwelling on a traffic island. The tower was designated a Grade II* listed building on 4 January 1950.
Its exterior was used as headquarters of the group AD1 in the 2009 film St Trinian's II: The Legend of Fritton's Gold.
Parish records
The parish records are held at the Guildhall Library. Receipts for burial with names of deceased can be found in the churchwardens' accounts 1584–1636.
See also
List of Christopher Wren churches in London
List of churches rebuilt after the Great Fire but since demolished
Sources
External links
Church Album
London City Churches
Church bells of the city of London
88 Wood Street building programme
St Alban Tower
Category:Christopher Wren church buildings in London
Wood Street
Category:17th-century Church of England church buildings
Category:Churches in the City of London, of which only the tower remains
Category:Grade II* listed churches in London
Category:Buildings and structures in the United Kingdom destroyed during World War II
Category:Ruined churches of World War II
Category:Grade II* listed buildings in the City of London | {
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Pappakudi (North)
Pappakudi Full Area
Pappakudi (North) is a village in the Udayarpalayam taluk of Ariyalur district, Tamil Nadu, India.
Demographics
As per the 2001 census, Pappakudi (North) had a total population of 3467 with 1722 males and 1745 females.
References
Category:Villages in Ariyalur district | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
RuPaul's Drag Race UK (series 1)
The first series of RuPaul's Drag Race UK began airing on 3 October 2019 on the BBC Three section of BBC iPlayer and World of Wonder's WOW Presents Plus streaming service.
The song "Break Up (Bye Bye)", which was featured in the fifth episode, was released as a single and reached number 35 in the UK Singles Chart. It also peaked at number 44 on the Billboard Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart in America.
The winner of this series of RuPaul's Drag Race UK was The Vivienne, with Divina de Campo as the runner-up.
Contestants
The cast was announced on 21 August 2019 via YouTube and Instagram.
Ages, names, and cities stated are at time of filming.
Contestant progress
The contestant won RuPaul's Drag Race UK.
The contestant was a runner-up.
The contestant did not lip-sync for the crown and was eliminated.
The contestant won the challenge.
The contestant received positive critiques and was ultimately declared safe.
The contestant received critiques but was ultimately declared safe.
The contestant received negative critiques but was ultimately declared safe.
The contestant was in the bottom.
The contestant was eliminated.
The contestant returned as a guest.
Lip-syncs
The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom two.
The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom two.
The contestant was eliminated after the final lip sync of the season.
Guest judges
Listed in chronological order:
Andrew Garfield, actor
Maisie Williams, actress, internet entrepreneur
Twiggy, model, actress, and singer
Geri Halliwell, singer, songwriter, author, actress, fashion designer, model and television personality
Jade Thirlwall, singer, songwriter
Cheryl, singer, television personality, dancer, and author
Michaela Coel, actress, singer
Special guests
Guests who appeared in episodes, but did not judge on the main stage.
Episode 3
Raven, runner-up of US Drag Race season two & All Stars season one
Episode 4
Stacey Dooley, investigative journalist
Lorraine Kelly, TV presenter
Episode 5
MNEK, singer
Episode 6
Katya, contestant on US Drag Race season seven & runner-up on All Stars season two
Episode 8
AJ & Curtis Pritchard, ballroom dancers
Episodes
Reception
The series received very positive reviews from critics, with The Guardian describing the series as having "saved RuPaul's Drag Race" as the recent seasons have had a less than positive reception. In their review of the series, iNews awarded the series "five stars" and described it as a "roaring success", despite criticising its omission of a stand-up comedy challenge.
In a more critical review, Vulture stated in its review of the finale that although the season "may have hit some true highs... it couldn’t save Drag Race from its worst impulses".
References
Category:2019 British television seasons
Category:RuPaul's Drag Race UK seasons | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Sphinx (Romania)
The Sphinx () is a natural rock formation in the Bucegi Natural Park which is in the Bucegi Mountains of Romania. It is located at an altitude of within the Babele complex of rock formations.
The first photo of the Great Bucegi Sphinx was probably taken in about the year 1900. This photograph was taken from a front position, not from a lateral one, as it usually appears in pictures nowadays. It only acquired its nickname, referring to the Great Sphinx of Giza, in the year 1936. The image of the sphinx appeared when the rock, having an 8 m height and a 12 m width, was watched from a certain angle. The megalith has its clearest outline on 21 November, at the time the sun goes down.
In Romanian film
The Sphinx features in the 1967 film The Dacians, in which it is a place of sacrifice to the god Zalmoxis. It also plays a significant role in the 1980 film Burebista, in which it is equated with the eponymous ancient Dacian king and the eternity of Romanian identity.
See also
Pareidolia
Seven Natural Wonders of Romania
References
Category:Rock formations of Europe
Category:Tourist attractions in Romania
Category:Tourism in Romania
Category:Mountains of Romania
Category:Tourist attractions in Prahova County
Category:Geography of Prahova County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Antoine Helha
Antoine Helha (born November 19, 1982 in Douala) is a Cameroonian footballer currently playing as a striker for Cerrito in the Uruguayan Primera División.
Teams
Fovu Baham 2002-2005
Plaza Colonia 2005
Bella Vista 2006
Boston River 2007
El Tanque Sisley 2008-2009
Coquimbo Unido 2009
El Tanque Sisley 2010-2011
Cerrito 2011–present
References
Profile at BDFA
Category:1982 births
Category:Living people
Category:Cameroonian footballers
Category:Cameroonian expatriate footballers
Category:Cameroon international footballers
Category:Plaza Colonia players
Category:Sportivo Cerrito players
Category:Boston River players
Category:El Tanque Sisley players
Category:C.A. Bella Vista players
Category:Coquimbo Unido footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Chile
Category:Expatriate footballers in Uruguay
Category:Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in Chile
Category:Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in Uruguay
Category:Association football forwards | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Giannis Fysekis
Giannis Fysekis (born 10 October 1985) is a former Greek footballer.
Club career
Fysekis has been playing in the lower divisions of Greek football with P.A.O.N.E. since June 2010. From January through June 2010, he played for Greek second division side Panserraikos F.C.. Before that, he had played for P.A.O.N.E. in the Greek Gamma Ethniki.
For the 2007–08 season, Fysekis was loaned out by AEK Athens F.C. to the Greek Third Division club, Anagennisi Karditsa, and then to the Greek Third Division Club, PAE AS Lamia. He was later loaned out to Apollon Kalamarias F.C. during the 2008–09 season.
On 16 June 2009, Giannnis Fysekis' contract with AEK was terminated
References
3. http://www.arisfc.gr/gr/%CE%BF-%CF%86%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD-%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B7.html
External links
Category:1985 births
Category:Living people
Category:Greek footballers
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:AEK Athens F.C. players
Category:Apollon Pontou FC players
Category:Panserraikos F.C. players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Fashion in Barcelona
Today, more fashion capitals exist than the original “Big Four” of London, Paris, Milan, and New York from the 20th century. Although the “Big Four” remain the most elite, other cities have developed into smaller fashion centers. The history of fashion in Barcelona begins in the early 20th century with the rise of the textile industry and spans through today with its current concentration on fast fashion. With various popular fashion districts and a handful of notable fashion events each year, Barcelona has proved itself as a major city for fashion. According to the Global Language Monitor, which ranks world fashion capitals, Barcelona ranks as #5.
History of fashion in Barcelona
Early 20th century
The beginning of Barcelona as a capital for fashion can be traced back to the beginning of the 20th century when Barcelona's prosperous textile industry allowed the city's designers to produce some of the finest garments of the day. Various designers contributed to Barcelona's rise as a fashion capital including French haute couture designer Jeanne Lanvin who first learned the art of dressmaking in the Catalan capital city. Later, in 1929, she opened a branch of her store in Barcelona, demonstrating her belief that Barcelona was a meaningful fashion city. Another notable development for fashion in Barcelona came with Pedro Rodriguez who opened his first store, a Parisian-style salon, in Barcelona in 1919. Further, one of the most important events of the early 20th century in relation to Barcelona's growth as a fashion capital includes the Barcelona International Exposition of 1929 where the world-famous designer Cristóbal Balenciaga first established himself.
Rodriguez and Balenciaga would continue to become the leading Spanish fashion designers of their time. Additionally, in the 1920s multiple textile warehouses emerged including , El Dique Flotante and La física, offering haute couture pieces. The combination of Barcelona's link to Paris, the strong Catalan textile industry, and the local embroidery industries lent to Barcelona's emergence as a noteworthy city of fashion.
Mid 20th century
During the Second Republic (1931-1936), Barcelona hosted several fashion shows, but the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) stopped all fashion development in Barcelona. After the war, the growth of the fashion industry resumed. In the 1940s the “Cinco Grandes” (Pedro Rodriguez, Manuel Pertegaz, Asunción Bastida, Santa Eulalia and El Dique Flotante) appeared in the world of fashion. This group was able to gain support from Francisco Franco’s military dictatorship that was interested in Spanish exports. This allowed Catalan fashion to continue to develop.
Late 20th century
In 1963, Spanish textile manufacturers and clothing companies created the Moda del Sol union under the leadership of designer José María Fillol in order to present new, innovative textiles in the form of clothing. From 1967 to 1974, Vogue devoted 17 pages to Moda del Sol twice per year, helping Catalan designers to become internationally recognized. In line with the style of “Moda del Sol” came the rise of prêt-à-porter, or ready-to-wear, fashion in the place of haute couture during the 1960s. Early designers who took part in this initiative in Barcelona include Santa Eulàlia, Sant Patrick, Margarita Nuez, and Marisol Bofill. Notable prêt-à-porter designers of the 1970s include Toni Miró and Antonio Balado.
The end of 20th century brought the beginning of various fast fashion chains. Fast fashion refers to designs that quickly move from the runway to stores at affordable prices. The first Zara opened in La Coruña, Galicia, Spain (under the name of “Zorba”) in 1975 and expanded throughout Spain until its first international store opened in Porto, Portugal in 1988. In the 1990s, Zara's parent company, Inditex, bought Barcelona brands Massimo Dutti and Stradivarius. Additionally, Barcelona-born Mango opened its first store on Passeig de Gràcia in 1984. Throughout the end of the century, Barcelona continued to grow as a fashion capital and various fashion franchises continued to open stores in the Catalan capital city.
21st century
In the 21st century, Barcelona has emerged as one of the top 10 fashion capitals in the world, ranking as #5 in 2015 according to the Global Language Monitor. In 2014, the region in which Barcelona is located, Catalonia, was home to 1,700 fashion businesses that employed 100,000 people and generated 13 billion euros (about US$13.8 billion) per year.
Barcelona fashion districts
Passeig de Gràcia
This neighborhood is Barcelona's most posh fashion district that offers luxury brands including Chanel, Valentino, Hermes, and Burberry. It also includes the mass-market stores such as Zara, Mango, H&M, and Desigual. Additionally, the Spanish luxury label, Loewe, can also be found in Passeig de Gràcia. With ornate buildings designed by the famous modernist artists Antoni Gaudí, Josep Puig i Cadafalch, and Lluís Domènech i Montaner lining the streets of Passeig de Gràcia, tourists and locals alike can enjoy shopping near Barcelona's most iconic architecture.
Portal de L’Angel
Located off of Plaça de Catalunya, Portal de L’Angel is the second largest shopping district, after Passeig de Gràcia, and provides shoppers with a large number of department stores. El Corte Inglés, Zara, Bershka, Pull&Bear, Mango, and other fashion franchises can be found here.
La Rambla de Catalunya
This fashion avenue runs parallel with Passeig de Gràcia and offers a more unique set of options. La Rambla is home to primarily independent stores and can be described as more “bourgeois” than Passeig de Gràcia. With a rich history as Barcelona's largest area for markets, La Rambla is a place where shopping meets culture and shoppers can feel Barcelona's old charm and new style. However, watch out for pickpockets. La Rambla is known as the number one place for pickpockets in the world.
Barcelona fashion events
080 Barcelona
080 Barcelona is Barcelona's bi-annual Fashion Week in which designers display their most recent collections to the public. Over the course of five days, there are 40 fashion parades that give both buyers and the general public the opportunity to see the latest trends. Currently, internationalization is at the focus of the event in order to present local designers to the world and to ensure Barcelona remains a top city for fashion. 080 gives Barcelona the opportunity to show its culture of fashion to the world.
TSNB Barcelona
The Shopping Night Barcelona (TSNB), founded in 2010, offers shoppers the opportunity to stay out until 1:00am to shop in the Passeig de Gràcia neighborhood at the beginning of December. Many stores offer promotions and sales aimed at attracting holiday shoppers. Additionally, traffic is blocked off so that shoppers can easily move through the streets, enjoying the stores as well as the festive events such as street food booths, local concerts, and other performances. In 2015, TSNB brought 85,000 shoppers to Passeig de Gràcia.
Barcelona Fashion Summit
Founded in 2013, Barcelona Fashion Summit offers an annual meeting point that brings together Spanish fashion executives to learn and discuss trends in the industry. The forum offers important information regarding how companies can grow and succeed in the world of fashion. Regarded as the leading event for fashion professionals in Barcelona, Barcelona Fashion Summit provides attendees with conferences, round tables, and networking events crucial for those that want to advance in the industry.
Fashion brands from Barcelona
Barcelona's long history of innovation lends itself to a wide selection of Barcelona-born fashion brands. From the Mango of 1984 to the more recent Bimba Lola of 2006, Barcelona is a city that breeds design.
Grupo Cortefiel
Bimba Lola
Lottusse
Loewe
Massimo Dutti
Mango
Tous
Ailanto
Sita Murt
Lupo Barcelona
Great Tomorrow Clothing
Desigual
References
Category:Barcelona
Category:Spanish fashion
Category:Fashion
Category:History of fashion | {
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Pique macho
Pique macho () or Pique a lo macho is a typical Bolivian food. It is a heaped plate consisting of bite-sized pieces of beef, and french fry-cut potatoes. Added to this mixture are onions, locoto, boiled egg, mustard, mayonnaise, and ketchup.
Smaller portions are simply called pique; pique macho is a huge portion, and traditionally spicy hot because of the pimenton. Urban legend suggests that this is because you are macho if you can finish one by yourself, though most diners opt to share the dish amongst a pair or a group.
Another legend says that a group of workers, late at night, drunk, were hungry. The owner of the restaurant said they were closing and had nothing. The group of workers insisted that they would eat anything. The owner proceeded to chop what she had left of the ingredients that constitute the pique macho and served them really spicy to help with their drunkenness. She then said "Piquen" si son "machos", eat it if you think you're man enough, and that is how it got the name of Pique Macho.
The "Pique Macho" or "Pique a lo Macho" was created by Mr. Honorato Quinones and his wife Evangelina Gomez Quinones, owners of "Restaurante Miraflores" in Cochabamba, Bolivia.
Ingredients
Basic Ingredients:
slices of steak
french fries
salt
oil
boiled eggs
onions
green and red peppers (or locotos, which are picante peppers)
tomatoes
Olives
(optional)
Locoto (Chili)
Sausage
External links
BoliviaNet's Pique Macho Recipe
Category:Bolivian cuisine | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Harpur
Harpur is an electoral ward and area within the town of Bedford, England.
The boundaries of Harpur are approximately Manton Lane to the north, De Parys Avenue to the east, Bromham Road to the south, with the Midland Main Line railway line to the west.
Manton Heights, the Poets, the Prime Ministers, and the Black Tom neighbourhoods all lie within the boundaries of Harpur ward.
History
The area is named after Sir William Harpur a famous Bedfordian. The area houses Bedford Modern School which is part of the Harpur Trust.
A notorious Highwayman labelled 'Black Tom' reportedly frequented the area in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Supposedly he was buried with a stake driven through his heart at the junction of Tavistock Street, Union Street and Clapham Road. Today Black Tom is the informal name of a neighbourhood of mainly 19th Century terraced housing in Harpur, North of Roff Avenue.
Most buildings in the area date from the 19th Century or before. However the northern part of the area (Manton Heights) was developed much later, in the 1970s.
The Bedford Physical Training College (later, Bedford College of Physical Education) was founded on Landsdowne Road in 1903. The campus joined two others in 1976 to form Bedford College of Higher Education which in turn joined other colleges to form De Montfort University in 1994. By this time many of the buildings on or around Lansdowne Road in Harpur were part of the university campus. In 2006 the Bedford arm of De Montfort University and the University of Luton formed the University of Bedfordshire. It was decided that the new University would merge its two Bedford campuses onto one site on Polhill Avenue, De Parys. This meant the end of the Lansdowne Road campus, which lasted in the Harpur area for over 100 years. In July 2009, plans to develop the old university site into housing were rejected by Bedford Borough Council, the local planning authority.
John Le Mesurier who starred as Sergeant Arthur Wilson on the popular 1970s BBC comedy Dad's Army was born in Chaucer Road in the area in 1912. Archbishop Trevor Huddleston was also born in Chaucer Road, in 1913.
Governance
Harpur is an unparished area, with all community services under the direct control of Bedford Borough Council. Harpur elects two councillors to Bedford Borough Council, both of whom are currently from the Labour Party.
Economy
Harpur contains Tavistock Street, one of Bedford's major commercial zones. There are various shops, pubs, offices and restaurants on Tavistock Street. There are more shops and businesses dotted around Harpur, including Bromham Road which houses Bedford Prison. There has been a prison on this site since 1801.
Elsewhere there is a large Sainsbury's store on Clapham Road. To the north of Harpur is the Manton Heights Industrial Estate (located on Manton Lane) which houses many different businesses including offices of WesternGeco, and the Institution of Diesel and Gas Turbine Engineers, as well as an LA Fitness Gym and a Travelodge. There are more hotels and guest-houses to be found on Shakespeare Road.
Education
There are two state primary schools in Harpur - Edith Cavell Primary School located on Manton Lane, and Livingstone Primary School situated on Clapham Road. There are no secondary schools in Harpur. Children in the area are in the catchment for Biddenham International School in Biddenham.
There are three independent schools in Harpur - Polam School is located on Lansdowne Road, and Rushmoor School is situated on Shakespeare Road. For older children, Bedford Modern School is located on Manton Lane. Stella Mann College is a private performing arts college, located on Linden Road. The college attracts students from all over the United Kingdom and abroad, as well as locally.
Bedford High School closed over the summer of 2012. Most of the school site has been leased by Bedford College, who use it as a campus for The Bedford Sixth Form (Bedford Colleges branding of its sixth form provision), as well as most of its other class-room based activities and higher education courses.
Religious sites
St Martin's Church (Church of England), located on Clapham Road
Primitive Methodist Church, located on Park Road
The main Quaker Meeting House for Bedford is on Lansdowne Road
Divine Intervention Ministries, at the Tavistock Community Centre
Kingdom Way Church, also at the Tavistock Community Centre
The Glorious Freedom Revival Church, also at the Tavistock Community Centre
Urban Mission Church, also at the Tavistock Community Centre
Community facilities
Harpur's community centre is located just off Tavistock Street, on Princes Street. Facilities at the Trinity Arts & Leisure complex of The Bedford Sixth Form are available for hire and use by the local community.
Harpur is the only area in Bedford not to have any large public open space or recreation ground within its boundaries, but there is the Hill Rise local nature reserve located off Park Road North and Ramsay Close, and a play area on Clapham Road, close to the supermarket. The ward, however is bounded by open land between the urban area of Bedford and Clapham, and Bedford Park is situated just outside the area, on the corner of Foster Hill Road and Park Avenue.
References
External links
Harpur & Tavistock Community Centre
Category:Areas of Bedford | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Érezée
Érezée is a Walloon municipality of Belgium located in the province of Luxembourg. On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 78.44 km², had 2,968 inhabitants, implying a population density of 37.8 inhabitants per km².
The municipality consists of the following sub-municipalities: Amonines, Érezée, Mormont, and Soy.
Attractions
Tramway Touristique de l'Aisne
See also
List of protected heritage sites in Erezée
References
External links
Category:Municipalities of Luxembourg (Belgium)
Category:Populated places in Luxembourg (Belgium)
Category:Populated places in Belgium | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Jafad Moradi
Jafad Moradi (born April 14, 1984) is an Iranian football player currently play for Persita Tangerang in Indonesia Super League.
References
External links
JAFAD MORADI at Liga Indonesia
Category:1984 births
Category:Living people
Category:Iranian footballers
Category:Iranian expatriate footballers
Category:Iranian expatriate sportspeople in Indonesia
Category:Expatriate footballers in Indonesia
Category:Liga 1 (Indonesia) players
Category:Persita Tangerang players
Category:Association football midfielders | {
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Nothomyrmecia
Nothomyrmecia, also known as the dinosaur ant or dawn ant, is a rare genus of ants consisting of a single species, Nothomyrmecia macrops. These ants live in South Australia, nesting in old-growth mallee woodland and Eucalyptus woodland. The full distribution of Nothomyrmecia has never been assessed, and it is unknown how widespread the species truly is; its potential range may be wider if it does favour old-growth mallee woodland. Possible threats to its survival include habitat destruction and climate change. Nothomyrmecia is most active when it is cold because workers encounter fewer competitors and predators such as Camponotus and Iridomyrmex, and it also increases hunting success. Thus, the increase of temperature may prevent them from foraging and very few areas would be suitable for the ant to live in. As a result, the IUCN lists the ant as Critically Endangered.
As a medium-sized ant, Nothomyrmecia measures . Workers are monomorphic, showing little morphological differentiation among one another. Mature colonies are very small, with only 50 to 100 individuals in each nest. Workers are strictly nocturnal and are solitary foragers, collecting arthropod prey and sweet substances such as honeydew from scale insects and other Hemiptera. They rely on their vision to navigate and there is no evidence to suggest that the species use chemicals to communicate when foraging, but they do use chemical alarm signals. A queen ant will mate with one or more males and, during colony foundation, she will hunt for food until the brood have fully developed. Queens are univoltine (they produce just one generation of ants each year). Two queens may establish a colony together, but only one will remain once the first generation of workers has been reared.
Nothomyrmecia was first described by Australian entomologist John S. Clark in 1934 from two specimens of worker ants. These were reportedly collected in 1931 near the Russell Range, inland from Israelite Bay in Western Australia. After its initial discovery, the ant was not seen again for four decades until a group of entomologists rediscovered it in 1977, away from the original reported site. Dubbed as the 'Holy Grail' of myrmecology, the ant was subject to great scientific interest after its rediscovery, attracting scientists from around the world. In Poochera (the rediscovery site), pictures of the ant are stencilled on the streets, and it is perhaps the only town in the world that thrives off ant-based tourism. Some entomologists have suggested a relationship to the Baltic Eocene fossil ant genus Prionomyrmex based on morphological similarities, but this interpretation is not widely accepted by the entomological community. Owing to its body structure, Nothomyrmecia is regarded to be the most plesiomorphic ant alive and a 'living fossil', stimulating studies on its morphology, behaviour, ecology, and chromosomes.
Description
Nothomyrmecia is a medium-sized ant measuring in length. Workers are monomorphic, meaning that there is little morphological differentiation among one another. The mandibles, clypeus (one of the sclerites that make up the "face" of an arthropod or insect), antennae and legs are pale yellow. The hairs on the body are yellow, erect and long and abundant, but on the antennae and legs they are shorter and suberect (standing almost in an erect position). It shows similar characteristics to Myrmecia, and somewhat resembles Oecophylla, commonly known as weaver ants. Workers are strictly nocturnal (active mainly at night) but navigate by vision, relying on large compound eyes. The mandibles are shorter than the head. They have 10 to 15 intermeshing teeth and are less specialised than those of Myrmecia and Prionomyrmex, being elongate and triangular. The head is longer than it is wide and broader towards the back. The sides of the head are convex around the eyes. The long antennal scapes (the base of the antenna) extend beyond the occipital border, and the second segment of the funiculus (a series of segments between the base and club) is slightly longer than the first, third and fourth segment. The node, pronotum, epinotum and thorax are longer than broad, and the mesonotum is just as long as it is wide. The first segment of the gaster (the bulbous posterior portion of the metasoma) is broader than long by a third and broader at the back than the front with strongly convex sides.
A long and retractable stinger is present at the rear of the abdomen. It has been described as "prominent and effective" and is capable of inflicting a painful sting to humans. A 'sting bulb gland' is also present in Nothomyrmecia; this is a small exocrine gland of unknown function, first discovered and named in 1990. It is situated in the basal part of the insect's sting, and is located between the two ducts of the venom gland and the Dufour's gland. Despite its many plesiomorphic features, the sting apparatus of Nothomyrmecia is considered less primitive than those found in other ants such as Stigmatomma pallipes. It is the only known species of ant that contains both a sting and a 'waist' (i.e. it has no postpetiole between the first and second gastral segments).
Queens look similar to workers, but several morphological features distinguish the two castes from each other. The queen's body is usually larger. Ocelli are highly developed, but the eyes on the queen are not enlarged. The structure of the pterothorax (the wing-bearing area of the thorax) is consistent with other reproductive ants, but it does not occupy as much of its mesosomal bulk. The wings of the queens are rudimentary and stubby, barely overlapping the first gastral segment, and are brachypterous (non-functional). Males resemble those of Myrmecia, but Nothomyrmecia males bear a single waist node. The wings on the male ant are not stubby like a queen's; rather they are long and fully developed, exhibiting a primitive venational complement. They have a jugal anal lobe (a portion of the hindwing), a feature found in many primitive ants, and basal hamuli (hook-like projections that link the forewings and hindwings). Most male specimens collected have two tibial spurs (spines located on the distal end of the tibia); the first spur is a long calcar and the second spur is short and thick. Adults have a stridulatory organ on the ventral side of the abdomen – unlike all other hymenopterans in which such organs are located dorsally.
In all castes, these ants have six maxillary palps (palps that serve as organs of touch and taste in feeding) and four labial palps (sensory structures on the labium), a highly primitive feature. The females have a 12-segmented antenna, whereas males have 13 segments. Other features include paired calcariae found on both the hind and middle tibiae, and the claws have a median tooth. The unspecialised nature of the cuticle (outer exoskeleton of the body) is similar to Pseudomyrmex, a member of the subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae. Many of the features known in Nothomyrmecia are found in Ponerinae and Pseudomyrmecinae.
The eggs of Nothomyrmecia are similar to those of Myrmecia, being subspherical and non-adhesive. The larvae bear a primitive body structure with no specialised tubercles, sharing similar characteristics with the subfamily Ponerinae, but the sensilla are more abundant on the mouthparts. The larvae are characterised into three stages: very young, young, and mature, measuring , and , respectively. The cocoons have thin walls and produce meconium (a metabolic waste product expelled through the anal opening after an insect emerges from its pupal stage). The cuticular hydrocarbons have internally branched alkenes, a feature rarely found in ants and most insects.
In general, the body structure of all Nothomyrmecia castes demonstrates the primitive nature of the species. Notable derived features include vestigial ocelli on workers, brachypterous queens, and the mesoscutal structure on males. The morphology of the abdomen, mandibles, gonoforceps (a sclerite, serving as the base of the ovipositors sheath) and basal hamuli show it is more primitive than Myrmecia. The structure of the abdominal region can separate it from other Myrmeciinae relatives (the fourth abdominal segment of Myrmecia is tubulate, whereas Nothomyrmecia has a non-tubulated abdominal segment). The appearance of the fourth abdominal segment is consistent with almost all aculeate insects, and possibly Sphecomyrma.
The feature of non-functional, vestigial wings may have evolved in this species relatively recently, as wings might otherwise have long-since disappeared completely had they no function for dispersal. Wing-reduction could somehow relate to population structure or some other specialised ecological pressure. Equally, wing-reduction might be a feature that only forms in drought-stressed colonies, as has been observed in several Monomorium ant species found throughout semi-arid regions of Australia. As yet, scientists do not fully understand how | {
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Penetopteryx nanus
Penetopteryx nanus, also known as the worm pipefish, is a species of marine fish belonging to the family Syngnathidae. The species can be found in shallow water coral rubble and macroalgae habitats in the Western Atlantic from Providencia Island, Colombia, to the Bahamas and Belize. Reproduction occurs through ovoviviparity in which the males brood eggs before giving live birth. Penetopteryx nanus are typically 3-6 millimeters when born and can reach up to recorded lengths of 3.17 centimeters in adulthood. In their larval state, Penetopteryx nanus have well-developed fins, but these are lost in adulthood.
References
External links
Penetopteryx nanus at FishBase
Category:Syngnathidae
Category:Fish described in 1911 | {
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Brown-Westhead, Moore & Co
Messrs. Thomas C. Brown-Westhead, Moore & Co. was a manufacturer of China, earthenware, including high quality innovative Victorian majolica and sanitary goods at Cauldon Place, Stoke-upon-Trent in England from 1856.
See also
Victorian majolica
References
The Potteries (illustrated) 1893 advertising and trade journal
Category:Ceramics manufacturers of England
Category:British porcelain
Category:Staffordshire pottery | {
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George Thomas Doo
George Thomas Doo (6 January 1800 – 13 November 1886) was an English engraver.
Life
Doo was born near Christ Church in Southwark, London. His teacher was Charles Heath. In 1825 he went to Paris. There he studied in the atelier of Suisse, and also attended the school of Gros, according to Thompson Cooper; the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography suggests his study under Charles-Alexandre Suisse might have been later. He acquired the techniques of drawing from the life, and passed them on to pupils in England. He took on William Duffield as a non-paying pupil, and William Thomas Roden was an apprentice. Another pupil was Thomas Leeming Grundy.
In 1836 Doo was made Engraver in Ordinary to William IV, and later to Queen Victoria. At this period he worked for Francis Moon.
Doo became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1851. He was made a Royal Academician in 1857.
Doo died in Sutton, Surrey.
Works
In 1824 he published his first plate, after a portrait of Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany by Thomas Lawrence.
Doo's more well-known works include his 1848 line-engraving The Combat after William Etty's painting from 1825. He is also known for his engraving of "Knox preaching before the Lords of the Congregation," after David Wilkie, "Italian Pilgrims coming in sight of Rome" after Eastlake, the "Infant Christ" after Raphael and the "Ecce Homo" after Correggio. His 1864 engraving of the "Raising of Lazarus" by Sebastiano del Piombo took him eight years.
References
Royal Society profile
External links
WorldCat page
CERL page
Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
Category:1800 births
Category:1886 deaths
Category:People from Surrey
Category:English engravers
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society
Category:Royal Academicians | {
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Azad Rahman
Azad Rahman is a Bangladeshi composer. He received a gold medal in 2011 from Rabindra Bharati University in Kolkata.
Rahman joined Radio Pakistan (Dhaka Centre) in the mid 1960s and was appointed the first executive director of the (now defunct) National Academy of Performing Arts, was a principal of the Government Music College, and served as the director general of the Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy for two terms. He has provided music for films, radio and TV productions.
Career
Rahman was trained in classical music. As a music director, he set tunes to various songs for Bengali language movies both in West Bengal and Bangladesh. His first movie as a music director was Miss Priyongboda (Kolkata). He made his own debut movie Goon Kotha and sang songs including "Dora Kata Dagh Dekhe Bagh Kena Jay," and "Bhalobashar mullo koto." He gave tunes to the patriotic song of Bangladesh "Jonmo Amar Dhonno Holo Maago" sung by Feroza Begum and later by Sabina Yasmin. He is a pianist, performing Indian classical ragas in his piano and traveling the world.
Rahman is one of the pioneers of Bangla Kheyal and has written lyrics for many raagas. These have been performed on BTV in the Dhrupodi program. He produced the first Bangla Kheyal LP in the 1980s and has also composed and sung Bangla qawwalis. He also played Hindustani raagas on the piano and released as an LP.
Rahman is the founder chairman of Sanskriti Kendra—Centre for Education, Creative and Performing Arts. This center has organized several international music festivals in Dhaka with participants from different countries. He is also on the faculty of Stamford University, Dhaka.
Rahman's wife, Selina Azad, is also a singer. The couple has three daughters.
References
Further reading
Category:Bangladeshi composers
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Bob's Burgers (season 6)
The sixth season of the animated comedy series Bob's Burgers began airing on Fox in the United States on September 27, 2015, and concluded on May 22, 2016. The season contained 19 episodes.
Production
On January 8, 2015, the series was renewed for a sixth production cycle, which aired as part of the sixth broadcast season, which also included 13 holdover episodes from the fifth production cycle.
This season featured guest appearances from Steve Buscemi, Jemaine Clement, Rhys Darby, Bret McKenzie, Paul Rudd, Wanda Sykes, and Henry Winkler.
Episodes
References
External links
Official website
Category:2015 American television seasons
Category:2016 American television seasons
Category:Bob's Burgers seasons | {
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Upenough
Upenough is a historic home and national historic district located at Cazenovia in Madison County, New York. The district contains four contributing buildings. The main house was built about 1910 and is a two-story, wood frame dwelling in the Dutch Colonial Revival style. It features a widely flaring gambrel roof intersected by dormers on the front and rear. Also on the property is a guest cottage, tool shed, and garage.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.
References
Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Category:Colonial Revival architecture in New York (state)
Category:Houses completed in 1910
Category:Houses in Madison County, New York
Category:Dutch Colonial Revival architecture in the United States
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Cazenovia, New York | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Huntingdon Furnace
Huntingdon Furnace is a national historic district and historic iron furnace and associated buildings located at Franklin Township in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. It consists of seven contributing buildings and one contributing structure. They are the iron furnace, office building, the ironmaster's mansion, log worker's house, a residence, the farm manager's residence, the grist mill and the miller's house. The iron furnace was moved to this site in 1805, from its original site one mile upstream. It measures 30 feet square by 30 feet high. The ironmaster's mansion was built in 1851, and is a 2 1/2-story, "L"-shaped frame dwelling. The grist mill dates to 1808, and is a 3 1/2-story, rubble stone building measuring 50 feet by 45 feet. The furnace was in operation from 1796, until it ceased operations in the 1880s.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
References
External links
Category:Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Category:Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Category:Industrial buildings completed in 1805
Category:Buildings and structures in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania
Category:Ironworks and steel mills in Pennsylvania
Category:Industrial furnaces
Category:1805 establishments in Pennsylvania
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania | {
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Alizé
Alizé is a French word meaning "trade wind". It may also refer to:
People
Alizé (given name), female given name
Alizée (born Alizée Jacotey 1984), French singer and dancer
Alizé Cornet (born 1990), French tennis player
Alizée Costes (born 1994), French rhythmic gymnast
Alizée Dufraisse (born 1987), French rock climber
Alizée Gaillard (born 1985), Swiss model
Alizé Lim (born 1990), French tennis player
Alizée Poulicek (born 1987), Belgian model
Annie Alizé (born 1955), French sprinter
Music
"L'Alizé", a 2000 single from the album Gourmandises by Alizée
Other
Alizé (drink), an alcoholic drink produced by Kobrand Corporation and L&L
Air France#Alizé, the premium economy offering of Air France
Breguet Alizé, a 1950s French carrier-based anti-submarine warfare aircraft
Alizee (horse), Australian racehorse | {
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Sprague High School
Charles A. Sprague High School, known as Sprague High School, is a high school in the Sunnyslope neighborhood of Salem, Oregon, United States. The school is named after Charles A. Sprague, who served as Oregon's governor from 1939 to 1943.
Academics
In the 2017–18 school year, 87.9% of Sprague's seniors received a high school diploma, compared to a statewide rate of 77%. Of 365 students, 321 graduated and 30 dropped out.
In the 2017–18 school year, Sprague's test scores were significantly higher than the state averages. In English, Sprague had 84% of students meeting state standards compared to the 70% state average, 46% in math compared to 33% statewide, and 81% in science compared to the 54% state average.
The racial makeup of Sprague currently consists of 74% white, 11% Hispanic, with all other races compiling the other 15%.
Music activities
Grammy Signature School recognition
Sprague has been recognized as a Grammy Signature School in many years. This program is designed to honor exceptional public high school music programs across the country.
2009: GRAMMY Signature Schools
2008: GRAMMY Signature Schools
2000: National GRAMMY Signature School
1999: GRAMMY Signature Schools Gold
Orchestra
Since the orchestral program was created in 1986, Sprague's Camerata Orchestra and Symphony Orchestra have won a combined 25 Oregon School Activities Association (OSAA) State Championships, and the program flourished under the direction of Steve A. Nelson. In addition, Sprague is the only high school in Oregon to have won state championships in all four OSAA music categories (String Orchestra, Full Orchestra, Choir, and Band) in a single year (1998). Beginning in 1993, and every fourth year until 2005 (1997, 2001, 2005), Sprague's Orchestra Program has traveled to Austria, where the Camerata has been named the "Top High School String Orchestra in the World" on multiple occasions after winning the Vienna Youth and Music Festival in 1997 and 2005. The orchestras are currently directed by Lisa Rael.
State Championships:
Full Orchestra: 1988, 1996–99, 2001–03, 2006, 2011
String Orchestra: 1990, 1993, 1995–2000, 2002, 2004–06, 2009–11
Choir
Choir director Russ Christensen was named the 2006-2007 Oregon Music Educator of the year. The choir placed or tied for first in OSAA state choir championships in 1998, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, and 2017. The choir is now directed by Dr. Robert David Brown.
Bands
Sprague High School Marching Band and Color Guard won the Oregon state championship in 1984, 1985, and 1986. They won the Kelso Highlander Marching band competition in 1983. The marching band competed in the California state championships in San Jose in 1984, coming in second place by only 3/4 of a point. They also took first place at the Bands of America regional championship in Moscow, Idaho in 1985. The color guard, named the Starlighters Winterguard, won the Western Dream Pageant Scholastic division with the highest score up to that point in 1986, having an undefeated season. In 2017, under the direction of Dr. Richard Greenwood, the band won the 6A OSAA state championship for the first time since 2012.
State Championships: 1998, 2001, 2003–07, 2009, 2012, 2017
The band is a member of Northwest Association for Performing Arts and Oregon School Activities Association.
Sprague has hosted the Pacific Coast Invitational, a marching band competition, since 1982.
Concert Band
Sprague band has participated in many Heritage Festivals in Anaheim and San Francisco, California over the years. Below is list of the accomplishments by participation year:
Marching band accolades
The first two months of each school year is marching band season. To start the season off, two weeks in August are devoted to marching band camp. Members of Sprague Band assemble with the Color Guard practice drills, straighten lines and create a show for competition with other high school marching bands within Oregon, Washington, California, and Idaho. Most are members of the Northwest Association of Performing Artists.
Athletics
Sprague currently competes in the newly formed Mountain Valley Conference, along with Bend, Summit, Mountain View, West Salem, McNary, South Salem, and McKay.
Sprague has won ten state championships in various sports, including six Directors Cup trophies for league standings in all sports throughout a school year.
During the 2004-2005 school year, Sprague won both the football and baseball state championships, marking the first time since 1998 that a major Oregon high school was a state champion in two of the "Big 3" (football, basketball, and baseball) in the same year. Sprague has also had a very successful tennis program. Between 2006 and 2009, the boys' tennis team won the team state championship and had a player in the singles final in three out of four years (2006, 2007, 2009).
Sprague has one of the best high school racquetball teams in the nation. They have 6 state and 6 national titles, along with numerous individual player titles. The team swept the state championship in 2018, 2019, and 2020. They have been in the top 2 high school racquetball teams for over a decade.
State Championships
Football: 2004
Boys' tennis: 1977, 1993, 1997, 2006, 2007, 2009
Baseball: 1995, 2005
Softball: 2003
Racquetball: 1998, 2008, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 (club sport)
National Champions
Racquetball: 1998, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2019 (club sport)
State Championship Appearances
Boys Cross Country: 1972, 1980, 1984, 1989–91, 1999-2000, 2004
Girls Cross Country: 1978–81, 1986–87, 1989, 1992, 1996–97, 2007, 2015–17
Volleyball: 2018
Girls Basketball: 1989
Boys Basketball: 1989, 1996–97
Boys Swimming: 1974–78, 1986, 1990–95, 2002–03, 2007–08, 2011, 2015, 2017–18
Girls Swimming: 1976–78, 1985, 1990–97, 1999-2000, 2002–15, 2017–18
Wrestling: 1979-82, 1984–85, 1988, 1991–18
Baseball: 1995, 2005
Boys Golf: 1976, 1979–80, 1992–93, 1999–2003, 2007–08, 2011–12
Girls Golf: 2000–01, 2007, 2012–14, 2018
Softball: 1989, 1992, 1994, 2003, 2005
Boys Tennis: 1974–79, 1982–83, 1985, 1988–18
Girls Tennis: 1977, 1980–85, 1988, 1990–92, 1994, 1996–98, 2004–14, 2018
Boys Track and Field: 1974–76, 1978–82, 1984–85, 1989–94, 1997, 2000–12, 2014–17
Girls Track and Field: 1975–77, 1979–83, 1986, 1988–89, 1992, 1995–98, 2001–04, 2007, 2010–14, 2017
Notable alumni
Joey Wong, baseball player
Bill Swancutt, NFL player
Ryan "The Niz" Neighbors
Aj Lapray, youtuber.
References
Category:Educational institutions established in 1972
Category:High schools in Salem, Oregon
Category:Public high schools in Oregon
Category:1972 establishments in Oregon | {
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The Executioner (book series)
The Executioner is a monthly men's action-adventure series following the exploits of the character Mack Bolan and his wars against organized crime and international terrorism. The series spans 453 installments (as of December 2017) and has sold more than 200 million copies since its debut installment, War Against the Mafia. The series was created and initially written by American author Don Pendleton, who penned 37 of the original 38 Bolan novels. In 1980, Pendleton licensed the rights to Gold Eagle and was succeeded by a collective of ghostwriters.
Since its inception in 1969, The Executioner series has spawned several spin-off series including Able Team, Phoenix Force, and Stony Man (the series into which Able Team and Phoenix Force were eventually merged). Every other month, the Executioner series is complemented by the release of a Super Bolan, whose titles are twice the length of a standard Executioner novel.
Background
Mack Bolan is a Vietnam War veteran serving as a sniper. It is in these jungles where the young Bolan honed his military capabilities and his deadly accuracy. His 97 confirmed kills gave birth to the nickname he would carry for the rest of his life: The Executioner. Amidst the chaos of war, Bolan also earned the moniker "Sergeant Mercy", for his compassion and willingness to help innocent Vietnamese citizens put in harm's way or wounded by the conflict around them.
During his tour of duty, Bolan was called home on emergency leave to bury his family, who were killed by their father, Sam Bolan, in a triple-murder/suicide. Upon his return home, Bolan learned loan sharks from a local branch of the Mafia "family" had forced his sister Cynthia into a life of prostitution to pay back the family debt. Upon learning the news, his father could not bear it and committed the horrendous act. Only Bolan's 14-year-old brother Johnny survived his wounds.
Bolan realized that the real enemy was not in the jungles of Vietnam, but at home. The Mafia's schemes affected everyday innocent civilians such as his own family. Using the tactics he learned during his military combat, Bolan refused to return to Vietnam and instead took his war to the Mafia. City by city, he strikes ruthlessly to bring down the mafia and to clean the country of this horrific criminal organization. His actions would divide opinions. Some government and law enforcement officials were pleased with his efforts, while some sought to bring his war to an end.
In the end, the government offered Bolan amnesty under the condition he work for them. Bolan accepted and emerged under the name Colonel John Phoenix beginning his war against terrorism and the KGB. Bolan works in conjunction with Hal Brognola, the Director of the Sensitive Operations Group and the liaison between Bolan and the Oval Office. Phoenix was chosen to be Bolan's new alias in reference to the mythological bird that would resurrect itself from the ashes of a former life, just as Bolan had done after the events of Executioner #38, Satan's Sabbath.
Spinoff series
In the Mack Bolan universe there are two covert tactical neutralization teams assigned to Stony Man but which work separately from it: Able Team and Phoenix Force. Each had its own series of books until 1991, when Gold Eagle combined both series into one, Stony Man. In addition, the SuperBolan series emerged in 1985. These books are double the size of a regular Executioner title and are released every other month.
In France, a new spin-off series, Kira B., featuring Mack Bolan's "daughter" Kira, was introduced by the publisher Vauvenargues, in 2012. Written under the pen name Steven Belly, the series follows the adventures of Kira, a young woman who appeared in L'Exécuteur nº300: Le réseau Phénix, where she manipulated Mack Bolan to come out of retirement to fight against cyber-criminals. Since then, she has helped her "father" in his fight against crime and now is the heroine of her own, eponymous series.
The Executioner Mystery Magazine
In 1975, Leonard J. Ackerman Productions produced Don Pendleton's The Executioner Mystery Magazine, a digest-sized, pulp magazine anthology series along the same lines as the Alfred Hitchcock Mystery Magazine. The magazine had little connection to the Mack Bolan books save for the occasional story related to the Mafia. The magazine ran for only four issues, ending in August 1975, with the final issue titled simply The Executioner Mystery Magazine.
Other media
Audio Books
Select Executioner titles were distributed on audiocassette by DH Audio through #241. Unfortunately, DH Audio was dissolved and they're not publishing them anymore, as of fall 2001. You might still be able to purchase them through one of the online bookstores such as Amazon.com or Barnes and Noble.com. These are abridged versions of the books, read by a single narrator (Richard Rohan) performing multiple voices, and run about 3 hours, split across two tapes. Suggested retail is $7.99 (U.S.) or $9.99 (CAN), and trust me, they are a really good value for the money. Tape quality is consistently good and narration/voice dramatization is at a good pace and effective. The only quibble I have is that with a guy performing voices, the female voices end up sounding either super-high pitched or masculine. Other than that, I'd recommend these if you prefer to hear a story rather than read it.
Stony Man Doctrine was also published as an audio cassette tape.
The first three books in the Executioner series in audio format were published by Books in Motion. They were cassette tapes.
Cutting Edge Audio published the Executioner & Stony Man series on audio, starting in October 2004 and beginning with Executioner 301 Blast Radius and Stony Man 68 Outbreak. They were available in truck stops throughout North America and online via Cuttingaudio.com. The company had no plans for selling them through regular retail outlets. They stopped publishing them around 2006/2007.
Movie screenplay
Joseph E. Levine contracted Richard Maibaum in 1972 to write a screenplay, based on the fifth and sixth volumes, Continental Contract and Assault on Soho. A later attempt to adapt The Executioner to the screen by Burt Reynolds was to star Sylvester Stallone and Cynthia Rothrock, but the production was scrapped.
It was announced August 2014, that Shane Salerno, Hollywood producer, screenwriter has acquired the Executioner Mack Bolan Series of action/adventure novels for a film franchise.
Deadline reports that Warner Bros. has acquired the film rights of the book series with Bradley Cooper starring as Bolan, Shane Salerno writing and Todd Phillips directing.
Comics
The Executioner: War Against the Mafia was a comic book adaptation of the first novel by Don Pendleton and Linda Pendleton, published 1993 by Innovation Comics. Intended to run four issues, the final instalment was not published due to Innovation closing. Artwork was by Sandu Florea.
The Executioner: Death Squad was adapted by Linda Pendleton with art by Sandu Florea. It was a 128-page black and white comic, published in 1996 by Vivid Comics.
The Executioner was adapted into a five-part comic book series by IDW, written by Doug Wojtowicz and illustrated by S. I. Gallant. It was reissued as the graphic novel Don Pendleton's The Executioner: The Devil's Tool in November 2008. The reissued version contained an introduction by Linda Pendleton, "Don Pendleton's Creation of Mack Bolan, The Executioner".
Podcast
The Executioner books and spin-offs are featured on the August 5th, 2019 episode of the Paperback Warrior podcast. The show's hosts, Eric Compton and Tom Simon, discuss the series' origins including its impact on popular culture. Additionally, the show spotlights key authors that contributed to the series and its spin-offs. During that episode, Eric Compton reviews Executioner #88 Baltimore Trackdown by Chet Cunningham.
Works inspired by the Executioner series
The Executioner is often cited as the inspiration for the Marvel Comics character the Punisher, who also fights the Mafia, and The Destroyer series of novels, as well as James Glickenhaus' films The Exterminator (1980) and Exterminator 2 (1984).
Authors
See: List of authors in the Executioner series.
Series listing
See: List of Mack Bolan books
001: War Against the Mafia
002: Death Squad
003: Battle Mask
004: Miami Massacre
005: Continental Contract
006: Assault on Soho
007: Nightmare in New York
008: Chicago Wipeout
009: Vegas Vendetta
010: Caribbean Kill
011: California Hit
012: Boston Blitz
013: Washington I.O.U.
014: San Diego Siege
015: Panic in Philly
016: Sicilian Slaughter (written by "Jim Peterson," a pseudonym for William Crawford)
017: Jersey Guns
| {
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Norther
Norther was a Finnish melodic death metal band from Espoo, Finland. The band broke up in 2012.
History
Norther formed under the name Requiem (Lindroos, Korpas, Hallio) in 1996 after various early stage band formations. The band's debut effort was the album, Dreams of Endless War, released through Spinefarm Records in 2002. The album entered the Finnish charts at position 17. At the time, Norther was playing shows only in and around the Helsinki area. That changed when the album Mirror of Madness came out in early 2003 (entering the Finnish charts at position 11). The group toured with Dimmu Borgir and Hypocrisy in late 2003. In early 2004, Norther released its third full-length album, Death Unlimited, which reached 17 on the Finnish charts.
Norther played several shows in 2005 and then recorded an EP, Solution7 (recorded at Astia Studio). It landed in the official Finnish charts at position five. Norther added Kristian Ranta's vocals afterward. In the summer of 2005, Norther used Studio Fredman in Gothenburg, Sweden, to record their fourth full length-album named Till Death Unites Us, with producers Fredrik Nordström & Patrick J. Sten. Soon after recording the album, Toni Hallio left the band to pursue other interests; Heikki Saari replaced him at drums. After its release in January 2006, Till Death Unites Us was number six on the Finnish album charts. Later the same year, the band composed the theme song ("Frozen Angel") for a major Finnish feature film, V2: Dead Angel produced by Solarfilms, Inc. The band is also featured in the film. In February 2007 Norther released a new EP, No Way Back, released only in Finland and Japan. The record hit number one in the Finnish charts. Later that year the released Amoral & Drone, and supported it with a European tour.
Petri Lindroos quit as lead vocalist on 1 February 2009 and was replaced by Aleksi Sihvonen (ex-Imperanon) on 14 April 2009. Their sixth studio album, Circle Regenerated, and was released 19 April 2011.
The band made their final appearance at the Brutal Assault festival in the Czech Republic on 10 August 2012.
Band members
Final lineup
Kristian "Kride" Ranta – guitars (2000–2012), clean vocals (2004-2012)
Jukka "Jukkis" Koskinen – bass (2000–2012)
Tuomas Planman – keyboards, synthesizers, electronics (2001–2012)
Heikki Saari – drums (2005–2012)
Aleksi Sihvonen – harsh vocals (2009–2012)
Daniel Freyberg – guitars, backing vocals (2009–2012)
Former members
Petri Lindroos – harsh vocals, guitars (1996–2009)
Toni Hallio – drums (1996–2005)
Roni Korpas – guitars (1996–1999)
Tuomas "Stubu" – bass (1996–1997)
Joakim Ekroos – bass (2000)
Sebastian Knight – keyboards (2000)
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
Dreams of Endless War (2002)
Mirror of Madness (2003)
Death Unlimited (2004)
Till Death Unites Us (2006)
N (2008)
Circle Regenerated (2011)
Demos and EPs
Warlord (Demo) (2000)
Solution 7 (2005)
No Way Back (2007)
Singles
"Released" (2002)
"Unleash Hell" (2003)
"Spreading Death" (2004)
"Spreading Death" (DVD) (2004)
"Scream" (2006)
"Break Myself Away" (Online Single) (2010)
Details
Warlord
Warlord was the only demo recorded by Norther. It was self-released 10 November 2000. The demo featured Sebastian Knight and Joakim Ekroos (both of whom left the group after its production). Warlord was mixed in only a few hours; and features a cover song of Skid Row's "Youth Gone Wild". The song "Warlord" was later renamed "Endless War," and is on the Dreams of Endless War album.
Warlord track listing
Videography
Covers
"Youth Gone Wild" (Skid Row) − found on Dreams of Endless War, Released (CD single) and Warlord (Demo)
"The Final Countdown" (Europe) − found on Dreams of Endless War
"Smash" (The Offspring) − found on Mirror of Madness and Unleash Hell (CD single)
"Tornado of Souls" (Megadeth) − found on Death Unlimited and Spreading Death (CD single)
"Sabotage" (Beastie Boys) − found on N (Japanese version)
"Bimbo" (Lambretta) − found on Circle Regenerated (Limited Edition)
References
External links
Category:Finnish melodic death metal musical groups
Category:Musical groups established in 1996
Category:Musical groups from Helsinki
Category:Century Media Records artists
Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2012 | {
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Felony murder rule (Texas)
Texas's felony murder rule, codified in Texas Penal Code § 19.02(b)(3), states that a person commits murder if he "commits or attempts to commit a felony, other than manslaughter, and in the course of and in furtherance of the commission or attempt, or in immediate flight from the commission or attempt, he commits or attempts to commit an act clearly dangerous to human life that causes the death of an individual."
The felony murder rule is sometimes confused with the law of parties, which states that a person can be criminally responsible for the actions of another if he or she aids and abets, or conspires with the principal.
See also
Law of Texas
Capital punishment in Texas
Texas judicial system
Common purpose
References
Category:1973 legislation
Category:Texas statutes
Category:Murder in Texas
Category:U.S. state criminal law | {
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Prettl
Prettl Produktions Holding GmbH is a German group of companies from Pfullingen, which is active in the five following segments; the automotive industry, energy, electronics , components & systems and strategic build-up.
According to the principle of company founder Franz W. Prettl, the group does not want to be dependent on any market. The Prettl Group currently has more than 9500 employees and sales of around €955 million in more than 25 countries.
Prettl is privately owned and is managed by the brothers Rolf and Erhardt Prettl.
In 2007, Prettl became the first German company in North Korea to acquire land in the special economic zone of Kaesong. The location in the controversial Kaesong province was not built after the incident with the ROKS Cheonan corvette. Instead, the company is investing in building a production facility in Vietnam.
Prettl is a sponsor of the Ducati Pramac team since 2017.
Group structure
The Prettl Group is managed as a holding company and is divided into 5 segments: Automotive, Electronics, Energy, Components & System and Strategic build-up. The parent company is Prettl Produktions Holding GmbH. Independent companies within the group are:
Prettl Produktions Holding GmbH
Prettl Beteiligungs Holding GmbH
Prettl Foundation
Prettl Electronics GmbH
Prettl Electronics Lübeck GmbH
Prettl metal components GmbH
Prettl Home Appliance Solutions GmbH
Endress Elektrogerätebau GmbH
Jupiter food processors GmbH
Cherry GmbH
Short Kash Inc.
lesswire GmbH
PAS Management Holding GmbH
Protech GmbH
Refu Elektronik GmbH
References
Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1953
Category:Companies based in Baden-Württemberg
Category:1953 establishments in West Germany | {
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Novourazayevo
Novourazayevo () is a rural locality (a village) in Baltachevsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 44 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.
References
Category:Rural localities in Bashkortostan | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Bassam Abu Sharif
Bassam Abu Sharif (; born 1946) is a former senior adviser to Yasser Arafat and leading cadre of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). He was previously a member of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).
A Marxist and an admirer of Mao Zedong and Che Guevara, Abu Sharif, then a member of the PFLP, was dubbed the "face of terror" by Time Magazine for his role in the Dawson's Field hijackings in 1970, when the PFLP hijacked Pan Am, Swissair, and TWA flights and blew them up in the Jordanian desert, triggering King Hussein's expulsion of the PLO from Jordan, which became known as Black September. A fourth pair of hijackers on an El Al flight were overpowered by security guards and passengers.
Career
PFLP
Abu Sharif organized, and participated in, many actions against Israel. He lost four fingers, and was left deaf in one ear and blind in one eye, when a bomb exploded in his hands in Beirut, Lebanon, in 1972. The assassination attempt was carried out by Mossad who hid the explosives in the book The Memoirs of Che Guevara, and sent the book to Sharif.
Within the PFLP, he gradually began to favor a reduced emphasis on armed struggle and closer cooperation with Fatah, the dominant PLO faction. As a result, he was removed from the PFLP Politburo in 1981 and was appointed to run external relations. In drawing closer to Fatah leader Yasser Arafat and meeting Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, he was expelled from the PFLP in 1987.
Later life
After leaving the PFLP in 1987, in a non-partisan role, he became a senior adviser to Yasser Arafat and was able to float some peace proposals based on a two-state solution and preparing Palestinians for the compromises made in Oslo. He returned to Ramallah in 1996 as a presidential adviser and often wrote statements of the Palestinian position in the peace process.
In 1995, he co-authored the book Best of Enemies with Uzi Mahnaimi, a high-ranking Israeli Mossad officer.
Writing in the Palestinian newspaper al-Quds in April 2005, Abu Sharif called for a "popular peaceful uprising" of Palestinians through massive nonviolent resistance to prevent Israel from annexing any additional land in the West Bank.
Bassam Abu Sharif has two children, Omar and Karma, from a previous marriage.
Allegations
In an interview on Abu Dhabi TV on April 25, 2010 (as translated by MEMRI), Abu Sharif claimed that former Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion was responsible for the assassination of John F. Kennedy, due to Kennedy's policy regarding Israeli's Dimona nuclear plant.
Ben-Gurion gave the order to assassinate Kennedy. I take full responsibility for every word I say. The Mossad collaborated with the American mafia, and once Oswald had killed Kennedy, the Mossad sent a Jew called [Jack] Ruby to kill him. Then the Mossad killed 22 witnesses, and the case was closed...these files have not been made public, due to Jewish Zionist pressure.
In the same interview, Abu Sharif alleged that US President Barack Obama was the target of an assassination plot by Yemenite Jews:
I am warning the American agencies, like the CIA and FBI, which are fast asleep, that a plot to assassinate Obama is in motion, and that the group that will attempt to assassinate Obama consists of Yemenite Jews under the guise of Al-Qaeda.
Abu Sharif declined to provide a source for his allegations, but stated that: "I am responsible for every word I say, and if they want to know more, they can come to me."
Works
Bassam Abu-Sharif and Uzi Mahnaimi. The Best of Enemies: The Memoirs of Bassam Abu-Sharif and Uzi Mahnaimi, 1995.
Tried by Fire, 1996.
Bassam Abu Sharif, Arafat and the Dream of Palestine : An Insider's Account (2009) -
References
External links
It Happened to me, I was Blown up by a Parcel Bomb by Clare Campbell, Daily Mail, July 11, 2009
BBC Interview with Bassam Abu Sharif BBC World Service, 7:32am Sunday 12 July 2009
Category:1946 births
Category:Living people
Category:Palestinian militants
Category:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine members
Category:Palestine Liberation Organization members | {
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Hand in Hand (DJ Quik song)
"Hand In Hand" is a song by American rapper and producer DJ Quik, released as the second single from his fourth studio album Rhythm-al-ism (1998). The song features additional vocals from fellow rap duo 2nd II None and American singer El Debarge.
Track listings
CD single
"Hand In Hand" (Radio Mix) (featuring 2nd II None & El DeBarge) – 4:20
"Hand In Hand" (Instrumental) – 4:20
"Hand In Hand" (Call Out Research Hook) – 0:10
Music video
The music video has cameos of actresses Nadine Velazquez and Shannyn Sossamon.
Charts
References
Category:1998 singles
Category:Arista Records singles
Category:2nd II None songs
Category:DJ Quik songs
Category:Song recordings produced by DJ Quik | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Arthur L. Padrutt
Arthur L. Padrutt (September 26, 1917 – April 4, 1992) was a politician in Wisconsin.
Biography
Padrutt was born on September 26, 1917 in Huron, South Dakota. He later moved to Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin.
Career
Padrutt was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1943 to 1944. He was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate in 1948 and was re-elected in 1952. In 1953, he was a candidate for the United States House of Representatives from Wisconsin's 9th congressional district in a special election following the death of Merlin Hull. He lost to Lester Johnson. Additionally, Padrutt was a public service commissioner. He was a Republican. He attended the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire.
References
External links
Category:1917 births
Category:1992 deaths
Category:People from Beadle County, South Dakota
Category:Politicians from Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin
Category:Wisconsin state senators
Category:Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
Category:Wisconsin Republicans
Category:University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire alumni
Category:20th-century American politicians | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Robertstown Fort
Robertstown Fort is a ringfort (rath) and National Monument located in County Meath, Ireland.
Location
Robertstown ringfort is located about east of Moynalty and north of the River Owenroe, a Boyne tributary.
References
Category:Archaeological sites in County Meath
Category:National Monuments in County Meath | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Wyszanów, Lubusz Voivodeship
Wyszanów (German: Schwusen) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szlichtyngowa, within Wschowa County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.
References
Category:Villages in Wschowa County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Maohi
"Maohi" can also refer to the indigenous people of French Polynesia, also known as Tahitians.
In Tahiti and adjacent islands, the term Maohi (Mā’ohi in Tahitian language) refers to the ancestors of the Polynesian peoples.
The term can also be a reference to normal, everyday people, just as Māori is accepted among native or indigenous people in New Zealand or the Cook Islands as the way they describe themselves. Te Ao Maohi – the Maohi world – as an expression coined by Oscar Temaru gives an example of this.
History
The Ma'ohi people first arrived to what is known today as French Polynesia over 2,300 years ago. The Ma'ohi include not only Tahiti but 17 surrounding islands in French Polynesia. It wasn't until the 18th century that external influence was introduced to the Ma'ohi people. In 1880 France seized control of Tahiti and its surrounding islands.
La Culture Ma'ohi
La Culture Ma'ohi is a culture movement by the Ma'ohi people to rediscover their culture after colonization by the French in the mid-nineteenth century. Most traditions from the Ma'ohi culture were lost due to colonization, and diverse influences from neighboring islands such as the Marquesas, the Austral and the Cook islands, helped to reconstruct post contact Tahitian culture.Reinterpretation of traditions such as art and dance as well as reconstructions of traditional Marae's played an important role in recreating a cultural identity for Tahitians. It wasn't until the 1950s that the reconstruction of these traditions began, due to an overall lack of knowledge about Tahitian culture.La Culture Ma'ohi is a way for Tahitian politicians to heighten the awarenesses of the cultural past as well as create and identity for the future of Tahiti.
Dance
Traditional dance was one piece of the Ma'ohi culture that was lost due to colonization by the French. Historical reenactments of the dances, the costumes and the chants had to be reconstructed due to their being no feasible way of knowing what the authentic creations were to begin with. The Heivais a traditional annual dance event that started in the 1950s as a way to bring traditional Tahitian dance back into Tahitian culture.
Tattooing
Tattoos in Tahiti have become an accepted symbol of Ma'ohi culture. Tattoos demonstrate a commitment to Tahitian cultural identity and can be seen has decorative. Those that are young and involved in other aspects of Tahitian culture such as dance are the majority of people that have tattoos. The practice of tattooing also exists in other islands known as the Polynesian Triangle.
See also
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
References
Category:Tahiti and Society Islands mythology | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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HMS Flycatcher
HMS Flycatcher was a stone frigate name for the Royal Navy's headquarters for its Mobile Naval Air Bases which supported their Fleet Air Arm units.
Flycatcher was based first at RNAS Ludham, Norfolk then moved to Middle Wallop.
On 1 April 1947 Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong was recommissioned as HMS Flycatcher.
Also, HMS FLYCATCHER, ex-Turkish motor patrol boat. Built 1912 Thornycroft. Sunk 9.11.14 by HMS ESPIEGLE in Shatt-al-Arab, salvaged, back in service late 1915. Armed with 1-6pdr/1-MG. Sold c1923.
References
See also
List of air stations of the Royal Navy
External links
Category:Royal Navy bases in England
Category:Military in Norfolk | {
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Small change
Small change may refer to:
Coins, particularly those of low value
Small Change (film), 1976, directed by François Truffaut
Small Change (Tom Waits album), 1976
Small Change (Prism album), 1981
Small Change trilogy, a series of novels by Jo Walton
Small Changes, a 1969 collection by Hal Clement | {
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1986 Campeonato Carioca
The 1986 edition of the Campeonato Carioca kicked off on February 16, 1986 and ended on August 10, 1986. It is the official tournament organized by FFERJ (Federação de Futebol do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, or Rio de Janeiro State Football Federation. Only clubs based in the Rio de Janeiro State are allowed to play. Twelve teams contested this edition. Flamengo won the title for the 22nd time. no teams were relegated.
System
The tournament would be divided in three stages:
Taça Guanabara: The twelve teams all played in a single round-robin format against each other. The champions qualified to the final phase.
Taça Rio: The twelve teams all played in a single round-robin format against each other. The champions qualified to the final phase.
Final phase: The champions of the two stages, plus the team with the best overall record would play that phase. in case three different teams qualified, each team played in a single round-robin format against each other and the team with the most points won the title. in case the same team won one of the states and was the team with the best record, they would hold a three-match final series against the other stage winner.
Championship
Taça Guanabara
Taça Rio
Aggregate table
Finals
References
Category:Campeonato Carioca seasons
Carioca | {
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Vietnam partridge
The Vietnam partridge, Annam partridge, or Annam hill partridge, Arborophila chloropus merlini, is now usually considered a subspecies of the green-legged partridge in the family Phasianidae of birds.
It is endemic to Vietnam in the dense moist lowland forests of central Annam.
Description
This species is 29 cm long, with the female slightly smaller than the male. The male weighs 290 grams and the female 250 grams.
The Vietnam partridge has a finely barred brown back. Its head is paler except for a brown crown and ear coverts. It has a scaly upper breast, lacking the chestnut of its relatives, and the rest of the underparts are buff with dark arrow markings on the flanks. The sexes have similar plumage.
The call is a series of clear whistles.
Behaviour and status
This little-known and shy species feeds in small flocks on seeds, berries and termites. It is threatened by habitat loss through deforestation and is restricted to two small areas of Annam.
References
Madge and McGowan, Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse
Category:Arborophila
Category:Endemic birds of Vietnam
Category:Endangered animals
Category:Endangered biota of Asia
Category:Birds described in 1924
Category:Taxa named by Jean Théodore Delacour | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Breg pri Polzeli
Breg pri Polzeli () is a settlement in the Municipality of Polzela in Slovenia. It lies on the left bank of the Savinja River southeast of Polzela. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
Name
The name of the settlement was changed from Breg to Breg pri Polzeli in 1953.
Cultural heritage
A small roadside chapel in the settlement dates to 1925.
References
External links
Breg pri Polzeli at Geopedia
Category:Populated places in the Municipality of Polzela | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Hal Prescott
Harold Dougald Prescott (October 18, 1920 – May 1, 2002) was a professional American football player who played wide receiver for four seasons for the Green Bay Packers, Philadelphia Eagles, Detroit Lions, and New York Yanks.
References
External links
Category:1920 births
Category:2002 deaths
Category:American football wide receivers
Category:Green Bay Packers players
Category:Philadelphia Eagles players
Category:Detroit Lions players
Category:New York Yanks players
Category:Hardin–Simmons Cowboys football players
Category:People from Abilene, Texas
Category:People from Cisco, Texas
Category:Players of American football from Texas | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Karrikin
Karrikins are a group of plant growth regulators found in the smoke of burning plant material. For many years smoke from wildfires or bushfires was known to stimulate the germination of seeds. In 2004, the butenolide karrikinolide (KAR1) was shown to be responsible for this effect. Later, several closely related compounds were discovered in smoke, and are collectively known as karrikins. Six karrikins have been discovered in smoke and are designated KAR1, KAR2, KAR3, KAR4, KAR5 and KAR6, but KAR1 to KAR4 are the most active. The butenolide part of the compound is a 5-membered lactone ring while the other part of the karrikin compound is a 6-membered pyran ring.
Origin
Karrikins are formed by the heating or combustion of carbohydrates including sugars and cellulose. When plant material burns, these carbohydrates convert to karrikins. Plant cell walls are made of polysaccharides including cellulose, and a convenient way to prepare karrikins is to burn paper or dried grass. The pyran part of karrikins is probably directly derived from a pyranose sugar. There is no evidence that karrikins occur naturally in plants, but it has been postulated that karrikin-like molecules do.
Etymology
The first karrikin discovered, KAR1, was initially named gavinone in reference to its discovery by chemist Gavin Flematti. After consulting with an etymologist, Flematti proposed changing the name of the molecule and its related compounds to karrikin. One of the first recorded Noongar words for 'smoke' from the Perth area in the 1830s, is 'karrik' .
The response to karrikins
Karrikins produced by bushfires occur largely in the ash at the site of the fire. Rains occurring after the fire wash the karrikins into the soil where dormant seeds reside. The karrikins and water can provide a 'wake-up call’ for such seeds, triggering germination of the soil seed bank. The plants that emerge grow quickly, flower and produce new seeds, which fall to the ground. These seeds can remain in the soil for decades, until the next fire produces fresh karrikins. Plants with this lifestyle are known as fire ephemerals. They thrive because the fire removes competing vegetation and provides nutrients and light for the emerging seedlings. Plants in many families respond to smoke and karrikins, suggesting that this response has evolved independently in different groups.
Perception of karrikins
The mode of action of karrikins has been largely determined using the genetic resources of Arabidopsis thaliana. Perception of karrikins by Arabidopsis requires an alpha/beta-fold hydrolase named KARRIKIN-INSENSITIVE-2 (KAI2). The KAI2 protein has a catalytic triad of amino acids which is essential for activity, consistent with the hypothesis that KAI2 hydrolyses its ligand. This model is consistent with the perception of the chemically related strigolactone hormones which involves hydrolysis by their receptor protein DWARF14, an alpha/beta hydrolase related to KAI2. The question of whether karrikins act directly in plants is controversial. While some studies suggest that karrikins can bind directly to KAI2 protein, others do not support this. It is possible that karrikins produced by wildfires are converted to a different compound by the plant, before interaction with KAI2. The ability of different plants to carry out this conversion could partly explain differences in their ability to respond to karrikins and to smoke.
Karrikin signalling
The activity of karrikins requires an F-box protein named MORE AXILLARY GROWTH-2 (MAX2) in Arabidopsis. This protein is also required for strigolactone signaling in Arabidopsis. Homologs of MAX2 are also required for strigolactone signaling in rice (known as DWARF3) petunia (DAD2) and pea (RMS4). Karrikin signaling also requires a protein named SUPPRESSOR OF MORE AXILARY GROWTH2-1 (SMAX1) which is a homolog of the DWARF53 protein required for strigolactone signaling in rice. SMAX1 and DWARF53 proteins could be involved in the control of cellular functions such as transport or transcription. The present model for karrikin and strigolactone signaling involves interaction of KAI2 or DWARF14 with SMAX1 or DWARF53 proteins respectively, which targets those proteins for ubiquitination and destruction.
Effects of karrikins on plant growth
Karrikins not only stimulate seed germination, but are reported to increase seedling vigour. In Arabidopsis, karrikins influence seedling photomorphogenesis, resulting in shorter hypocotyls and larger cotyledons. Such responses could provide seedlings with an advantage as they emerge into the post-fire landscape. The KAI2 protein is also required for leaf development, implying that karrikins could influence other aspects of plant growth.
Evolution of karrikin response
The gene for KAI2 protein is present in lower plants including algae and mosses, whereas the DWARF14 protein evolved with seed plants, probably as a result of duplication of KAI2 followed by functional specialisation. Karrikin signaling could have evolved with seed plants as a result of the divergence of KAI2 and DWARF14 functions, possibly during the Cretaceous period when fires were common on Earth.
The endogenous signal for KAI2
Karrikins are produced by wildfires but all seed plants contain KAI2 proteins, raising the question of the usual function of this protein. There is compelling evidence that plants contain an endogenous compound that is perceived by KAI2 to control seed germination and plant development, but this compound is neither a karrikin nor a strigolactone.
References
Category:Lactones
Category:Plant hormones
Category:Furopyrans
Category:Plant growth regulators | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
BalletBoyz
BalletBoyz or Ballet Boyz are a London-based all-male dance company.
BalletBoyz was founded in 1999 by Michael Nunn and William Trevitt, both principal dancers with The Royal Ballet. BalletBoyz was originally called George Piper Dances.
External links
Archive footage of Michael Nunn and William Trevitt performing Yumba vs. Nonino in 2008 at Jacob's Pillow
References
Category:1999 establishments in England
Category:Dance companies in the United Kingdom
Category:Ballet in London
Category:Performing groups established in 1999 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Xibalbanus tulumensis
Xibalbanus tulumensis (previously Speleonectes tulumensis – Speleonectes = 'cave swimmer'; tulumensis = 'occurring at Tulum' – Xibalbanus = 'from Xibalba') is a venomous, hermaphroditic crustacean found in anchialine caves on the Yucatán Peninsula in the Caribbean Sea. This blind remipede liquefies the body contents of other crustaceans with a venom similar to that of rattlesnakes, and which includes digestive enzymes and a paralysing toxin.
In her 1987 description, Smithsonian biologist Jill Yager wrote 'Body elongate, slender, without eyes or pigment. Cephalic shield small, tapering slightly at anterior end. Trunk segment numbers increasing with age, maximum number examined was 36 segments'. The numerous legs are used as oars for swimming. The species is long, and found in cenotes close to the sea, with salty seawater lying beneath the fresh water, and grading smoothly from one type to the other (halocline).
Stygobites are organisms found in subterranean groundwater habitats or anchialine caves, and characterised morphologically by loss or extreme reduction of eyes and pigment, frequently with attenuated bodies and/or appendages. The evolution of this body shape is known as troglomorphy. X. tulumensis is one of 24 species in the class Remipedia, all of which are stygobitic, and distributed throughout the Caribbean, the Canary Islands and Western Australia. They are free-swimming crustaceans, typically living in low-oxygen, brackish waters of near-marine caves, and their distribution is linked to the ancient Tethys Sea. The first member of the class Remipedia to be discovered and described, by Jill Yager in the Journal of Crustacean Biology in 1981, was Speleonectes lucayensis from Lucayan Cavern on the Grand Bahama Island.
The feeding technique of X. tulumensis is unique among crustaceans, and its venom is a useful adaptation that to some extent compensates for being sightless in a nutrient-poor or oligotrophic environment. Venom is common in all the arthropod subphyla, but was believed to be completely absent from the approximately 70,000 known species of crustacean until the discovery of X. tulumensis. In 2007, researchers noticed that the species' front claws resembled hypodermic needles, leading to speculation that their purpose might be to inject toxins into their prey. Venom-filled reservoirs have since been found attached to the needles, packed in muscles that can force out the venom. Glands in the centre of the body produce the venom and connect to the reservoirs. It is suspected that all remipede species have some type of poison apparatus since all have fangs on the first maxilla.
References
External links
Discover Magazine
Image of Xibalbanus tulumensis
Category:Remipedia
Category:Venomous arthropods
Category:Crustaceans described in 1987 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Thesongadayproject
Thesongadayproject was created by the American singer-songwriter, Zachary Scot Johnson, in September 2012. The first day (September 6, 2012), featured a cover version of Donovan's "Catch The Wind". Johnson set out with a goal to record a song a day, every day, for as long as he could. As of January, 2020, Johnson has uploaded 2,676 songs, spanning nearly six years, and has accumulated 40.6 million views.
Johnson performs originals songs and favorite covers. He includes his email address on most videos so that viewers can send in their requests. He often performs music by favorite singer/ songwriters and has replicated many of his favorite albums in their entirety, including records by Shawn Colvin, Patty Griffin, Lucinda Williams, Bob Dylan, Joni Mitchell, Bruce Springsteen, Jackson Browne, John Prine, Kacey Musgraves, Neil Young, Brandi Carlile, Elvis Costello, Kate Wolf, Tom Waits, Paul Simon, Johnny Cash, James Taylor, Suzanne Vega, Justin Townes Earle, Guy Clark, John Gorka, Dar Williams, Gordon Lightfoot, The Tallest Man on Earth, Todd Snider, Steve Earle, Emmylou Harris, Kris Kristofferson, Tom Petty, Tom Paxton, Townes Van Zandt, David Bowie, Mary Chapin Carpenter, Tift Merritt, John Hiatt, Ryan Adams, Merle Haggard and more.
His videos are recorded completely live, with no editing.
After the first full year of videos had gone up, Johnson began asking his favorite musicians to join him for guest collaborations. Over 75 musicians have joined Johnson for these videos, including:
Shawn Colvin, Rosanne Cash, Jeff Daniels, Creed Bratton, Noel Paul Stookey, Peter Yarrow, J.D. Souther, Lisa Loeb, Tom Paxton, Melissa Manchester, Jeremy Messersmith, Nellie McKay, Kris Allen, Mary Gauthier, Mary Black, John Gorka, Cheryl Wheeler, Sister Hazel, Sam Baker, Jon McLaughlin, Erin McKeown, Chris Pureka, David Wilcox, Ellis Paul, Peter Mulvey, Willie Nile, Fred Eaglesmith, Slaid Cleaves, Michael McDermott, Antje Duvekot, Storyhill, Alice Peacock, Run, Boy, Run, Al Stewart, Natalia Zukerman, Rebecca Loebe, Ben Nichols (from the band Lucero), Will Kimbrough, Brigitte DeMeyer, Trace Bundy, Jake Armerding, Wild Ponies, The Kennedys, A.J. Croce, Chris Koza, The Black Lillies, The Okee Dokee Brothers, The Grahams, Rachael Sage and more.
The 1,000th consecutive day featured a collaboration with Jeremy Messersmith. The two performed a duet of a Sia Furler song entitled Chandelier (Sia song).
References
Category:YouTube channels launched in 2012 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Svalbard Radio
Svalbard Radio is a coast radio station established in 1911 at Finneset in Svalbard, Norway. In 1930, it moved to Skjæringa in Longyearbyen and since 1975 it has been co-located with Svalbard Airport, Longyear. It has been remote-controlled from Bodø Radio since 2006.
References
Category:Coast radio stations in Norway
Category:Longyearbyen
Category:Communications in Svalbard
Category:1911 establishments in Norway | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Eduard Zuckmayer
Eduard Zuckmayer (3 August 1890 in Nackenheim, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany – 2 July 1972 in Ankara, Turkey) was a German pedagogue, composer, conductor and pianist. He was the older brother of the famous German writer Carl Zuckmayer (1896–1977).
Family and Youth
He was born as the first son of the wealthy factory owner Carl Zuckmayer (1864–1947) who produced Tamper-evident caps for wine bottles in Nackenheim which is a wine-growing village on the Rhine front. The parents of his mother Amalie Zuckmayer (1869–1954), née Goldschmidt, were converted from Judaism to Protestantism whereas he was raised as a Catholic. From the age of six, he got piano lessons. His talent was recognised early. At the age of twelve, he started to compose. However, he started to study jurisprudence but soon quit. In 1909 he took private piano lessons from Robert Kahn (1865–1951) and James Kwast (1852–1927) in Berlin. He also attended the conductor's school of Fritz Steinbach (1855–1916) and became a piano pupil of Lazzaro Uzielli (1861–1943) at Conservatory in Cologne. In 1914 he got concert level as pianist and conductor.
Work
Germany
In 1915 he was a conductor at City theatre in Mainz. He and his younger brother volunteered as soldiers in World War I. He was severely wounded and decorated twice with the Iron cross 2nd class and later with the Iron cross 1st class. Between 1919 and 1925 he lived in Frankfurt where he performed Paul Hindemith's Sonata in D for violin and piano op. 11, No. 2. He worked as a music teacher, conductor, and pianist. In 1923 he became co-founder of Gesellschaft für Neue Musik (= Society of New Music) in Mainz and Wiesbaden. From 1923 to 1925 he also led a piano class at Mainz conservatory. At that time he was regarded as a brilliant concert pianist with a high chance for a marvellous career. But as an enthusiast of German Jugendmusikbewegung (= Youth Music Movement) he wanted to participate in the education of a new generation as a countermovement to the tattered political situation at Weimar Republic. He wanted music to be a part of many people's life. In contrary to middle-class culture Jugendmusikbewegung enhanced the status of amateur music.
Therefore, he followed a call of pedagogue Martin Luserke (1880–1968) to work as a music teacher at Schule am Meer, a progressive boarding school on Juist Island at North Sea. There he founded the school's choir and its orchestra which included all pupils. In this progressive school sports, music and community theatre were elementary. Musical education was regarded as bridging between the fine arts and life. With his pupils Zuckmayer went on several tours through Germany and got very positive reviews in contemporary newspapers. For one of his compositions his brother Carl visited the school to write the lyrics. Other lyrics were created by Luserke. When Nazism was brought to power in January 1933 the school's work became much more difficult since it counted about one third Jewish pupils and teachers. Due to Antisemitism and "Gleichschaltung" (= Nazification) the school closed in spring 1934. Zuckmayer changed to Odenwaldschule, another progressive boarding school in Hesse. "Racial reasons" were mentioned when he became thrown out of Reichsmusikkammer (RMK) in 1935.
Turkey
He had to leave Germany in 1936 and migrated to Turkey, where Paul Hindemith (1895–1963) was already busy reforming the Turkish music education, assigned by the Turkish president Kemal Atatürk. Hindemith mediated Zuckmayer's employment at the newly founded Music Conservatory of Ankara. There he met German colleagues like stage director Carl Ebert (1887–1980), conductor Ernst Praetorius (1880–1946) or violinist Licco Amar (1891–1959) and many others from German music and theatre who were forced to flee from Nazism. Initially he led the pupil's orchestra of Musiki Muallim Mektebi, where music teachers were trained. But in autumn of 1936 he got appointed as chorus leader of the drama play and opera division. He also became pianist of the Ankara symphony orchestra conducted by Praetorius and was deputy of Hindemith. In 1938 Gisela Jockisch (1905–1985), née Günther, followed him with her little daughter Melanie to Turkey. She was the wife of pedagogue Walter Jockisch (1907–1970). Jockisch and Zuckmayer had been colleagues at Schule am Meer on Juist Island. Gisela Jockisch and Eduard Zuckmayer lived together in Turkey but were not able to marry before 1947 because German authorities in 1938 neglected a certificate of no impediment to marriage (Ehefähigkeitszeugnis) due to racist Nuremberg Laws (Nürnberger Gesetze).
In 1938, the music branch of the teacher's college Gazi Eğitim Enstitüsü (Gazi Institute for Education) was founded. Zuckmayer became its director of the music division which he held until 1970. He gave distinction to the Turkish music pedagogy. Until 1970 he trained nearly all Turkish music teachers (about 600 in total) who later taught throughout the country. He integrated fundamentals of the German Jugendmusikbewegung into Turkish music pedagogy. One of his later well-known pupils was conductor Hikmet Şimşek.
In 1940 his brother Carl wanted to help his brother to follow him to the United States with an affidavit of support where he already had migrated. He was worried about his safety since German troops were fighting in close range to Turkey in Greece as well as in southern regions of the Soviet Union. He contacted Hindemith in that matter.
In 1944 all German migrants were called upon by the Turkish government to leave Turkey. Eduard Zuckmayer refused ad got detained in Kırşehir detainment camp in Anatolia. Even there he very soon established a choir with whom he performed a mass by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina at Pentecost 1945. Hindemith who meanwhile had migrated to the US tried to intervene against Zuckmayer's detainment. He sent a telegram to Turkish president Ismet Inönü but it was not successful. After the end of World War II Zuckmayer was able to leave the detainment camp and was reinstated to his former positions. He also taught music theory at Ankara Conservatory. Former Daimler-Benz chairman Edzard Reuter who lived in Turkey at that time described Zuckmayer as a "dignified and quiet man" who extinguished a "unique atmosphere" when he "sat down to play the piano".
In 1947 he was finally able to marry his partner Gisela Jockisch. But in 1950 she left Turkey with his adopted daughter Michaela to remigrate to Germany. Later both migrated to the United States. Zuckmayer instead stayed at his place of activity. Even in old age he performed as concert pianist and conductor in Ankara, Istanbul and Izmir. He had internalised the Turkish language as rarely another migrant. Since his entry to Turkey he had plead for translation of German folk songs to Turkish language. Meanwhile, they were integrated into Turkish music schoolbooks. He also transmitted Turkish folk tunes to polyphonic choral singing.
In contrary to Germany where he is shadowed by his famous younger brother Eduard Zuckmayer still is a very prominent figure in Turkey. He is one of the most prominent protagonists of Turkish music history of the 20th century, especially in its national music education. On the occasion of his 20th obit in 1992 a conference was held in Ankara where some of his works were performed. Zuckmayer died in the age of 81. His grave is in Ankara, Turkey.
Awards and Distinctions
1914 – Wüllner Award, Cologne, Germany
WWI – Iron Cross 2nd class, Iron Cross 1st class
Literature
Songül Demren: „…und ich danke Gott, bei den Türken zu sein!“. Eduard Zuckmayer in Ankara, in: Zuckmayer-Jahrbuch, Vol. 3, Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2000, pp. 481–504.
Sabine Hillebrecht (Ed.): Haymatloz. Exil in der Türkei 1933–1945. Exhibition of Verein Aktives Museum and Goethe Institute with Akademy of Arts, 8 January to 20 February 2000, (= Schriftenreihe des Vereins Aktives Museum, Vol. 8), Verein Aktives Museum, Berlin 2000.
Burcu Dogramaci: Eduard Zuckmayer, in: Maurer Zenck, Claudia und Petersen, Peter (Ed.): Lexikon verfolgter Musiker und Musikerinnen der NS-Zeit. LexM. Universität Hamburg, Musikwissenschaftliches Institut, Hamburg 2007
External links
Eduard Zuckmayer – Ein Musiker in | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Christian Wilhelm Alheit
Christian Wilhelm Alheit also known as Christoph Wilhelm Alheit 13 November 1817 in Mühlhausen, Thüringen - 21 March 1882 in Steinthal, Tulbagh district, was a Rhenish missionary.
Alheit arrived in South Africa in 1842 and worked at mission stations in Tulbagh (1842-7), Schietfontein (1847–64), Stellenbosch (1864–73) and Saron (1873-1882).
Between 1864 and 1873 he was head of a boys' hostel in Stellenbosch where a third of the boys were the sons of Rhenish missionaries. Here Alheit showed great aptitude in the teaching of mathematics. Another hostel opened in 1860 and was called the Rhenish Institute for the daughters of Rhenish missionaries. From these schools a Gymnasium developed, which later turned into Victoria College and finally into Stellenbosch University.
The hamlet of Alheit on the Orange River between Kakamas and the Augrabies Falls, is named after him.
Family
On 14 September 1847 in Tulbagh, he married Mathilde Johanna Sanetta Vos (*7 October 1817 Caledon - †12 June 1906 Tulbagh). She was the sister of the missionary Ariel Vos and daughter of the well-known Rev. M. C. Vos. Alheit's only son, Rev. W. A. Alheit of Ceres, drowned at Jongensklip near Kleinmond. Four of the drowned man's sons became ministers of the Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk and the fifth, a teacher of mathematics. One of C. W. Alheit's daughters married the Rhenish missionary, Johann Gerdener. While stationed at Saron, a mission station about 18 km northwest of Tulbagh, C. W. Alheit was killed in a horse and cart accident at the farm Steinthal, about 5 km east of Tulbagh.
"Alheit" is derived from "Adelheid", a German word for "nobility".
External links
Rhenish Missionaries and Co-workers in South Africa
Category:Protestant missionaries in South Africa
Category:German Protestant missionaries
Category:1817 births
Category:1882 deaths
Category:German expatriates in South Africa | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Benjamin Green Freeman
Benjamin Green Freeman was a Liberian politician. He was the Liberian ambassador to Senegal, Zaire and Cote d'Ivoire. He was Speaker of the House of Representatives of Liberia from 1943 to 1951.
References
Category:Year of birth missing
Category:Year of death missing
Category:Speakers of the House of Representatives of Liberia
Category:Ambassadors of Liberia to Senegal
Category:Ambassadors of Liberia to the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Category:Ambassadors of Liberia to Ivory Coast
Category:Place of birth missing | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Dniester
The Dniester River ( ) is a river in Eastern Europe. It runs first through Ukraine and then through Moldova (from which it separates the breakaway territory of Transnistria), finally discharging into the Black Sea on Ukrainian territory again.
Names
The name Dniester derives from Sarmatian dānu nazdya "the close river." The Dnieper, also of Sarmatian origin, derives from the opposite meaning, "the river on the far side". Alternatively, according to Vasily Abaev Dniester would be a blend of Scythian dānu "river" and Thracian Ister, the previous name of the river, literally Dān-Ister (River Ister). The Ancient Greek name of Dniester, Tyras (Τύρας), is from Scythian tūra, meaning "rapid."
The names of the Don and Danube are also from the same Indo-Iranian word *dānu "river". Classical authors have also referred to it as Danaster. These early forms, without -i- but with -a-, contradict Abaev's hypothesis. Edward Gibbon refers to the river both as the Niester and Dniester in his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
In Ukrainian, it is known as (translit. Dnister), and in Romanian as . In Russian, it is known as (translit. Dnestr), in Yiddish: Nester נעסטער; in Turkish, Turla.
Geography
The Dniester rises in Ukraine, near the city of Drohobych, close to the border with Poland, and flows toward the Black Sea. Its course marks part of the border of Ukraine and Moldova, after which it flows through Moldova for , separating the main territory of Moldova from its breakaway region Transnistria. It later forms an additional part of the Moldova-Ukraine border, then flows through Ukraine to the Black Sea, where its estuary forms the Dniester Liman.
Along the lower half of the Dniester, the western bank is high and hilly while the eastern one is low and flat. The river represents the de facto end of the Eurasian Steppe. Its most important tributaries are Răut and Bîc.
History
During the Neolithic, the Dniester River was the centre of one of the most advanced civilizations on earth at the time. The Cucuteni–Trypillian culture flourished in this area from roughly 5300 to 2600 BC, leaving behind thousands of archeological sites. Their settlements had up to 15,000 inhabitants, making them among the first large farming communities in the world.
In antiquity, the river was considered one of the principal rivers of European Sarmatia, and it was mentioned by many Classical geographers and historians. According to Herodotus (iv.51) it rose in a large lake, whilst Ptolemy (iii.5.17, 8.1 &c.) places its sources in Mount Carpates (the modern Carpathian Mountains), and Strabo (ii) says that they are unknown. It ran in an easterly direction parallel with the Ister (lower Danube), and formed part of the boundary between Dacia and Sarmatia. It fell into the Pontus Euxinus to the northeast of the mouth of the Ister, the distance between them being 900 stadia – approximately – according to Strabo (vii.), while (from the Pseudostoma) according to Pliny (iv. 12. s. 26). Scymnus (Fr. 51) describes it as of easy navigation, and abounding in fish. Ovid (ex Pont. iv.10.50) speaks of its rapid course.
Greek authors referred to the river as Tyras (). At a later period it obtained the name of Danastris or Danastus, whence its modern name of Dniester (Niester), though the Turks still called it Turla during the 19th century. The form is sometimes found.
According to Constantine VII, the Varangians used boats on their trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, along Dniester and Dnieper and along the Black Sea shore. The navigation near the western shore of Black Sea contained stops at Aspron (at the mouth of Dniester), then Conopa, Constantia (localities today in Romania) and Messembria (today in Bulgaria).
From the 14th century to 1812, part of the Dniester formed the eastern boundary of the Principality of Moldavia.
Between the World Wars, the Dniester formed part of the boundary between Romania and the Soviet Union. In 1919, on Easter Sunday, the bridge was blown up by the French Army to protect Bender from the Bolsheviks. During World War II, German and Romanian forces battled Soviet troops on the western bank of the river.
After the Republic of Moldova declared its independence in 1991, the small area to the east of the Dniester that had been part of the Moldavian SSR refused to participate and declared itself the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, or Transnistria, with its capital at Tiraspol on the river.
Tributaries
From source to mouth, right tributaries, i.e. on the southwest side, are the Stryi (), (), (), Bystrytsia (101 km), Răut (), (), Bîc (), and Botna ().
Left tributaries, on the northeast side, are the Strv'yazh (), Hnyla Lypa (), Zolota Lypa (), (), Strypa (), Seret (), Zbruch (), Smotrych (), (), (), (), Murafa (), (), (), and Kuchurhan ().
See also
Dniester Canyon
Dniester Pumped Storage Power Station
Euroregion Dniester
References
General
External links
Volodymyr Kubijovyč, Ivan Teslia, Dnister River in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 1 (1984).
Dniester.org: a trans-boundary Dniester river project
eco-tiras.org
Category:Rivers of Transnistria
Category:Rivers of Lviv Oblast
Category:Rivers of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
Category:Rivers of Ternopil Oblast
Category:Rivers of Chernivtsi Oblast
Category:Rivers of Khmelnytskyi Oblast
Category:Rivers of Vinnytsia Oblast
Category:Rivers of Odessa Oblast
Category:Moldova–Ukraine border
Category:Romania–Soviet Union border
Category:Ottoman Empire–Russian Empire border
Category:Ramsar sites in Moldova
Category:Ramsar sites in Ukraine | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Berts bekymmer
Berts bekymmer () is a diary novel, written by Anders Jacobsson and Sören Olsson and originally published in 1994. It tells the story of Bert Ljung during the calendar year he turns 15 during the autumn term in the 9th grade at school in Sweden. The book only uses chapter titles, but no names. The book also introduces a new concept, "Dagens dikt" ("Poem of the day"), a poem connected to the chapter plot.
Book cover
The book depicts a short-haired Bert, wearing a red sweater, sitting on a stool at Christmastime looking into the mirror. His pet turtle Ove lies on his neck. Next to a Christmas tree, with its roots placed in a jar, and on the floor is a broken, heart-shaped, gingerbread with the letters B + G (Bert + Gabriella).
Plot
Bert has started the 9th grade at school, and has love problems. No longer, he feels ashamed for liking Gabriella, since she has started the 7th grade. Before a PE lesson, the girls of the class have forgotten closing their door to the changing room. Bert walks past, staring, when suddenly Sanna shows up and pulls up Bert's shorts.
Åke has fallen in love with Isabella Riez in class 9F, who comes from El Salvador, and hates Europe meaning they started up everything mean on Earth, like colonies, black slave, industry and English (a school subject where Åke has bad notes). In class 9F, Åke also has a friend called Douglas.
At a toilet, Bert notices someone has written a telephone number to call once you want to have sex. Calls, and think Gabriella is behind, but soon learns it's the number to Travtjänst.
Klimpen makes a short return from Motala, now as a member of religious organization "Lennarts ord", before returning to Motala. In Heman Hunters, it's fought over which music the band will play.
Åke turns 15 years old and gets a moped.
Bert's classmate gets cancer, but the doctors managed to save him, and Bert and his friends visit him at the hospital. Meanwhile, Beckaskolan is appointed Sweden's most moldy school.
Around Saint Lucy's Day, Bert writes over Åke driving engine tuned moped, and throws it into the lake of Nöckeln, later reporting it stolen. Bert also joins the school choir because Gabriella does.
Bert also describes the market day Höstskojet in Öreskoga, when the guys they have teased last year now want revenge, but this year Björna isn't there to defend them, since he is a hospital. At the market is also a "test your might"-punching ball, where Bert gets two points and is appointed "-En fjärt" ("-a flart"), while Hannu Vresi Määrkku in class 7D wins with 390 points, and is appointed "superstarkt muskelberg" ("superstrong muscle-mountain"). Bert also loses an amateur wrestling match against Lill-Erik.
Bert also visits Dalecarlia for a bass seminar, and being out of money, he stands alone by the country road hitchhiking home. Hoping to ride with some hot girls, but instead encounters a German family with an Audi car on their way to Öreskoga to visit some friends, dropping off Bert at the town square.
The book closes on Christmas Eve (24 December). Bert has gotten a parcel with condoms by his grandmother for Christmas present. Bert also talks over telephone with Nadja. Nadja thinks Bert has grown, and reminds Bert over feeling ashamed for his name, pretending his name was Åke (see Berts dagbok).
Trivia
In this book, Bert uses Charlie Tjenis a major nickname for his penis, not Vilde Bill (Wild Bill) as usual.
See also
:sv:Figurer i Bert-serien (Characters in the "Bert" series; in Swedish)
References
Bert och badbrudarna, Rabén & Sjögren, 1993
Category:1994 children's books
Category:Sequel novels
Category:Bert books
Category:Rabén & Sjögren books
Category:1994 Swedish novels | {
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Weißeck
The Weißeck () is the highest mountain in the Radstadt Tauern range in Austria and is popular, both as a ski touring destination in winter and a climbing peak in summer. It gets its name (which means "white corner") from the mighty block of light-coloured Wetterstein dolomite of which the mountain is made.
The summit of the Weißeck is located on the municipal boundary between Muhr, in the national park, and Zederhaus, in the nature park.
Bases for tours to the Weißeck are, on one side, the Riedingtal valley in Zederhaus, and, on the other, the Stickler Hut (1,752 m) in the upper Mur valley. The normal route from the Rieding gap along the western ridge to the top is signed and only requires a little sure-footedness, but is generally an easy climbing grade.
There are several legends about the Weißeck. The best-known is about the Weißeck dog. The Weißeck is also popular with mineral collectors; since time immemorial it has been a well-known site for finds of fluorite.
Routes
Summer
Riedingtal: Königalm – Zauneralm – Rieding gap (Riedingscharte) – Weißeck (ca. 1,050 metre height difference)
Upper Mur valley: Stickler Hut – Rieding gap – Weißeck (ca. 950 metre height difference)
Winter
Wald in Zederhaus: Gspandlalm – Höllgraben – in der Hölle – Weißeck (ca. 1,400 height difference)
Literature
Peter Holl: Alpenvereinsführer Niedere Tauern, Bergverlag Rother, 7th ed., Munich, 2005.
External links
The Weißeck dog
Category:Radstadt Tauern
Category:Mountains of the Alps
Category:Mountains of Salzburg (state)
Category:Two-thousanders of Austria | {
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Juanita Reina
Juana Reina Castrillo (August 25, 1925 in Seville – March 19, 1999 in Seville) better known as Juanita Reina, was a Spanish actress and copla singer.
She was born in the Sevillian district, la Macarena, Seville and studied in Enrique el Cojo's academy.
She became popular thanks to songs by famous copla songwriters like León or Quiroga and she debuted in movies with La blanca Paloma (White Pigeon) (1941).
On June 15, 1964, she married the flamenco dancer Federico Casado Algrenti, and she later inaugurated a restaurant in Madrid and a dancing academy in Seville.
She died from a respiratory insufficience and she is buried in the cemetery San Fernando in Seville.
Filmography
The White Dove (1942)
Cinnamon Flower (1943)
Serenata española (1947)
Lola Leaves for the Ports (1947)
Lola the Coalgirl (1952)
Gloria Mairena (1952)
Airport (1953)
It Happened in Seville (1955)
La novia de Juan Lucero (1958)
Canciones de nuestra vida (1975)
External links
International Jose Guillermo Carrillo Foundation
Category:1925 births
Category:1999 deaths
Category:Andalusian singers
Category:Spanish female singers
Category:Spanish actresses
Category:People from Seville
Category:Spanish Roman Catholics
Category:20th-century Spanish actresses
Category:20th-century Spanish singers
Category:20th-century women singers | {
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63rd Indian Infantry Brigade
The 63rd Indian Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the Indian Army during World War II. It was formed in January 1942, at Jhansi in India and was assigned to the 23rd Indian Infantry Division and served in the Burma Campaign. In March 1942, it was reassigned to the 17th Indian Infantry Division with whom it remained for the rest of the war apart from in May 1942, when it was attached to the 39th Indian Infantry Division.
Formation
1st Battalion, 11th Sikh Regiment January to August 1942
1st Battalion, 10th Gurkha Rifles January to August 1945
2nd Battalion, 13th Frontier Force Rifles February to July 1942
5th Battalion, 17th Dogra Regiment March to June 1942
1st Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment June 1942 to June 1943
1st Battalion, 3rd Gurkha Rifles June 1942 to August 1944
7th Battalion, 10th Baluch Regiment January to August 1943 and August 1944 to August 1945
1st Battalion, 4th Gurkha Rifles September 1943 to April 1944 and July to August 1944
1st Battalion, 16th Punjab Regiment October to December 1943
4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment March 1944
9th Battalion, Border Regiment August 1944 to August 1945
See also
List of Indian Army Brigades in World War II
References
Category:British Indian Army brigades
Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II | {
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André Bloch
André Bloch may refer to:
André Bloch (composer) (1873–1960), French composer
André Bloch (mathematician) (1893–1948), French mathematician | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Flirting with Fate
Flirting with Fate may refer to:
Flirting with Fate (1916 film), a 1916 American film
Flirting with Fate (1938 film), a 1938 American comedy film
Flirting with Fate (novel), a 2012 novel | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Villianur (Union Territory Assembly constituency)
Villianur is a legislative assembly constituency in the Union territory of Puducherry in India. Villianur assembly constituency was part of Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency).
References
Category:Assembly constituencies of Puducherry | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Airbus A380
The Airbus A380 is the world's largest passenger airliner, a wide-body aircraft manufactured by Airbus.
Airbus studies started in 1988 and the project was announced in 1990 to challenge the dominance of the Boeing 747 in the long haul market.
The A3XX project was presented in 1994; Airbus launched the € billion ($10.7 billion) A380 programme on 19 December 2000.
The first prototype was unveiled in Toulouse on 18 January 2005,
with its first flight on 27 April 2005.
Difficulties in electrical wiring caused a two-year delay and the development cost ballooned to €18 billion.
It obtained its EASA and FAA type certificates on 12 December 2006.
It was first delivered to Singapore Airlines on 15 October 2007 and entered service on 25 October.
Production peaked at 30 per year in 2012 and 2014. However, Airbus concedes that its $25 billion investment for the aircraft cannot be recouped.
On 14 February 2019, after Emirates reduced its last orders in favour of the A350 and the A330neo, Airbus announced that A380 production would end by 2021.
The full-length double-deck aircraft has a typical seating capacity of 525, though it is certified for up to 853 passengers.
It is powered by four Engine Alliance GP7200 or Rolls-Royce Trent 900 turbofans providing a range of .
As of December 2019, Airbus has received 251 firm orders and delivered 242 aircraft; Emirates is the biggest A380 customer with 123 ordered, of which 115 have been delivered.
Development
Background
In mid-1988, Airbus engineers led by Jean Roeder began work in secret on the development of an ultra-high-capacity airliner (UHCA), both to complete its own range of products and to break the dominance that Boeing had enjoyed in this market segment since the early 1970s with its 747. McDonnell Douglas unsuccessfully offered its double-deck MD-12 concept for sale. Lockheed was exploring the possibility for a Very Large Subsonic Transport. Roeder was given approval for further evaluations of the UHCA after a formal presentation to the President and CEO in June 1990.
The megaproject was announced at the 1990 Farnborough Airshow, with the stated goal of 15% lower operating costs than the 747-400. Airbus organised four teams of designers, one from each of its partners (Aérospatiale, British Aerospace, Deutsche Aerospace AG, CASA) to propose new technologies for its future aircraft designs. The designs were presented in 1992 and the most competitive designs were used.
In January 1993, Boeing and several companies in the Airbus consortium started a joint feasibility study of a Very Large Commercial Transport (VLCT), aiming to form a partnership to share the limited market.
In June 1994, Airbus announced its plan to develop its own very large airliner, designated as A3XX. Airbus considered several designs, including an unusual side-by-side combination of two fuselages from its A340, the largest Airbus jet at the time. The A3XX was pitted against the VLCT study and Boeing's own New Large Aircraft successor to the 747.
In July 1995, the joint study with Boeing was abandoned, as Boeing's interest had declined due to analysis that such a product was unlikely to cover the projected $15 billion development cost. Despite the fact that only two airlines had expressed public interest in purchasing such a plane, Airbus was already pursuing its own large-plane project. Analysts suggested that Boeing would instead pursue stretching its 747 design, and that air travel was already moving away from the hub-and-spoke system that consolidated traffic into large planes, and toward more non-stop routes that could be served by smaller planes.
From 1997 to 2000, as the 1997 Asian financial crisis darkened the market outlook, Airbus refined its design, targeting a 15–20% reduction in operating costs over the existing Boeing 747-400. The A3XX design converged on a double-decker layout that provided more passenger volume than a traditional single-deck design. Airbus did so in line with traditional hub-and-spoke theory, as opposed to the point-to-point theory with the Boeing 777, after conducting an extensive market analysis with over 200 focus groups. Although early marketing of the huge cross-section touted the possibility of duty-free shops, restaurant-like dining, gyms, casinos and beauty parlours on board, the realities of airline economics have kept such dreams grounded.
On 19 December 2000, the supervisory board of newly restructured Airbus voted to launch an € billion ($10.7 billion) project to build the A3XX, re-designated as the A380, with 50 firm orders from six launch customers. The A380 designation was a break from previous Airbus families, which had progressed sequentially from A300 to A340. It was chosen because the number 8 resembles the double-deck cross section, and is a lucky number in some Asian countries where the aircraft was being marketed. The aircraft configuration was finalised in early 2001, and manufacturing of the first A380 wing-box component started on 23 January 2002. The development cost of the A380 had grown to €11–14 billion when the first aircraft was completed.
Total development cost
In 2000, the projected development cost was €9.5 billion. In 2004 Airbus estimated that €1.5 billion ($2 billion) would need to be added, totalling the developmental costs to € billion ($ billion). In 2006, Airbus stopped publishing its reported cost after reaching costs of €10.2 billion and then it provisioned another €4.9 billion, after the difficulties in electric cabling and two years delay for an estimated total of €18 billion.
In 2014, the aircraft was estimated to have cost $25bn (£16bn, €bn) to develop. In 2015, Airbus said development costs were €15 billion (£11.4 billion, $ billion), though analysts believe the figure is likely to be at least €5bn ($ Bn) more for a € Bn ($ Bn) total. In 2016, The A380 development costs were estimated at $25 billion for 15 years, $25–30 billion, or €25 billion ($28 billion).
To start the programme in 2000, the governments of Germany, France and the UK loaned Airbus 3.5 billion euros and refundable advances reached 5.9 billion euros ($7.3 billion).
In February 2018, after an Emirates order secured production of the unprofitable programme for ten years, Airbus revised its deal with the three loan-giving governments to save $1.4 billion (17%): restructured terms, to lower the production rate from eight in 2019 to six per year.
On 15 May 2018, in its EU appeal ruling, a WTO ruling concluded that the A380 received improper subsidies through $9 billion of launch aids, but Airbus acknowledges that the threat posed to Boeing by the A380 is so marginal with 330 orders since its 2000 launch that any U.S. sanctions should be minimal, as previous rulings showed Boeing's exposure could be as little as $377 million.
In February 2019, the German government disclosed that it was conducting talks with Airbus regarding €600 million in outstanding loans. Following the decision to wind up the A380 programme, Europe argues that the subsidies in effect no longer exist and that no sanctions are warranted.
Production
Major structural sections of the A380 are built in France, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Due to the sections' large size, traditional transportation methods proved unfeasible, so they are brought to the Jean-Luc Lagardère Plant assembly hall in Toulouse, France, by specialised road and water transportation, though some parts are moved by the A300-600ST Beluga transport aircraft. A380 components are provided by suppliers from around the world; the four largest contributors, by value, are Rolls-Royce, Safran, United Technologies and General Electric.
For the surface movement of large A380 structural components, a complex route known as the Itinéraire à Grand Gabarit was developed. This involved the construction of a fleet of roll-on/roll-off (RORO) ships and barges, the construction of port facilities and the development of new and modified roads to accommodate oversized road convoys. The front and rear fuselage sections are shipped on one of three RORO ships from Hamburg in northern Germany to Saint-Nazaire in France. The ship travels via Mostyn in the United Kingdom, where the wings are loaded. The wings are manufactured at Broughton in North Wales, then transported by barge to Mostyn docks for ship transport.
In Saint-Nazaire, the ship exchanges the fuselage sections from Hamburg for larger, assembled sections, some of which include the nose. The ship unloads in Bordeaux. The ship then picks up the belly and tail sections from Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA in Cádiz in southern Spain, and delivers them to Bordeaux. From there, the A380 parts are transported by barge to Langon, and by oversize road convoys to the assembly hall in Toulouse. To avoid damage from direct handling, parts are secured in custom jigs carried on self-powered wheeled vehicles.
After assembly, the aircraft are flown to Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport (XFW) to be furnished and painted. Airbus sized the production facilities and supply chain for a production rate of four A380s per month.
Testing | {
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Merchant Marine Atlantic War Zone Medal
The Merchant Marine Atlantic War Zone Medal (Bar) is a decoration of the United States Merchant Marine established by an Act of Congress on May 10, 1944.
Conditions
The decoration is awarded to officers and men of ships operated by the War Shipping Administration for service in the Atlantic War Zone between December 7, 1941, and November 8, 1945. This theatre of operations comprised the North Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Barents Sea, and Greenland Sea.
Design
Prior to 1992, the Merchant Marine Atlantic War Zone Medal was a ribbon-only decoration; otherwise known as the Merchant Marine Atlantic War Zone Bar.
On May 19, 1992, the U.S. Department of Transportation announced the availability of new medals for civilian merchant seamen, in recognition of their service in World War II, Korea and Vietnam. The medals are being issued to supplement war zone ribbon bars previously awarded to civilian mariners who supported the nation's armed forces in these wars.
The new medal design consists of:
The compass rose is traditionally associated with maritime navigation and the superimposed triangle with duty and service other than in the Armed Forces. The eagle symbolizes the United States and freedom.
See also
Awards and decorations of the United States government
Awards and Decorations of the United States Maritime Administration
Awards and decorations of the United States Merchant Marine
Awards and decorations of the United States military
References
External links
Laws Establishing Merchant Marine Medals
Category:Awards and decorations of the United States Merchant Marine
Category:Awards established in 1944 | {
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Canon EF 100-400mm lens
The EF 100–400 mm 4.5–5.6L IS USM is a professional EF mount telephoto zoom lens manufactured by Canon Inc. The first version of this lens was announced in September 1998, and an updated version was announced in November 2014. It is a high performance telephoto lens most often used for sports and wildlife photography.
Crop factor
When used with a Canon APS-C (1.6× crop) DSLR camera or APS-H (1.3× crop), the field of view of this lens is equivalent to a 160–640 mm on an APS-C sensor, or 130–520 mm on an APS-H sensor. This is due to the crop factor inherent with APS-C or APS-H sensor digital SLR cameras.
First version
While the original version has excellent optical performance, its design predated the mass-market availability of digital single-lens reflex cameras. The telescoping nature of the original design means that the lens zooms quickly, although not all users prefer this design. According to Roger Cicala, the head of the American lens rental house LensRentals.com,
The telescoping design means that the lens sucks in air when zoomed from shorter focal lengths to longer focal lengths. Unfortunately, with the lack of anything to prevent it, it also sucks in any airborne dust
This lens is compatible with the Canon Extender EF teleconverters on newer EOS bodies. Autofocus works with the 1.4× Extender (and only with cameras that can autofocus at f/8) and image stabilization (IS) works with both 1.4× and 2× Extenders.
Version II
The new Canon EF 100-400mm f/4.5-5.6L IS II USM was announced on 11 November 2014 (10 November in the United States due to time zone differences from Japan), with availability expected the following month. Among the changes from the Mark I version are:
The zoom mechanism now uses a rotating ring (like most other Canon zoom lenses), instead of a push/pull system.
The Mark II version also features a new lens hood with a side window, making it possible to adjust specialty filters (such as polarizers and variable neutral-density filters) without removing the hood.
The tripod mount can now be removed while the lens is attached to a camera body. The Mark I tripod mount can only be removed when the lens is detached.
The IS system has three modes instead of the two modes of the Mark I. The third mode (which Canon calls "Mode 3"), designed with action shooting in mind, applies stabilization only during exposure. Previously, Mode 3 was available only on recent Canon supertelephoto lenses.
Specifications
References
External links
Category:Canon EF lenses
Category:Canon L-Series lenses
Category:Camera lenses introduced in 1998 | {
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Vukasović
Vukasović () is a Serbo-Croatian surname, a patronymic derived from the Slavic name Vukas, a variant of Vuk. Notable people with the surname include:
Nenad Vukasović (born 1952), Serbian politician
Vid Vuletić Vukasović (1853–1933), writer and ethnographer from Dubrovnik
Marko Vukasović (born 1990), Montenegrin footballer
Mladen Vukasović (born 1992), Montenegrin footballer
Josef Philipp Vukassovich (1755–1809), Habsburg Croatian military commander
Ivanka Vukasović, Serbian film editor (W.R.: Mysteries of the Organism)
Volcasso (or Vukasović), Ragusan noble family
See also
Vukasovići, village in Bosnia
Category:Serbian-language surnames
Category:Croatian-language surnames | {
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Lee Valley Athletics Centre
The Lee Valley Athletics Centre is located at the Lee Valley Leisure Complex formerly known as Picketts Lock in Edmonton, London Borough of Enfield. The centre cost £15m to build, and was officially opened on 16 January 2007 by Minister for the Olympics, Tessa Jowell. The centre is owned and managed by the Lee Valley Regional Park Authority (LVRPA)
The centre is the largest indoor and outdoor athletics facility serving London and South East England. Housing the only indoor 200 metre six lane track in the South of England, it also comprises a 130-metre sprint straight, permanent seating for 500 spectators both inside and out, full jumps and throws capacity, and cutting-edge sports science and physiotherapy suites. The site is open to the general public as well as elite athletes. On 11 September 2014, the centre hosted the Invictus Games.
Public transport
Rail
Ponders End railway station
Bus
London bus W8, Metroline
References
External links
Lee Valley Park
Category:Sports venues in London
Category:Athletics in London
Category:Lee Valley Park
Category:Edmonton, London | {
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Nelson Woss
Nelson Woss (born in Perth, Western Australia) is an Australian film producer who made the feature films Red Dog and Ned Kelly.
Career
After graduating from Christ Church Grammar School, Nelson Woss attended the University of Western Australia before completing his education at Babson College in the United States.
He first worked in the film industry at Village Roadshow in Los Angeles. Woss then worked for director Ivan Reitman's company Northern Lights, which, at the time, was based at Universal Pictures.
In 2000, Woss set up his own independent production company, Endymion Films Inc, and executive produced the feature film Venus & Mars.
Woss also developed and produced the screenplay for the hit computer game Abuse, which was marketed around the world.
In 2002, Woss developed and produced the Australian feature film Ned Kelly for Universal Pictures.
Woss produced the highly successful Australian feature film Red Dog. The film has made more than 21 million at the Australian box office since opening in August 2011. Red Dog is the eighth-highest grossing Australian film of all time and 11 days after opening, Red Dog became the highest grossing Australian film of 2011.
In January 2012, Red Dog won Best Film at the 1st AACTA Awards and the AFI Members Choice award.
Red Dog was officially released on DVD, Blu-ray and download on 1 December 2011 in Australia. The Red Dog DVD is the biggest-selling Australian DVD of all time. The DVD is also the third-highest selling DVD of all time in Australia behind Avatar (first) and Finding Nemo (second).
A deal with Roadshow Entertainment and Coles saw one dollar from the sale of every DVD sold in Coles during December 2011 donated to the RSPCA. More than $17,000 was raised for the animal charity. In February 2012 Woss and Koko, the canine star of Red Dog, visited RSPCA to present a cheque for the money raised.
In March 2012, it was announced that Woss was working with Australian theatre producer John Frost to adapt Red Dog into a stage musical.
Woss is president of Endymion Films Inc. and its Australian counterpart Woss Group Film Productions.
Woss lives in Perth, Western Australia. Up until his death in December 2012, Koko (dog) the canine star of Red Dog also lived with Woss. The two were inseparable and Woss was reportedly devastated when Koko died.
Woss and Koko were the subject of a portrait by acclaimed Australian artist Adam Cullen. The painting was a finalist for the 2012 Archibald Prize.
In 2015 Woss teamed up with director Kriv Stenders (Red Dog), (Kill Me Three Times) and writer Dan Taplitz (Red Dog) to produce Red Dog: True Blue, a prequel to Red Dog.
Red Dog: True Blue was theatrically released in 2017. The film grossed over AUD8M at the Australian box office and has become a perennial family film. It has been distributed around the world and won the Grand Prize at the 2012 Heartland Film Festival
In 2014 Woss set up a new company, Good Dog Distribution, to jointly distribute Red Dog: True Blue along with Roadshow Distribution.
In 2019, Woss produced an ultra-low budget mockumentary about his dog. Koko (dog).
Koko: A Red Dog Story was theatrically released in Australia and has become a cult film. Audiences often can not agree whether the story portrayed is based on truth or fiction.
References
External links
Category:Living people
Category:Date of birth missing (living people)
Category:People educated at Christ Church Grammar School
Category:Australian film producers
Category:Year of birth missing (living people) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Mulberry Plantation
Mulberry Plantation could mean:
Mulberry Plantation (Moncks Corner, South Carolina), a U.S. National Historic Landmark,
Mulberry Plantation (James and Mary Boykin Chesnut House), Camden, SC, a U.S. National Historic Landmark
Mulberry Grove Plantation, Fort Wentworth, Savannah, Georgia. | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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2012 Macau Open Grand Prix Gold
The 2012 Macau Open Grand Prix Gold was the fourteenth grand prix gold and grand prix tournament of the 2012 BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix. The tournament was held in Macau Forum, Macau November 27 until December 2, 2012 and had a total purse of $120,000.
Men's singles
Seeds
Lee Chong Wei (Withdrew)
Kenichi Tago (First Round)
Taufik Hidayat (Third Round)
Hu Yun (Second Round)
Wong Wing Ki (Quarter Final)
Kashyap Parupalli (First Round)
Dionysius Hayom Rumbaka (Third Round)
Tommy Sugiarto (First Round)
Alamsyah Yunus (First Round)
Sourabh Varma (Withdrew)
Vladimir Ivanov (Second Round)
Rajah Menuri Venkata Gurusaidutt (Semi Final)
Suppanyu Avihingsanon (Second Round)
Andre Kurniawan Tedjono (Second Round)
Hsueh Hsuan-yi (First Round)
Ashton Chen Yong Zhao (Third Round)
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
Women's singles
Seeds
Tai Tzu-ying (Second Round)
Minatsu Mitani (Withdrew)
Han Li (Quarter Final)
Yip Pui Yin (Quarter Final)
Pai Hsiao-ma (Semi Final)
Chan Tsz Ka (First Round)
Busanan Ongbumrungpan (Final)
Adriyanti Firdasari (Second Round)
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
Men's doubles
Seeds
Vladimir Ivanov / Ivan Sozonov (Final)
Ricky Karanda Suwardi / Muhammad Ulinnuha (Second Round)
Yonathan Suryatama / Hendra Aprida Gunawan (Second Round)
Gan Teik Chai / Ong Soon Hock (First Round)
Markis Kido / Alvent Yulianto (Semi Final)
Andrei Adistia / Christopher Rusdianto (First Round)
Markus Fernaldi Gideon / Agripinna Prima Rahmanto Putra (Quarter Final)
Li Gen / Zhang Nan (Quarter Final)
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
Women's doubles
Seeds
Eom Hye-won / Jang Ye-na (Champion)
Poon Lok Yan / Tse Ying Suet (First Round)
Greysia Polii / Meiliana Jauhari (First Round)
Pia Zebadiah / Rizki Amelia Pradipta (Semi Final)
Anneke Feinya Agustin / Nitya Krishinda Maheswari (Quarter Final)
Vivian Hoo Kah Mun / Woon Khe Wei (Second Round)
Lam Narissapat / Saralee Thoungthongkam (First Round)
Emma Wengberg / Emelie Lennartsson (Quarter Final)
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
Mixed doubles
Seeds
Tontowi Ahmad / Lilyana Natsir (Champion)
Sudket Prapakamol / Saralee Thoungthongkam (Quarter Final)
Muhammad Rijal / Debby Susanto (Final)
Danny Bawa Chrisnanta / Vanessa Neo Yu Yan (Quarter Final)
Yoo Yeon-seong / Jang Ye-na (First Round)
Riky Widianto / Richi Puspita Dili (Semi Final)
Phillip Chew / Jamie Subandhi (First Round)
Markis Kido / Pia Zebadiah (First Round)
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
References
Category:Macau Open Badminton Championships
Macau Open
Macau Open
Category:BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix | {
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Komsomolsk-on-Amur
Komsomolsk-on-Amur () is a city in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, located on the left bank of the Amur River in the Russian Far East. It is located on the Baikal-Amur Mainline, northeast of Khabarovsk. As of 2010, it had a population of
Geography
The city and its suburbs stretch for over along the left bank of the Amur River. The river at this point is up to wide.
The distance to Khabarovsk—the administrative center of the krai—is ; to the Pacific Ocean—about . The nearest other major town is Amursk, about south.
It is about east of Moscow, and lies at the eastern end of the BAM Railway.
History
The future site of Komsomolsk-on-Amur was conquered by Mongols in the 13th century, becoming part of Mongol Empire under the Mongol Yuan Dynasty and later Manchus held until 1858 treaty of Aigun ceded the area to the Russian Empire.
The village of Permskoye () was established on the later site of Komsomolsk in 1860 by migrant peasants from what is now Perm Krai.
The government of the Russian SFSR announced in 1931 plans to construct a shipyard on the Amur at the present site of Komsomolsk, with construction beginning in 1932. The town was largely built using volunteer labor from the Communist youth organization Komsomol, thus receiving the name Komsomolsk. However, the construction of the town was aided with the use of penal labour from the prison camps situated in the area. The suffix on Amur was added to differentiate from other towns with the same name. It was granted town status in 1933.
By the end of the 1930s, the shipyards along with facilities for other heavy industry had been completed. The city developed into a regional center for industries such as aircraft manufacturing, metallurgy, machinery, oil refining, and shipbuilding. At present, Komsomolsk-on-Amur is the main center for the manufacture of Sukhoi military aircraft and the Sukhoi Superjet airliner. The MiG-15bis and the Lisunov Li-2 were both manufactured in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Komsomolsk-on-Amur serves as the administrative center of Komsomolsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of krai significance of Komsomolsk-na-Amure—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Komsomolsk-na-Amure is incorporated as Komsomolsk-na-Amure Urban Okrug. The city is administratively divided into 2 okrugs (previously raion), coinciding with the historical parts: Leninsky (Dzemgi) and Central.
In the Soviet period, the administrative-territorial division of the city was different from the present. In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of 19 October 1943 were formed Lenin, Stalin and Central areas. Stalinsky district included the territory of Railway Amurstali and residential community.
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR "On the Abolition of the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Krai" on August 7, 1957 in the district division was abolished, but the decree of March 31, 1972 the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the newly divided the city into two districts - Central and Leninsky.
Layout
Komsomolsk-on-Amur consists of two historical parts: the center, or "city", where the main enterprise - Shipyard, and the Dzemgi - an area that has formed during the construction of an aircraft factory (future KnAAPO). In fact, each of the parts is a separate town, itself a single center in the city.
Areas of the city are very different architectural appearance: Center Stalinist buildings dominated the 40-50s (exception - the residential area near the railway station), Dzemgi is built up mainly typical panel apartment blocks. The "sleeping" area Dzemgi is not, as the majority of their residents work in enterprises located here.
Climate
Komsomolsk-on-Amur has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). Temperatures in the area of the city typically change by over over the course of the year, with a daily average of in January, compared to in July.
Economy and infrastructure
Komsomolsk-on-Amur is an important industrial center of Khabarovsk Krai and of the Russian Far East. It has a diversified economy where machine building, metallurgy and timber enterprises dominate.
The city's most notable company is Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association, Russia's largest aircraft-manufacturing enterprise. It is among Khabarovsk Krai's most successful enterprises, and for years has been the largest taxpayer of the territory. It has manufactured hundreds of civil aircraft and thousands of various-role military aircraft from the first recon aircraft to modern Su- series fighters and light amphibian aeroplanes. The company is hugely important to the city's economy, contributing 45% of all payments into the local budget.
Also based in the city is Amur Shipbuilding Plant, an important producer of ships and submarines.
The eastern-most GLONASS telemetry and tracking station is located in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
Two air bases are located near the city, Khurba to the south and Dzemgi to the north.
Komsomolsk-on-Amur railway station is an important rail junction of Baikal-Amur Mainline and Komsomolsk-Dezhnyovka railway line.
The city is served by the Komsomolsk-on-Amur Airport
Public transport includes 5 tram routes, bus and fixed-taxi (marshrutka).
The first sortie of the Sukhoi Su-57 prototype occurred at the Gagarin Factory.
Twin towns – sister cities
Komsomolsk-on-Amur is twinned with:
Jiamusi, China (1994)
Kamo, Japan (1991)
Weinan, China (2016)
Notable residents
Alex Chubrevich, Israeli Russian professional basketball player for Maccabi Haifa of the Israeli Super League.
Alexandra Ivanovskaya, "Miss Russia 2005"
Ivan Shtyl, sprint canoer
Sergei Plotnikov, Ice hockey player with Pittsburgh Penguins, NHL
Pasha Kovalev, Professional dancer
Yury Gazinsky, footballer, scorer of the first goal at the 2018 FIFA World Cup, was born in the city.
Anatoly Dyatlov
See also
Komsomolsk-on-Amur road-rail bridge
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Sports in Komsomolsk-on-Amur
FC Smena (Komsomolsk-on-Amur)
Category:Cities and towns in Khabarovsk Krai
Category:Cities and towns built in the Soviet Union
Category:1860 establishments in the Russian Empire | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Alfons Heck
Alfons Heck (3 November 1928 – 12 April 2005) was a Hitler Youth member who eventually became a Hitler Youth Officer and a fanatical adherent of Nazism during the Third Reich.
In the 1970s, decades after he immigrated to the United States via Canada, Heck began to write candidly of his youthful military experiences in news articles and two books.
Thereafter, he entered into a partnership with Jewish Holocaust survivor Helen Waterford, each presenting their differing wartime circumstances before more than 200 audiences, most notably in schools and colleges.
Early life
Heck was born in the Rhineland. He was raised by his grandparents at their farm in the crossroads wine country community of Wittlich, Germany. When he entered school at the age of 6, he and his classmates were first exposed to effective Nazi indoctrination by their virulently-nationalistic teacher. Four years later, Heck and his classmates joined the five million in the Hitler Youth.
Heck was a good student and found learning easy. He was appointed leader of about ten other boys. By then, his indoctrination and his devotion to the proud future of Hitler's Third Reich were nearly complete.
He understood that the first rule of service to a greater Germany was to follow orders without question, and he was willing to report "suspicious actions" or comments, even by friends or family, to his leader.
Flying Hitler Youth
At 14, all Deutsches Jungvolk were required to join the senior Hitler Youth branch, the Hitlerjugend. In part to avoid becoming an infantry officer, Heck applied to the elite Flying Hitler Youth (Flieger Hitlerjugend), although he was apprehensive about its year-long glider plane training. But within weeks he became obsessed with flying and landing gliders. His life course had changed. He would not study to be a priest, as his grandmother had hoped.
Heck devoted himself to the task of becoming a Luftwaffe fighter pilot. He had been taught to believe that living under Bolshevik-Jewish slavery was too horrible to contemplate, leaving German victory as the only alternative. Capture seemed to him worse than death. He thought that only a glorious death over the battlefield stood in the way of his sharing in Germany's inevitable triumph. His final transformation to fanaticism had begun.
He described this extended period of glider training from late 1942 until early 1944 as the happiest of his life. At 16, Heck became the youngest scholar to receive a diploma from Aeronaut's Certificate in Sailplane Flying.
Heck recalls the audience response to Hitler:
We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul.
However, the Allied invasion of France in 1944 caused his group of 180 Flying Hitler Youth, of which Heck had become the officer in charge, to be returned to the Wittlich area to organise the excavation of large anti-tank barriers on the nearby defensive Westwall. Battlefield losses raised Heck's Hitler Youth rank to Bannführer, nominally in charge of 3,000 Hitler Youth workers in the town and its 50 surrounding villages. One of his antiaircraft crews shot down a damaged B-17 bomber trying to return to its base. Later, he gave orders in a combat engagement against advancing Americans in which participants on both sides were killed. He was considered by friends and superiors to be ambitious and ruthless.
At one point, he gave orders to have an elderly Luxembourg priest shot if he dared return to the school that Heck had commandeered for his workers. The priest did not return. In another incident, he drew his pistol to shoot a Hitler Youth deserter but was prevented from doing so by a Wehrmacht sergeant. Heck admitted at the time, as well as afterwards, that he had become intoxicated by the power he wielded.
As the approaching Americans consolidated their gains, the 16-year-old Bannführer was ordered back to his Luftwaffe training base. Once there, with the suspension of training, flight candidates were being ordered to the front lines to face the American infantry. However, a Luftwaffe officer, likely for the purpose of preserving Heck's life, ordered Heck to organise the retrieval of needed radar equipment near Wittlich and then to take a four-day leave in his home town. This enabled Heck to don civilian clothes before surrendering to the advancing Americans. Unaware of his Hitler Youth rank, the American soldiers used Heck as a translator until French military authorities began occupying the area. The French arrested Heck, who served six months of hard labor before finally being released.
Heck was awarded an Iron Cross for his war efforts as a Hitler Youth member.
Later life
Heck was unable to believe that the atrocities perpetrated by the Nazi regime had actually taken place. Despite the difficulty of traveling within occupied Germany, he made his way to Nuremberg to witness what he could of the trials of former Nazi officers and officials. He later emigrated to Canada, working in several British Columbia sawmills. He then moved to the US, where, living in San Diego, he became a Greyhound long-distance bus driver.
During the 1950s and 1960s, Alfons Heck remained silent about his wartime activities and his involvement in the Hitler Youth, but he read hundreds of books about the Third Reich, tracing the lives of surviving Nazi leaders and maintaining an interest in West German politics. He came to feel that his generation of young Germans had been callously betrayed by Nazi strategists. Of the nine and a half million German war dead, two million were teenagers, both civilians and Hitler Youth. In 1971, at the age of 43, he became disabled by heart disease. Without a productive future and increasingly frustrated by his contemporaries' failure to speak out, Heck began attending writing classes so that he might record what it was like to have been a pawn of Nazi militarism.
Heck died of heart failure at the age of 76 on April 12, 2005.
Works
In 1985, he published A Child of Hitler: Germany in the Days When God Wore a Swastika (Arizona: Renaissance House, 1985), an account of his life under Nazism. He continued with The Burden of Hitler's Legacy (Frederick, Colorado: Renaissance House, 1988).
Heck began touring with Waterford in 1980 to talk about their experiences before, during, and after the war. The aligned speakers became friends as they visited more than 150 universities over nine years, urging youths to avoid Hitler-type brainwashing. Colorado publisher Eleanor Ayer, who published Waterford's autobiography "Commitment to the Dead" in 1987, wrote Waterford and Heck's intertwined stories in her 1995 book Parallel Journeys.
In 1989, Heck appeared in the BBC Documentary The Fatal Attraction of Adolf Hitler. In 1991, he featured in HBO's documentary Heil Hitler Confessions Of A Hitler Youth. The film won an ACE for best documentary. In 1992, Heck was awarded an Emmy for "outstanding historical programming."
In 1991, an HBO documentary based on his books titled Heil Hitler! Confessions of a Hitler Youth was released. With Heck's narration and using archived footage, it attempted to explain how millions of the German youth of the Third Reich followed Nazi propaganda and became some of the most extreme Hitler followers.
Heck also provided testimony on parallels between the attraction of Nazism and Islamism and was featured in the documentary Obsession: Radical Islam's War Against the West.
References
External links
http://thephoenix.com/Boston/News/55446-A-child-of-Hitler/?page=1#TOPCONTENT
Category:1928 births
Category:2005 deaths
Category:Hitler Youth members
Category:German emigrants to Canada
Category:German emigrants to the United States
Category:Canadian emigrants to the United States | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Thirumayam
Thirumayam is a place of historical importance located about 20 km south of the town of Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu, India. The noted Indian independence activist Sathyamurthy was born in Thirumayam in 1887.
Etymology
Thirumayam is from the word Thiru-meyyam which means Place of truth in Tamil. The Lord Thirumal is also called by the name of Meyyar. Since he stayed in that village it is called by the name Thirumeyyam. Tiru means 'holy' or 'sacred' and is traditionally used in front of names in many parts of Tamil Nadu.
Approach
Thirumayam, a town panchayat and also the Taluk headquarters of the eponymous Vattam (sub-district), lies 20 km south of Pudukkottai, on the road from that town to Karaikudi. This is actually National Highway NH-210, which connects Tiruchirapalli and Rameshwaram. Thirumayam is the first main junction on this road; the Madurai road takes its diversion from Thirumayam.
Thirumayam is well connected by road and rail. The nearest railhead is at Pudukkottai. Bus facility is available from Pudukkottai, Karaikudi, Thanjavur, Madurai and many other places. The nearest airport connected is at Trichy,59 km away. Accommodation is also available at nearby Pudukkottai.
Famous freedom fighters Veerapandiya Kattabomman and his brother Umathaiturai hid in a fort at Tirumayam, after their fight against the British during 17th Century.
Attractions
Thirumayam is a much-frequented picnic spot and affords much to the discerning tourist who ventures a little beyond the beaten track. The main attractions of the place are the fort, and the Shiva and Thirumal temples.
Thirumayam fort
Miles before reaching the town, one can see a fort atop a large hill. In past centuries, the fort was much larger than what now obtains; this is affirmed by the fact that the main entrance to the old fort lies about one kilometre south of the present-day fort. This entrance to the old fort still stands, it has a courtyard with pillared corridors and shrines of various deities. The sculptures on the pillars are truly beautiful.
As one enters the town through the road which connects it with the highway, one finds a small temple dedicated to Bhairava (the Bhairavar-koil - பைரவர் கோயில்). This temple, which faces the main road, is a favourite with vehicle-owners who traditionally halt and pray there for a safe journey. This temple was actually built on the outermost wall of the old fort.
The Thirumayam fort, set in , is of great historical importance. It was built by Kizhavan Sethupathi Vijaya Ragunatha Thevar, ruler of Ramanathapuram in AD 1687. Sethupathi is the name of the ruling dynasty of Ramanathapuram (Ramnad). Another fact of historic interest is that the founder of the princely state of Pudukkottai had served as governor of Thirumayam fort before founding his own kingdom.
Temples
There are two famous rock-cut shrines Sathyagirisvarar and Sathyamoorthi, one for Siva and the other for Thirumal, adjacent to each other. The Siva temple, which stands to the west of the Vishnu temple, is the older of the two. These are located at the foot of a hillock on the south side of the town.
The rock cut Shiva temple is situated on a hill amid the relics of another ancient and ruined fort. Near this temple stands one of the largest rock inscriptions in Tamil Nadu. The inscriptions are of particular interest since they deal with music, a rare subject for inscriptions.
The Sathyamurthi Perumal Temple, a Vishnu temple is located on the foot of the hill; it is much a much-venerated temple and is considered second in importance only to the temple at Srirangam (ஸ்ரீரங்கம்). It contains one of the largest Anantasayi group icons in India. Anantasayi groups have Thirumal reclining on Anantha (Seshanaaga) as the central figure. The Thirumal temple contains an octagonal sacred tank called ‘Satya-pushkarani’ (சத்திய புஷ்கரணி).
Educational institutions
Shanmuganathan Engineering College, Arasampatti
Polytechnic College, Rayavaram
st.joseph polytechnic college
st.joseph matriculation school
Politics
Thirumayam assembly constituency is part of Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency).
References
External links
About Tamilnadu other places
Thirumayam Photo Gallery
Category:Cities and towns in Pudukkottai district | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Vedran Runje
Vedran Runje (; born 10 February 1976) is a former Croatian footballer who played as a goalkeeper. A product of Hajduk Split academy, Runje spent the majority of his career abroad with Standard Liège in Belgium, Marseille and Lens in France and Beşiktaş in Turkey. With Standard, he won three Belgian League Goalkeeper of the Year awards. Runje was also capped 22 times for Croatia national team and was part of the tournament squad at the UEFA Euro 2008.
Club career
Runje began his professional career at Hajduk Split in 1996, but was unable to become a regular at the firstly team with first Tonči Gabrić, the Croatian national team's back-up goalkeeper at the time, and eventually young prospect Stipe Pletikosa being selected ahead of him. He eventually left the club in 1998 and joined Belgian side Standard Liège.
Runje played for Standard Liège until 2001, being named Belgian Goalkeeper of the Year in 1999 and 2001. He went on to join French club Olympique Marseille, where he was the first-choice goalkeeper over the following two and a half seasons. He helped Marseille qualify for the UEFA Champions League in 2003 and appeared in 5 of the club's 6 matches in the group stage of the competition in 2003–04. He was the club's first-choice goalkeeper until December 2003, losing his place following the arrival of Fabien Barthez in January 2004 and making no further appearances in the Ligue 1 and European competition until the end of the season.
Runje returned to Standard Liège in the summer of 2004, signing an initial three year deal. During his second spell with Standard, he won another Belgian Goalkeeper of the Year award in 2006. During the summer of the same year, he moved to Turkish side Beşiktaş. He was the first-choice goalkeeper at Beşiktaş during the 2006–07 season, making 32 Süper Lig appearances and also appearing in all of the club's 6 UEFA Cup matches during the season.
In the summer of 2007, Runje left Beşiktaş and returned to the French Ligue 1 after being signed by RC Lens. He appeared in all of the club's 38 matches in the Ligue 1 during the 2007–08 season, but was unable to prevent them from being relegated to the Ligue 2 after finishing 18th in the top flight. He also appeared in all of the club's 6 European matches during the season.
Despite rumours that he might be leaving the club following their relegation from the top flight, Runje decided to stay at Lens and eventually helped the club return to the Ligue 1 after only one season in the second division. Runje made 31 appearances in the Ligue 2 during the 2008–09 season as Lens finished top of the league. He kept his place as a regular for the club in the Ligue 1 and went on to make 32 league appearances during the 2009–10 season, only missing the final 6 league matches of the season due to an injury. Runje and Lens mutually parted ways on 2011, after the two sides agreed to terminate his contract.
International career
Between 1993 and 1996, Runje won a total of 8 international caps for the Croatian national under-19 and under-21 teams. He also made one appearance for Croatia B in a friendly match against Romania in January 2001.
When Slaven Bilić was appointed Croatia's head coach in the summer of 2006, Runje started to play understudy to Stipe Pletikosa in the national team. He made his full international debut on 15 November 2006 in Croatia's UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier at Israel, which they won 4–3. His second appearance in the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifiers came in Croatia's 6–0 win at Andorra in September 2007, and he also made further two international appearances in Croatia's friendly matches against Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovakia during the same year.
Runje was also a member of the Croatian 23-man squad at the UEFA Euro 2008 finals in Austria and Switzerland, making his only appearance in Croatia's final group game against Poland in Klagenfurt. He kept a clean sheet in a 1–0 victory for Croatia, who played the game with a second string of players, having already secured a place in the quarter-finals after beating Austria and Germany in their previous two matches at the tournament. His only other international appearance during the year 2008 came in a friendly match at Slovenia in August, where he replaced Pletikosa at half-time.
In June 2009, Runje was promoted first-choice goalkeeper at the Croatian national team after Pletikosa lost his place as a regular at his club, Spartak Moscow. His first appearance in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifiers was in Croatia's 2–2 draw at home to Ukraine on 6 June 2009. On 5 September 2009, he produced several good saves to help Croatia secure a 1–0 win at home to Belarus in the World Cup qualifiers, being seen by many as the Man of the Match. He also made several good saves in Croatia's next qualifier at England four days later, but was eventually unable to save the team from suffering a crushing 5–1 defeat. He was also responsible for England's fifth goal, failing to make a clearance after a back pass and enabling Wayne Rooney to score easily with an unguarded goal in front of him. Runje made a total of five appearances during the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign, which saw Croatia failing to qualify for the finals after finishing third in their group.
Personal life
Runje is married to his first love Tihana and they have a son Roko. Runje's younger brother Zlatko Runje was also a professional goalkeeper who last played for NK Hrvace.
Honours
Beşiktaş
Turkish Cup: 2006–07
Turkish Super Cup: 2006
Lens
Ligue 2: 2008–09
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2007
Individual
Belgian Goalkeeper of the Year: 1998–99, 2000–01, 2005–06
Olympique de Marseille Player of the Season: 2001–02
Ligue 2 Goalkeeper of the Year: 2008–09
Ligue 2 UNFP Team of the Year: 2008–09
References
Category:1976 births
Category:Living people
Category:Croatian footballers
Category:Croatia international footballers
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:HNK Trogir players
Category:HNK Hajduk Split players
Category:Standard Liège players
Category:Olympique de Marseille players
Category:Beşiktaş J.K. footballers
Category:RC Lens players
Category:Ligue 1 players
Category:Ligue 2 players
Category:Belgian First Division A players
Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players
Category:Croatian First Football League players
Category:Süper Lig players
Category:People from Sinj
Category:Croatian expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in France
Category:Expatriate footballers in Turkey
Category:Expatriate footballers in Belgium | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Davian Clarke
Davian Clarke (born 30 April 1976) is a Jamaican athlete, who mainly competes in the 400 metres. He won the bronze medal in the 4 x 400 metres relay at the 1996 Olympics, and many relay medals followed, before he won his first individual medal at the 2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships.
Achievements
Personal bests
200 metres – 20.72 s (1999)
400 metres – 44.83 s (2004)
Notes
External links
Bio at U. Miami Sports Hall of Fame
Category:1976 births
Category:Living people
Category:Jamaican male sprinters
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1999 Pan American Games
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2003 Pan American Games
Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Jamaica
Category:Olympic athletes of Jamaica
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Category:World Athletics Championships medalists
Category:Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Jamaica
Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Jamaica
Category:Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Category:Pan American Games gold medalists for Jamaica
Category:Goodwill Games medalists in athletics | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Al Zaidan
Al Zaidon is an agricultural village south of the city of Fallujah in Al Anbar Province, Iraq.
During the Iraq War, it was considered a hub of insurgent activity (especially by the 1920 Revolution Brigade and the US military conducted multiple operations to clear it. It is populated mainly by the Zobai tribe. The area also sends representatives to the Abu Ghraib district in Baghdad.
Gallery
References
Category:Populated places in Baghdad Province | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Špital
Špital () is a settlement in the hills west of Zagorje ob Savi in central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi in the Central Sava Statistical Region.
History
Špital became an independent settlement in 2000, when its territory was separated from Požarje and Mošenik.
References
External links
Špital on Geopedia
Category:Populated places in the Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Ruth Langer (swimmer)
Ruth Langer, was an Austrian swimmer who competed both nationally and internationally. Langer was born on 21 May 1921, and brought up in a Jewish family in Vienna, Austria.
Career
Austria
Langer won several national titles, beginning at 14 when she held the Austrian records for the 100m & 400m freestyle, and winning the Austrian championship that year.
Langer was selected for the Austrian Olympic Team, due to compete in the 1936 Summer Olympics. She refused to participate, along with Judith Deutsch and Lucy Goldner, as a protest against the Nazi regime in Germany and Austria and their anti-semitism at the time saying; "We do not boycott Olympia, but Berlin".
Langer was banned from competing in Austria for two years as a result of her refusal, and later a lifetime ban after Austria was annexed by Germany; a ban which was not lifted until 1995.
United Kingdom
Langer escaped from Austria to Italy in 1938, arriving in England during 1939. She competed in, and won, the last Thames long-distance British championship race the same year; but after the outbreak of the second world war, she was initially treated as an "enemy alien". She was allowed to return to normal life shortly afterwards, marrying John Lawrence in 1944 and raising a son and daughter with him.
References
Category:1921 births
Category:1999 deaths
Category:Austrian female swimmers
Category:Olympic swimmers of Austria
Category:Sportspeople from Vienna | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Al-Khalid tank
The Al-Khalid (—, literally "The Eternal Tank") is a main battle tank jointly developed by Pakistan and China during the 1990s, based on the Chinese Type 90-IIM tank. The original prototype was developed by China North Industries Corporation (Norinco) under the name MBT-2000, and Norinco also offered the tank for export. Around 310 Al Khalid MBTs had been produced by 2014. The Bangladesh Army ordered 44 MBT-2000s from China in 2011. The Norinco-made MBT-2000 is also used by the Royal Moroccan Army. It was trialled by the Peruvian Army for possible acquisition, but was not purchased due to financial problems.
Operated by a crew of three and armed with a 125 mm smooth-bore tank gun that is reloaded automatically, the tank uses a fire-control system and night-fighting equipment. Al-Khalid is named after the 7th-century Muslim commander Khalid bin al-Walid (592–642 AD).
The current production variant of the Al-Khalid uses a diesel engine and transmission supplied by the KMDB design bureau of Ukraine. The first production models entered service with the Pakistan Army in 2001. The country placed an order with Ukraine to further upgrade the tanks with a new engine.
Development
In the 1970s, the leaders of China's People's Liberation Army were concerned about the Soviet threat, and requested an improved main battle tank (MBT) to replace the old and obsolete Type 59 tank. Thus in 1980, Norinco was formed, and the Inner Mongolia First Machine Group Corporation was tasked with developing a series of new tanks.
A joint development deal was signed with Pakistan in January 1990. Initial Chinese-built prototypes were tested in Pakistan in August 1991. Pakistan completed its manufacturing plant at Taxila in 1992. Pakistan spent more than USD $20 million over the next eight years on the co-development of a model suitable for its needs and on creating a capability to manufacture it locally. The Director General of Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT) Lt Gen Hamid Javaid and Major General Muhammad Asad supervised the project. The design team modified the tank to accept a foreign-built engine. Several different prototypes were evaluated.
In light of high ambient temperatures and the fine sand or dust that would be encountered in operational areas such as the deserts of southern Pakistan, the development of high performance cooling and air filtering systems was emphasized during the planning stage of the project. Implementation of a hydro-gas suspension system was considered but, after technical evaluation, it was found to be impractical due to various limitations such as problems with reliability and maintainability. Installation of the Renk 304 transmission was also considered but discarded.
An early version was armed with a Chinese gun and fire-control system, and had a German-designed MTU-396 diesel engine which was built under licence in China. Another version was equipped with a more advanced Western digital fire-control system and powered by a Perkins Condor diesel engine (as in the British Challenger) and SESM ESM500 automatic transmission (as in the French Leclerc). This version was considered too expensive, and under-performed in the extreme heat of southern Pakistan. Finally, a version was tested with the compact Ukrainian 6TD-2 1,200 hp diesel engine. This configuration was chosen by Pakistan for the production version of the tank and came to be known as Al-Khalid. Ukraine also sold T-80UD tanks to Pakistan, which were powered by a similar engine.
The final tank design resulting from a decade of co-operative development was designated Type 90-IIM. The Chinese company Norinco showed the new Type 90-IIM during the March 2001 Abu Dhabi Defense Expo, under the export name MBT 2000. The version powered by the Ukrainian engine, intended for domestic production in Pakistan, was named Al-Khalid.
During the development period, Heavy Industries Taxila gained experience after building the Type 85-IIAP under Chinese licence and prepared to begin production of the Al-Khalid tank in 1999. A pilot batch of fifteen tanks was inducted into the 31st Cavalry Regiment of Pakistan's Armoured Corps on 20 July 2001. Pakistan signed a contract with Ukraine's Malyshev Factory in May 2002 for the delivery of 315 KMDB 6TD-2 diesel engines over three years. An additional batch of Al-Khalid tanks was delivered on 23 September 2004. Pakistan planned to build a total of 600 Al-Khalid tanks for its armed forces.
In April 2002, it was reported that Malaysia was considering purchasing the Al-Khalid after evaluation by Malaysian military personnel, but Malaysia eventually backed out without stating any reasons.
The Saudi Arabian Army began conducting trials of the Al-Khalid's desert performance in April 2006, after expressing interest in purchasing a batch of the tanks 2 years earlier. No order for the tank was placed despite the symbolic naming of the tank after Khalid ibn al-Walid.
In May 2008, Lt. Gen Sarath Fonseka of the Sri Lanka Army held talks with his Pakistan Army counterparts regarding the sale of military equipment, weapons and ammunition. The supply of 22 Al-Khalid MBTs to the Sri Lanka Army was reportedly finalised during these talks in a deal worth over US$100 million.
No deliveries of Al-Khalids to Sri Lanka from Pakistan has been reported as of 2015.
Peru leased five VT-1A from China for trials in 2009. The Peruvian government had expressed interest in purchasing 80–120 units to complement the fleet of Soviet T-55 tanks in service with the Peruvian Army. Peru decided to buy MBT-2000 tanks. The deal was blocked as China did not obtain permission to re-sell some Ukrainian components (engine, transmission and Varta Active protection system).
In December 2017, HIT officials told the Pakistan Senate that budgetary constraints had reduced the output of the tank to 18 per year on average.
Unveiling
Al-Khalid was revealed on 17 July 1991, by the then Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, along with the then Pakistani Chief of Army Staff, Mirza Aslam Beg, in a ceremony held at the Heavy Rebuild Factory (HRF), Taxila. In his speech, the Prime Minister said that the completion of the project was a big step towards self-reliance. The Army Chief said that for the first time in history, not only had technology been transferred to Pakistan, but the design was also made by Pakistani engineers themselves.
Design
Armament
Al-Khalid is designed with a 125 mm bore, 48 calibre long smoothbore, auto-frettaged and chrome-plated gun barrel which is manufactured from highly stiff electroslag remelting steel. The gun is then put under stringent quality control process to ensure standard barrel life of 1,100 rounds EFC; barrels that cannot pass this test are rejected. This gun provides very high internal chamber pressures for APFSDS, HEAT FS and guided missiles. The gun can also fire the following types of conventional ammunition: APFSDS, HEAT-FS and HE-FS. The gun is a modified variant of both the ZPT-98 and KBA-3 series of 125 mm smooth bore gun for Al-Khalid MBT which provided compatibility with Ukrainian ATGMs such as Kombat. The gun retains qualities of both Chinese and Ukrainians mated with indigenous design for better and accurate firepower on stationary and moving targets alike. The Gun-launched, laser-guided anti-tank guided missiles can also be launched.
Al-Khalid also fires a Pakistani depleted uranium round, the Naiza 125 mm DU round which gives an armour penetration of 570 mm RHA at 2 km. It is equipped with a muzzle reference system and dual-axis stabilisation system. Elevation and azimuth control is achieved by electro-hydraulic power drives. The automatic ammunition-handling system for the main gun has a 24-round ready-to-fire magazine and can load and fire at a rate of eight rounds per minute.
The tank is also equipped with a 7.62 mm-coaxial machine gun, a 12.7 mm externally mounted air-defence machine gun that can be aimed and fired from within the tank, and smoke grenade launchers.
The gunner is provided with a dual-magnification day sight and the commander with a panoramic sight for all-around independent surveillance. Both sights are dual-axis image stabilised and have independent laser range-finders. The tank has hunter-killer capability, giving the commander the ability to acquire new targets independently while the gunner is engaging another target. The automatic target-tracking system is designed to work when tank and target are both moving. Night vision for the gunner and commander is achieved through a dual-magnification thermal imaging sight. Both sights are integrated with the fire-control system. The production Al-Khalid tank has a fire-control system of western origin. In the MBT 2000, the Chinese Norinco fire-control system takes inputs from ten sensors. The ballistic computation time is less than one second. The manufacturer claims routine first round hits on standard square targets at ranges over 2,000 metres.
Effective range: 200 to 7,000 metres
Sensor: laser ranging from 200 to 9,990 metres
French Auto-tracking, interfaced with gunner station, firing four types of munitions, gunner's thermal imaging sight, commander's image | {
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National Centre for the Performing Arts
National Centre for the Performing Arts may refer to
National Center for the Performing Arts, former name of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Washington D.C., United States
National Centre for the Performing Arts (China)
National Centre for the Performing Arts (India) | {
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Vaya Con Dios (band)
Vaya Con Dios (Spanish for "Go with God!") was a Belgian music act that stood out for its mixing of styles, as well as the distinctive voice of its lead singer Dani Klein. It was one of the most successful Belgian music acts ever, having sold more than 10 million albums and more than 3 million singles.
It was founded in 1986, but after 1991 Vaya Con Dios was for the most part a one woman band, centered on singer, lyricist, band leader and (co-)producer Dani Klein, reinforced by an ever-changing selection of musicians. In 2014, Dani Klein performed her last international tour under the Vaya Con Dios formula. Vaya Con Dios officially disbanded with their last concert on 25 October 2014, in Forest National.
Biography
Vaya Con Dios was founded in 1986 by Dirk Schoufs, Dani Klein (Danielle Schoovaerts) and Willy Lambregt (known as Willy Willy). Schoufs (1962; double bass) and Lambregt (1959; guitars) were close friends, who had frequently worked as an acoustic duo. Klein (1953; lead singer, lyricist) and Lambregt had previously worked in electronic band Arbeid Adelt !, which lost momentum when band leader Marcel Vanthilt left to become an MTV Europe VJ.
After enjoying a one off performance as a trio, they decided to form Vaya Con Dios, based on shared interests in gypsy music, jazz and opera – genres they felt were underappreciated in Brussels.
The trio's first single "Just a Friend of Mine" (1987) entered the top 20 in Belgium, and became a top 10 hit in France. This was a milestone especially for Klein, who was now 34, and who had been trying to make it as a singer since age 17.
After this first hit, Lambregt left the band, well before the 1988 debut album Vaya Con Dios was completed, and was later replaced by Jean-Michel Gielen. This first album, self-produced by Schoufs and Klein, met with mixed critical acclaim, mostly because it was very eclectic, and difficult to categorize. Nevertheless, it was well received in several European countries, and held three more singles.
The 1990 follow-up album "Night Owls" was again produced by Klein and Schoufs, and produced another three singles. "Nah Neh Nah", an up-tempo mix of Latin and jazz-rock, profited from heavy airplay on MTV Europe. "What's a Woman?", a soul ballad, did well across Europe, and became a number one hit in the Netherlands and Belgium.
In 1991, Schoufs and Klein fell out badly, resulting in Schoufs' departure from the band, only to die months later, on 24 May 1991, at the age of just 29, of a cocktail of medication, alcohol and drugs.
Klein, left playing with just Gielen and various musicians, nevertheless continued to record a new Vaya Con Dios album, while at the same time doing more and more international performances, due to ever increasing popularity. In 1992, Time Flies was released, produced mostly by Klein herself. Again three singles were released from the album, the dramatic "Heading For a Fall" doing well in several countries. The album did very well in Europe, reaching number one in Switzerland and getting platinum certification in four countries, eventually proving to be the most successful Vaya Con Dios album. In 1993 it was followed with the first Vaya Con Dios world tour.
In 1995 Klein, by then evidently suffering from high workload, still managed to record a fourth Vaya Con Dios album: Roots and Wings, from which yet another three singles were released. Recorded at Muscle Shoals studios, Alabama, the album is even more soul oriented, while at the same time integrating Arab and India music influences. Again there was album chart success in several European countries.
In 1996 Klein quit the music business because of complete fatigue, illustrated by spontaneous hair loss. She returned in 1999 as singer in the group Purple Prose, which released a debut album that year. Vaya Con Dios returned in 2004 with a new album titled The Promise.
In 2006, The Ultimate Collection greatest hits album was released. It featured Aaron Neville on a new recording of the 1990 soul ballad "What's a Woman?" In October 2009, the album Comme On Est Venu was released, for the first time with all songs in French (one of Kleins first languages). In December 2010, the German DJ Duo Milk & Sugar released a remix of the song "Nah Neh Nah" that reached the Top 10 in the German Media-Control Charts.
In 2013, Dani Klein started a farewell tour, the last Vaya Con Dios tour ever. The last concert was held 25 October 2014 at Forest National in Brussels.
Discography
Albums
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Singles
References
External links
Vaya Con Dios' website
Vaya Con Dios and Purple Prose at the Belgian Pop & Rock Archives
Vaya Con Dios and Dani Klein Forums
Category:Belgian pop music groups
Category:Ariola Records artists | {
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No. 123 Signals Unit RAF
123 Signals Unit was a Ground Controlled Interception Radar Unit of the Royal Air Force formed on 1 July 1954 at RAF Habbaniya, Iraq.
History
It was initially equipped as a Type 21 Radar Convoy with one Type 13 Radar, one Type 14 Radar, a VHF cabin, a Control Centre and a diesel power unit. One Type 15 Radar was added in February 1955. On 8 August 1954, the equipment was moved to a site on the Jabal-Az-Zaban plateau about four miles from the camp.
The Type 21 Convoy was removed in August 1955 and replaced by a Type E Convoy. The technical equipment of the now enlarged unit comprised six radar aerials, (three Type 13s, one 14 Mk 7, one 14 Mk 8 and one Type 15), two RV 10 Control Centres, four RV 540 Cable Carriers, three diesel-powered alternator sets RV 550 and VHF facilities. Each Control Centre contained two PPI consoles, two range/altitude consoles, aerial controls, fighter plotting board and communications. All of this equipment plus the workshop, stores and Unit Administration offices was built on Leyland lorry and trailer chassis.
De-commission
The Signals Unit ceased operations on 15 July 1958, following the military coup in Baghdad. At the end of October 1958, work began on removing the convoy from the plateau to RAF Habbaniya, the Unit strength was reduced to a closing party of ten.
At various times during its brief life, 123 Signals Unit had several high-ranking visitors including:
Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Dermot Boyle (KCVO, KBE, CB, DFC), Chief of the Air Staff
Air Vice-Marshal H.H. Brookes (CB, CBE, DFC), Air Officer Commanding British Forces in Iraq
Air Vice-Marshal W.J. Crisham (CB, CBE), Air Officer Commanding, Air Headquarters Levant
General Enver Alpahy, Director General of Electronics and Communications, Turkish Army
Brigadier Ismael, Iraqi Army
Colonel Baghdadi, Royal Iraqi Air Force
Colonel Azzazi, Royal Iraqi Air Force
123 Signals Unit, Royal Air Force became operational again, but this time in Aden at RAF Steamer Point during the early 1960s. Situated on high ground above Steamer Point Hospital it enjoyed magnificent views over the famous natural harbour of Aden and Little Aden to the west. After 1967 when British Forces left Aden on Independence, the Unit began operating at Juffair in Bahrain.
References
The National Archives, AIR29/2277, AIR29/3027
External links
RAF Habbaniya Association
Category:Signals units of the Royal Air Force
Category:Military units and formations established in 1954 | {
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Parish in the Catholic Church
In the Roman Catholic Church, a parish () is a stable community of the faithful within a particular church, whose pastoral care has been entrusted to a parish priest (Latin: parochus), under the authority of the diocesan bishop. It is the lowest ecclesiastical subdivision in the Catholic episcopal polity, and the primary constituent unit of a diocese. In the 1983 Code of Canon Law, parishes are constituted under cc. 515–552, entitled "Parishes, Pastors, and Parochial Vicars."
Types
Most parishes are territorial parishes, which comprise all the Christian faithful living within a defined geographic area. Some parishes may be joined with others in a deanery or vicariate forane and overseen by a vicar forane, also known as a dean or archpriest.
Per canon 518, a bishop may also erect non-territorial parishes, or personal parishes, within his see. Personal parishes are created to better serve Catholics of a particular rite, language, nationality, or other commonality which make them a distinct community. Such parishes include the following:
National parishes, established to serve the faithful of a certain ethnic group or national origin, offering services and activities in their native language.
Parishes established to serve university students.
Parishes established in accordance with the 7 July 2007 motu proprio Apostolic Letter Summorum Pontificum "for celebrations according to the older form of the Roman rite", i.e., the form in use in 1962
Anglican Use parishes established by the Pastoral Provision or other dispensations for former members of the Episcopal Church in the United States. By nature, communities belonging to the personal ordinariates for Anglicans as established by Anglicanorum Coetibus of 4 November 2009 are also personal parishes.
All the Christian faithful who reside in a territorial parish are considered constitutive of that territorial parish, and all members of a community for which a personal parish has been erected are similarly members of that personal parish. Membership should not be confused with registration or worship, however. Catholics are not obliged to worship only at the parish church to which they belong, but may for convenience or taste attend services at any Catholic church. The term church may refer to the parish – the community that meets together – or to the building. In this article it is used to refer to the building.
Personnel
Each parish is charged to a parish priest (or pastor in the United States), although pastoral care of one or more parishes can also be entrusted to a team of priests in solidum under the direction of one of them, who is to be answerable to the bishop for their activity. In extraordinary situations, a share in the pastoral care of a parish can also be entrusted to a deacon or lay person under the supervision of a priest. Canon 519 states:
In American usage, a "parish priest" is any priest assigned to a parish even in a subordinate capacity, and some may be designated as associate pastors or assistant pastors. Globally they may be known as assistant priests, parochial vicars or curates.
Other personnel
In addition to the parish priest and any assistant priests he may have, a parish commonly has a staff of lay people (vestry), religious, and ordained deacons. For example, a parish secretary may assist in administrative matters, a parish sister in activities such as visiting the sick, and a perhaps married permanent deacon in sacramental as well as pastoral or administrative duties.
A parish is obliged to have a finance committee and, if the bishop considers it opportune, a pastoral council or parish council. The finance committee and pastoral council are only consultative. Often the parish council is elected, to be broadly representative of the parish community, while members of the finance committee are more often appointed by the pastor according to their expertise.
Parish life
In addition to a parish church, each parish may maintain auxiliary organizations and their facilities such as a rectory, parish hall, parochial school, or convent, frequently located on the same campus or adjacent to the church.
Parish church
Each parish has a single seat of worship, the parish church. Geography, overcrowding, or other circumstances may induce the parish to establish alternative worship centers, however, which may not have a full-time parish priest.
The parish church is the center of most Catholics' spiritual life, since it is there that they receive the sacraments. On Sundays, and perhaps also daily, Mass is celebrated by a priest resident in the parish. Confession is made available, and perhaps Vespers in the larger or more progressive parishes. There are also laity-led activities and social events in accordance with local culture and circumstances.
Parochial school
Many parishes in different parts of the world operate schools for the children of the parish, though their organization, staffing, and funding varies widely according to local practice. However, many parishes cannot support schools alone, and there may be regional schools run by some parish or by the diocese. In addition to the standard curriculum, students at parochial schools are given moral and religious education in line with the teachings of the Catholic Church.
Formation
A parish has two constitutive elements: a body of Christian faithful and a parish priest (called the pastor in the United States) to serve their spiritual needs. The parish is a "juridic person" under canon law, and thus recognized as a unit with certain rights and responsibilities. It is not autonomous, however. The diocesan bishop has the sole power to erect, suppress, or alter parishes, after consulting with his Presbyteral Council.
Ecclesiae Sanctae, a 1966 Apostolic Letter of Pope Paul VI issued motu proprio, directs that
Where a parish priest has been named to pastor a defined community, but circumstances do not permit it to be formally erected as a parish, the congregation is recognized as a quasi-parish. Quasi-parishes would be found in new mission churches, called "missions" of the mother parish, in new neighborhoods, and in communities too small to support their own priest.
Naming
Canon law provides no formal guidelines for choosing a name for a parish or quasi-parish; however, the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments issued guidelines in 1999 that it may commonly be the same as the name of the parish church. In turn, the Rite of Dedication of a Church and an Altar stipulates that this name must be
the name of the Holy Trinity
a name for Christ, invoked in the liturgy, or a mystery of his life
the name of the Holy Spirit
a name for the Blessed Virgin Mary, invoked under a title for her used in the liturgy
the name of a holy angel
the name of a canonized saint, as it appears in the Roman Martyrology (or appendix)
the name of a blessed, but only with the permission of the Holy See.
If two or more parishes are merged, the church buildings of each parish retain their names, but the parish itself may adopt a different name for pastoral reasons.
Merger and suppression
Bishops may close parishes through two legal mechanisms under canon law. In a merger, the identity of two or more parishes are abolished, and their former congregants organized into a new parish, and take on its identity. Under suppression, the identity of one parish is abolished, and its former congregants are joined to one or more extant parishes and take on their identity.
Suppression occurs only when the Church believes the entity of the existing parish cannot continue. This includes cases such as bankruptcy, abuse, or deviations from canonical teachings. In effect, however, the community of people that constituted the former parish is merged into one or more remaining parishes after a suppression, because the geographic area must, by canon law, be covered by other parishes. Exceptions are rare, as Dario Castrillón Hoyos of the Congregation for the Clergy explained in a 2006 letter to Bishop William S. Skylstad, president of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops:
Parishes are typically suppressed or merged when they become unsustainable due to a decline in the local Catholic population. For example, given the ongoing priest shortage, a bishop may wish to reallocate clergy serving a small parish so that they can help serve a larger one, or a decline in contributions may make upkeep of a large, old parish church economically impossible. The merger or suppression of a parish does not necessarily require that its parish church or other operations be closed, however. The former parish church may be retained as an alternative worship space, for example, or converted for other pastoral use.
Opposition to suppressions
Controversy has arisen in the United States over the suppression of parishes, and over the disposition of parochial assets and liabilities following such a change.
Some bishops have interpreted suppression as equivalent to the extinction of a parish under canon 123 (as due to war or disaster), in which case the assets and liabilities of the former parish revert to the diocese. In most cases, however, the local Catholic population was stable, and could not be said to be extinct, and so they should have been distributed to the successor parishes, as the Congregation for the Clergy emphasized in 2006 letter to the USCCB.
In other cases, parishioners have objected to the closing of churches, making administrative recourse to the Vatican and staging sit-in protests at churches in Boston, Springfield, and Worcester, Massachusetts; Allentown and Scranton, | {
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SS State of Burgundy
The SS state of Burgundy (in German: «SS-Staat Burgund») or Order-State of Burgundy (in German: «Ordensstaat Burgund», a historical reference to the State of the Teutonic Order) was a proposed state, which the leadership of Nazi Germany, especially the SS, hoped to create in certain areas of Western Europe during World War II.
History
The name "Burgundy" itself (derived from the Burgundians, an ancient Germanic tribe) is a vague term, geographically speaking. A wide number of different countries and regions throughout history have been referred to by this name or controlled by a Burgundy-based state.
The most outspoken proponent of re-creating a German-controlled Burgundian state was Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler. According to Himmler, Burgundy, which he called "an ancient economic and cultural centre", had been "reduced to nothing more than a French appendage, known only for its wine production". This plan entailed the transformation of Burgundy into a model-state nominally located outside of the Greater German Reich, but nevertheless ruled by a National Socialist government, and which would also have its own army, laws, and postal services. It was supposed to encompass French Switzerland (Romandy), Picardy with Amiens, the Champagne district with Reims and Troyes, the Franche-Comté with Dijon, Chalons, and Nevers, Hainaut and Luxembourg (Belgium). It was also to have a connection to both the Mediterranean Sea as well as the English Channel. The capital and administrative seat was tentatively proposed as either Dijon or Nancy (Nanzig) as its capital. Its official language was to become German, but would initially be also French.
Whether these were merely the dreams of Himmler personally or, as he so claimed, enjoyed Hitler’s full support is inconclusive from the historical record. Hitler's own objective towards France was to eliminate it permanently as a strategic threat to German security. The 1940 campaign in Western Europe was in fact carried out entirely so that its western flank could be secured before Germany would commit its armies to conquering Lebensraum in the Soviet Union. With this in mind, extensive plans were made so that France could be reduced to a minor state and a permanent German vassal kept firmly in the state of dependence that she had found herself in after the 1940 armistice and which it would thus have no further reason to fear.
At Hitler’s request a plan was produced after the fall of France in 1940 that would provide for the outright annexation into Germany of a large strip of Eastern France by reducing it to its late medieval borders with the Holy Roman Empire. This memo, produced by the Reich Interior Ministry forms the basis for the so-called northeast line which separated the 'forbidden zone' of German occupied France from the rest of the areas under military control. It proposed the deportation of its French inhabitants and the settlement of a million German peasants. He considered these areas, as well as Wallonia to be "in reality German" and should therefore be re-integrated.
In 1942 Hitler did mention that the former area of the Kingdom of Burgundy, which France "had taken from Germany in her weakest moment" would also have to be annexed to Nazi Germany "after" the incorporation of the forbidden zone, but to which areas he referred by this statement remains unclear.
Brittany
There were also proposals for an independent Breton state. Hitler himself mentioned this intention on at least one occasion to his military leaders, but ultimately seemed to have taken little interest in the project.
See also
New Order (Nazism)
German occupation of France during World War II
Greater Germanic Reich
Burgundian Circle
References
Category:Subdivisions of Nazi Germany
Category:Proposed countries
Category:France in World War II
Category:History of Burgundy
Category:Military history of Germany during World War II | {
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Luc Vandevelde
Luc Emile Rene Vandevelde (born 26 February 1951) is a Belgian businessman, and former chairman and chief executive of Marks & Spencer and chairman of Carrefour.
Early life
He was born in Halen, in the eastern Belgian province of Limburg. He left school at 18, attending the Erasmus Business School in Leuven in Flemish Brabant, central Belgium. Both Limburg and Flemish Brabant are in Flanders, the Dutch-speaking northern part of Belgium.
Career
In 1971 he joined Kraft Foods. During his 24-year career at the group he had experience of working in 30 countries and performed a number of operational, strategic and financial management roles, including the successful acquisition and integration of the Jacob/Suchard companies into Kraft in 1990. He became CEO of the Kraft Jacobs Suchard French and later Italian operations.
Luc joined Promodès in 1995, eventually becoming its CEO, replacing the French billionaire Paul-Louis Halley. He was a driving force behind the merger of Promodès with Carrefour announced in August 1999 and was appointed vice chairman. He headed the integration of the two companies but left Carrefour in 2000 to join M&S. He returned in 2005 for two years as chairman of the supervisory board, orchestrating a complete overhaul of the management structure.
In 1998, Marks & Spencer was the UK's most profitable retailer, making more than £1.1bn in profit. By 2000 its share price had halved from 1998. In 2001 it made £145m in profit. Luc was chairman of Marks & Spencer from February 2000 until May 2004. Known internally as Cool Hand Luc; during his time at Marks & Spencer he was responsible for restoring the company's performance, initially through a major restructuring programme, followed by a series of growth initiatives such as the launch of Per Una, Blue Harbour, the Simply Food format and the introduction of the "&more" credit and loyalty card. In March 2000 he dropped the St Michael logo and rebranded as Marks & Spencer.
Luc was senior independent director of Vodafone Group plc and chairman of the Remuneration Committee. He retired from the Vodafone Board in September 2015 following 12 years as a non-executive director.
Luc was a board member of bank Société Générale until May 2012
Luc is the founder and chairman of Change Capital Partners, a specialist private equity firm focused on consumer-related businesses. Among companies successfully exited are Jil Sander; Hillarys Blinds; Hallhuber and Macduff Shellfish.
He is chairman of the Majid Al Futtaim Group Ventures Board, based in Dubai.
Personal life
Luc is married with one son and lives in Monaco. He speaks Flemish, French, English, German, and Spanish.
References
External links
Lucky Luc in May 2004
Category:1951 births
Category:Belgian chief executives
Category:Businesspeople in retailing
Category:KU Leuven alumni
Category:Marks & Spencer
Category:Carrefour people
Category:People from Limburg (Belgium)
Category:Vodafone people
Category:Living people
Category:Belgian expatriates in Monaco | {
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Shahr-e Elahi
Shahr-e Elahi (, also Romanized as Shahr-e Elāhī) is a village in Karian Rural District, in the Central District of Minab County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.
References
Category:Populated places in Minab County | {
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Franco Corelli
Franco Corelli (8 April 1921 – 29 October 2003) was an Italian tenor who had a major international opera career between 1951 and 1976. Associated in particular with the spinto and dramatic tenor roles of the Italian repertory, he was celebrated universally for his powerhouse voice, electrifying top notes, clear timbre, passionate singing and remarkable performances. Dubbed the "prince of tenors", Corelli possessed handsome features and a charismatic stage presence which endeared him to audiences. He had a long and fruitful partnership with the Metropolitan Opera in New York City between 1961 and 1975. He also appeared on the stages of most of the major opera houses in Europe and with opera companies throughout North America.
Biography
Early life and education: 1921–1950
Corelli was born Dario Franco Corelli in Ancona into a family many have thought to have little or no musical background. While his parents were not particularly musical, his paternal grandfather Augusto had actually quit working at 35 to establish a successful career as an operatic tenor. His older brother Aldo subsequently quit school to become an operatic baritone, and two of his uncles sang in the Teatro delle Muse chorus in Ancona. His father was a shipbuilder for the Italian navy and the family lived along the Adriatic Sea. Corelli loved the sea and initially decided to follow in the footsteps of his father by pursuing a degree in naval engineering at the University of Bologna. While studying there he entered a music competition under the dare of a friend who was an amateur singer. While he did not win the competition, he was encouraged by the judges to pursue a singing career and Corelli entered the Pesaro Conservatory of Music to study opera.
At the conservatory, Corelli studied under Rita Pavoni, but was unhappy with the results, saying these lessons basically destroyed his upper register. After this Corelli decided to become his own teacher, and referred to voice teachers as "dangerous people" and a "plague to singers". Corelli stated that he learned part of his technique from a friend who was a student of Arturo Melocchi, the voice teacher who taught Mario Del Monaco, and who advocated a technique based on singing with the larynx lowered. Corelli studied with Melocchi himself only "sometimes." Corelli modified the technique to avoid limitations that Corelli perceived in the ability of students of Melocchi to handle mezza-voce (moderate volume) and legato (smooth) singing. He carefully studied the career of Del Monaco, who preceded Corelli into the first rank of Italian tenors using the lowered-larynx technique, and who was sometimes criticized for lacking subtlety in his singing. Corelli stated: "I ultimately modified the method so that my larynx 'floats'—I do not keep it lowered to the maximum at all times." Corelli also learned by imitating the style and vocal effects of the recordings of great tenors like Enrico Caruso, Giacomo Lauri-Volpi, Aureliano Pertile, and Beniamino Gigli. Opera News stated that Corelli's lowered-larynx technique "resulted in [a] cavernous sound even in high-flying passages, where it gained brilliance. Regulating the breath pressure, the tenor was able to reduce this sound while retaining the core of the voice in a diminuendo, or even a morendo on a high B-flat, the effect requested by Verdi at the end of 'Celeste Aida'."
Early career: 1951–1960
In the summer of 1951, Corelli won the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino in Florence, earning a debut at Spoleto the following fall. He was originally scheduled to sing Radames in Verdi's Aïda and spent three months preparing the role with conductor Giuseppe Bertelli. However, Corelli eventually switched to Don José in Bizet's Carmen, feeling that at this point he lacked the technical finesse and legato for the role of Radamès. In May 1952, he made his debut at the Rome Opera as Maurizio in Adriana Lecouvreur opposite Maria Caniglia as Adriana. The same year he appeared in operas with smaller opera houses throughout Italy and on the Italian radio. In 1953 he joined the Rome Opera's roster of principal tenors where he spent much of his time performing through 1958. His first role with the company in 1953 was that of Romeo in Zandonai's rarely heard opera Giulietta e Romeo. Later that season he sang Pollione in Bellini's Norma opposite Maria Callas in the title role. It was the first time the two sang opposite one another and Callas immediately became an admirer of Corelli. The two performed frequently with each other over the next several years in a partnership that lasted to the end of Callas's career.
While singing at the Rome Opera, Corelli also made numerous appearances with other opera houses both in Italy and internationally. He made his first appearance at La Scala in Milan in 1954, as Licinio in Spontini's La vestale opposite Callas's Giulia for the opening of the 1954–1955 season. He returned several more times to that house over the next five years, singing opposite Callas in productions of Fedora (1956), Il pirata (1958) and Poliuto (1960). He also notably portrayed the role of Dick Johnson in a highly celebrated performance of La fanciulla del West at La Scala in 1956, opposite Gigliola Frazzoni and Tito Gobbi, which was broadcast live on Italian radio. Other important debuts for Corelli soon followed, including his first appearances at: the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino in Florence and the Arena di Verona Festival in 1955; the Vienna State Opera, as Radamès, and the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, in London, as Cavaradossi, in 1957; the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos in Lisbon, the Lyric Opera of Chicago and the San Francisco Opera in 1958; and the Berlin State Opera in 1961. Among the many triumphs of the decade for Corelli were two highly celebrated performances at the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples, a 1958 appearance as Don Alvaro in La forza del destino opposite Renata Tebaldi as Leonora and a 1959 performance of Maurizio in Adriana Lecouvreur opposite Magda Olivero in the title role.
During his early career, Corelli sang in a number of rare operas in which he triumphed including performances of Spontini's Agnes von Hohenstaufen in its Italian version, Agnese di Hohenstaufen, Handel's Giulio Cesare and Hercules, Prokofiev's War and Peace, and the world premiere of Guido Guerrini's Enea. By 1960 his active repertory included some 30 roles including the title role in Giordano's Andrea Chénier, Turiddu in Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana, Rodolfo in Puccini's La bohème, and the title roles in Verdi's Don Carlo and Ernani.
In 1957 Corelli met soprano Loretta di Lelio when she came backstage after one of his performances at the Rome Opera House to get his autograph. They began seeing each other romantically and married in 1958. After their marriage, Loretta gave up her fledgling opera career to serve as her husband's business manager, secretary, public relations agent, cook, and English translator. Their marriage endured until Corelli's death forty-five years later.
The Metropolitan Opera years: 1961–1975
Corelli made his debut at New York's Metropolitan Opera on 27 January 1961 as Manrico in Il trovatore, opposite soprano Leontyne Price as Leonora who was also making her house debut at the Met that evening. He would sing to great acclaim at the Met until 1974 in roles such as Calaf (with Birgit Nilsson as Turandot), Cavaradossi, Maurizio, Ernani, Rodolfo and Edgardo. He also undertook French parts in new productions of Roméo et Juliette and Werther. He sang at a number of historic nights at the Met including: the closing gala at the old Met, the concert honoring Sir Rudolf Bing's retirement, and Callas's legendary comeback Tosca. His last performance at the Met was on December 28, 1974 as Calàf with Ingrid Bjoner, also singing her last performance at the Met, as Turandot. However, Corelli did tour extensively with the Metropolitan Opera in 1975, singing in performances in cities throughout the United States and in Japan.
While singing at the Met, Corelli continued to be a presence on the international stage. In 1961 he made his debut with the Deutsche Oper Berlin. He returned to La Scala in 1962, for a revival of Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots, opposite Joan Sutherland, and that same year appeared as Manrico in a lauded production of Il trovatore at the Salzburg Festival under Herbert von Karajan and opposite Leontyne Price, Giulietta Simionato, and Ettore Bastianini. Also in 1962 he made his first appearance with the Philadelphia Lyric Opera Company as Mario Cavaradossi. He returned to Philadelphia almost every year through 1971 portraying close to a dozen different roles.<ref>Free Library of Philadelphia: Box: Phila. Lyric Opera Company: 782.1 P5326p Bal Two [1968 – 1975]</ref> He made his | {
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Gambling in India
Gambling in India is heavily restricted except for selective categories including lotteries and horse racing. In the 21st century, more people have started making cash bets upon prohibited betting and gambling activities in India. Critics of gambling claim that it leads to crime, corruption and money laundering, while proponents of regulated gambling argue that it can be a huge source of revenue for the state. Casinos in Goa contributed Rs. 135 crores to the state revenue in 2013.
Casinos now operate in Goa, Daman and Sikkim.
Legality
Gambling is a state subject, and only states in India are entitled to formulate laws for gambling activities within their respective states. The Public Gambling Act of 1867 is a central law that prohibits running or being in charge of a public gambling house. The penalty for breaking this law is a fine of 200 or imprisonment of up to 3 months. Additionally, this Act prohibits visiting gambling houses. A fine of 100 or imprisonment of up to one month is the penalty.
Indian law classifies games into two broad categories viz. game of skill and game of chance. The Supreme Court of India has, for instance, held The game of Rummy is not a game entirely of chance like the ‘three-card’ game mentioned in the Madras case to which we were referred. The ‘three card’ game which goes under different names such as ‘flush’, ‘brag’ etc. is a game of pure chance. Rummy, on the other hand, requires a certain amount of skill because the fall of the cards has to be memorised and the building up of Rummy requires considerable skill in holding and discarding cards. We cannot, therefore, say that the game of Rummy is a game of entire chance. It is mainly and preponderantly a game of skill.The Information Technology Act 2000 regulates cyber activities in India does not mention the word Gambling or Betting thereby the act was left for interpretation by the Courts which have refused to examine the matter. Further, online gambling is a banned offense in the state of Maharashtra under the "Bombay Wager Act".
Only three states allow casinos, Goa , Daman and Sikkim. There are two casinos in Sikkim called Casino Sikkim and Casino Mahjong and 10 in Goa, of which six are land based and four are floating casinos that operate on the Mandovi River. The floating casinos in Goa are Casino Deltin Royale, Casino Deltin Jaqk, Casino Pride and Casino Pride 2. While the first two are controlled by the Deltin Group, the latter two are managed by the Pride Group. According to the Goa, Daman and Diu Public Gambling Act, 1976 casinos can be set up only at five star hotels or offshore vessels with the prior permission of the government. This has led the Deltin Group to open the first land based Casino in Daman which is open now. News reports also suggest that Visakhapatnam is also being looked on as the next casino destination.
The penalty for being caught gambling online has been a fine of ₹ 90,000 per day since 2009.
Online
Online gambling is in its infancy in India, but Sikkim planned to offer three online gambling licences in 2010. This failed despite India being the most sought out country for online gambling. Sikkim also permits an online lottery, which takes bets from players throughout India. It was expected that other states would follow Sikkim, thereby opening up a major online gambling market throughout India.
Even though Indian casinos cannot promote or have sites that promote online gambling games such as casino, sports betting and bingo, it is not illegal for non-Indian casino companies (so called offshore companies) to have sites that focus on Indian players. The only requirement from a legal point of view is that the offshore casinos have to offer Indian Rupees as a payment method for Indian players.
Legalisation
Despite the existing prohibitive legislations, there is extensive illegal gambling throughout the country. The Indian gambling market is estimated to be worth US$60 billion per year, of which about half is illegally bet. According to the Indian National Newspaper, the Chief Executive officer for the International Cricket Council (ICC) said he was in favour of legalising betting in sports. He believes the illegal funds profited are through underground bookies that used the money to fund terrorism and drugs. Many Indian professionals as well as online forums have urged the government to introduce legal but regulated gambling in India to bring the gambling economy out of the grip of mafia and underground dons.
Payment gateways
One of the biggest obstacles faced by sports bettors in India is the fact that depositing to foreign bookies is extremely difficult. Typically, the majority of users deposit to online bookies using Moneybookers or Neteller. Some attempts to deposit using a Visa or MasterCard may fail. The same is true of online bank transfers. In order to circumvent these blocks, savvy internet users have started to use e wallet services for depositing. These services, enable users to fund an online betting account in Rupees. This is important because it avoid legal issues that may have arisen out of F.E.M.A Foreign Exchange law.
Gambling during festivals in India
During festival times Gambling is conducted on a major level in India, During festivals such as Deepawali and Holi gambling business increases by 30-40% in India. Gambling during festivals is conducted majorly in Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and some of the rural parts of other Indian states, But gambling is strictly prohibited in J&K, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Sikkim and Assam by the orders of central government from last 8 years (this major law passed in 2010), Even in other states also police raids are regularly conducted during festivals as gambling is illegal in India.
See also
Matka gambling
References
Category:Social issues in India
Category:Gambling in India | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Battle of Ganja (1804)
The Battle of Ganja, Siege of Ganja Fortress (Azerbaijani:, ; ) or Assault on Ganja (), was the result of a Russian offensive in the South Caucasus intended to conquer the Ganja Khanate, which contributed to the escalation of the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813).
Prologue
After decision of Tsar Paul to annex Georgia (December 1800) and, after Paul’s assassination (11 March 1801), the activist policy followed by his successor, Alexander I, aimed at establishing Russian control over the khanates of the eastern Caucasus. In 1803, the newly appointed commander of Russian forces in the Caucasus, Paul Tsitsianov, attacked Ganja. After Mohammad Khan Qajar invasion of Tbilisi, which Javad Khan fought alongside Agha Muḥammad Khān, Tsitsianov wrote a letter to Javad Khan, demanding a voluntary surrender:
Javad Khan answered:
After this response the Russian troops moved forward, and opened gunfire. Javad Khan defended heroically and the siege lasted a month, Tsitsianov renewed demands to surrender for five times, but to no avail."I'll take the fortress and I will deliver thee to death," - he wrote and the stubborn Khan answered :"You'll find me dead on the fortress wall !", and both vowed to fulfill his promises. Finally, the 14th in January 1804, the Russian council of war decided to do: "Be the assault the next day".
Battle
Tsitsianov divided the Russian troops into two columns, one was entrusted to Major-General Portnyagin (Karabagh gate) and the other to Colonel Pavel Karyagin (Tbilisi Gate). Early morning (5.00 am ), January 15, the column of Portnyagin, approached the Karabagh gate, and pierced a hole in the ground before the wall, but because the defenders have focused their main forces on the site of the gap then Portnyagin left it aside and stormed the ramparts with ladders.The resistance he met was so great that the Russian troops resumed the attack twice, and twice were repulsed with considerable loss. Then Portniagin rushed himself at the head of the column and first went to the wall, followed by a Lieutenant of the regiment of the Narva that fell, struck by several bullets.Then Major Bartenev of Caucasus Grenadier Regiment fell and finally, it was Lieutenant Colonel Simanovich Grenadiers that managed to climb the stairs to the wall and help out Portnyagina .Meanwhile, the second column, led by Colonel Karyagin, ascended the wall from the gate of Tbilisi, and took possession of the main tower. The other two towers were taken one by one by major Lisanevich. Javad Khan,who did not want to seek safety in flight,took the gun and sword in hand and defended himself until he has been killed by captain Kalovski, who himself was immediately killed by the defenders. Khan's death brought confusion into the ranks of the defenders, but they still showed resistance and piled heavy stones.
The city at this time was in a terrible confusion. Crowds of the people, on horse and foot, rushed in disorder on the streets, vainly searching for already deceased Khan. Bewildered residents hid in their homes and barns, women filled the air with frantic cries. Meanwhile, Russian soldiers with bayonets cleared the street, entirely covered with dead bodies, and seized the booty, finding on a horseback some precious gold jewelry. By noon the battle began to subside, and broke again only for a moment when, according to Tstsianov, the soldiers came upon five hundred men, who have entrenched themselves in the Juma mosque. At first they offered to surrender, but when one Armenian said that among them are some Lezgins, it was the signal for the death of all defenders, because the hatred of Lezghins was so strong among the Russian troops.
Tsitsianov deeply appreciated the effort of the soldiers in the capture of the fortress and wrote:"...this is proof of moral superiority of Russian Empire over Persians and that spirit of confidence in the victory, will feed and warm up the soldiers that I consider as the my first purpose".
The elder son of Javad Khan, Hossein Quli khan, was also killed during the battle, the rest of the khan's family was taken prisoner and years later (1812) were given permission to go to Iran via Baku. His younger son, Ughurlu, survived, went to Iran and later fought the Russian Empire when the Iranians attacked Ganja in the second Russo-Persian war.
Massacre
Various Persian and western historians have written on the dimensions of the massacre that took place after the fall of the city. Etemad ol saltane (an Iranian historian) states that the massacre that ensued after the battle continued for three days, Hedayat has a more accurate time of three hours, Abbasgulu Bakikhanov mentions the massacre but does not give more information. It is estimated that about 1,500-3,000 men died.
Shah's response
At the beginning of the battle, Javad khan sent a messenger to Fath Ali Shah and asked reinforcement. Shah gathered a 30,000 strong force and sent them to Ganja, but the force did not reach the Ganja in time because of the coldness of January and also because Hossein Khan Sardar, the governor khan of the Erevan Khanate had rebelled against the Shah and only one letter carrier, Saied Bayk, reached the town in time.
Aftermath
Taking Ganja was an event of extraordinary importance because it was considered a fortress key to the northern provinces of Persia. Therefore, wishing to show that the Russian would never leave the conquered territory, the very name of Ganji should be cut off from people's memory, so Tsitsianov change the name of city to Elisabethpol, after the wife of Alexander I of Russia, Elisabeth. Referring to the place by its old name became a crime punishable by a fine, the main mosque was turned into a church, and Russian law replaced Islamic law. However, as Swietochowski notes, the name "Elisabethpol" never found acceptance amongst the Azerbaijanis, who continued to call the town Ganja.
Javad Khan's wives and other relatives who survived the battle but had not escaped to Iran (as had most of his sons) were arrested. They were held as prisoners in the citadel until 1812, when they were freed by Tsitsianov's successor Philip Paulucci, who held the view, novel among Russian officials, that Javad Khan was a valiant man who died fighting to defend his interests.
With Tsitianov's attack on Ganja the Iranians saw a direct invasion of their country's territory. The issue was now no longer to impose tribute on the Lezgins or about re-asserting Persian domination over Christian Georgia, which had happened several years before; now, the integrity of Shi'ite Iran itself had been violated by the invasion of the town of Ganja.
Immigration
Two years after the Russian occupation of Ganja, Oghorulou khan, the son of Javad khan with the assistance of crown prince Abbas Mirza, displaced many inhabitants of Ganja to inside the Iranian border, so protection of 6,000 families of inhabitants of Ganja was entrusted to Pir-Gholi khan Qajar, who displaced them to Tabriz. Then again in 1809, the Bozchalou and Ayromlou tribes of Ganja get to Nakhchivan, and they were renamed to Qarapapaq (Black hat in Azeri language), and finally after Nakhjavan was ceded to Russia, they went to Solduz (Naqadeh), that is a place in Iranian West Azerbaijan Province. Other main places of Qarapapaq residence are the provinces of Ardahan (around Lake Çıldır), Kars and Iğdır in Turkey.
Notes
a. Iranian historians like Donbuli, blames the Armenians of Ganja and Nasib beg Shams-od-dinlu for the fall of the fortress and accuse the Armenians for opening the gate for capturing the tower .
See also
Ganja Fortress
References
Sources
External links
THE SIEGE AND ASSAULT of Fortress Ganja
Ganja 1804
Ganja 1804
Category:1804 in the Russian Empire
Ganja 1804
Category:1804 in Iran
Category:History of Ganja, Azerbaijan
Category:November 1803 events
Category:December 1803 events
Category:January 1804 events | {
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Jathedar Bhai Tehal Singh Dhanju
Jathedar Bhai Tehal Singh Dhanju (1875 – 20 February 1921) iwas a Sikh religious figure. He played an important role in awakening the Sikh masses during the Gurdwara Reform Movement in the early 20th century. He work for the liberation of Sikh Gurdwaras from the corrupt Mahants. He is among the list of Sikh martyrs who struggled and volunteered for the liberation of Gurdwara Nankana Sahib from Mahant Narain Das on 20 February 1921. Every year on 21 February at the Shaheedi Asthan, Guru Granth Sahib's Swaroop with bullet marks is brought to Deewan (assembly hall) from 2pm to 4pm for darshan of the Sikh Sangat.
Early life
Bhai Tehal Singh was born on Diwali Night of 1875, in Nizampur village, District Amritsar. His father was Sardar Chanda Singh Dhanju and his mother was Sardarani Rukman Kaur Dhanju. The family moved to Chak No 38, Village Nizampur Deva Singh Wala, District Sheikhupur during the colonization of Lower Chenab Bar in the early years of the 19th century. He went to Malaya in 1902 and worked as a watchman in Kualalumpur. He returned to India in 1909 due to family issues. He again left for Malaya in 1911, but returned due to the death of his father in 1915.
Sikhism
Soon after his second return from Malaya, Bhai Tehal Singh took Amrit-pan and joined the Sikh Gurdwara Reform Movement. He helped awaken the migrant Sikh farmers of the Canal Colony, Sheikhupura, and spread the message of Sikh Gurus in villages around Nizampur Deva Singh Wala. He participated in the Political Conference of Dharowal and joined the squad that went to liberate Gurdawara Tarn Taran from Mahant control on 26 January 1921. He was badly injured by the brickbats thrown at the Jatha volunteers by the pujaris. He volunteered in the morcha launched by Sikhs in connection with Gurdwara Rikab Ganj wall in Delhi.
Liberation of Gurdawara Nankana Sahib
His most memorable contribution was in the liberation of Gurdawara Nankana Sahib from Mahant Narain Dass. On 24 January, members of the Akali Dal including Master Tara Singh, Harbans Singh Attari, Master Sundar Singh Lyallpuri, Teja Singh Samundari, Harchand Singh, Kartar Singh Jhabbar, Bhai Dalip Singh Lyallpuri, Jaswant Singh Jhabal and Sardul Singh Kavishar convened a meeting in the "Akali" office, Lyallpur. They decided to hold a Panthik Diwan on 4, 5 and 6 March 1921 in Nankana to take control of the Gurdawara complex from Mahant Narain Das. The Akali leaders learned that the Mahant planned to invite the Akali leaders at Gurdawara Nankana Sahib on 5 March and have them all killed. This news incensed the Sikhs. To foil the plot, Sikh leaders including Jathedar Kartar Singh Jhabbar, Bhai Buta Singh Lyallpuri, Bhai Lachhman Singh Dharowal and Bhai Tehal Singh Nizam Deva Singh wala met on 17 February at Gurdawara Sacha Sauda and decided to lead a Shaheedi Jatha to Gurdawara Nankana Sahib on 29 February and seize control from the Mahant prior to the Panthik Diwan. The planning to send Bhai Buta Singh Lyallpuri directly to Nankana Sahib on 19 February, while two Jathas would be organized under Bhai Lachhman Singh Dharowali and Bhai Kartar Singh Jhabbar that would unite into a single Jatha at Chandar Kot Jhal that evening. The group would reach Gurdawara Nankana Sahib early morning on 20 February and seize control of the Gurdawara.
Bhai Tehal toured villages of Chak No 80, No 38, No 18 and No 10 comprising Nizampur Deva Singh Wala, Mula Singh Wala, Chelewala, Dalla Chand Singh, Thothian, Dhanuwal, Bohoru etc. He assembled a squad of about 150. His Jatha was merged with the 23 Sikhs brought by Jathedar Bhai Lachhman Singh Dharowali.
After performing ardas on 19 February, the Jatha marched towards Nankana Sahib commanded by Jathedar Lachhman Singh Dharowali. When the Jatha reached Chandar Kot Jhal, some among the volunteers decided to wait for the other Jatha from Jathedar Kartar Singh Jhabbar to arrive. Bhai Tehal said, "Dear Khalsa ji, we don't want to wait for anybody. We have taken our resolve at the prayer (Ardaas) and it is imperative for us to move forward now." The Jatha resumed its journey, afterwards following Bhai Tehal and reciting Shabad Gurbani through the night. On 20 February, in the early morning when the Jatha had just entered the outer skirts of Nankana City near Brick-kilns (Bhattha), Chaudhury Pal Singh Layalpuri conveyed a message from Bhai Dalip Singh Sangla to Lachhman Singh urging him to suspend the march.
Chaudhury grabbed Lachhman to stop him. Lacchman had great regard for Bhai Dalip Singh Sangla and thus agreed to disband the Jatha but Tehal pulled Chaudhury Pal Singh away from Lachhman and said, "Khalsa ji, it is time not to stop but to move now. We started from our homes with commitments made under Ardas (prayer) to achieve martyrdom. It is very un-Singh-like to suspend the march and return home...Today is also very special day for us since it coincides with the birth day of Guru Har Rai ji who, though possessed army and weapons, yet did not use them in spite of numerous provocations from his enemies...The worst the Mahant could do is kill us, but who is afraid of death?" He reminded the volunteers to remain peaceful and avoid any provocation.
Enthused by Tehal's speech the entire Shaheedi Jatha including Lacchamn resumed the march following Tehal. At about 5 AM the Jatha were close to the Gurdawara complex. Another messenger, Bhai Waryama Singh (Ram Singh?), arrived with a letter from the Akali leadership. He unsuccessfully tried to persuade Tehal and the Jatha to return. Tehal continued to lead the Jatha towards the Gurdwara. Lachhman and others repeatedly requested him to relent, without result. The Jatha entered Darshni Deohri of the Gurdwara Nankana Sahib at about 6 am. While some of the devotees took seats inside the Prakash Asthan, others sat on the platform and the Baran dari. Lachhman sat on Guru's 'Taabiya' (behind Guru Granth Sahib).
The Mahant got the news of the Jatha's arrival at Chander kot on the evening of 19 February. He gathered his men and briefed them on their duties. After the Jatha had sat down, the Mahant signaled his men to carry out his plan. They closed the main gate and started firing from roof tops. 26 Singhs were killed in the courtyard while another 60 or so sitting inside the Darbar Sahib became targets. When the Mahant's men saw no one moving, they came down with swords and choppers. Any Singh they found breathing was cut to pieces. Thus 86 Jatha Singhs including Jathedar Bhai Tehal Singh and Jathedar Bhai Lachhman Singh achieved martyrdom for the glory of the Sikh Panth. On 21 February Mr King, Commissioner Lahore handed over the keys of the Gurdawara complex to Sardar Harbans Singh. Thus, the peaceful Sikhs had won a decisive battle against the Mahant.
Fatalities
The number of fatalities has been variously estimated at 120, 150 or even 200. Government reports placed the deaths at 126. Police inspector Bachan Singh had the number at 156. The report by Nankana Sahib Committee published in Shaheedi Jeewan however, placed the deaths at 86 and listed the strength of the Shaheedi Jatha at 200. It seems that, besides Shaheedi Jatha Singhs, many non-participant devotees and others staying within Gurdwara also fell victims in the massacre.
See also
Saka Nankana
Master Sundar Singh Lyallpuri
References
Books and periodicals
Gurdwara Reform Movement, and The Sikh Awakening, 1984, Teja Singh
Akali, Lahore, 8 October 1920
Akali Morchian Da Itihaas, 1977, Sohan Singh Josh
Meri Aap Beeti, Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri (unpublished)
Gurdwara Arthaat Akali Lehir, 1975, Giani | {
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House Rent Party
House Rent Party is an album by the American blues pianist/vocalist Sunnyland Slim, compiling six recordings originally issued by Apollo Records with additional unreleased tracks from 1949 with Jimmy Rogers and St. Louis Jimmy and two tracks performed by Willie Mabon, that was released by the Delmark label in 1992.
Reception
Allmusic reviewer Scott Yanow stated "From deep in the vaults of Apollo Records comes this sensational collection of 1949 artifacts by the veteran pianist, along with sides by singer St. Louis Jimmy, young pianist Willie Mabon, and two unissued sides by guitarist Jimmy Rogers ... all from the emerging heyday of the genre.".
Track listing
All compositions by Albert Luandrew except where noted
"I'm Just a Lonesome Man" – 2:39
"Sad Old Sunday (Mother's Day)" – 2:01
"Boogie Man" (Willie Mabon) – 3:13
"Hard Time (When Mother's Gone)" – 2:43 previously unreleased
"Chicago Woman" – 2:54
"I'm in Love" – 2:33 previously unreleased
"Bad Times (Cost of Living)" – 2:53
"Nervous Breakdown" – 2:45 previously unreleased
"It Keeps Rainin'" (Willie Mabon) – 2:49
"Brown Skin Woman" – 2:36 previously unreleased
"Old Age Has Got Me" – 2:45 previously unreleased
"That's All Right" (Jimmy Rogers) – 2:27 previously unreleased
"Sad Old Sunday" [alternate take] – 3:30 previously unreleased
"I'm Just a Lonesome Man" [alternate take] – 2:50 previously unreleased
"Bad Times" [alternate take] – 2:47 previously unreleased
Personnel
Sunnyland Slim – piano, vocals (tracks 1, 2, 4-8 & 10-15)
Jimmy Rogers – guitar, vocals (tracks 6 & 12)
Willie Mabon – vocals, piano, harmonica (tracks 3 & 9)
St. Louis Jimmy – vocals (tracks 2, 5, 8, 11 & 13)
Sam Casimir (tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11 & 13-15), Earl Dranes (tracks 3 & 9) – guitar
Andrew Harris – bass (tracks 1, 2, 4-8 & 10-15)
References
Category:Delmark Records albums
Category:1992 albums
Category:Sunnyland Slim albums
Category:Albums produced by Bob Koester | {
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} |
Independent Division of Henan Provincial Military District (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
Independent Division of Henan Provincial Military District()(1st Formation) was formed on June 20, 1966, from eight independent battalions from military sub-districts of Henan province. The division was composed of three regiments (1st to 3rd infantry).
In September the division was renamed as 1st Independent Division of Henan Provincial Military District () following 2nd Independent Division of Henan Provincial Military District's formation.
On September 1, 1968, the division was transferred to newly formed 17th Army Corps. In December 1969 the division was renamed as 50th Army Division(), and all its regiments were renamed as follows:
148th Infantry Regiment;
149th Infantry Regiment;
150th Infantry Regiment.
Artillery Regiment was activated in unknown time between 1969 and 1976.
On February 9, 1973, the division was returned to provincial military district's control following the disbandment of 17th Army Corps, and renamed as 1st Independent Division of Henan Provincial Military District again.
On April 28, the division was further renamed as Independent Division of Henan Provincial Military District again following 2nd Independent Division of Henan Provincial Military District's disbandment.
On April 19, 1982, the division was disbanded.
References
中国各省军区独立师的历史沿革, https://web.archive.org/web/20160918225002/http://www.360doc.com/content/13/1205/20/1164894_334784330.shtml
Category:Infantry divisions of the People's Liberation Army
Category:Military units and formations established in 1966
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1982 | {
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Alexey Podberezkin
Alexey Ivanovich Podberezkin (also: Podberyozkin; ; born 7 February 1953) is a Russian politician, PhD in historical sciences, professor, member of Russian Academy of Sciences, member of Russian Academy of Military Sciences, president of the Russian-American University.
Biography
Podberezkin was born on 7 February 1953 in Moscow into a family of workers. He graduated from Moscow State Institute of International Relations in 1979 with a degree in International relations.
In 1982 Alexey Podberezkin got his Advance Degree in military-political problems and international relations and gained reputation as an expert in USA military politics.
1981-85 headed a group of consultants of the USSR Committee of Youth Organizations.
In 1990 Podberezkin received Ph.D. in history.
In 1994 founded the socio-political movement Spiritual Heritage, actively supporting the development of Russian science, culture, education and entrepreneurship. He featured communist and nationalist views, but in a relatively mild way.
1995-99 was a deputy of the Russian State Duma Federal Assembly of the 2nd convocation.
In 2000 he ran for Russia's presidency.
In 2005-2008 Podberezkin becomes a secretary general of the Socialist United Party of Russia (SEPR).
In 2008 chairman adviser of the Accounting Chamber of the Russian Federation.
References
http://old.nasled.ru/
"Moscow State Institute of International Affairs: http://www.mgimo.ru/users/document2088.phtml". Durham University. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
External links
Category:1953 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Moscow
Category:Moscow State Institute of International Relations alumni
Podberezkin | {
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Dan River Group
The Dan River Group is a geologic group in North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.
See also
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina
References
Category:Geologic groups of North Carolina | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Caesar and Pompey
Caesar and Pompey is a Jacobean era stage play, a classical tragedy written by George Chapman. Arguably Chapman's most obscure play, it is also one of the more problematic works of English Renaissance Drama.
Date
Nothing is known with certainty about the play's origin or its early stage history (if it had one). Relying on general considerations of style and artistic development, Chapman scholar T. M. Parrott postulated a date of authorship c. 1612–13; E. K. Chambers judged that Parrott's date "will do as well as another." Chapman's earliest works are comedies, actable and effective on the stage; his later tragedies move away from stageworthiness toward closet drama. If Bussy D'Ambois (printed 1607) is compared with its sequel, The Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois (printed 1613), the move away from stage action and toward talkiness is readily apparent. For Parrott and like-minded critics, Caesar and Pompey falls toward the end of this trajectory. Others, however, have placed Caesar and Pompey in the 1599–1607 period, partly on perceived contemporary allusions, and partly on a view that the play's limitations indicate an early work.
(Some scholars argue that in Northward Ho, by Thomas Dekker and John Webster — a play performed in 1605 and printed in 1607 — the character Bellamont is intended to represent Chapman. In IV,i of that play, Bellamont talks of writing about Caesar and Pompey.)
Publication
The play was entered into the Stationers' Register on 18 May 1631, and was published later that year, in a quarto printed by Thomas Harper for the booksellers Godfrey Edmondson and Thomas Alchorne. This first quarto, printed in two states, contains an Epistle to the Earl of Middlesex, signed "Geo. Chapman." The play was reprinted in 1653; the title page of Q2 states that the play was performed at the Blackfriars Theatre, necessarily by the King's Men — though there is no confirmation of this from another source. It has been argued that the work was never staged — and conversely that it was, "possibly with Shakespeare in the cast," and perhaps influenced Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra.
Sources
As the title indicates, Chapman's play deals with the conflict between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great that ended the First Triumvirate of ancient Rome in the 1st century BC. In the play, Chapman depicts the antagonism between the two title characters, but also the pupil/master relationship between Pompey and Cato the Younger in Stoic philosophy. Chapman's sources were Thomas North's translation of the Parallel Lives of Plutarch, and the Pharsalia of Lucan, and, among more abstruse works, the Contra Celsum of Origen.
Critical responses
According to one critic, Caesar and Pompey "could have been the most interesting" of Chapman's late plays, given the author's deep and long-standing interest in Stoicism; yet the play never gels as a dramatic work. "Its historical hurly-burly never achieves full form or meaning; it is ill-related to the three major characters and allows them little room and not much life." Other critics have also been harsh, calling the play "a series of dull moralistic speeches" and "a dull piece of work." A minority view is that the play is "an introspective play with integrity and clarity of meaning." Commentators have also noted that the play has a relationship with the traditional morality plays of the Middle Ages; it even includes a devil.
References
Category:Plays by George Chapman
Category:English Renaissance plays
Category:1610s plays
Category:Depictions of Julius Caesar in plays | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Saskatchewan Highway 212
Highway 212 is a highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from Highway 11/Highway 783 near Duck Lake to the Fort Carlton Provincial Historic Park. Highway 212 is about long.
Highway 212 passes through Titanic. It also connects with Highway 683.
References
212 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Belostemma
Belostemma is a genus of plant in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1834. It is native to China, India, and Nepal.
Species
Belostemma cordifolium (Link, Klotz. & Otto) P.T.Li - S China
Belostemma hirsutum Wall. ex Wight - Sichuan, Yunnan, India, Nepal
Belostemma yunnanense Tsiang - Yunnan
References
Category:Asclepiadoideae
Category:Flora of Asia
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Born Again (comics)
"Born Again" is a 1986 comic book story arc that appeared in the Marvel Comics series Daredevil. Written by Frank Miller, and drawn by David Mazzucchelli, the storyline first appeared in Daredevil #227–231. It was later reprinted in graphic novel format along with the previous issue #226, and a follow-up story arc from Daredevil #232–233, which resolves some loose ends from the original story arc. Because of this, this follow-up story arc has become generally considered part of "Born Again".
The story details Daredevil's descent into insanity and destitution at the Kingpin's hands, as well as a subsequent struggle to build a new life for himself.
Background and creation
With regular writer Denny O'Neil preparing to leave the series, long-running Daredevil editor Ralph Macchio called up Frank Miller and asked if he would be interested in returning to the series. Miller, whose first stint as writer had brought Daredevil from the brink of cancellation to the top-sellers lists, agreed under the condition that artist David Mazzucchelli would work from full scripts. Contrary to rumor, Mazzucchelli did not draw over layouts by Miller; the artwork on the story is entirely Mazzucchelli's.
Plot summary
Karen Page, the former secretary of the Nelson & Murdock law offices in New York City and ex-girlfriend of Matt Murdock, had left years earlier to pursue an acting career. After a brief period of success, she became a heroin addict and was reduced to starring in pornographic films in Mexico. Strapped for cash, she sells the information that Matt is Daredevil for a shot of heroin. This information is sold upward to the Kingpin. Over the next six months, the Kingpin uses his influence to have the IRS freeze Murdock's accounts, the bank foreclose on his apartment, and police lieutenant Nicholas Manolis testify that he saw Murdock pay a witness to perjure himself. By coincidence, Murdock's girlfriend Glorianna O'Breen breaks up with him and turns to dating his law partner and best friend Foggy Nelson on the rebound.
Daredevil's initial investigations uncover that Manolis is helping to frame Murdock in exchange for medical treatments for his son, but he is unable to find who is behind the frameup and unwilling to turn Manolis himself in to the authorities. An exceptional legal defense by Nelson saves Murdock from a prison sentence, though he is barred from practicing law. His initial plan foiled, the Kingpin has Murdock's apartment firebombed, leaving his Daredevil costume in the wreckage to show that he knows his secret identity and is responsible for his recent trials. He also gives out the order to have anyone else who handled the information on Daredevil's identity killed. Karen eludes the Kingpin's assassins and makes her way to New York to find Murdock.
Now homeless, suffering from paranoia and growing increasingly aggressive, Murdock is continuously followed by the Kingpin's subordinates, providing the Kingpin with frequent updates on Murdock's mental state, as he has become obsessed with the fruits of his scheme to destroy Murdock. Driven by thoughts of revenge, Murdock confronts the Kingpin in his office, and is brutally beaten by the crime lord. To avert investigation into his death, the unconscious Murdock is drenched in whiskey and strapped into a stolen taxi cab, which is then pushed into the East River. Murdock regains consciousness, breaks out of the cab, and swims to safety. Badly injured, he stumbles through Hell's Kitchen, eventually finding his way to the gym where his father trained as a boxer. There he is found by his mother Maggie who, having not been in Matt's life for decades, has become a nun at a local Catholic church. She nurses him back to health.
Meanwhile, Daily Bugle reporter Ben Urich is investigating his confidant's plight and stands vigil with Manolis as his son is taken in for surgery. When his son dies, Manolis confesses to Urich about the frameup and his suspicions that the Kingpin was behind it. Nurse Lois, an enforcer assigned by the Kingpin to monitor Manolis, responds by breaking Urich's fingers and beating Manolis nearly to death. The unintimidated Manolis calls Urich from his hospital bed, however, Lois breaks into his room and strangles him, laying the receiver on his bed so Urich can hear his murder. Rather than cowing him, this goads Urich to come forward with his investigation, alerting his paper and the authorities of the situation.
Karen arrives in New York, having hitched a ride with pornography fanatic Paulo Scorcese who supplies her with heroin in exchange for sexual favors. She contacts Foggy to ask about Murdock's whereabouts. When he realizes that Paulo has been beating her, Foggy insists on taking her into his home.
The Kingpin, increasingly obsessed with killing Murdock, uses his military connections to procure America's super soldier Nuke. To draw Murdock out of hiding, he arranges for a violent mental patient to be released from an asylum, dress up as Daredevil and kill Nelson. Nurse Lois is ordered to relocate so that she cannot be implicated, but she rebels and attempts to kill Urich. Murdock, who has been shadowing Urich since hearing of the articles he is writing on the Kingpin, knocks out Lois and leaves her for the authorities. He then overhears a phone call to Urich which tips him off to the plot to kill Nelson. At the same time, Page spots Scorcese stalking Nelson's apartment building. To prevent him from killing Nelson, she runs outside to meet him, and they are attacked by hitmen who the Kingpin has ordered to kill anyone who emerges from the building. The imposter Daredevil arrives to find Murdock waiting for him. Murdock defeats the imposter and saves Page. Page confesses that she was the one who gave away his secret identity, but Murdock tells her he has moved beyond the loss of his material possessions. Now back together, they move into a derelict apartment, where Murdock helps her through heroin withdrawal while supporting them as a diner chef.
Nurse Lois offers to testify against the Kingpin in exchange for a reduced sentence, but he has her killed by a Daily Bugle reporter sent to interview her. Having failed to draw Murdock out of hiding, the Kingpin orders Nuke to fly to Hell's Kitchen and make a general assault. From a helicopter, Nuke shoots dozens of civilians and destroys the diner where Murdock works. Appearing as Daredevil for the first time since his apartment was destroyed, he is left with no choice but to kill both Nuke and his pilot in order to avoid further civilian deaths. However, Nuke survives his attack, and the Avengers arrive at the scene to take Nuke into custody.
Captain America, disturbed that Nuke has a U.S. flag tattooed on his face, investigates his background. When the military authorities give him evasive answers, he breaks into top secret records and discovers Nuke is the only surviving test subject of an attempt to recreate Project Rebirth, the project that enhanced the Captain's own body. Nuke breaks free from custody in the same base. He is stopped by Captain America, but the Kingpin gives the order to kill Nuke. Nuke is shot by the military. Daredevil, having heard word of Nuke's escape while stealing money to rebuild the diner, grabs Nuke from Captain America and takes him to the Daily Bugle, hoping to get him to testify about the Kingpin. He is not fast enough, and Nuke dies before he can provide any evidence.
Trying to get Nuke back from Daredevil, Captain America instead stumbles upon one of the hitmen sent to kill Nuke. The hitman names the Kingpin as being behind Nuke's assault on Hell's Kitchen, setting off a wave of lawsuits. Although the Kingpin is able to fight off all the charges, his public image as an honest and respectable businessman is shattered, and his lieutenants lose confidence in him. His obsession unabated, he disregards Captain America's role and plans for revenge on Murdock instead. As for Murdock, he is living in Hell's Kitchen content with his life with Karen and his vow to fight for justice in his neighborhood.
Themes and symbolism
"Born Again" makes heavy use of Christian symbolism, primarily from Roman Catholicism (though the title invokes a common Protestant concept, the phrase itself is spoken by Jesus in the 3rd chapter of the Gospel of John to indicate that one's old life must come to an end for new life to begin). While the story is set during the Christmas season, it follows Easter themes almost exclusively.
The splash pages of the first four chapters all show Matt Murdock lying down. In chapters 2 and 3 he is in a fetal position, followed by him assuming the pose of the crucified Jesus Christ in chapter 4. The splash page of chapter 5 shows him standing, representative of the risen Jesus. In chapter 3, his wandering through Hell's Kitchen parallels Jesus's walk to Golgatha, including the three falls represented in the Stations of the Cross, before culminating in the image of the Pietà. Sister Maggie takes the role of the Virgin Mary both the dove (traditionally used in Christian artwork to represent the Holy Spirit) is posed above her. All the chapter titles, excluding those of the story arc in #232 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Vladimir Sukhomlin
Vladimir Sukhomlin () is a Russian computer scientist, Dr.Sc., Professor, a professor at the Faculty of Computer Science at the Moscow State University.
Biography
Born in the family of a documentary filmmaker Yuri Ozerov. He graduated from the Moscow Power Engineering Institute (1969).
He defended the thesis «An integrated approach to the creation of technological software for the automation of scientific research in the field of real-time radio-electronic systems and their functional software» for the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences (1989). Academic title Professor (1992).
Honorary Professor at Moscow State University (2013). Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow" (1997).
Head of the subcommittee of the Russian Committee for the Standardization of Information Technology. An expert RFBR, takes part in the work of the Open Systems Committee RAS.
Works at Moscow State University (since 1973). Head of the Laboratory of Open Information Technologies, Faculty CMC MSU (since 1998).
Main scientific publications
Published more than 80 research papers and 13 monographs.
References
External links
Vladimir Sukhomlin on the website of the CMC MSU
Chronicle of Moscow University
Vladimir Sukhomlin's scientific works on the website ISTINA MSU
Category:Russian computer scientists
Category:1945 births
Category:Living people
Category:Moscow State University faculty | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Thomas Hall (minister at Leghorn)
Reverend Thomas Hall was born April 8, 1750 in the Township of Byberry, Pennsylvania, and was the second eldest son of Captain John Hall (1722–1798) and Sarah (Parry) Hall. He was a cousin of Dr. Benjamin Rush through his aunt, Susannah Hall, and a nephew of the Reverend Samuel Finley (1715–1766) through his aunt Sarah Hall (1728–1760).
Hall earned an B.A. degree from the University of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsylvania) in 1773.
Thomas Hall is especially notable as an historical figure because during the years leading up to the American Revolution (especially during the years 1774 and 1775), Hall was a leading advocate of the acquisition of rights of all colonists in Philadelphia and later in Virginia. However, when it became apparent to him that the American colonies intended to split entirely with England, he left Virginia (where he had served in several Anglican parishes) and never returned to America.
A number of letters survive (some of which have been published in The William and Mary Quarterly Historical Magazine) in which he recounts both his reasoning for his departure from America before the Revolution, as well as some of the details of his eventful life.
Thomas Hall first resided in England.
He matriculated 9 October 1779 at the University of Leyden in the faculty of law in the Netherlands. He did not graduate at this University although he is mentioned in the publication of Peacock.
His uncle Dr. Benjamin Rush apprenticed under Dr. John Redman (physician) who also studied at the University of Leyden.
After serving as a minister in Bristol, Hall departed from London to Livorno, Italy in 1784, where he became the chaplain of the British Factory.
In 1803, upon the invasion of Livorno by Napoleon, Hall stood steadfast to defend again Napoleon's desire to destroy the Old English Cemetery there.
Hall died on April 12, 1825, and was buried in that cemetery.
Hall married Marianna Kleiber in Livorno in 1786 and they had four children. Their descendants can be found in England, Italy and Australia.
Hall's brother in law, Sebastiano Kleiber, was a financial sponsor of author Mary Shelley during her stay in Livorno. His burial tomb, commissioned by his nephews (sons of Hall) was crafted by sculptor Lorenzo Bartolini, whose grand patron was Napoleon.
References
http://www.jstor.org/pss/1915251
http://lordbyron.org/persRec.php?&select=Persons=&selectPerson=ThHall1825
Category:American clergy
Category:American colonial clergy
Category:Anglican chaplains
Category:American emigrants to Italy
Category:Leiden University alumni
Category:Loyalists in the American Revolution from Pennsylvania
Category:People from Livorno
Category:People of colonial Pennsylvania
Category:Virginia colonial people
Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni
Category:18th-century Anglican priests
Category:19th-century Anglican priests
Category:1750 births
Category:1825 deaths | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
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