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Bees algorithm
for i= 1 : group_random % For the remaining random bees beeIndex = beeIndex + 1; solution(beeIndex,1:maxParameters)= generate_random_solution(maxParameters,min, max); % generate a new random solution at the index beeIndex solution(beeIndex,maxParameters+1)= evaluate_fitness(solution); % evaluate its fitnes...
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Online algorithm
Online problems A problem exemplifying the concepts of online algorithms is the Canadian Traveller Problem. The goal of this problem is to minimize the cost of reaching a target in a weighted graph where some of the edges are unreliable and may have been removed from the graph. However, that an edge has been removed (...
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Nuclear power in China
Summary of nuclear power plants Where multiple reactors are operational/under construction/planned at a given site, the capacity given is to be understood for all reactors at this site applicable to the given column, not a per reactor figure. Fuel cycle China is evaluating the construction of a high level waste (HLW) r...
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Shrinkage (statistics)
Hausser and Strimmer "develop a James-Stein-type shrinkage estimator, resulting in a procedure that is highly efficient statistically as well as computationally. Despite its simplicity, ...it outperforms eight other entropy estimation procedures across a diverse range of sampling scenarios and data-generating models, ...
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Engineering notation
{| class="wikitable" style="padding:0; text-align:center; width:0" ! colspan="5" | SI prefixes |- !style="text-align:center" colspan="2" | Prefix !style="text-align:center" colspan="3" | Representations |- ! style="text-align:center" | Name ! style="text-align:center" | Symbol ! style="text-align:center" | Base 1000 ! ...
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Conditional probability
{| class="wikitable" style="background:silver; text-align:center; width:300px" |+ Table 2 ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | + ! colspan=6 | D2 |- ! scope="col" | 1 ! scope="col" | 2 ! scope="col" | 3 ! scope="col" | 4 ! scope="col" | 5 ! scope="col" | 6 |- ! rowspan=6 scope="row" | D1 ! 1 | style="background:red;" | 2 || style="...
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Edmonds–Karp algorithm
Pseudocode algorithm EdmondsKarp is input: graph (graph[v] should be the list of edges coming out of vertex v in the original graph and their corresponding constructed reverse edges which are used for push-back flow. Each edge should have a capacity...
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Serviceability (computer)
Additional characteristics and capabilities that have been observed in service tools: Time of data collection: some tools can collect data immediately, as soon as problem occurs, others are delayed in collecting data. Pre-analyzed, or not-yet-analyzed data: some tools collect ‘external’ data, while others collect ‘in...
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Autonomic Network Architecture
As a first step, a network based on the predominant infrastructure of Ethernet switches and wireless access points will be built. The goal is to demonstrate self-organization of individual nodes into a network. The design of such network should potentially scale to large network meshes in the range of 105 active (routi...
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Algorithmic skeleton
SkeTo The SkeTo project is a C++ library which achieves parallelization using MPI. SkeTo is different from other skeleton libraries because instead of providing nestable parallelism patterns, SkeTo provides parallel skeletons for parallel data structures such as: lists, trees, and matrices. The data structures are type...
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Watson (computer)
Further reading Baker, Stephen (2012) Final Jeopardy: The Story of Watson, the Computer That Will Transform Our World, Mariner Books. Jackson, Joab (2014). IBM bets big on Watson-branded cognitive computing PCWorld: Jan 9, 2014 2:30 PM Greenemeier, Larry. (2013). Will IBM's Watson Usher in a New Era of Cognitive Com...
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Polymorphic recursion
Functional programming data structures often use polymorphic recursion to simplify type error checks and solve problems with nasty "middle" temporary solutions that devour memory in more traditional data structures such as trees. In the two citations that follow, Okasaki (pp. 144–146) gives a CONS example in Haskell wh...
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Low-energy electron diffraction
An electron gun from which monochromatic electrons are emitted by a cathode filament which is at a negative potential, typically 10–600 V, with respect to the sample. The electrons are accelerated and focused into a beam, typically about 0.1 to 0.5 mm wide, by a series of electrodes serving as electron lenses. Some of ...
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Nanyang Technological University Libraries
Abdul Aziz, N., Chia, Y. B., & Loh, H. (2010). Sowing the seeds: towards reaping a harvest using social web applications in Nanyang Technological University Library. IFLA World Library and Information Congress (WLIC) 2010, (August), 1–25. Retrieved from http://dr.ntu.edu.sg/handle/10220/6450
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Relevance logic
Humberstone models Urquhart showed that the semilattice logic for R is properly stronger than the positive fragment of R. Lloyd Humberstone provided an enrichment of the operational models that permitted a different truth condition for disjunction. The resulting class of models generates exactly the positive fragment o...
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Source lines of code
Consider this snippet of C code as an example of the ambiguity encountered when determining SLOC: for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) printf("hello"); /* How many lines of code is this? */ In this example we have: 1 physical line of code (LOC), 2 logical lines of code (LLOC) (for statement and printf statement), 1 comment lin...
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Powers (comics)
DC/Jinxworld reprints: Powers: Book One trade paperback (2018, collects Vol. 1 #1–11, the complete Powers comic strips from Comic Shop News, the Powers Coloring/Activity Book; ) Powers: Book Two trade paperback (2019, collects Vol. 1 #12–24; Annual 1 ) Powers: Book Three trade paperback (2019, collects Vol. 1 #25–37...
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Software pipelining
The prologue and epilogue handle iterations at the beginning and end of the loop. Here is a possible prologue for our example above: ; loop prologue (arranged on lines for clarity) A(1) A(2), B(1) A(3), B(2), C(1) A(4), B(3), C(2) ; cannot start D(1) yet A(5), B(4), C(3), D(1) A(6), B(5), C(4), D(2), E(1) Each ...
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Tissue engineering
In 1960, Wichterle and Lim were the first to publish experiments on hydrogels for biomedical applications by using them in contact lens construction. Work on the field developed slowly over the next two decades, but later found traction when hydrogels were repurposed for drug delivery. In 1984, Charles Hull developed b...
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POWER3
References - gives more information about POWER1, POWER2, and POWER3 O'Connell, F. P.; White, S. W. (6 November 2000). "POWER3: The next generation of PowerPC processors". IBM Journal of Research and Development, Volume 44, Number 6. Song, Peter (17 November 1997). "IBM's Power3 to Replace P2SC". Microprocessor ...
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Spaghetti code
Here is another example of Spaghetti code with embedded GOTO statements. INPUT "How many numbers should be sorted? "; T DIM n(T) FOR i = 1 TO T PRINT "NUMBER:"; i INPUT n(i) NEXT i 'Calculations: C = T E180: C = INT(C / 2) IF C = 0 THEN GOTO C330 D = T - C E = 1 I220: f = E F230: g = ...
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Global Energy and Water Exchanges
Second phase (2003–2012) Phase II, "Full Implementation" (2003–2012) of GEWEX is to "exploit new capabilities" developed during phase I such as new satellite information and, increasingly, new models. These include changes in the Earth's energy budget and water cycle, contribution of processes in climate feedback, caus...
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Fragment molecular orbital
In the FMO book published in 2009, one can find 10 illustrated chapters written by the experts in the FMO development and applications, as well as a CDROM with annotated samples of input and output files, Facio modelling software and video tutorials (AppliGuide movies, showing mouse clicks) for treating difficult PDB f...
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List of programmes broadcast by 8TV (Malaysian TV network)
3.03 A.M 5 Jingga 8 Chart Show 8 Corners 8TV 18th Anniversary Bonanza (8 January 2022) (Sponsored by Abbott Laboratories - Ensure Malaysia - Ensure Gold) (Reality Television) (Repeated on 15 January 2022) 8 E-Channel (formerly known as 8 E-News) 8 E-News Mini Concert (8 January 2022) 8 E-News (2004-2021) 8 E-Ne...
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Polyhedral combinatorics
A theorem of (previously conjectured by Micha Perles) states that one can reconstruct the face structure of a simple polytope from its graph. That is, if a given undirected graph is the skeleton of a simple polytope, there is only one polytope (up to combinatorial equivalence) for which this is true. This is in sharp...
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Code of Virginia
Titles of the Code of Virginia Note: repealed titles have been omitted Title 1 - General Provisions Title 2.2 - Administration of Government Title 3.2 - Agriculture, Animal Care, and Food Title 4.1 - Alcoholic Beverage Control Act Title 5.1 - Aviation Title 6.2 - Financial Institutions and Services Title 8.01 - ...
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Matrix calculus
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Identities: scalar-by-scalar, with matrices involved ! scope="col" width="175" | Condition ! scope="col" width="100" | Expression ! scope="col" width="100" | Consistent numerator layout,i.e. by Y and XT ! scope="col" width="100" | Mixed layout,i.e. by Y and X |- | U ...
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Median (geometry)
Three congruent triangles In 2014 Lee Sallows discovered the following theorem: The medians of any triangle dissect it into six equal area smaller triangles as in the figure above where three adjacent pairs of triangles meet at the midpoints D, E and F. If the two triangles in each such pair are rotated about their com...
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List of broadband over power line deployments
Active North America: United States: The United Telecom Council publishes the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)-mandated BPL Interference Resolution website, which provides a list of all BPL deployments in the US. Canada: Quebec: As of 2005, PLC communication technology developed by Ariane Controls is being ...
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Template metaprogramming
In C++11 and C++20, constexpr and consteval were introduced to let the compiler execute code. Using constexpr and consteval, one can use the usual recursive factorial definition with the non-templated syntax. Compile-time code optimization The factorial example above is one example of compile-time code optimization in ...
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Principles of Geometry
Singles, 12" and 7" A Mountain For President EP (2007, Tigersushi) Interstate Highway System (2008, Tigersushi) The Effect Of Adding Another Zero (Principles Of Geometry's Distributive & Associative Part One) (2009, Tigersushi/Pandamaki Records) P.O.G vs. THE EDITS EP (edits by KRIKOR, PILOOSKI & JOAKIM) (2011, Tig...
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Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering
Library The Library is names as 'Prof. B. Sarvesvara Rao Library' named after the former president of Gayatri Vidya Parishad, Emeritus Professor of Economics of Andhra University and Economic Adviser to the Government of Nigeria. The library is well equipped with modern facilities and resources in the form of CD / DVD...
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Low-level programming language
Example: A function in hexadecimal representation of 32-bit x86 machine code to calculate the nth Fibonacci number: 8B542408 83FA0077 06B80000 0000C383 FA027706 B8010000 00C353BB 01000000 B9010000 008D0419 83FA0376 078BD989 C14AEBF1 5BC3
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Differential item functioning
Logistic regression Logistic regression approaches to DIF detection involve running a separate analysis for each item. The independent variables included in the analysis are group membership, an ability matching variable typically a total score, and an interaction term between the two. The dependent variable of intere...
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List of 4000-series integrated circuits
The following is a list of CMOS 4000-series digital logic integrated circuits. In 1968, the original 4000-series was introduced by RCA. Although more recent parts are considerably faster, the 4000 devices operate over a wide power supply range (generally 3V to 15V, some devices higher ) and are well suited to unregu...
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Moment-generating function
Examples Here are some examples of the moment-generating function and the characteristic function for comparison. It can be seen that the characteristic function is a Wick rotation of the moment-generating function when the latter exists. {|class="wikitable" |- ! Distribution ! Moment-generating function ! Characteri...
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PC PowerPlay
Inbox: Letters to the editor and Snippets (A small section where a sentence of a writer's letter is used in a comical fashion. Currently snippets have been removed from the section.) The Big Picture: A double-page screenshot of the game featured as the cover story. This is followed by the cover story itself (usually a ...
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Bresenham's line algorithm
Further reading Patrick-Gilles Maillot's Thesis an extension of the Bresenham line drawing algorithm to perform 3D hidden lines removal; also published in MICAD '87 proceedings on CAD/CAM and Computer Graphics, page 591 - . Line Thickening by Modification To Bresenham's Algorithm, A.S. Murphy, IBM Technical Disclosur...
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Kernighan–Lin algorithm
function Kernighan-Lin(G(V, E)) is determine a balanced initial partition of the nodes into sets A and B do compute D values for all a in A and b in B let gv, av, and bv be empty lists for n := 1 to |V| / 2 do find a from A and b from B, such that g = D[a] + D[b] ...
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Engineering design process
Research Various stages of the design process (and even earlier) can involve a significant amount of time spent on locating information and research. Consideration should be given to the existing applicable literature, problems and successes associated with existing solutions, costs, and marketplace needs. The source o...
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SIESTA (computer program)
Applications Since its implementation, SIESTA has become quite popular, being increasingly used by researchers in geosciences, biology, and engineering (apart from those in its natural habitat of materials physics and chemistry) and has been applied to a large variety of systems including surfaces, adsorbates, nanotub...
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PLS (complexity)
A PLS-reduction from a local search problem to a local search problem is a tight PLS-reduction if for any instance of , a subset of solutions of instance of can be chosen, so that the following properties are satisfied: contains, among other solutions, all local optima of For every solution of , a solution ...
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List of NATO country codes
This is the list of NATO country codes. Up to and including the seventh edition of STANAG 1059, these were two-letter codes (digrams). The eighth edition, promulgated February 19, 2004, and effective April 1, 2004, replaced all codes with new ones based on the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes. Additional codes cover gaps in th...
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Logistics engineering
Logistics engineering as a discipline is a very important aspect of systems engineering that also includes reliability engineering. It is the science and process whereby reliability, maintainability, and availability are designed into products or systems. It includes the supply and physical distribution considerations ...
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Small cancellation theory
Other basic properties of small cancellation groups Let (∗) be a C′(1/6) presentation. Then an element g in G has order n > 1 if and only if there is a relator r in R of the form r = sn in F(X) such that g is conjugate to s in G. In particular, if all elements of R are not proper powers in F(X) then G is torsion-free. ...
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Specified complexity
Dembski's book No Free Lunch'' was criticised for not addressing the work of researchers who use computer simulations to investigate artificial life. According to Shallit: The field of artificial life evidently poses a significant challenge to Dembski's claims about the failure of evolutionary algorithms to generate co...
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HITS algorithm
Non-converging pseudocode G := set of pages for each page p in G do p.auth = 1 // p.auth is the authority score of the page p p.hub = 1 // p.hub is the hub score of the page p function HubsAndAuthorities(G) for step from 1 to k do // run the algorithm for k steps for each page p in G do /...
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Construction estimating software
Sophisticated, cost estimating and Efficient Project Delivery Software systems are also available to integrate various construction delivery methods such as Integrated Project Delivery, Job Order Contracting, and others (IDIQ, JOC, SABER...) simultaneously and securely. These systems enable cost estimators and project ...
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Nanotechnology education
Germany Kaiserslautern University of Technology - master's, certificate short term courses (Distance Learning) Bielefeld University - master's Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, graduate degrees University of Duisburg-Essen - bachelor's, master's University of Erlangen–Nuremberg - bachelor's, master's University of Ha...
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Aspects of Physics
Discography Systems of Social Recalibration (2002) "Pulse Width" "Level 4.2" "S.Id" "Reson" "Everything Else We Must Pass O" "Entrainment" "Contact" Marginalized Information Forms One: Ping (2004) "Logo (Observer)" "Ping" "Neutrino" "QQ47" "Piano Pill" "Plippus" "Ohmf" "Reversevent" "Jatchtas" "Arnologer" "Scene of Cha...
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Chemical database
There are two principal techniques for representing chemical structures in digital databases As connection tables / adjacency matrices / lists with additional information on bond (edges) and atom attributes (nodes), such as: MDL Molfile, PDB, CML As a linear string notation based on depth first or breadth first traver...
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Monotone (software)
, possible drawbacks of Monotone include: Potential users cannot check out (or commit) from behind a proxy (very common in corporate environments) due to non-http protocol. Performance issues for certain operations (most noticeable initial pull) Implementation Monotone is implemented in modern-dialect C++ on top of t...
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Quantitative genetics
Continued genetic drift – increased dispersion and inbreeding Previous discussion on genetic drift examined just one cycle (generation) of the process. When the sampling continues over successive generations, conspicuous changes occur in σ2p, q and f. Furthermore, another "index" is needed to keep track of "time": t = ...
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Minkowski's question-mark function
/* Minkowski's question-mark function */ double minkowski(double x) { long p = x; if ((double)p > x) --p; /* p=floor(x) */ long q = 1, r = p + 1, s = 1, m, n; double d = 1, y = p; if (x < (double)p || (p < 0) ^ (r <= 0)) return x; /* out of range ?(x) =~ x */ for (;;) { /* invariants: q ...
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Microsoft PowerPoint
PowerPoint 7.0 For Windows: July 1995 Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 95. Innovations included: new animation effects, real curves and textures, black and white view, autocorrect, insert symbol, meeting support features such as "Meeting Minder." "A complete rewrite of the product from the ground up in C++, full o...
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Simplified molecular-input line-entry system
The SMILES specification includes elaborations on the @ symbol to indicate stereochemistry around more complex chiral centers, such as trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry. Isotopes Isotopes are specified with a number equal to the integer isotopic mass preceding the atomic symbol. Benzene in which one atom is carb...
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BASIC Programming
Input is given through two Atari keypad controllers, which came with special overlays to show how to type the different commands and letters. Programs are restricted to 64 characters in size and normally 9 lines of code, limiting the programs that can be written (users can disable all windows except Program and keep s...
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Solution (chemistry)
In the following equations, A is solvent, B is solute, and C is concentration. Solute volume contribution is considered through the ideal solution model. Case 1: amount (mL) of solvent volume VA is given. Solute mass mB = C VA dA /(100-C/dB) Case 2: amount of solute mass mB is given. Solvent volume VA = mB (100/C-1/ ...
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Wave power in Australia
Projects Portland, Victoria, Australia - Ocean Power Technologies (Australasia) Pty Ltd is developing a 19 megawatts wave power station connected to the grid near Portland, Victoria. The project has received an AU $66.46 million grant from the Federal Government of Australia. Oceanlinx is trialling a wave energy syst...
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Skeleton (computer programming)
Algorithmic skeleton frameworks are used in parallel programming to abstractly describe the methods in question for later development. The frameworks are not limited to a single type, and each of these types have different purposes to increase the efficiency of the developer’s program. These can be categorised into thr...
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Mathnet
Math and science Real principles of math and science and mathematical tools used by the detectives to solve crimes include: Alphanumerics ("The Case of the Unnatural") Fibonacci sequence and modular arithmetic (see also Pisano period) ("The Case of the Willing Parrot") Kinematics ("The Problem of the Missing Basebal...
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Reed–Solomon error correction
Encoder Here we present a simple Matlab implementation for an encoder. function [encoded] = rsEncoder(msg, m, prim_poly, n, k) % RSENCODER Encode message with the Reed-Solomon algorithm % m is the number of bits per symbol % prim_poly: Primitive polynomial p(x). Ie for DM is 301 % k is the size of the ...
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List of African-American mathematicians
1990s Ron Buckmire (b. 1968 in Grenada), degrees from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (PhD, mathematics). Edray Goins (born 1972), degrees from California Institute of Technology and Stanford University (PhD, mathematics). Rudy Horne (1968–2017), degrees from University of Oklahoma and University of Colorado Boulder (...
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Integrative bioinformatics
Data warehousing approaches In the data warehousing strategy, the data from different sources are extracted and integrated in a single database. For example, various 'omics' datasets may be integrated to provide biological insights into biological systems. Examples include data from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomic...
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Latency (engineering)
Capital markets Minimizing latency is of interest in the capital markets, particularly where algorithmic trading is used to process market updates and turn around orders within milliseconds. Low-latency trading occurs on the networks used by financial institutions to connect to stock exchanges and electronic communica...
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Revolution
Further, social science research on revolution, primarily work in political science, has begun to move beyond individual or comparative case studies towards large-N empirical studies assessing the causes and implications of revolution. Initial studies generally rely on the Polity Project's data on democratization. Such...
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Computer recycling
Junkyard Computing The term junkyard computing is a colloquial expression for using old or inferior hardware to fulfill computational tasks while handling reliability and availability on software level. It utilizes abstraction of computational resources via software, allowing hardware replacement at very low effort. E...
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Option style
Difference in value Assuming an arbitrage-free market, a partial differential equation known as the Black-Scholes equation can be derived to describe the prices of derivative securities as a function of few parameters. Under simplifying assumptions of the widely adopted Black model, the Black-Scholes equation for Europ...
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Princeton Application Repository for Shared-Memory Computers
Traditional benchmarks that were publicly available before PARSEC were generally limited in their scope of included application domains or typically only available in an unparallelized, serial version. Parallel programs were only prevalent in the domain of High-Performance Computing and on a much smaller scale in busin...
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Computational sociology
Heterogeneous or ensemble models Integrating simple models which perform better on individual tasks to form a Hybrid model is an approach that can be looked into. These models can offer better performance and understanding of the data. However the trade-off of identifying and having a deep understanding of the interact...
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Spatial database
Spatial Measurements: Computes line length, polygon area, the distance between geometries, etc. Spatial Functions: Modify existing features to create new ones, for example by providing a buffer around them, intersecting features, etc. Spatial Predicates: Allows true/false queries about spatial relationships between geo...
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List of country calling codes
Originally, larger countries such as Spain, the United Kingdom and France were assigned two-digit codes to compensate for their usually longer domestic numbers. Small countries, such as Iceland, were assigned three-digit codes. Since the 1980s, all new assignments have been three-digit regardless of countries' populati...
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Hematopoietic stem cell
The reconstitution kinetics are very heterogeneous. However, using symbolic dynamics, one can show that they fall into a limited number of classes. To prove this, several hundred experimental repopulation kinetics from clonal Thy-1lo SCA-1+ lin−(B220, CD4, CD8, Gr-1, Mac-1 and Ter-119) c-kit+ HSC were translated into s...
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Richard Powers
1985 Rosenthal Award of American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters 1985 PEN/Hemingway Special Citation 1989 MacArthur Fellowship 1991 Time Book of the Year 1993 Finalist, National Book Award 1996 Swanlund Professorship, University of Illinois 1998 Business Week Best Business Books of 1998 1998 Elected Fe...
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Magic number (programming)
Magic string List of file signatures FourCC Hard coding Magic (programming) NaN (Not a Number) Enumerated type Hexspeak, for another set of magic values Nothing up my sleeve number about magic constants in cryptographic algorithms Time formatting and storage bugs, for problems that can be caused by magics S...
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Minimum energy performance standard
Examples A refrigerating appliance is required to maintain temperatures inside its compartments within specified limits, and to operate (including defrosting) in a specified ambient temperature while using at most a specified amount of electricity; the energy use allowed varies according to volume, number of doors, th...
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Systems engineering
The main reason for using mathematical models and diagrams in trade studies is to provide estimates of system effectiveness, performance or technical attributes, and cost from a set of known or estimable quantities. Typically, a collection of separate models is needed to provide all of these outcome variables. The hear...
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Justesen code
Let R be a Reed-Solomon code of length N = 2m − 1, rank K and minimum weight N − K + 1. The symbols of R are elements of F = GF(2m) and the codewords are obtained by taking every polynomial ƒ over F of degree less than K and listing the values of ƒ on the non-zero elements of F in some predetermined order. Let α be a p...
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Roxxon Energy Corporation
Super-operatives Delphine Courtney - An assistant to Jerry Jaxon. Cypress - An assassin. He targeted Mikhail and Yuri, but was opposed by Meggan and Shadowcat. Dogs of War - Agents of Simon Krieger. Afghan - Bulldog - Doberman - Greyhound - Labrador - Mastiff - Rottweiler - Shepherd - Wolfhound - Grasshopp...
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Domain-specific multimodeling
The coordination method can best be seen as a conceptual framework that prescribes a certain workflow when working with multiple languages. The three successive steps that constitute this workflow are not supported by an integrated workbench or development environment. The focus is rather on extending the developer's e...
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Spectral Database for Organic Compounds
The Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS) is a free online searchable database hosted by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Japan, that contains spectral data for ca 34,000 organic molecules. The database is available in English and in Japanese and it includes six ty...
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Fugue (hash function)
The selling point of Fugue is the authors' claimed proof that a wide range of current attack strategies based on differential cryptanalysis cannot be efficient against Fugue. It is also claimed to be competitive with the NIST hash function SHA-256 in both software and hardware efficiency, achieving up to 36.2 cycles p...
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Schönhage–Strassen algorithm
This section explains a number of important practical optimizations that have been considered when implementing Schönhage–Strassen in real systems. It is based primarily on a 2007 work by Gaudry, Kruppa, and Zimmermann describing enhancements to the GNU Multi-Precision Library. Below a certain cutoff point, it's more e...
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Construction and management simulation
Factory simulation games Factory simulation or optimization games typically involve the efficient conversion of resources into products through a combination of a labor workforce and automated systems. Some of these are closer to business simulations, where the player is challenged to make products in a cost-effective...
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Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm
The above re-expression of a size-N DFT as two size-N/2 DFTs is sometimes called the Danielson–Lanczos lemma, since the identity was noted by those two authors in 1942 (influenced by Runge's 1903 work). They applied their lemma in a "backwards" recursive fashion, repeatedly doubling the DFT size until the transform sp...
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Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling
Skin depot The absorption of a chemical deposited on skin can also be modeled using first order terms. It is best in that case to separate the skin from the other tissues, to further differentiate exposed skin and non-exposed skin, and differentiate viable skin (dermis and epidermis) from the stratum corneum (the actu...
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Polish Logic
Library of Congress cataloging data LC Control No.: 67106639 Type of Material: Book (Print, Microform, Electronic, etc.) Personal Name: McCall, Storrs, comp. Main Title: Polish logic, 1920-1939 papers by Ajdukiewicz [and others]; Published/Created: Oxford, Clarendon P., 1967. Description: [2] viii, 406 p. 23 cm....
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Matrix (mathematics)
Applications There are numerous applications of matrices, both in mathematics and other sciences. Some of them merely take advantage of the compact representation of a set of numbers in a matrix. For example, in game theory and economics, the payoff matrix encodes the payoff for two players, depending on which out of a...
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Federated database system
Schema matching, schema mapping Dealing with incompatible data types or query syntax is not the only obstacle to a concrete implementation of an FDBS. In systems that are not planned top-down, a generic problem lies in matching semantically equivalent, but differently named parts from different schemas (=data models) ...
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Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm
k = len(P) - 1 # Represents alignment of end of P relative to T previous_k = -1 # Represents alignment in previous phase (Galil's rule) while k < len(T): i = len(P) - 1 # Character to compare in P h = k # Character to compare in T while i >= 0 and h > previous_k and P...
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Internet Low Bitrate Codec
Parameters and features Sampling frequency 8 kHz/16 bit (160 samples for 20 ms frames, 240 samples for 30 ms frames) Controlled response to packet loss, delay and jitter Fixed bitrate (15.2 kbit/s for 20 ms frames, 13.33 kbit/s for 30 ms frames) Fixed frame size (304 bits per block for 20 ms frames, 400 bits per bl...
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Timeline of jet power
1944 BMW tests the 003R, a 003 with an additional rocket engine mounted "in parallel" to the BMW 003A turbojet it is combined with; and produces an even more powerful "mixed-power" engine. April: With internal design efforts underway at most engine companies, Power Jets have little possibility of profitability, and...
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Self-documenting code
Practical considerations There are certain practical considerations that influence whether and how well the objectives for a self-documenting system can be realized. uniformity of naming conventions consistency scope of the application and system requirements Examples Below is a very simple example of self-documentin...
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Reed–Solomon error correction
There are different encoding procedures for the Reed–Solomon code, and thus, there are different ways to describe the set of all codewords. In the original view of , every codeword of the Reed–Solomon code is a sequence of function values of a polynomial of degree less than k. In order to obtain a codeword of the Reed–...
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Sums of powers
Sums of squares arise in many contexts. For example, in geometry, the Pythagorean theorem involves the sum of two squares; in number theory, there are Legendre's three-square theorem and Jacobi's four-square theorem; and in statistics, the analysis of variance involves summing the squares of quantities. Faulhaber's for...
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Mechanics' institute
21st century revival Across the world, there is a move to sustain and revive mechanics' institutes and related institutions as subscription libraries, sometimes incorporating or expanding their earlier functions. There have been several worldwide conferences, known as the Mechanics' Worldwide Conference, of representat...
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Copycat (software)
Comparison to other cognitive architectures Copycat differs considerably in many respects from other cognitive architectures such as ACT-R, Soar, DUAL, Psi, or subsumption architectures. Copycat is Hofstadter's most popular model. Other models presented by Hofstadter et al. are similar in architecture, but different in...
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N-body simulation
Reif and Tate prove that if the n-body reachability problem is defined as follows – given n bodies satisfying a fixed electrostatic potential law, determining if a body reaches a destination ball in a given time bound where we require a poly(n) bits of accuracy and the target time is poly(n) is in PSPACE. On the other ...
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Neuroscience Information Framework
The NIF Data Federation searches deep database content of over 150 databases including: various NCBI databases (PubMed, Gensat, Entrez Gene, Homologene, GEO) as well as many large and small databases that have something to do with neuroscience including Gemma (microarray data from the nervous system), CCDB & CIL (image...
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Biological Radio
Samples and influences The timings above are those listed on the sleeve, however the tracks tend to flow sometimes without obvious boundaries and some of the samples listed below may relate to the preceding or following track. Biological Radio contains a sample from "Lightning Flash" by Big Youth; the quotation "this ...
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