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The New Englanders saw that the only possible place to crack the defences was on the city 's northeastern side , where the walls were weakest . Their plan was to land their main force on the Beauport shore east of the Saint Charles River , and have it cross the river in the fleet 's boats , along with the field guns .... |
However , the open battle never took place . The 1 @,@ 200 @-@ strong English landing force under Major John Walley , Phips ' second @-@ in @-@ command , never got across the Saint Charles . Frontenac had sent strong detachments of Canadian militiamen under Jacques Le Moyne de Sainte @-@ Hélène , along with some India... |
During the bombardment , the land force under Walley remained inactive , suffering from cold and complaining of shortage of rum . After a couple of miserable days , they decided to carry the shore positions and try to overcome the French earthworks . They set out on 20 October " in the best European tradition , with d... |
= = Aftermath = =
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On 23 and 24 October , an exchange of prisoners was negotiated and effected , and the ships set sail for Boston . Although Phips ' own account of the expedition admitted only 30 dead in combat , smallpox and marine accident claimed about 1 @,@ 000 more . James Lloyd of Boston wrote in the following January , " 7 vesse... |
Canada exulted in its victory and survival ; on 5 November the Te Deum was sung in Quebec in a chapel renamed Notre Dame de la Victoire , Our Lady of Victory . When news of the expedition reached Versailles , Louis XIV ordered a medal struck bearing the inscription : Kebeca liberata M.DC.XC – Francia in novo orbe vict... |
Jacques Le Moyne , who died soon after the battle , was mourned by the whole colony for his courtesy and valour . The Onondaga Iroquois sent a wampum collar as a token of sympathy , and released two captives to honour his memory . His brother , Charles Le Moyne , won fame for his part in the battle , and he later rece... |
Both sides learned from the battle . The French victory showed that to take Quebec , the cannon of " Old England would have to be brought in " . Similarly , Frontenac realised the defences needed significant improvement , and in 1692 , he gave Ingénieur du Roi Josué Berthelot de Beaucours the task of designing a fortr... |
Although another expedition was launched against Quebec during Queen Anne 's War , it failed to reach its target when transports wrecked with great loss of life in the Gulf of St. Lawrence . The city 's improved defences would not be tested until the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759 .
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= 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes =
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The 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes ( or 1992 Petrolia earthquakes ) occurred along the Lost Coast of Northern California on April 25 and 26 . The three largest events were the M7.2 thrust mainshock that struck near the unincorporated community of Petrolia midday on April 25 and two primary strike @-@ slip aftershocks... |
The three shocks damaged and destroyed homes and businesses in Humboldt County and injured 356 people , but the single largest loss was due to a post @-@ earthquake fire that consumed a business center in Scotia . Accelerometers that had been in place in the Cape Mendocino area since the late 1970s recorded the event ... |
As the largest earthquake in California since the 1989 Loma Prieta event several years earlier , the mainshock caused a non @-@ destructive tsunami that quickly reached the coast , and eventually Alaska and Hawaii several hours later . The tsunami was significant not because of its run @-@ up , but because of the spee... |
= = Tectonic setting = =
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The northernmost coastal area is one of California 's most seismically active regions and , in a 50 @-@ year period , the area including the Mendocino Fracture Zone at the southern flank of the Gorda Plate generated about 25 percent of all seismic energy unleashed in the state . The Mendocino Triple Junction ( strike ... |
North of the Mendocino Triple Junction , the Gorda plate is subducting beneath the North American Plate at the Cascadia subduction zone , with a convergence rate of 2 @.@ 5 – 3 centimeters ( 0 @.@ 98 – 1 @.@ 18 in ) per year , but comparisons with other subduction zones have led to a belief that the convergence may be... |
= = Earthquakes = =
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The region near the triple junction experiences high seismicity , with more than 60 earthquakes of intensity VI ( Strong ) or greater or magnitudes ≥ 5 @.@ 5 since 1853 . The mainshock in the sequence ( 11 : 06 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time ) occurred onshore , 4 kilometers ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) west of Petrolia at a depth of 1... |
In opposition to the mainshock that was located onshore , the two large strike @-@ slip aftershocks occurred the following morning ( 12 : 41 a.m. and 4 : 18 a.m. PDT ) and were located offshore , 30 km ( 19 mi ) to the west of the main shock within the Gorda Plate . Both shocks ( M6.5 and 6 @.@ 6 ) were of intensity V... |
= = = Damage = = =
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The initial event caused a number of wood framed homes in Scotia to come off their foundations while the porches of some other homes became detached . The 25 mW cogeneration plant there that used wood waste products to power both the lumber company and the town suffered damage and both lumber mills were shut down for ... |
The two aftershocks the following morning were separated by less than four hours and both caused at least as much damage as the mainshock . A large fire was triggered following the first aftershock at a shopping center in Scotia that destroyed four businesses , with the resulting damage at that site alone estimated at... |
Damage estimates were as high as $ 75 million , one third of which was due to bridges and roads , and the remainder of the costs were structure @-@ related . The American Red Cross compiled damage statistics in the county and the totals included 906 damaged homes and apartments . Almost half of those were severely dam... |
= = = Strong motion = = =
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As the largest earthquake in California since the October 1989 event in the Santa Cruz Mountains , the mainshock near Petrolia produced some of the highest ground motions ever recorded ( at that time ) by the California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program ( CSMIP ) . Fourteen existing CSMIP stations comprising 84 st... |
The CSMIP Cape Mendocino station was installed in 1978 and was located just 4 kilometers ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) from the epicenter on the slope of a ridge in the coast ranges . The instruments there had been mounted on a concrete platform adjacent to a roadway and remained firmly secured to the rock platform following the sho... |
= = = Ground effects = = =
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The sequence of earthquakes caused widespread landslides from the coast to east of Scotia and from the northern extent of the Eel River basin near Thompson Hill to south of Petrolia . Most of these were existing landslides that had been re @-@ initiated and the largest of the slides were either slumps or bedding plane... |
During a survey following the earthquake , evidence of coastal uplift was detected when dead and decomposing intertidal organisms were discovered along the beaches in the epicentral region . Further investigation revealed that a 15 km ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) portion of the shoreline between Cape Mendocino and near Punta Gorda ... |
= = Tsunami = =
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The mainshock generated a small tsunami that was recorded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's sea level gauge stations on the coasts of northern California , Oregon , and Hawaii . The series of waves first came ashore at the North Spit station in Eureka after a 26 @-@ minute travel time , but the... |
At 3 @,@ 720 kilometers ( 2 @,@ 310 mi ) distant , the tsunami was perceptible on the Hawaiian island of Maui at Kahului . The location of the islands lay on a great circle route that is also perpendicular to the region of ( presumed ) uplifted land at the coast near Cape Mendocino and any energy distributed would be ... |
= = Other events = =
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The Mendocino Fault is seismically active with mostly small and moderate earthquakes , but the largest event that was unequivocally associated with the fault was the M6.9 earthquake on September 1 , 1994 at 125 @.@ 8 W longitude . Aftershocks of that event with corresponding dextral strike @-@ slip focal mechanisms oc... |
= Orion ( mythology ) =
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In Greek mythology , Orion ( Ancient Greek : Ὠρίων or Ὠαρίων , Latin : Orion ) was a giant huntsman whom Zeus placed among the stars as the constellation of Orion .
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Ancient sources tell several different stories about Orion ; there are two major versions of his birth and several versions of his death . The most important recorded episodes are his birth somewhere in Boeotia , his visit to Chios where he met Merope and was blinded by her father , Oenopion , the recovery of his sigh... |
In Greek literature he first appears as a great hunter in Homer 's epic the Odyssey , where Odysseus sees his shade in the underworld . The bare bones of his story are told by the Hellenistic and Roman collectors of myths , but there is no extant literary version of his adventures comparable , for example , to that of... |
Orion served several roles in ancient Greek culture . The story of the adventures of Orion , the hunter , is the one on which we have the most evidence ( and even on that not very much ) ; he is also the personification of the constellation of the same name ; he was venerated as a hero , in the Greek sense , in the re... |
= = Legends = =
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= = = Homer and Hesiod = = =
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Orion is mentioned in the oldest surviving works of Greek literature , which probably date back to the 7th or 8th century BC , but which are the products of an oral tradition with origins several centuries earlier . In Homer 's Iliad Orion is described as a constellation , and the star Sirius is mentioned as his dog .... |
The legend of Orion was first told in full in a lost work by Hesiod , probably the Astronomia ; simple references to Hesiod will refer to this , unless otherwise stated . This version is known through the work of a Hellenistic author on the constellations ; he gives a fairly long summary of Hesiod 's discourse on Orio... |
= = = Other sources = = =
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Although Orion has a few lines in both Homeric poems and in the Works and Days , most of the stories about him are recorded in incidental allusions and in fairly obscure later writings . No great poet standardized the legend . The ancient sources for Orion 's legend are mostly notes in the margins of ancient poets ( s... |
The margin of the Empress Eudocia 's copy of the Iliad has a note summarizing a Hellenistic poet who tells a different story of Orion 's birth . Here the gods Zeus , Hermes and Poseidon come to visit Hyrieus of Tanagra , who roasts a whole bull for them . When they offer him a favor , he asks for the birth of sons . T... |
A second full telling ( even shorter than the summary of Hesiod ) is in a Roman @-@ era collection of myths ; the account of Orion is based largely on the mythologist and poet Pherecydes of Leros . Here Orion is described as earthborn and enormous in stature . This version also mentions Poseidon and Euryale as his par... |
Another narrative on the constellations , three paragraphs long , is from a Latin writer whose brief notes have come down to us under the name of Hyginus . It begins with the oxhide story of Orion 's birth , which this source ascribes to Callimachus and Aristomachus , and sets the location at Thebes or Chios . Hyginus... |
The same source tells two stories of the death of Orion . The first says that because of his " living joined in too great a friendship " with Oenopion , he boasted to Artemis and Leto that he could kill anything which came from Earth . Earth objected and created the Scorpion . In the second story , Apollo objected to ... |
= = = Variants = = =
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There are numerous variants in other authors . Most of these are incidental references in poems and scholiasts . The Roman poet Vergil shows Orion as a giant wading through the Aegean Sea with the waves breaking against his shoulders ; rather than , as the mythographers have it , walking on the water . There are sever... |
The story of Orion and Oenopion also varies . One source refers to Merope as the wife of Oenopion and not his daughter . Another refers to Merope as the daughter of Minos and not of Oenopion . The longest version ( a page in the Loeb ) is from a collection of melodramatic plots drawn up by an Alexandrian poet for the ... |
Lucian includes a picture with Orion in a rhetorical description of an ideal building , in which Orion is walking into the rising sun with Lemnos nearby , Cedalion on his shoulder . He recovers his sight there with Hephaestus still watching in the background .
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The next picture deals with the ancient story of Orion . He is blind , and on his shoulder carries Cedalion , who directs the sightless eyes towards the East . The rising Sun heals his infirmity ; and there stands Hephaestus on Lemnos , watching the cure .
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Latin sources add that Oenopion was the son of Dionysus . Dionysus sent satyrs to put Orion into a deep sleep so he could be blinded . One source tells the same story but converts Oenopion into Minos of Crete . It adds that an oracle told Orion that his sight could be restored by walking eastward and that he found his... |
Giovanni Boccaccio cites a lost Latin writer for the story that Orion and Candiope were son and daughter of Oenopion , king of Sicily . While the virgin huntsman Orion was sleeping in a cave , Venus seduced him ; as he left the cave , he saw his sister shining as she crossed in front of it . He ravished her ; when his... |
= = Cult and popular appreciation = =
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In Ancient Greece , Orion had a hero cult in the region of Boeotia . The number of places associated with his birth suggest that it was widespread . Hyria , the most frequently mentioned , was in the territory of Tanagra . A feast of Orion was held at Tanagra as late as the Roman Empire . They had a tomb of Orion most... |
The Boeotian school of epic poetry was chiefly concerned with the genealogies of the gods and heroes ; later writers elaborated this web . Several other myths are attached to Orion in this way : A papyrus fragment of the Boeotian poet Corinna gives Orion fifty sons ( a traditional number ) . This included the oracular... |
Orion also has etiological connection to the city of Messina in Sicily . Diodorus of Sicily wrote a history of the world up to his own time ( the beginning of the reign of Augustus ) . He starts with the gods and the heroes . At the end of this part of the work , he tells the story of Orion and two wonder @-@ stories ... |
Images of Orion in classical art are difficult to recognize , and clear examples are rare . There are several ancient Greek images of club @-@ carrying hunters that could represent Orion , but such generic examples could equally represent an archetypal " hunter " , or indeed Heracles . Some claims have been made that ... |
= = Interpretations = =
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= = = Renaissance = = =
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Mythographers have discussed Orion at least since the Renaissance of classical learning ; the Renaissance interpretations were allegorical . In the 14th century , Boccaccio interpreted the oxhide story as representing human conception ; the hide is the womb , Neptune the moisture of semen , Jupiter its heat , and Merc... |
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