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Following its final race in Abu Dhabi , the MP4 @-@ 30 took part in a series of tests organised by tyre supplier Pirelli to assess their planned allotment of tyre compounds for the 2016 season and to give teams the opportunity to acquaint themselves with the new compounds , including four different builds of the brand... |
Under rules introduced in 2014 , the MP4 @-@ 30 was declared a " previous car " by the FIA — as were all of the cars that contested the 2015 season — restricting its use in testing and promotional filming as a means of preventing illegal testing given the similarities between the 2015 and 2016 Technical Regulations . ... |
= = Complete Formula One results = =
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( key ) ( results in bold indicate pole position ; results in italics indicate fastest lap )
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Notes :
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† — Driver failed to finish the race , but was classified as they had completed more than 90 % of the winner 's race distance .
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‡ — Results adjusted post @-@ race following the application of penalties .
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= Reed v. Town of Gilbert =
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Reed v. Town of Gilbert , 576 U.S. _ _ _ ( 2015 ) was a case in which the United States Supreme Court clarified when municipalities may impose content @-@ based restrictions on signage . The case also clarified the level of constitutional scrutiny that should be applied to content @-@ based restrictions on speech . In... |
Writing for a majority of the Court , Justice Clarence Thomas held that the town 's sign ordinance imposed content @-@ based restrictions that did not survive strict scrutiny because the ordinance was not narrowly tailored to further a compelling government interest . Justice Thomas also clarified that strict scrutiny... |
= = Background = =
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= = = Content @-@ based restrictions on speech = = =
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The First Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits states from enacting laws that abridge the freedom of speech . Municipal governments may not " restrict expression because of its message , its ideas , its subject matter , or its content " . Laws that regulate speech based on the expressive content of th... |
= = = Gilbert , Arizona municipal sign ordinance = = =
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In 2005 , the town of Gilbert , Arizona adopted a municipal sign ordinance that regulated the manner in which signs could be displayed in public areas . Although the ordinance banned the display of most outdoor signs without a permit , twenty three categories of signs were exempt from the permit requirement . Three of... |
= = = Good News Community Church = = =
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The named plaintiff , Clyde Reed , is the pastor of Good News Community Church . The church is a " small , cash @-@ strapped entity that own [ ed ] no building " and held services in elementary schools and other buildings in Gilbert , Arizona . On the original docket , the name was Good News Presbyterian Church becaus... |
= = = Initial lawsuit = = =
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The church filed suit in the United States District Court for the District of Arizona in March 2008 , where they claimed the town " abridged their freedom of speech in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments " . The district court first denied the church 's request for a preliminary injunction , and the churc... |
= = = Remand and appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States = = =
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At a subsequent status conference after the appellate court decision , the parties decided to resolve all the issues on summary judgment , rather than via new preliminary injunction motions . The United States District Court for the District of Arizona granted the Town 's motion for summary judgment . The church then ... |
= = Opinion of the Court = =
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Writing for a majority of the Court , Justice Clarence Thomas held that the town 's sign ordinance was " content based on its face " in light of the fact that the " restrictions in the Sign Code that apply to any given sign [ depend ] entirely on the communicative content of the sign " . Because the church 's signs we... |
Additionally , Justice Thomas rejected the town 's assertion that a law is only content based if it " censor [ s ] or favor [ s ] " specific viewpoints or ideas . The town argued that its sign code was not unconstitutional because it neither endorsed nor suppressed any particular viewpoints or ideas . However , Justic... |
Because the ordinance imposed content @-@ based restrictions on free speech , Justice Thomas held that the ordinance would only be constitutional if it survived strict scrutiny . Assuming that the town 's interests of preserving aesthetic appeal and traffic safety were compelling , he concluded that these were " hopel... |
= = = Justice Alito 's concurring opinion = = =
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Justice Samuel Alito wrote a separate concurring opinion , in which he was joined by Justice Anthony Kennedy and Justice Sonia Sotomayor . He agreed that content @-@ based regulations present the same dangers as viewpoint @-@ based regulations because content @-@ based regulations " may interfere with democratic self ... |
= = = Justice Breyer 's opinion concurring in the judgment = = =
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Justice Stephen Breyer wrote an opinion concurring in the judgment , in which he argued that content @-@ based discrimination should be considered a " rule of thumb , rather than as an automatic ' strict scrutiny ' trigger , leading to almost certain legal condemnation " . Justice Breyer conceded that content @-@ base... |
= = = Justice Kagan 's opinion concurring in the judgment = = =
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Justice Elena Kagan also wrote an opinion concurring in the judgment , in which she was joined by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Justice Stephen Breyer . Like Justice Breyer , Justice Kagan argued that it was not necessary to apply strict scrutiny to all content @-@ based restrictions on speech . She argued that the ... |
= = Analysis and commentary = =
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After the court issued its decision , some commentators praised the Court 's ruling for " further [ ing ] individual liberty by striking down a government ’ s unjustified censorship of protected speech " . David A. Cortman , counsel for Good News Community Church , said the Court 's ruling was an " important victory f... |
= Zaculeu =
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Zaculeu or Saqulew is a pre @-@ Columbian Maya archaeological site in the highlands of western Guatemala , about 3 @.@ 7 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 3 mi ) outside of the modern city of Huehuetenango . Occupation at the site dates to the Early Classic period ( AD 250 – 600 ) of Mesoamerican history . Zaculeu was the capital of... |
In AD 1525 the city was attacked by Spanish conquistadors under Gonzalo de Alvarado y Contreras during a siege that lasted several months . Kayb 'il B 'alam , the city 's last ruler , finally surrendered to the Spanish due to starvation .
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The site contains a number of temple @-@ pyramids with talud @-@ tablero style architecture and double stairways . The pyramids and governmental palaces are grouped around a series of large public plazas . The site also holds a ballcourt for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame . The site was originally fortified with wa... |
The site was restored by the United Fruit Company in the late 1940s . It is open to tourists and includes a small museum .
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= = Etymology and location = =
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The name Zaculeu means " white earth " in the Mam , K 'iche ' and Q 'anjob 'al languages , from saq ( adj ) meaning " white " and ulew ( n ) meaning " earth " . In the Mam language , the site is also called Chinabajul .
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The archaeological site is located in the present @-@ day village of San Lorenzo on the outskirts of Huehuetenango city , in the Guatemalan department of Huehuetenango . Zaculeu is the main tourist attraction in the Huehuetenango area . Zaculeu is located at an altitude of 1 @,@ 900 metres ( 6 @,@ 200 ft ) above mean ... |
Zaculeu is located in an area of fertile soils close to the Selegua and Viña rivers . The site is situated on a plateau overlooking the Selegua River , which flows to the west of the city . Deep ravines bordering the site to the south and east protected its access . The only access to the site is via a narrow land bri... |
= = History = =
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Zaculeu was first occupied in the Early Classic Period ( AD 250 – 600 ) , and the buildings from this era show the architectural influence of the great metropolis of Teotihuacán in the Valley of Mexico . The largest constructions date from the Classic Period ( AD 250 – 900 ) . To these were added other plaza groups an... |
Zaculeu came under the influence of central Mexico again in the Late Classic . The architectural influence is so distinct that it suggests that a foreign Mexican elite may have settled at the city and continued in occupation there until the K 'iche ' conquered the site in the Postclassic .
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= = = K 'iche ' conquest = = =
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The K 'iche ' Kingdom of Q 'umarkaj conquered Zaculeu in the Postclassic . Traditionally that has been calculated as during the 15th century AD based on ethnohistoric accounts . Radiocarbon dating has pushed back the calculations of the K 'iche ' conquests by three centuries , and researchers now say their conquest of... |
The K 'iche ' king Q 'uq 'umatz died in battle against a group of the northern Mam . His son K 'iq 'ab continued where his father had left off and completed the conquest of the people . K 'iq 'ab was ruler when Zaculeu was conquered by the K 'iche . ' This appears to have been a second K 'iche ' conquest of the city ,... |
The K 'iche ' rebuilt over earlier Classic period structures in a distinctively K 'iche ' style . The basic K 'iche layout consists of a westward @-@ facing temple with a steep talud @-@ tablero facade , flanked by two unequally sized wings . This was likely to have been the temple of Awilix , patron goddess of the Ni... |
Excavations have uncovered examples of metalwork at Zaculeu . These were small ornamental pieces . An example is a representation of a butterfly worked from tumbaga , an alloy of gold and copper , dated to the Postclassic period .
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= = = Spanish conquest = = =
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Although hostilities existed between the Mam and the K 'iche ' of Q 'umarkaj after the rebellion of the Kaqchikel people against their K 'iche ' allies , the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors shifted the political landscape . Conquistador Pedro de Alvarado described how the Mam king Kayb 'il B 'alam was received wi... |
At the time of the Spanish Conquest , the main Mam population was situated in Xinabahul ( also spelled Chinabjul ) , now the city of Huehuetenango . They retreated to Zaculeu as a refuge during the Spanish attacks because of its fortifications . The refuge was attacked by Gonzalo de Alvarado y Contreras , brother of c... |
After a siege lasting several months , the Mam were reduced to starvation . Kayb 'il B 'alam finally surrendered the city to the Spanish in October 1525 . When the Spanish entered the city , they found 1 @,@ 800 dead Indians , with the survivors eating the corpses of the dead . The Spanish forced the abandonment of Za... |
= = = Modern history = = =
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American explorer John Lloyd Stephens and English architect Frederick Catherwood visited the site in 1840 , at which time the site was a confused jumble of overgrown ruins . Stephens published a description of the archaeological remains a year later . Catherwood did not draw any of the structures due to the poor state... |
On 24 April 1931 , Guatemala declared the site as a National Monument under the name of Tzaculeu . On 23 February 1946 , the site was renamed as Zaculeu . The government gave a license to excavate to the United Fruit Company , which immediately began archaeological excavations and related restorations of the structure... |
On 12 June 1970 the site was declared a National Precolumbian Monument by accord of the Guatemalan Ministry of Education ( MINEDUC ) .
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