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= = = Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees = = =
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By 2003 Wikipedia had grown to 100 @,@ 000 articles in its English @-@ language version , and it became difficult for Bomis to continue financially supporting the project . With Wikipedia a drain on the company 's resources , Wales and Sanger decided to fund the project on a non @-@ profit basis . Bomis laid off most ... |
In June 2003 Wikipedia was transferred to a nascent non @-@ profit organization , the Wikimedia Foundation , which was formed as a charitable institution to supervise Wikipedia and its associated wiki @-@ based sites . When the foundation was established , its staff began to solicit public funding and Bomis turned Wik... |
The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees was initially composed of Bomis ' three founders : Jimmy Wales and his two business partners , Michael Davis and Tim Shell . Shell and Davis were appointed to the board by Wales , but after Wikipedia community members complained that the board was composed of appointed indivi... |
In August 2004 Wales was chief executive officer of Bomis , and on September 20 Wikipedia reached the million @-@ article mark on an expenditure of $ 500 @,@ 000 ( most directly from Wales ) . In November 2004 he told the St. Petersburg Times he no longer controlled Bomis ' day @-@ to @-@ day operations , but retained... |
= = Aftermath = =
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In 2005 , Wales made 18 changes to his Wikipedia biography . He removed references to Bomis Babes as softcore pornography and erotica , and Larry Sanger as co @-@ founder of Wikipedia . Wales ' actions were publicized by author Rogers Cadenhead , attracting attention from US and UK media . In 2011 , Time listed Wales ... |
Wikipedia policy warned users not to edit their own biography pages , with its rules on autobiographical editing quoting Wales : " It is a social faux pas to write about yourself . " Larry Sanger said , " It does seem that Jimmy is attempting to rewrite history " , and began a discussion on the talk page of Wales ' bi... |
Wales called his actions fixing mistakes , but after Cadenhead publicized the edits to his biography he expressed regret for his actions . In The Times Wales said that individuals should not edit their own Wikipedia biographies , telling The New Yorker that the standard applied to himself as well . Wales warned that t... |
Bomis was called the " ' Playboy ' of the Internet " by The Atlantic , and the sobriquet was adopted by other media outlets . Wales considered the " ' Playboy ' of the Internet " nickname inappropriate , although he was asked in interviews if his time at Bomis made him a " porn king " . The 2010 documentary film about... |
On December 14 , 2012 , academic and writer Judith Reisman stated in a piece for WorldNetDaily that in her view Wales had received revenue from a website which dealt in pornography . Relatively soon after the article was published , Wales wrote to WorldNetDaily to object to this characterization : " This is absolutely... |
WorldNetDaily published a correction on December 17 , 2012 , in the form of a new full article by journalist Chelsea Schilling which presented an analysis of the history of Bomis . Schilling reported that WorldNetDaily had performed a search of archives of Bomis and found that the Bomis Premium feature had indeed adve... |
= = Analysis = =
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The Chronicle of Philanthropy characterized Bomis as " an Internet marketing firm ... which also traded in erotic photographs for a while . " Jeff Howe wrote in his book , Crowdsourcing , about " one of Wales 's less altruistic ventures , a Web portal called Bomis.com that featured , among other items , soft @-@ core ... |
= Harrie Massey =
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Sir Harrie Stewart Wilson Massey FRS ( 16 May 1908 – 27 November 1983 ) was an Australian mathematical physicist who worked primarily in the fields of atomic and atmospheric physics .
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A graduate of the University of Melbourne and Cambridge University , where he earned his doctorate at the Cavendish Laboratory , Massey became an independent lecturer in Mathematical Physics at the Queen 's University of Belfast in 1933 . He was appointed Goldsmid Professor of Applied Mathematics at University College... |
Massey returned to University College , London , in October 1945 to find it badly damaged by bombing , and the Mathematics Department in dingy temporary accommodation . In 1950 he was appointed Quain Professor of Physics and head of the University College , London , Physics Department . The department was merged with ... |
= = Early life = =
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Harrie Stewart Wilson Massey was born in Invermay , Victoria , Australia , on 16 May 1908 , the only child of Harrie Stewart Massey , a miner , and his wife Eleanor Elizabeth née Wilson . He grew up in the rural community of Hoddles Creek , and enrolled in the local state school in 1913 . He received his Merit Certifi... |
= = Carrier = =
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At the age of 16 , Massey won a scholarship to the University of Melbourne , which he entered in 1925 . He had thoughts of studying chemistry , but was impressed by the physics lectures given by Eric Hercus . This was a stroke of luck ; first year physics lectures were normally given by Thomas Laby . Massey recalled i... |
At that time , the university did not offer a Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD ) program so Massey undertook a Master of Science ( MSc ) course , with both experimental and theoretical components . The former , in cooperation with Courtney Mohr , dealt with soft X @-@ ray deflection from metal surfaces ; the latter with wav... |
In 1929 , with the benefit of an Aitchison travelling scholarship from the University of Melbourne , Massey went to Trinity College , Cambridge to perform research at the Cavendish Laboratory led by Ernest Rutherford . The scholarship expired after two years , but he was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Scholarship in 1931 ... |
Fowler was appointed as Massey 's supervisor although it was clear that he did not need any supervision per se . Massey obtained his PhD on the The Collisions of Material Particles in 1932 . Shortly afterwards , he co @-@ authored a book on atomic collision processes with Nevill Mott , Theory of Atomic Collisions ( 19... |
In June 1933 Massey became an independent lecturer in Mathematical Physics at the Queen 's University of Belfast . He was the only member of the department until R. A. Buckingham arrived in 1934 . Despite having to give nine lectures a week , he found time to write his second book , Negative Ions ( 1938 ) , and began ... |
Massey was appointed Goldsmid Professor of Applied Mathematics at University College London , in 1938 , following the death of L. N. G. Filon the previous year . He brought with him Buckingham , now an 1851 Exhibition Scholar himself , and David Bates , a promising graduate student . They brought the differential anal... |
= = Second World War = =
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Soon after the outbreak of war in September 1939 , the Germans began a naval mine campaign against Britain . The results were devastating . Nineteen ships totaling 59 @,@ 027 tons were sunk by mines in October , and 27 totaling 120 @,@ 958 tons in November , along with the destroyer HMS Blanche . Many more ships were ... |
In December 1939 , Massey joined a group at the Admiralty Research Laboratory in Teddington led by Stephen Butterworth . They were soon joined by a number of other physicists , including Bates , Buckingham , Francis Crick and John Gunn . Together , they came up with a series of countermeasures that enable the Navy to ... |
After the August 1943 Quebec Agreement merged the British and American atomic bomb projects , Mark Oliphant persuaded the Admiralty to release Massey to work on the Manhattan Project . In November 1943 , Massey set out with Oliphant for the Radiation Laboratory at the University of California in Berkeley in a B @-@ 24... |
= = Later life = =
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Massey returned to University College , London , in October 1945 to find it badly damaged by bombing , and the Mathematics Department in dingy temporary accommodation . He was allowed to pick his own lecturers , so he chose Bats , Burhop , Buckingham and Gunn . While they had to teach mathematics , they were free to c... |
When Massey took over the Physics Department , most of his physicists , including Bates , Buckingham , Burhop and Robert Boyd , moved with him . Like the Mathematics Department , it was still in temporary accommodation owing to bomb damage during the war . A new building was under construction , but to develop the tec... |
Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1940 , Massey was awarded its Hughes Medal in 1955 , and its Royal Medal in 1958 . He was a member of the its council from 1949 to 1951 and again from 1959 to 1960 , before serving as its Physical Secretary and Vice @-@ President from 1969 to 1978 . He became a member... |
Rockets had seen enormous development for military purposes during the Second World War , and Massey saw their potential for studying the upper atmosphere . He became a major supporter of space science , and wrote a book on the subject , History of British Space Science ( 1984 ) . He was the chairman of the Committee ... |
Space science also gave Massey an excuse to visit Australia ; he made some twenty trips . He was involved in the testing of balloons for upper atmosphere research at the University of Melbourne 's site in Mildura , Victoria . As chairman of the Rocket Subcommittee of the Royal Society 's Gassiot Committee , he visited... |
Massey received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot @-@ Watt University in 1975 .
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He was a United Kingdom member and deputy chairman its governing board from 1975 to 1980 , and chairman from 1980 to 1983 .
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= = Death and legacy = =
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After a long illness , Massey died at his home in Esher , Surrey , which Jessica had named " Kalamunda " , from the Australian Aboriginal word for the area in Western Australia where she had once lived , on 27 November 1983 . He was survived by his wife and daughter . The Royal Society / COSPAR Massey Award is named a... |
= Gorgosaurus =
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Gorgosaurus ( / ˌɡɔːrɡəˈsɔːrəs / GOR @-@ gə @-@ SOR @-@ əs ; meaning " dreadful lizard " ) is a genus of tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in western North America during the Late Cretaceous Period , between about 76 @.@ 6 and 75 @.@ 1 million years ago . Fossil remains have been found in the Canadian provinc... |
Like most known tyrannosaurids , Gorgosaurus was a bipedal predator weighing more than two metric tons as an adult ; dozens of large , sharp teeth lined its jaws , while its two @-@ fingered forelimbs were comparatively small . Gorgosaurus was most closely related to Albertosaurus , and more distantly related to the l... |
Gorgosaurus lived in a lush floodplain environment along the edge of an inland sea . It was an apex predator , preying upon abundant ceratopsids and hadrosaurs . In some areas , Gorgosaurus coexisted with another tyrannosaurid , Daspletosaurus . Although these animals were roughly the same size , there is some evidenc... |
= = Description = =
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Gorgosaurus was smaller than Tyrannosaurus or Tarbosaurus , closer in size to Albertosaurus and Daspletosaurus . Adults reached 8 to 9 m ( 26 to 30 ft ) from snout to tail . Paleontologists have estimated full @-@ grown adults to weigh about 2 @.@ 5 tonnes ( 2 @.@ 8 short tons ) , perhaps approaching 2 @.@ 8 tonnes ( ... |
Gorgosaurus teeth were typical of all known tyrannosaurids . The eight premaxillary teeth at the front of the snout were smaller than the rest , closely packed and D @-@ shaped in cross section . In Gorgosaurus , the first tooth in the maxilla was also shaped like the premaxillary teeth . The rest of the teeth were ov... |
Gorgosaurus shared its general body plan with all other tyrannosaurids . Its massive head was perched on the end of an S @-@ shaped neck . In contrast to its large head , its forelimbs were very small . The forelimbs had only two digits , although a third metacarpal is known in some specimens , the vestigial remains o... |
In 2001 , paleontologist Phil Currie reported skin impressions from the holotype specimen of G. libratus . He originally reported the skin as being essentially smooth and lacking the scales found in other dinosaurs , similar to the secondarily featherless skin found in large modern birds . Scales of some sort were pre... |
= = Classification and systematics = =
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Gorgosaurus is classified in the theropod subfamily Albertosaurinae within the family Tyrannosauridae . It is most closely related to the slightly younger Albertosaurus . These are the only two definite albertosaurine genera that have been described , although other undescribed species may exist . Appalachiosaurus was... |
The close similarities between Gorgosaurus libratus and Albertosaurus sarcophagus have led many experts to combine them into one genus over the years . Albertosaurus was named first , so by convention it is given priority over the name Gorgosaurus , which is sometimes considered its junior synonym . William Diller Mat... |
Below is the cladogram of Tyrannosauridae based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Loewen et al. in 2013 .
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= = Discovery and naming = =
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Gorgosaurus libratus was first described by Lawrence Lambe in 1914 . Its name is derived from the Greek γοργος / gorgos ( " fierce " or " terrible " ) and σαυρος / saurus ( " lizard " ) . The type species is G. libratus ; the specific epithet " balanced " is the past participle of the Latin verb librare , meaning " to... |
The holotype of Gorgosaurus libratus ( NMC 2120 ) is a nearly complete skeleton associated with a skull , discovered in 1913 by Charles M. Sternberg . This specimen was the first tyrannosaurid found with a complete hand . It was found in the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta and is housed in the Canadian Museum of Na... |
Matthew and Brown also described a fifth skeleton ( AMNH 5664 ) , which Charles H. Sternberg had collected in 1917 and sold to their museum . It was smaller than other Gorgosaurus specimens , with a lower , lighter skull and more elongate limb proportions . Many sutures between bones were unfused in this specimen as w... |
In 1856 , Joseph Leidy described two tyrannosaurid premaxillary teeth from Montana . Although there was no indication of what the animal looked like , the teeth were large and robust , and Leidy gave them the name Deinodon . Matthew and Brown commented in 1922 that these teeth were indistinguishable from those of Gorg... |
Several tyrannosaurid skeletons from the Two Medicine Formation and Judith River Formation of Montana probably belong to Gorgosaurus , although it remains uncertain whether they belong to G. libratus or a new species . One specimen from Montana ( TCMI 2001 @.@ 89 @.@ 1 ) , housed in the Children 's Museum of Indianapo... |
= = = Misassigned species = = =
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Several species were incorrectly assigned to Gorgosaurus in the twentieth century . A complete skull of a small tyrannosaurid ( CMNH 7541 ) , found in the younger , late Maastrichtian @-@ age Hell Creek Formation of Montana , was named Gorgosaurus lancensis by Charles Whitney Gilmore in 1946 . This specimen was rename... |
= = Paleobiology = =
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= = = Coexistence with Daspletosaurus = = =
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In the middle stages of the Dinosaur Park Formation , Gorgosaurus lived alongside a rarer species of the tyrannosaurine , Daspletosaurus . This is one of the few examples of two tyrannosaur genera coexisting . Similar @-@ sized predators in modern predator guilds are separated into different ecological niches by anato... |
Unlike some other groups of dinosaurs , neither genus was more common at higher or lower elevations than the other . However , Gorgosaurus appears more common in northern formations like Dinosaur Park , with species of Daspletosaurus being more abundant to the south . The same pattern is seen in other groups of dinosa... |
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