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wiki_39963_chunk_5 | Read code | A later extension of Read version 2 product family was the co-publication of a drug and appliance dictionary. This follows the same technical structure (5-character alphanumeric codes with first character lower case alpha organised in a monohierarchy). Released every four weeks, the October 2010 release contained 52,31... | wikipedia |
wiki_39963_chunk_6 | Read code | A popular misconception is that all 4-Byte codes are also present in 5-Byte, where they will also carry the same meaning. Whilst in the majority of cases any 4-Byte code of the general form 'wxyz' will be equivalent to a 5-Byte code of the form 'wxyz.', there are notable exceptions. The 4-Byte code [E333 Fear of flying... | wikipedia |
wiki_39963_chunk_7 | Read code | NHS mandation
In 1988 a joint conference of the Royal College of General Practitioners and the British Medical Association recommended standardisation of the system in general practice Electronic Medical Record (EMR) systems and the National Health Service mandated this in April 1999. The intellectual property of the c... | wikipedia |
wiki_39963_chunk_8 | Read code | Read version 3 (Clinical Terms Version 3 or 'CTV3')
A third and more radically progressive version was devised through the 1990s in an attempt to address some of the more serious technical limitations of the earlier designs, including:
Although codes remain 5-bytes in length, the hierarchical relationship between code... | wikipedia |
wiki_39963_chunk_9 | Read code | e.g. 70266|Repair of acoustic nerve|:X9019|Site|=7N031|Vestibulocochlear nerve|
or
73143|Myringostapediopexy|:
X9019|Site|=Xa18W|Tympanic membrane structure|,
X9019|Site|=Xa8RI|Stapes structure| | wikipedia |
wiki_39963_chunk_10 | Read code | The first release of Clinical Terms Version 3 occurred in the late 1990s. The October 2010 release contained 298,102 discrete concept codes of which 55,829 were marked as inactive, and 58,130 were pharmaceutical products or devices. Production and license
In the 1990s the Read codes were released on a quarterly basis f... | wikipedia |
wiki_39963_chunk_11 | Read code | License application, and distribution, are now electronic only via the UKTC Terminology Reference data Update Distribution service. Read and SNOMED
SNOMED CT was created in 2001 out of a technical, editorial and content merger of CTV3 and SNOMED RT, an American system. A significant part of the International Core conte... | wikipedia |
wiki_39963_chunk_12 | Read code | Although CTV3 continues to be released biannually by the NHS independently of SNOMED CT, maintenance of both occurs in parallel; most concepts required to be added to CTV3 are as a matter of course simultaneously dual-authored into both CTV3 and the UK extension of SNOMED CT. | wikipedia |
wiki_39963_chunk_13 | Read code | The NHS in England has committed to a strategic move to SNOMED CT, and systems using SNOMED are now being deployed within the NHS primary and secondary care estates. At the end of 2010, however, READ versions 2 and 3 remained the core clinical terminology used in UK primary care, with roughly 90% of the primary care es... | wikipedia |
wiki_39963_chunk_14 | Read code | Deprecation and withdrawal
In preparation for the whole English health system moving to SNOMED CT by April 2020, primary care systems were to have adopted the new nomenclature by April 2018. Secondary care, including Mental Health and Dentistry, was mandated to move to SNOMED by April 2020. | wikipedia |
wiki_39963_chunk_15 | Read code | The former Information Standards Board for Health and Social Care (ISB) set December 2010 as the deprecation date for Read version 2, but did not set a date for its withdrawal at the time. In August 2014 the ISB's successor, the Standardisation Committee for Care Information (SCCI), formalised the withdrawal time frame... | wikipedia |
wiki_39963_chunk_16 | Read code | The deprecation and withdrawal time frame for Read version 3 was also agreed by the SCCI in August 2014. The deprecation date was set at 1 September 2014, with a final updated release for 1 April 2018, and complete withdrawal on 1 April 2020. The Read Codes Drug and Appliance Dictionary (DAAD) was published for the fin... | wikipedia |
wiki_39963_chunk_17 | Read code | National Health Service
Diagnosis classification
General practice
Clinical procedure classification
Electronic health record software | wikipedia |
wiki_39964_chunk_0 | Pluripotency (biological compounds) | The pluripotency of biological compounds describes the ability of certain substances to produce several distinct biological responses. Pluripotent is also described as something that has no fixed developmental potential, as in being able to differentiate into different cell types in the case of pluripotent stem cells. | wikipedia |
wiki_39964_chunk_1 | Pluripotency (biological compounds) | One type of pluripotent cell, called a hematopoietic stem cell, can differentiate into a large variety of cells with different functions. This stem cell can produce red blood cells, platelets, mast cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils. Each of these cells have a diff... | wikipedia |
wiki_39964_chunk_2 | Pluripotency (biological compounds) | Another example are lymphocytes called naïve T-helper cells. These cells can differentiate into many subtypes once activated by antigen presenting cells (APCs) like dendrites. They divide into memory cells, TH1, TH17, and TH2 cells, to name a few. Memory cells are made solely for the purpose of having a template to use... | wikipedia |
wiki_39964_chunk_3 | Pluripotency (biological compounds) | Interferon gamma represents an example of pluripotency in itself. Many cytokines are pluripotent, in that each of these compounds can activate specific behavior in some cell types and inhibit other behavior in other cell types. Once activated by T lymphocytes or Natural Killer cells, interferon gamma upregulates expre... | wikipedia |
wiki_39964_chunk_4 | Pluripotency (biological compounds) | See also
Induced pluripotent stem cell
Directed differentiation
Dedifferentiation References Developmental biology
Immunology
Stem cells | wikipedia |
wiki_39965_chunk_0 | Empower Up | Empower Up, formerly known as CREAM (Computer Reuse Education And Marketing), a 501(c)(3), was a computer recycling center in SW Washington. Started in mid-2002, Empower Up took old electronics in for donation, and recycled/distributed them. | wikipedia |
wiki_39965_chunk_1 | Empower Up | History
Empower Up's history can be traced back to a collection event started by the City of Vancouver and Clark County in June 2001. The success of this collection prompted the city to start another collection in January 2002, to collect only reusable computers and monitors for the community. Due to the success of the... | wikipedia |
wiki_39965_chunk_2 | Empower Up | In mid-2002, after both an event for re-usage and recycling of computers, departments of the City of Vancouver created the program Computer REuse and Marketing, or CREAM. This new organization would have a permanent location, permanent collection sites, and mobile collection units to travel around the area. CREAM would... | wikipedia |
wiki_39965_chunk_3 | Empower Up | Near the beginning of 2009, due to new laws in Washington, it was recommended that the organization become an independent non-profit organization. With the help of Habitat for Humanity, and Clark County ReStore, the state created a 3-year plan to make CREAM an independent nonprofit. In February 2009, they established t... | wikipedia |
wiki_39965_chunk_4 | Empower Up | In October 2013 Empower Up moved to 3206 N E 52nd Street Vancouver Washington 98663 on St Johns Road. They expanded the Reuse store and added an eBay store. On 27 August 2016 Empower Up was shut down permanently, citing "economic pressure". Media
Empower Up has recently received attention from many local and state news... | wikipedia |
wiki_39965_chunk_5 | Empower Up | Organizations established in 2002
Non-profit organizations based in Vancouver, Washington
Recycling organizations
Recycling in the United States
Clark County, Washington
2002 establishments in Washington (state)
Charities
Charities | wikipedia |
wiki_39966_chunk_0 | Electrically detected magnetic resonance | Electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) is a materials characterisation technique that improves upon electron spin resonance. It involves measuring the change in electrical resistance of a sample when exposed to certain microwave frequencies. It can be used to identify very small numbers (down to a few hundred ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39966_chunk_1 | Electrically detected magnetic resonance | To perform a pulsed EDMR experiment, the system is first initialised by placing it in a magnetic field. This orients the spins of the electrons occupying the donor and acceptor in the direction of the magnetic field. To study the donor, we apply a microwave pulse ("γ" in the diagram) at a resonant frequency of the dono... | wikipedia |
wiki_39966_chunk_2 | Electrically detected magnetic resonance | By scanning the frequency of the microwave pulse, we can find which frequencies are resonant, and with knowledge of the strength of the magnetic field, we can identify the donor's energy levels from the resonant frequency and knowledge of the Zeeman effect. The donor's energy levels act as a 'fingerprint' by which we c... | wikipedia |
wiki_39966_chunk_3 | Electrically detected magnetic resonance | Recent developments
EDMR has been demonstrated on a single electron from a quantum dot. Measurements of less than 100 donors and theoretical analyses of such a measurement have been published, relying on the Pb interface defect to act as the acceptor. References Quantum electronics
Spectroscopy | wikipedia |
wiki_39967_chunk_0 | Landis Power Station | Landis Power Station is a natural gas-fired station owned by SaskPower, located in Landis, Saskatchewan, Canada and operated as a peaking plant. Description The Landis Station consists of:
1 - 79 MW unit, commissioned in 1975 and refurbished in 1999. See also SaskPower References External links
SaskPower Station Des... | wikipedia |
wiki_39968_chunk_0 | Darkhovin Nuclear Power Plant | The Darkhovin Nuclear Power Plant (also known as Esteghlal Nuclear Power Plant) is a planned nuclear power plant located about 70 kilometers south of Ahvaz, Iran at the Karun river, as part of the nuclear program of Iran. One reactor is firmly planned. Some other projects on this site were cancelled. | wikipedia |
wiki_39968_chunk_1 | Darkhovin Nuclear Power Plant | History
Before the Iranian Revolution, Iran had signed a 2 billion dollar contract with French company Framatome to build two 910 MW pressurized water reactors, at Darkhovin. After the Revolution, France withdrew from the project and the engineering components of the plant were withheld in France. The Iranian componen... | wikipedia |
wiki_39968_chunk_2 | Darkhovin Nuclear Power Plant | The project was subsequently taken up by Iran itself, as no other country was ready to cooperate in its construction. Iran started to indigenously design the reactor for Darkhovin Nuclear Power Plant basing the design on IR-40 reactor using heavy water. The Iranian nuclear reactor design has a capacity of 360 MW. The p... | wikipedia |
wiki_39968_chunk_3 | Darkhovin Nuclear Power Plant | In fiction
In 1976 novel of Paul Erdman, Crash of '79, Darkhovin Nuclear Power Plant is mentioned to have been completed by France and Mohammed Reza Pahlavi the then Shah of Iran uses the plant with the help from Israel and Switzerland to manufacture a dozen salted bombs. Reactor data
Plans for the site are not clear S... | wikipedia |
wiki_39969_chunk_0 | Meadow Lake Power Station | Meadow Lake Power Station is a natural gas-fired station owned by SaskPower, located in Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada and operated as a peaking plant. Description The Meadow Lake Station consists of:
1 - 44 MW unit, commissioned in 1984 See also
List of power stations in Canada
List of generating stations in Sa... | wikipedia |
wiki_39970_chunk_0 | Success Power Station | Success Power Station is a natural gas-fired station owned by SaskPower, located in Success, Saskatchewan, Canada and operated as a peaking plant. Description The Success Station consists of:
1 - 30 MW unit, commissioned in 1967/8 See also SaskPower References External links
SaskPower Station Description Natural gas... | wikipedia |
wiki_39971_chunk_0 | De Groene Molen, Joure | De Groene Molen () is a hollow post mill in Joure, Friesland, Netherlands which was built c1800. The mill has been restored so that it can turn by wind. It is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 18208. History | wikipedia |
wiki_39971_chunk_1 | De Groene Molen, Joure | De Groene Molen was built c1800. It drained the Bleeker polder. In 1937, a Lister diesel engine was installed. On 18 December 1956, the mill was bought by the Gemeente Haskerland. In 1992, the mill was restored by millwright Westra of Franeker. A new buck and sails were fitted. | wikipedia |
wiki_39971_chunk_2 | De Groene Molen, Joure | On 18 January 2007, the mill was severely damaged in a storm, with parts of the roof of the buck being blown off. The mill was dismantled on 12 December 2008 and restored by millwrights Boubedrijf Hiemstra BV, Tzummarum. On 13 May 2009, the renewed roundhouse, buck and sails were re-erected on the base. Description | wikipedia |
wiki_39971_chunk_3 | De Groene Molen, Joure | De Groene Molen is what the Dutch describe as an Spinnenkop met Stelling. It is a hollow post mill with a roundhouse on a single storey base. The stage is at first floor level above ground level. The mill is winded by tailpole and winch. The buck and roof are covered in horizontal boards. The sails are common sails. T... | wikipedia |
wiki_39971_chunk_4 | De Groene Molen, Joure | Public access
De Groene Molen is open by appointment. References Windmills completed in 1800
Windmills in Friesland
Hollow post mills in the Netherlands
Windpumps in the Netherlands
Rijksmonuments in Friesland | wikipedia |
wiki_39972_chunk_0 | Mechanical Gecko | In robotics and mechanical engineering, on November 15, 2008, China's Technology Daily reported Dr. Li Hiu Yeung and his research group of the New Concept Aircraft (ZHUHAI) Co., Ltd. had recently successfully developed the Mechanical Gecko named "Speedy Freelander". The "Speedy Freelander" is a new intelligent robot wi... | wikipedia |
wiki_39972_chunk_1 | Mechanical Gecko | Mechanical Gecko "Freelander" comprehensively utilizes the optical, electromagnetic sensing and new communication methods, and optical, mechanical and electronic integration technology. According to the introduction by Dr. Li, this gecko robot with the artificial intelligence can rapidly climb up and down a variety of ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39972_chunk_2 | Mechanical Gecko | Further reading
Reports on Chinese Science and Technology Daily
Reports on SOHU website Other videos on the mechanical gecko
http://you.video.sina.com.cn/b/17435805-1569053923.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRzMeXtbJRo
http://www.tudou.com/programs/view/1BOD206KD8o/ Climbing robots
Quadruped robots
Robotic a... | wikipedia |
wiki_39973_chunk_0 | Double cone (biology) | Double cones (DCs), known as twin cones when the two members are the same, are two cone cells (colour detecting photoreceptors) joined together that may also be coupled optically/electrically. They are the most common type of cone cells in fish, reptiles, birds, and monotremes such as the platypus and are present in mo... | wikipedia |
wiki_39973_chunk_1 | Double cone (biology) | Some double cones have members with identical visual pigments (twin cones), while others have members with different cone types (members have a different spectral sensitivity). Behavioural research on the reef dwelling triggerfish Rhinecanthus aculeatus has provided evidence that individual members of double cones can ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39973_chunk_2 | Double cone (biology) | Further reading
Walls, G. L. (1942). The vertebrate eye and its adaptive radiation: Bloomfield Hills, Mich. : Cranbrook Institute of Science. esp. pp 58-63. References External links
University of Queensland research page (last updated 2007 but has some interesting information) Photoreceptor cells | wikipedia |
wiki_39974_chunk_0 | Ermine Power Station | Ermine Power Station is a natural gas-fired station owned by SaskPower, under construction about 10 km southeast of Kerrobert, Saskatchewan, Canada and operated as a peaking plant. The project underwent environmental assessment in 2008. Description
The Ermine Power Station consists of:
2 x 46 MW units References Exter... | wikipedia |
wiki_39975_chunk_0 | Cancellopollia gracilis | Cancellopollia gracilis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pisaniidae, the true whelks and the like. Description Distribution
This marine species occurs off New Caledonia. References Vermeij G.J. & Bouchet P. 1998. New Pisaniinae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Buccinidae) from New Caledonia, wi... | wikipedia |
wiki_39976_chunk_0 | Cancellopollia ustulata | Cancellopollia ustulata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pisaniidae, the true whelks and the like. Description Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Coral Sea. References Vermeij, G. & Bouchet, P., 1998. New Pisaniinae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Buccinidae) from New Caledonia, wi... | wikipedia |
wiki_39977_chunk_0 | Euthria javanica | Euthria javanica is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Buccinidae, the true whelks. Description Distribution References External links Buccinidae
Gastropods described in 2002 | wikipedia |
wiki_39978_chunk_0 | Prosipho cancellatus | Prosipho cancellatus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Buccinidae, the true whelks. Description Distribution References Buccinidae
Gastropods described in 1915 | wikipedia |
wiki_39979_chunk_0 | Solenosteira cancellaria | Solenosteira cancellaria is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pisaniidae. Description Distribution References | wikipedia |
wiki_39979_chunk_1 | Solenosteira cancellaria | External links
Petit de la Saussaye, S. (1856). Description de coquilles nouvelles. Journal de Conchyliologie. 5: 87–92, pl. 2
Rosenberg, G.; Moretzsohn, F.; García, E. F. (2009). Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 579–699 in: Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota... | wikipedia |
wiki_39979_chunk_2 | Solenosteira cancellaria | Pisaniidae
Gastropods described in 1846 | wikipedia |
wiki_39980_chunk_0 | Mathesis | Mathesis may refer to
454 Mathesis, an asteroid discovered in 1900
Mathesis (journal), a Belgian mathematics journal founded in 1881
Mathesis (philosophy), the science of establishing a systematic order for things according to Michel Foucault
Mathesis (society), an Italian association of mathematics teachers
Mathesis u... | wikipedia |
wiki_39981_chunk_0 | Cancellopollia | Cancellopollia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pisaniidae. Species
Species within the genus Cancellopollia include:
Cancellopollia gracilis Vermeij & Bouchet, 1998
Cancellopollia insculpta (Sowerby III, 1900)
Cancellopollia ustulata Vermeij & Bouchet, 1998 References | wikipedia |
wiki_39981_chunk_1 | Cancellopollia | Vermeij G.J. & Bouchet P. 1998. New Pisaniinae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Buccinidae) from New Caledonia, with remarks on Cantharus and related genera. Zoosystema 20(3): 471-485 Pisaniidae
Gastropod genera | wikipedia |
wiki_39982_chunk_0 | Bateman function | In mathematics, the Bateman function (or k-function) is a special case of the confluent hypergeometric function studied by Harry Bateman(1931). Bateman defined it by Bateman discovered this function, when Theodore von Kármán asked for the solution of the following differential equation which appeared in the theory of... | wikipedia |
wiki_39982_chunk_1 | Bateman function | for real values of and
for if is a positive integer
, where is the Modified Bessel function of the second kind.
For a recent survey of the Bateman and related functions see 4. For the asymptotic expansion of the Bateman and Havelock
functions of large order and argument, see the recent E-print 5. References | wikipedia |
wiki_39982_chunk_2 | Bateman function | 4. A. Apelblat, A. Consiglio and F. Mainardi:
“The Bateman functions revisited after 90 years – A survey of old and new results”,
Mathematics (MDPI), Vol 9 (2021), 1273/1-27; DOI: 10.3390/math9111273
E-print arXiv:2104.08596 5. R.B. Paris: "The asymptotic expansion of the Bateman and Havelock
functions of large order a... | wikipedia |
wiki_39982_chunk_3 | Bateman function | Special hypergeometric functions
Special functions | wikipedia |
wiki_39983_chunk_0 | Toronto function | In mathematics, the Toronto function T(m,n,r) is a modification of the confluent hypergeometric function defined by , Weisstein, as Later, Heatley (1964) recomputed to 12 decimals the table of the M(R)-function, and gave some corrections of the original tables. The table was also extended from x = 4 to x = 16 (Heatley,... | wikipedia |
wiki_39983_chunk_1 | Toronto function | Heatley, A. H. (1964), "A short table of the Toronto function", Mathematics of Computation, 18, No.88: 361
Heatley, A. H. (1965), "An extension of the table of the Toronto function", Mathematics of Computation, 19, No.89: 118-123
Weisstein, E. W., "Toronto Function", From Math World - A Wolfram Web Resource Special hyp... | wikipedia |
wiki_39984_chunk_0 | List of places named after casualties of the Smolensk air disaster | This is a list of places named after casualties of the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash. This list includes only name changes that were accepted, e.g. by city councils. Streets Georgia
Lech Kaczyński Street ( – Lekh Kachinskis Kucha) in Tbilisi
Lech and Maria Kaczyński Street ( – Lekh da Maria Kachinskebis Kucha) in... | wikipedia |
wiki_39984_chunk_1 | List of places named after casualties of the Smolensk air disaster | Moldova
Lech Kaczyński Street () in Chişinau | wikipedia |
wiki_39984_chunk_2 | List of places named after casualties of the Smolensk air disaster | Poland
Maciej Płażyński Roundabout (Rondo Płażyńskiego) in Sopot
President Ryszard Kaczorowski Street (Ulica Prezydenta Ryszarda Kaczorowskiego), in Kielce
Ryszard Kaczorowski Roundabout (Rondo Ryszarda Kaczorowskiego) in Piastow
Ryszard Kaczorowski Street (Ulica Ryszarda Kaczorowskiego) in Białystok
Ryszard Kaczorowsk... | wikipedia |
wiki_39984_chunk_3 | List of places named after casualties of the Smolensk air disaster | Lech Kaczyński Avenue (Aleja Lecha Kaczyńskiego) in Lubin
Lech Kaczyński Roundabout (Rondo Lecha Kaczyńskiego) in Starachowice
Lech Kaczyński Street (Ulica Lecha Kaczyńskiego) in Siedlce
Lech and Maria Kaczyńscy roundabout in Tomaszów Mazowiecki
Lech Kaczyński Street (Ulica Lecha Kaczyńskiego) in Tomaszow Lubelski
Mari... | wikipedia |
wiki_39984_chunk_4 | List of places named after casualties of the Smolensk air disaster | Former
Lech Kaczyński Street (Ulica Lecha Kaczyńskiego) in Warsaw (given this name in 2017 but reverted to former name of Aleja Armii Ludowiej in 2018) Ukraine
Lech Kaczyński Street ( – Vulitsa Lekha Kachyns'koho) in Odesa
Lech Kaczyński Street ( – Vulitsa Lekha Kachyns'koho) in Khmelnytskyi
Lech Kaczyński Street ( ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39984_chunk_5 | List of places named after casualties of the Smolensk air disaster | Poland
President Lech Kaczyński Bridge (Most im. Prezydenta RP Lecha Kaczyńskiego) in Bydgoszcz Squares and parks Georgia
Lech Kaczyński Park ( – Lekh Kachinskis Skveri) in Tbilisi Poland
Lech and Maria Kaczyński Park (Park im. Lecha i Marii Kaczyńskich) in Sopot
Arkadiusz Rybicki Square (Skwer im. Arkadiusza Rybickieg... | wikipedia |
wiki_39985_chunk_0 | Vaucelles station | Vaucelles is a railway station located in the commune of Taverny (Val-d'Oise department), France. The station is served by Transilien H trains, on the line from Paris to Persan-Beaumont. The daily number of passengers was between 500 and 2,500 in 2002. Vaucelles is located on the line from Ermont-Eaubonne to Valmondois... | wikipedia |
wiki_39985_chunk_1 | Vaucelles station | Railway stations in Val-d'Oise
Railway stations in France opened in 1876 | wikipedia |
wiki_39986_chunk_0 | List of algebraic constructions | An algebraic construction is a method by which an algebraic entity is defined or derived from another. Instances include: | wikipedia |
wiki_39986_chunk_1 | List of algebraic constructions | Cayley–Dickson construction
Proj construction
Grothendieck group
Gelfand–Naimark–Segal construction
Ultraproduct
ADHM construction
Burnside ring
Simplicial set
Fox derivative
Mapping cone (homological algebra)
Prym variety
Todd class
Adjunction (field theory)
Vaughan Jones construction
Strähle constructio... | wikipedia |
wiki_39986_chunk_2 | List of algebraic constructions | Mathematics-related lists
Algebra | wikipedia |
wiki_39987_chunk_0 | Pictocolumbella ocellata | Pictocolumbella ocellata, common name : the lightning dove shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Columbellidae, the dove snails. Description
The shell size varies between 13 mm and 20 mm Distribution
This species is distributed in the Indian Ocean along Madagascar and in the Wester... | wikipedia |
wiki_39987_chunk_1 | Pictocolumbella ocellata | Dautzenberg, Ph. (1929). Mollusques testacés marins de Madagascar. Faune des Colonies Francaises, Tome III
Richmond, M. (Ed.) (1997). A guide to the seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean islands. Sida/Department for Research Cooperation, SAREC: Stockholm, Sweden. . 448 pp. External links Columbellid... | wikipedia |
wiki_39988_chunk_0 | Mitrella moleculina | Mitrella moleculina is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Columbellidae, the dove snails. This species occurs in the Indian Ocean off Aldabra and Madagascar and in the seas off the Philippines, Korea, Taiwan, and Japan. The shell ranges between 6 and 9 millimeters in length. Mitrella molec... | wikipedia |
wiki_39988_chunk_1 | Mitrella moleculina | Dautzenberg, Ph. (1929). Mollusques testaces marins de Madagascar. Faune des Colonies Francaises, Tome III
Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. China Science Press. 1267 pp.
Kilburn R.N. & Marais J.P. (2010) Columbellidae. Pp. 60–104, in: Marais A.P. & Seccombe A.D. (eds), Identif... | wikipedia |
wiki_39988_chunk_2 | Mitrella moleculina | External links
Duclos P.L. (1840). Histoire naturelle générale et particulière de tous les genres de coquilles univalves marines a l'état vivant et fossile, publiée par monographie. Genre Colombelle. Didot, Paris. 13 pl
Brazier, J. (1877) Shells collected during the Chevert Expedition. Proceedings of the Linnean Soci... | wikipedia |
wiki_39989_chunk_0 | Mitrella ocellata | Mitrella ocellata, the white-spotted dove shell, is a species of sea snail in the family Columbellidae. | wikipedia |
wiki_39989_chunk_1 | Mitrella ocellata | Description
The size of the shell varies between 6 mm and 14 mm. The small, oblong shell is moderately thick, cylindrical, and smooth. It is fawn colored or red, dotted with small, round, white dots, disposed regularly in quincunxes, or in a network. The spire is composed of eleven whorls, generally truncated at the su... | wikipedia |
wiki_39989_chunk_2 | Mitrella ocellata | Distribution
This marine species has a wide distribution. It has been found in the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Atlantic Ocean off the coasts of South America, Africa, and remote islands such as Ascension Island and Saint Helena. References Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca. in: Coste... | wikipedia |
wiki_39989_chunk_3 | Mitrella ocellata | ocellata
Gastropods described in 1791
Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin | wikipedia |
wiki_39990_chunk_0 | N50, L50, and related statistics | In computational biology, N50 and L50 are statistics of a set of contig or scaffold lengths. The N50 is similar to a mean or median of lengths, but has greater weight given to the longer contigs. It is used widely in genome assembly, especially in reference to contig lengths within a draft assembly. There are also t... | wikipedia |
wiki_39990_chunk_1 | N50, L50, and related statistics | To provide a better assessment of assembly output for viral and microbial datasets, a new metric called U50 should be used. The U50 identifies unique, target-specific contigs by using a reference genome as baseline, aiming at circumventing some limitations that are inherent to the N50 metric. The use of the U50 metric ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39990_chunk_2 | N50, L50, and related statistics | Definition | wikipedia |
wiki_39990_chunk_3 | N50, L50, and related statistics | N50
N50 statistic defines assembly quality in terms of contiguity. Given a set of contigs, the N50 is defined as the sequence length of the shortest contig at 50% of the total genome length. It can be thought of as the point of half of the mass of the distribution; the number of bases from all contigs longer than the N... | wikipedia |
wiki_39990_chunk_4 | N50, L50, and related statistics | N50 can be described as a weighted median statistic such that 50% of the entire assembly is contained in contigs or scaffolds equal to or larger than this value. L50
Given a set of contigs, each with its own length, the L50 is defined as count of smallest number of contigs whose length sum makes up half of genome size.... | wikipedia |
wiki_39990_chunk_5 | N50, L50, and related statistics | N90
The N90 statistic is less than or equal to the N50 statistic; it is the length for which the collection of all contigs of that length or longer contains at least 90% of the sum of the lengths of all contigs. | wikipedia |
wiki_39990_chunk_6 | N50, L50, and related statistics | NG50
Note that N50 is calculated in the context of the assembly size rather than the genome size. Therefore, comparisons of N50 values derived from assemblies of significantly different lengths are usually not informative, even if for the same genome. To address this, the authors of the Assemblathon competition came u... | wikipedia |
wiki_39990_chunk_7 | N50, L50, and related statistics | D50
The D50 statistic (also termed D50 test) is similar to the N50 statistic in definition though it is generally not used to describe genome assemblies. The D50 statistic is the lowest value d for which the sum of the lengths of the largest d lengths is at least 50% of the sum of all of the lengths. U50
U50 is the le... | wikipedia |
wiki_39990_chunk_8 | N50, L50, and related statistics | UL50
UL50 is the number of contigs whose length sum produces U50. UG50
UG50 is the length of the smallest contig such that 50% of the reference genome is contained in unique, target-specific contigs of size UG50 or larger. | wikipedia |
wiki_39990_chunk_9 | N50, L50, and related statistics | UG50%
UG50% is the estimated percent coverage length of the UG50 in direct relation to the length of the reference genome. The calculation is (100 × (UG50/Length of reference genome). The UG50%, as a percentage-based metric, can be used to compare assembly results from different samples or studies. | wikipedia |
wiki_39990_chunk_10 | N50, L50, and related statistics | Examples
Consider two fictional, highly simplified genome assemblies, A and B, that are derived from two different species. Assembly A contains six contigs of lengths 80 kbp, 70 kbp, 50 kbp, 40 kbp, 30 kbp, and 20 kbp. The sum size of assembly A is 290 kbp, the N50 contig length is 70 kbp because 80 + 70 is greater tha... | wikipedia |
wiki_39990_chunk_11 | N50, L50, and related statistics | If the estimated or known size of the genome from the fictional species A is 500 kbp then the NG50 contig length is 30 kbp because 80 + 70 + 50 + 40 + 30 is greater than 50% of 500. In contrast, if the estimated or known size of the genome from species B is 350 kbp then it has an NG50 contig length of 50 kbp because 80... | wikipedia |
wiki_39990_chunk_12 | N50, L50, and related statistics | Create another list L' , which is identical to L, except that every element n in L has been replaced with n copies of itself.
The median of L' is the N50 of L. (The 10% quantile of L' is the N90 statistic.) | wikipedia |
wiki_39990_chunk_13 | N50, L50, and related statistics | For example: If L = (2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 8, 8), then L' consists of six 2's, six 3's, four 4's, and sixteen 8's. That is, L' has twice as many 2s as L; it has three times as many 3s as L; it has four times as many 4s; etc. The median of the 32-element set L' is the average of the 16th smallest element, 4, and 17th sm... | wikipedia |
wiki_39990_chunk_14 | N50, L50, and related statistics | Values of the list L = (2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 8, 8) Values of the new list L' = (2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8) Ranks of L' values = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39990_chunk_15 | N50, L50, and related statistics | See also
Herfindahl–Hirschman Index External links
contig_info: A tool to estimate standard descriptive statistics from contig sequences, e.g. N(G)50, N(G)75, N(G)90, L(G)50, L(G)75, L(G)90, auN ... Bioinformatics
Genomics | wikipedia |
wiki_39991_chunk_0 | Eudicella gralli | Eudicella gralli, sometimes called the flamboyant flower beetle or striped love beetle, is a brightly coloured member of the scarab beetle family, in the subfamily known as flower beetles. Their shells seem to have a prismatic quality, refracting the ambient light to give the green of their carapace a rainbow tint. Thi... | wikipedia |
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