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wiki_199900_chunk_0 | Mesh processing | One particularly important property of a 3D shape is its Euler characteristic, which can alternatively be defined in terms of its genus. The formula for this in the continuous sense is χ = 2 c − 2 h − b {\displaystyle \chi =2c-2h-b} , where c {\displaystyle c} is the number of connected components, h {\displaystyle h} ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199901_chunk_0 | Cyclopropyne | One particularly intriguing mode of reactivity is the ring insertion of cyclohexyne into cyclic ketones. The reaction is initiated by the alkoxide-mediated generation of the reactive cycloalkyne species in situ, followed by the α-deprotonation of the ketone to yield the corresponding enolate. The two compounds then und... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199902_chunk_0 | Ventromedial prefrontal cortex | One particularly notable theory of vmPFC function is the somatic marker hypothesis, accredited to António Damásio. By this hypothesis, the vmPFC has a central role in adapting somatic markers—emotional associations, or associations between mental objects and visceral (bodily) feedback—for use in natural decision making... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199903_chunk_0 | Glass-ceramic | One particularly notable use of glass-ceramics is in the processing of ceramic matrix composites. For many ceramic matrix composites typical sintering temperatures and times cannot be used, as the degradation and corrosion of the constituent fibres becomes more of an issue as temperature and sintering time increase. On... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199904_chunk_0 | Multiple System Atrophy | One particularly serious problem, the drop in blood pressure upon standing up (with risk of fainting and thus injury from falling), often responds to fludrocortisone, a synthetic mineralocorticoid. Another common drug treatment is the alpha-agonist midodrine.Non-drug treatments include "head-up tilt" (elevating the hea... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199905_chunk_0 | Homomorphism density | One particularly useful inequality to analyze homomorphism densities is the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality. The effect of applying the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality is "folding" the graph over a line of symmetry to relate it to a smaller graph. This allows for the reduction of densities of large but symmetric graphs to that of ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199906_chunk_0 | Homomorphism density | The same technique can be used to show t ( K 1 , 2 , G ) ≥ t ( K 2 , G ) 2 {\displaystyle t(K_{1,2},G)\geq t(K_{2},G)^{2}} , which combined with the above verifies that C 4 {\displaystyle C_{4}} is a Sidorenko graph. The generalization Hölder's inequality can also be used in a similar manner to fold graphs multiple tim... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199907_chunk_0 | Reciprocal lattice vector | One path to the reciprocal lattice of an arbitrary collection of atoms comes from the idea of scattered waves in the Fraunhofer (long-distance or lens back-focal-plane) limit as a Huygens-style sum of amplitudes from all points of scattering (in this case from each individual atom). This sum is denoted by the complex a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199908_chunk_0 | Reciprocal lattice vector | For the special case of an infinite periodic crystal, the scattered amplitude F = M Fh,k,ℓ from M unit cells (as in the cases above) turns out to be non-zero only for integer values of ( h , k , ℓ ) {\displaystyle (h,k,\ell )} , where F h , k , ℓ = ∑ j = 1 m f j e 2 π i ( h u j + k v j + ℓ w j ) {\displaystyle F_{h,k,... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199909_chunk_0 | Reciprocal lattice vector | For the case of an arbitrary collection of atoms, the intensity reciprocal lattice is therefore: I = ∑ j = 1 N ∑ k = 1 N f j f k e 2 π i g → ⋅ r → j k . {\displaystyle I=\sum _{j=1}^{N}\sum _{k=1}^{N}f_{j}\leftf_{k}\lefte^{2\pi i{\vec {g}}\cdot {\vec {r}}_{\!\!\;jk}}.} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199910_chunk_0 | Reciprocal lattice vector | Here rjk is the vector separation between atom j and atom k. One can also use this to predict the effect of nano-crystallite shape, and subtle changes in beam orientation, on detected diffraction peaks even if in some directions the cluster is only one atom thick. On the down side, scattering calculations using the rec... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199911_chunk_0 | CTL-mediated cytotoxicity | One pathway is the cytotoxic protein pathway. In this pathway perforins and granzymes are taken up by the target cell. In this pathway, the perforins facilitate the entry of granule contents into the cell. The granzymes then activate the endogenous apoptosis pathway, which induces cell death without necrosis. This leav... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199912_chunk_0 | Farm subsidies | One peer-reviewed research suggests that any effects of US farm policies on US obesity patterns must have been negligible. However, some critics argue that the artificially low prices resulting from subsidies create unhealthy incentives for consumers. For example, in the US, cane sugar was replaced with cheap corn syru... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199913_chunk_0 | Intel MIC | One performance and programmability study reported that achieving high performance with Xeon Phi still needs help from programmers and that merely relying on compilers with traditional programming models is insufficient. Other studies in various domains, such as life sciences and deep learning, have shown that exploiti... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199914_chunk_0 | Cayley–Hamilton theorem | One persistent elementary but incorrect argument for the theorem is to "simply" take the definition and substitute A for λ, obtaining There are many ways to see why this argument is wrong. First, in the Cayley–Hamilton theorem, p(A) is an n × n matrix. However, the right hand side of the above equation is the value of ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199915_chunk_0 | Cayley–Hamilton theorem | Second, in the expression det ( λ I n − A ) {\displaystyle \det(\lambda I_{n}-A)} , the variable λ actually occurs at the diagonal entries of the matrix λ I n − A {\displaystyle \lambda I_{n}-A} . To illustrate, consider the characteristic polynomial in the previous example again: If one substitutes the entire matrix A... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199916_chunk_0 | Cayley–Hamilton theorem | So the argument that p ( A ) = det ( A I n − A ) = 0 {\displaystyle p(A)=\det(AI_{n}-A)=0} still does not apply. Actually, if such an argument holds, it should also hold when other multilinear forms instead of determinant is used. For instance, if we consider the permanent function and define q ( λ ) = perm ( λ I n −... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199917_chunk_0 | Beer bong | One person holds a clear pipe to their mouth, while a second holds the other end of the pipe with a large plastic funnel attached. The pipe is part-filled with beer, with the remainder of the pipe and the bottom of the funnel filling with a foamy head.Drinking from a beer bong is different from drinking beer normally (... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199918_chunk_0 | Colossal Cave Adventure | Woods continued releasing updated editions in Fortran until 1995. Crowther later said that Woods's bringing fantasy elements earlier into the gameplay was an improvement to his version, though Crowther's daughters also recall him telling them when they were frustrated at puzzles in the game that it was one of Woods's a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199919_chunk_0 | Welfare dependency | However, William Julius Wilson, in The Truly Disadvantaged, urges caution in initiating race-based programs as there is evidence they may not benefit the poorest Black people, which would include people who have been on welfare for long periods of time. The design of certain social welfare programs inherently disadvant... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199920_chunk_0 | Philosophy of biology | One perspective on the philosophy of biology is how developments in modern biological research and biotechnologies have influenced traditional philosophical ideas about the distinction between biology and technology, as well as implications for ethics, society, and culture. An example is the work of philosopher Eugene ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199921_chunk_0 | Philosophy of biology | This point cannot be overstated: biomedia depend upon an understanding of biological as informational but not immaterial. "Some approaches to the philosophy of biology incorporate perspectives from science studies and/or science and technology studies, anthropology, sociology of science, and political economy. This inc... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199922_chunk_0 | Meristic trait | One phenotype may directly affect another phenotype, by influencing development, metabolism, or behavior. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199923_chunk_0 | Fine-art photography | Whether a work shows aesthetic qualities or not it is designated 'Pictorial Photography' which is a very ambiguous term. The photographer himself must have confidence in his work and in its dignity and aesthetic value, to force recognition as an Art rather than a Craft".Until the late 1970s several genres predominated,... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199924_chunk_0 | Bloom (shader effect) | The Airy disc function falls off very quickly but has very wide tails (actually, infinitely wide tails). As long as the brightness of adjacent parts of the image are roughly in the same range, the effect of the blurring caused by the Airy disc is not particularly noticeable; but in parts of the image where very bright ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199925_chunk_0 | AdS/QCD correspondence | One physical system which has been studied using the AdS/CFT correspondence is the quark–gluon plasma, an exotic state of matter produced in particle accelerators. This state of matter arises for brief instants when heavy ions such as gold or lead nuclei are collided at high energies. Such collisions cause the quarks t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199926_chunk_0 | AdS/QCD correspondence | In addition, the authors conjectured that this universal constant provides a lower bound for η / s {\displaystyle \eta /s} in a large class of systems. In 2008, the predicted value of this ratio for the quark–gluon plasma was confirmed at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory.Another imp... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199927_chunk_0 | AdS/CFT correspondence | One physical system which has been studied using the AdS/CFT correspondence is the quark–gluon plasma, an exotic state of matter produced in particle accelerators. This state of matter arises for brief instants when heavy ions such as gold or lead nuclei are collided at high energies. Such collisions cause the quarks t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199928_chunk_0 | AdS/CFT correspondence | In addition, the authors conjectured that this universal constant provides a lower bound for η / s {\displaystyle \eta /s} in a large class of systems. In 2008, the predicted value of this ratio for the quark–gluon plasma was confirmed at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory.Another imp... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199929_chunk_0 | Sleep in fish | The frequency of mouth and gill movement is reduced by almost half and they are twice as hard to arouse as during the day. If they are deprived of this sleep-like behaviour, the sleep bouts thereafter are longer and the arousal threshold is higher than usual, suggesting a rebound effect. Similarly, in the convict cichl... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199930_chunk_0 | Epinephrine (neurotransmitter) | The development of extraction methods and enzyme–isotope derivate radio-enzymatic assays (REA) transformed the analysis down to a sensitivity of 1 pg for adrenaline. Early REA plasma assays indicated that adrenaline and total catecholamines rise late in exercise, mostly when anaerobic metabolism commences.During exerci... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199931_chunk_0 | Epinephrine (neurotransmitter) | Exercise induces progressive airway dilation in normal subjects that correlates with workload and is not prevented by beta-blockade. The progressive airway dilation with increasing exercise is mediated by a progressive reduction in resting vagal tone. Beta blockade with propranolol causes a rebound in airway resistance... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199932_chunk_0 | Cypriot units of measurement | One pic was equal to 2 feet (0.6096 m). Prior to the adoption of the metric system for units of length in 1986, this was the base unit for length. Other units used were the following: 1 inch = 2.54 cm or 1⁄12 foot, 1⁄24 pic, or 1⁄36 yard 1 foot = 30.48 cm or 12 inches, 1⁄2 pic, or 1⁄3 yard 1 yard = 0.9144 m or 3 feet, ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199933_chunk_0 | Calvin Hooker Goddard | In 1927, the defense raised the suggestion that the fatal bullet had been planted, calling attention to the awkward scratches on the base of the bullet that differed from those on other bullets. The Lowell Commission dismissed this claim as desperate but in 1985, historians William Kaiser and David Young made a compell... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199934_chunk_0 | Vibration-powered generator | One piezoelectric generator being developed uses water droplets at the end of a piezoelectric cantilever beam. The water droplets hang from the end of the beam and are subjected to excitation by the kinetic energy of the vibrations. This results in the water droplet oscillating, which in turn causes the beam they are h... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199935_chunk_0 | Vibration-powered generator | A major advantage to this method is that it can be tailored towards a wide range of excitation frequencies. The natural frequency of the water droplet is a function of its size; therefore changing the size of the water droplet allows for the matching of the natural frequency of the droplet and the frequency of the pres... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199936_chunk_0 | Vibration-powered generator | Matching these frequencies produces the largest amplitude oscillation of the water droplet, resulting in a large force and larger strain on the piezoelectric beam.Another application seeks to use the vibrations created during flight in aircraft to power the electronics on the plane that currently rely on batteries. Suc... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199937_chunk_0 | Vibration-powered generator | The same principle is used in many wind instruments, converting the airflow provided by the musician into a loud steady tone. This tone is used as the vibration that is converted from kinetic to electric energy by the piezoelectric generator. This application is still in the early stages of development; the concept has... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199938_chunk_0 | Ugi reaction | One plausible reaction mechanism is depicted below: Amine 1 and ketone 2 form the imine 3 with loss of one equivalent of water. Proton exchange with carboxylic acid 4 activates the iminium ion 5 for nucleophilic addition of the isocyanide 6 with its terminal carbon atom to nitrilium ion 7. A second nucleophilic additio... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199939_chunk_0 | Ugi reaction | All reaction steps are reversible except for the Mumm rearrangement, which drives the whole reaction sequence. In the related Passerini reaction (lacking the amine) the isocyanide reacts directly with the carbonyl group but other aspects of the reaction are the same. This reaction can take place concurrently with the U... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199940_chunk_0 | Core–mantle differentiation | One plausible scenario is that the primordial, cold silicate core fragmented in response to instabilities induced by the denser surrounding iron layer. At the end, chunks of such a fragmented core ("rockbergs") migrated upward and incorporated into the mantle, whereas the iron alloy settled at the center of the Earth. ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199941_chunk_0 | Scotland Yard (board game) | Mr. X also has a supply of black tickets (one per detective in play or always five in the Milton Bradley version) that are valid for any mode of transport available at his current location. These tickets can also be used to move between the ferry stops on the River Thames, joined by black lines; Mr. X is the only one w... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199942_chunk_0 | Scotland Yard (board game) | At five specific times during the game, Mr. X has to reveal his current position. Detectives may take this opportunity to refine their search and, if possible, plan ways to encircle him based on where he is and the next few moves he makes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199943_chunk_0 | Scotland Yard (board game) | The detectives win the game if any of them lands on Mr. X's current location, or if it becomes impossible for him to move without landing on a detective. Mr. X wins by avoiding capture until all detectives can no longer move because they have either exhausted their ticket supplies or reached positions from which they c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199944_chunk_0 | Three Musketeers (game) | The enemy can move one enemy piece to any orthogonally adjacent empty space.The enemy wins if it can force the three musketeers to be all on the same row or column. The musketeers win if on their turn they cannot move due to there being no enemy pieces adjacent to any musketeer and they are not all on the same row or c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199945_chunk_0 | Prehensile tail | One point of interest is the distribution of animals with prehensile tails. The prehensile tail is predominantly a New World adaptation, especially among mammals. Many more animals in South America have prehensile tails than in Africa and Southeast Asia. It has been argued that animals with prehensile tails are more co... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199946_chunk_0 | Probabilistic Risk Assessment | One point of possible objection interests the uncertainties associated with a PSA. The PSA (Probabilistic Safety Assessment) has often no associated uncertainty, though in metrology any measure shall be related to a secondary measurement uncertainty, and in the same way any mean frequency number for a random variable s... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199947_chunk_0 | Probabilistic Risk Assessment | A cost-effective of the factor of safety, contribute to undervaluate or completely ignore this type of remote safety risk-factors. Designers choose if the system has to be dimensioned and positioned at the mean or for the minimum level of probability-risk (with related costs of safety measures), for being resilient and... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199948_chunk_0 | Systems approach | One policy, one system, universal service —Theodore VailIn 1876 Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone and later founded Bell Telephone and its successors. The term universal service, came from Theodore Vail in 1907, and has economic, legal and business ramifications including the communications systems of the Be... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199949_chunk_0 | Magneto | One popular and common use of magnetos of today is for powering lights and USB powered devices on bicycles. Most commonly, a small magneto, termed a bottle dynamo, rubs against the tire of the bicycle and generates power as the wheel turns. More expensive and less common but more efficient is the hub dynamo that rotate... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199950_chunk_0 | Sexual behavior of pinnipeds | One popular hypothesis suggested that pinnipeds are diphyletic (descended from two ancestral lines), with walruses and otariids sharing a recent common ancestor with bears and phocids sharing one with Musteloidea. However, morphological and molecular evidence support a monophyletic origin. A 2021 genetic study found th... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199951_chunk_0 | Sexual behavior of pinnipeds | The discovery of Puijila in a lake deposit suggests that pinniped evolution went through a freshwater transitional phase. Enaliarctos, a fossil species of late Oligocene/early Miocene (24–22 mya) California, closely resembled modern pinnipeds; it was adapted to an aquatic life with a flexible spine, and limbs modified ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199952_chunk_0 | Sexual behavior of pinnipeds | Enaliarctos was capable of swimming with both the fore-flippers and hind-flippers, but it may have been more specialized as a fore-flipper swimmer. One species, Enaliarctos emlongi, exhibited notable sexual dimorphism, suggesting that this physical characteristic may have been an important driver of pinniped evolution.... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199953_chunk_0 | Sexual behavior of pinnipeds | As in modern seals, Pteroarctos had an orbital wall that was not limited by certain facial bones (like the jugal or lacrimal bone), but was mostly shaped by the maxilla. The extinct family Desmatophocidae lived 23–10 mya in the North Atlantic and had elongated skulls, fairly large eyes, cheekbones connected by a mortis... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199954_chunk_0 | Spherically symmetric spacetime | One popular metric, used in the study of mass inflation, is d s 2 = g μ ν d x μ d x ν = − d t 2 α 2 + 1 β r 2 ( d r − β t d t α ) 2 + r 2 g ( Ω ) . {\displaystyle ds^{2}=g_{\mu \nu }dx^{\mu }dx^{\nu }=-{\frac {dt^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{\beta _{r}^{2}}}\left(dr-\beta _{t}{\frac {dt}{\alpha }}\right)^{2}+r^{2}\,g(... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199955_chunk_0 | Serial memory processing | During serial memory processing, declarative memory works to encode the physical positions of the items in the original memory set. As well, the production memory works to help organize the later recall of the items in the memory set. The ACT-R is a limited-capacity model meaning that there is a limited amount of activ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199956_chunk_0 | Serial memory processing | This limited-capacity helps to explain the linear relationship between time of recall and size of memory set. According to the ACT-R, the longer the original memory set, the longer the recall because the amount of available activation is being divided amongst more items now. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199957_chunk_0 | Serial memory processing | More evidence exists for the ACT-R modeling serial memory processing. It has been found that the ACT-R models the serial position error nearly perfectly. It produces the same primacy and recency effects found in earlier studies. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199958_chunk_0 | Serial memory processing | This decision is either positive or negative, depending on whether the target item matches the representation of an item in the memory set. After each comparison, and individual decision, is completed, the responses are organized and finally expressed. This model demonstrates the relationships between lengths of memory... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199959_chunk_0 | Dual boot | One popular multi-boot configuration is to dual-boot Linux and Windows operating systems, each contained within its own partition. Windows does not facilitate or support multi-boot systems, other than allowing for partition-specific installations, and no choice of boot loader is offered. However, most current Linux ins... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199960_chunk_0 | Dual boot | However, if a partition is added or deleted at the beginning or middle of a hard drive, the numbering of subsequent partitions may change. If the number of the system partition changes, it requires boot loader reconfiguration in order for an operating system to boot and function properly. Windows must be installed into... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199961_chunk_0 | Ribbon diagram | KiNG is the Java-based successor to Mage (examples: α-hemolysin top view and side view). UCSF Chimera is a powerful molecular modeling program that also includes visualizations such as ribbons, notable especially for the ability to combine them with contoured shapes from cryo-electron microscopy data. PyMOL, by Warren ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199962_chunk_0 | Nakamoto consensus | One popular system, used in Hashcash, uses partial hash inversions to prove that computation was done, as a goodwill token to send an e-mail. For instance, the following header represents about 252 hash computations to send a message to calvin@comics.net on January 19, 2038: X-Hashcash: 1:52:380119:calvin@comics.net:::... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199963_chunk_0 | Thermal conductivity measurement | One popular technique for electro-thermal characterization of materials is the 3ω-method, in which a thin metal structure (generally a wire or a film) is deposited on the sample to function as a resistive heater and a resistance temperature detector (RTD). The heater is driven with AC current at frequency ω, which indu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199964_chunk_0 | Thermal conductivity measurement | Note, the phase delay of the signal is the lag between the heating signal and the temperature response. The measured voltage will contain both the fundamental and third harmonic components (ω and 3ω respectively), because the Joule heating of the metal structure induces oscillations in its resistance with frequency 2ω ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199965_chunk_0 | Coppola cap | One popular theory of the coppola is that it originates in Anglo-Saxon land, where the tradition of civil caps has been found at least since the late 16th century during the reign of the Tudors, when on Sundays and on holidays all males over six years old – with the exception of nobles and high-ranking people – had to ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199966_chunk_0 | Radio over fiber | One popular use for RF over fiber is for cable TV systems. Content providers may transport their entire CATV channel lineup over a single-fiber optic cable, because this way they can transport the signal for hundreds of km. It works like this: An electrical RF signal usually in the range of 54–870 MHz is converted to m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199967_chunk_0 | Marshmallow creme | One popular use for marshmallow creme is in the "fluffernutter", a Fluff and peanut butter sandwich. According to a 2006 Boston Globe article, Massachusetts State Senator Jarrett Barrios proposed a restriction on the number of weekly servings of fluffernutter sandwiches in the form of an amendment to a bill that would ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199968_chunk_0 | HYSPLIT | Several methods for identifying the contribution of high concentrations exist, including frequency based approaches, potential source contribution function, concentration weighted trajectory, and trajectory clustering. For example, HYSPLIT back trajectories show that most air pollution in Door County, Wisconsin origina... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199969_chunk_0 | Frets on Fire | One popular version of the game is Frets on Fire X (commonly abbreviated FoFiX), a fork developed from a series of mods of version 1.2.451 of Frets on Fire. As well as having support for four players, this fork supports custom graphical themes (which enables users to create a Guitar Hero or Rock Band look-alike), bass ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199970_chunk_0 | Force control | One possibility for force control is parallel force/position control. The control is designed as a cascade control and has an external force control loop and an internal position control loop. As shown in the following figure, a corresponding infeed correction is calculated from the difference between the nominal and a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199971_chunk_0 | Force control | The offset value is the input variable for the inner position control loop. Analogous to an inner position control, an inner velocity control can also take place, which has a higher dynamic. In this case, the inner control loop should have a saturation in order not to generate a (theoretically) arbitrarily increasing v... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199972_chunk_0 | Quantum Cryptography | One possibility to construct unconditionally secure quantum commitment and quantum oblivious transfer (OT) protocols is to use the bounded quantum storage model (BQSM). In this model, it is assumed that the amount of quantum data that an adversary can store is limited by some known constant Q. However, no limit is impo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199973_chunk_0 | Quantum Cryptography | Since even a dishonest party cannot store all that information (the quantum memory of the adversary is limited to Q qubits), a large part of the data will have to be either measured or discarded. Forcing dishonest parties to measure a large part of the data allows the protocol to circumvent the impossibility result, co... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199974_chunk_0 | Quantum Cryptography | The communication complexity is only a constant factor larger than the bound Q on the adversary's quantum memory. The advantage of the BQSM is that the assumption that the adversary's quantum memory is limited is quite realistic. With today's technology, storing even a single qubit reliably over a sufficiently long tim... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199975_chunk_0 | Polymer field theory | One possibility to face the problem is to calculate higher-order corrections to the MF approximation. Tsonchev et al. developed such a strategy including leading (one-loop) order fluctuation corrections, which allowed to gain new insights into the physics of confined PE solutions (Tsonchev 1999). However, in situations... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199976_chunk_0 | Warm dark matter | One possible WDM candidate particle with a mass of a few keV comes from introducing two new, zero charge, zero lepton number fermions to the Standard Model of Particle Physics: "keV-mass inert fermions" (keVins) and "GeV-mass inert fermions" (GeVins). keVins are overproduced if they reach thermal equilibrium in the ear... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199977_chunk_0 | Warm dark matter | Their properties are consistent with astrophysical bounds coming from structure formation and the Pauli principle if their mass is larger than 1-8 keV. In February 2014, different analyses have extracted from the spectrum of X-ray emissions observed by XMM-Newton, a monochromatic signal around 3.5 keV. This signal is c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199978_chunk_0 | Marcescence | Because some marcescent species' leaves do not decompose well, the increased photodegradation may allow them to decompose better once they finally fall off the tree.Others theorize that leaves which remain on a tree due to marcescence allow the tree to trap snow during the winter months. By using their dead leaves to c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199979_chunk_0 | Mental poker | One possible algorithm for shuffling cards without the use of a trusted third party is to use a commutative encryption scheme. A commutative scheme means that if some data is encrypted more than once, the order in which one decrypts this data will not matter. Example: Alice has a plaintext message. She encrypts this, p... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199980_chunk_0 | San Francisco Digital Inclusion Strategy | One possible alternative to such an institutionalized wireless system, is the product line from Meraki The mini, a low-cost and lower power type of repeater box, assists in creating a free wi-fi network by allowing users to broadcast their unused bandwidth and coordinate this with bandwidth broadcast by other Minis in ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199981_chunk_0 | Scanning Electron Microscopy | One possible application is measuring the roughness of ice crystals. This method can combine variable-pressure environmental SEM and the 3D capabilities of the SEM to measure roughness on individual ice crystal facets, convert it into a computer model and run further statistical analysis on the model. Other measurement... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199982_chunk_0 | General artificial intelligence | One possible approach to achieving AGI is whole brain emulation: A brain model is built by scanning and mapping a biological brain in detail and copying its state into a computer system or another computational device. The computer runs a simulation model sufficiently faithful to the original that it behaves in practic... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199983_chunk_0 | Multi-agent pathfinding | One possible approach to face the computational complexity is prioritized planning. It consists in decoupling the MAPF problem into k {\displaystyle k} single-agent pathfinding problems. The first step is to assign to each agent a unique number { 1 , 2 , . . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199984_chunk_0 | Multi-agent pathfinding | Each node is composed by two entries ( v , t ) {\displaystyle (v,t)} , where v {\displaystyle v} is the node name and t {\displaystyle t} is the time step. Each node ( v , t ) {\displaystyle (v,t)} is linked to the nodes ( u , t + 1 ) {\displaystyle (u,t+1)} such that u {\displaystyle u} is adjacent to v {\displaystyle... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199985_chunk_0 | Credit bubble | These measures may include raising interest rates, which tends to make investors become more risk averse and thus avoid leveraged capital because the costs of borrowing may become too expensive. There may also be countermeasures taken pre-emptively during periods of strong economic growth, such as increasing capital re... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199986_chunk_0 | Transformer ratio arm bridge | One possible configuration using two transformers is shown in Fig. 2. (The two transformers allow both the signal source and the null detector to be isolated from the measured component.) The unknown Z x {\displaystyle Z_{x}} and the standard Z s {\displaystyle Z_{s}} are both driven by T1, feeding currents to the prim... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199987_chunk_0 | Transformer ratio arm bridge | If Z x {\displaystyle Z_{x}} and Z s {\displaystyle Z_{s}} have the same value and are fed from the same tap on T1, the antiphase currents cancel out perfectly and the null detector will show balance. When Z x {\displaystyle Z_{x}} and Z s {\displaystyle Z_{s}} are unequal, balance can be approached by connecting Z s {... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199988_chunk_0 | Transformer ratio arm bridge | Fig. 2 shows Z x {\displaystyle Z_{x}} and Z s {\displaystyle Z_{s}} as single components. Fig. 3 shows separate standards for conductance G {\displaystyle G} and susceptance B {\displaystyle B} , allowing minor as well as major terms of Y x {\displaystyle Y_{x}} to be resolved. The standards are shown as variable comp... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199989_chunk_0 | Transformer ratio arm bridge | The unknown component too may be connected to a tap part-way along the T1 secondary. Also the numbers of turns on the two arms of the T1 secondary are not necessarily equal, and likewise those on the T2 primary. Combinations of these various options offer great flexibility of construction, allowing measurements over a ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199990_chunk_0 | Algebraic K-theory | One possible definition of higher algebraic K-theory of rings was given by Quillen K n ( R ) = π n ( B GL ( R ) + ) , {\displaystyle K_{n}(R)=\pi _{n}(B\operatorname {GL} (R)^{+}),} Here πn is a homotopy group, GL(R) is the direct limit of the general linear groups over R for the size of the matrix tending to infinit... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199991_chunk_0 | Fuzzy string searching | p m {\displaystyle P=p_{1}p_{2}...p_{m}} and a text string T = t 1 t 2 … t n {\displaystyle T=t_{1}t_{2}\dots t_{n}} , find a substring T j ′ , j = t j ′ … t j {\displaystyle T_{j',j}=t_{j'}\dots t_{j}} in T, which, of all substrings of T, has the smallest edit distance to the pattern P. A brute-force approach would be... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199992_chunk_0 | Fuzzy string searching | In fact, we can use the Levenshtein distance computing algorithm for E(m, j), the only difference being that we must initialize the first row with zeros, and save the path of computation, that is, whether we used E(i − 1,j), E(i,j − 1) or E(i − 1,j − 1) in computing E(i, j). In the array containing the E(x, y) values, ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199993_chunk_0 | Fuzzy string searching | Another recent idea is the similarity join. When matching database relates to a large scale of data, the O(mn) time with the dynamic programming algorithm cannot work within a limited time. So, the idea is to reduce the number of candidate pairs, instead of computing the similarity of all pairs of strings. Widely used ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199994_chunk_0 | Cable telephony | In an emergency, if mains power is lost and without the battery backup unit provided at an additional cost by the cable provider, this telephone service ceases to function. Traditional landline service from phone companies supply phantom power over the communication wires and therefore keep attached devices operational... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199995_chunk_0 | Carbon monoxide/oxygen engine | The pregnant woman and child would need additional nutrition from the rations aboard, as well as special treatment and care. The pregnancy would impinge on the pregnant crew member's duties and abilities. It is still not fully known how the environment in a spacecraft would affect the development of a child aboard. It ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199996_chunk_0 | Childhood amnesia | It is theorized that this part of the hippocampus plays a large role in the ability to form and retrieve memories. The ability to store and recall memories gradually increases along with the postnatal development of the dentate gyrus.The physiological approach appears to support findings of memory loss in relation to a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199997_chunk_0 | Childhood amnesia | This discovery that three-year-olds can retrieve memories from earlier in their life implies that all necessary neurological structures are in place to recall episodic information over the short-term, but evidently not over the long-term into adulthood. The finding that all altricial species experience profound forgett... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199998_chunk_0 | African superswell | One possible explanation for the immense uplift of Africa causing the superswell is dynamic topography. This phenomenon describes changes in the topography of the surface of the Earth due to circulation of the underlying mantle. In the case of dynamic topography, the uplift in Africa would be supported by flow from the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_199999_chunk_0 | Argleton | One possible explanation for the presence of Argleton is that it was added deliberately as a copyright trap, or "paper town" as they are sometimes known, to catch any violations of copyright, though such bogus entries are typically much less obvious. It has been noted that "Argle" seems to echo the word "Google", while... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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