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Page 14 of 51 Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys From the education perspective, an improvement in the profile of workers employed as NSE can be observed in the countries analyzed, even though there are some exceptions. In fact, in most of the countries of our sample, the prevalence of workers with sec... | {
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3 five methods, it was not possible to consider non-sampling error. This paper goes a step further by using simulations to describe the sampling error and a field experiment in an IDP camp in South Sudan to measure the total survey error of each design compared to a census, allowing for the disaggregation of the total ... | {
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14 3. Refugees as Agents of Their Own Destiny 3. 1 The Composition of Africa ’ s Refugee Population and Its Consequences One of the first elements that catch the eye in Figure 6 is the difference in the composition of the refugee population in Africa compared to the rest of the world. The share of children and women am... | {
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to guide and define camp-specific cooking energy options. • In Afar, Gambella, and Melkadida, more than 382,000 refugees and 85,000 hosts have access to alternative cooking fuels and market-based clean electricity from solar-mini grids. • More than 1,739,726 seedlings were planted, 160m3 check dams were built, and 8 km... | {
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Since 2006, Rwanda is divided into 30 districts, which are the main service-delivery units. All
household surveys are representative at the district level, but there is no information on districtlevel economic growth. Estimating district-level growth based on nightlights is however
complicated by the low intensity of l... | {
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Use of state level data on rental restrictions, together with a nationally representative survey from India, suggests that, contrary to original intentions, rental restrictions negatively affect productivity and equity.
1 Using census figures, Appu (1997) estimates that, to avoid having to give rights to tenants, land... | {
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Integrating refugees into functioning national education systems can improve future outcomes for refugee children and their hosts (UNHCR, 2020; Piper et al., 2020; Abu-Ghaida and Silva, 2020; Crawford et al., 2015; Bilgili et al., 2019). As Chapter 2 highlighted, more than half of all refugees are children under the ag... | {
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In settings with clearly distinguishable individual structures, these methods can also be reasonably accurate for the purposes of rapid estimation of displaced population (Checchi, et al. 2013). 101 The use of unmanned drones is also becoming more popular as the cost of this technology falls. This technique has been us... | {
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2 1. Introduction The most common sampling approach for cross-sectional household surveys in the developing world is a stratified two-stage design (Grosh and Munoz, 1996). Following stratification based on administrative boundaries, clusters are selected in the first stage with probability proportional to size from a n... | {
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In order to address these potential sample biases, the CAVR supplemented its documentation with reports produced by Amnesty International and Fokupers (a local NGO). The information contained in these reports was then included into the HRVD database. 9 Note that we do not analyse school completion in 2001 because most ... | {
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The data sources are (1) Romania MoF firm-level data for the period 2011-20, and (2) the World Bank Businesses of the State (BOS) database for Romania, and (3) the taxonomy of sectors developed by Dall'Olio et al.
<!-- PAGE 8 -->
the period 2011 to 2020. It is based on financial statements and contains balance sheet i... | {
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.8
Source: World Bank staff analysis using Romania MoF firm-level data, 2011-2019. For purposes of providing the
summary statistics, the sample is restricted to firms with revenue and employment data. SOEs are defined as firms
where national or subnational governments have ownership stake of at least 10%, while POEs ar... | {
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15 causes of death. The Danish Epidemiology Science Centre (1999) found severe malnutrition and high mortality in a survey of 422 refugee children in Guinea ‐ Bissau. They report higher malnutrition and higher mortality for children living in a non ‐ camp setting, compared to children living in a camp. The Goma epidemi... | {
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6. Robustness Checks 6. 1. Sample attrition Many challenges were encountered during survey implementation, due to the context – the densely populated and impoverished communities in and around Monrovia are difficult settings in which to find and track respondents — as well as the transience of a young study population.... | {
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Some data challenges common to refugees and IDPs Irrespective of the specific questions related to refugee and IDP data, there are also general questions that refer to the forcibly displaced in general and that are distinct from data collection of regular populations or even migrant populations. We explore here selecte... | {
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We developed pseudo-EAs from the list by location (sub-city and Woreda); some EAs covered more than one Woreda, and multiple EAs were in a single Woreda. We selected a sample of EAs and households from each EAs in collaboration with UNHCR. Finding refugees in Addis Ababa was challenging, as they change their location f... | {
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**Appendix G: Comparison of GLSS and DHS Wealth Indices**
The GLSS wealth index and the DHS wealth index are both constructed using principal component analysis but differ in their input variables. The GLSS wealth index draws on 32 asset and housing variables, while the DHS wealth index uses 40 variables including cou... | {
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For example, IDPs who subsequently cross international borders may be counted as both IDPs and refugees (e. g. in the case of the Syrian displacement crisis). Table 4: Stocks and Flows Stock Increases Decreases Asylum- seekers New applications for asylum, separately identifying individuals who were previously IDPs ... | {
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8 as self-confidence, responsibility, and respect. Additionally, the curriculum includes workplace readiness skills, such as interviewing and time management. SECTION 2: STUDY TIMELINE & DATA A quasi experimental impact evaluation design was embedded into the NVSP. As mentioned before, the NVSP received 38 applications... | {
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6 3 Methodology 3. 1 The A-F method and individual deprivations The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) used in this paper was first presented, with a full methodological discussion, in Admasu et al. (2021). Here we present a general overview of the measure for the individual-level and intrahousehold analyses. The MPI... | {
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We find no evidence that Pashtun households are more likely to send their children to Madrassas compared to the rest of the sample, suggesting that geopolitical factors and geographical proximity to Afghanistan matter more than cultural preferences. 16 Similarly there is no evidence for religiosity or household prefere... | {
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In addition to the publicly available imagery, NOAA has produced, especially for this paper, monthly frequency composites for the 2004 to 2013 period. These satellite-month datasets
from the labor force survey (LFS) ENOE. Specifically, we produce a quarter-year panel of
The national water commission (CONAGUA) provide... | {
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5 implemented in six areas: Bamako, the regional capitals of Gao, Timbuktu, and Kidal as well as one refugee camp in Mauritania and one in Niger. Bamako was selected because it is home to a large number of IDPs. The refugee camps were selected to obtain a sample of refugees. Returnees were identified in the regional ca... | {
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Religious School Enrollment in Pakistan A Look at the Data Tahir Andrabi1 Pomona College Jishnu Das The World Bank Asim Ijaz Khwaja Harvard University Tristan Zajonc Harvard University Abstract Bold assertions have been made in policy reports and popular articles on the high and increasing enrollment in Pakistani relig... | {
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Border crossings The registration of people crossing internationals borders is conducted in many countries, and in some cases these data are used to estimate migration flows. Identifying refugees among people crossing borders is a significant challenge, particularly if individuals decide not to apply for asylum or refu... | {
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4 MDL contained 4, 539 datasets at the time of this research (December 2022), some of which were also cross-listed in the UNHCR MDL. The UNHCR MDL contains micro-level datasets that are of concern to UNHCR ’ s mission and mandates. These datasets often – if not always – include a sample of refugees, asylum seekers, IDP... | {
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The FAO now uses survey data to calculate the CV and coefficient of
skewness. This revision also took into account the average physical stature of each age-sex group derived from
DHS data. The FAO updated the CV estimate for 37 countries, and, for the other countries (where they did not
obtain HCEs), they used the same... | {
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Using observations from NASA's OCO-2 platform, we develop the template from the data filtering techniques and econometric analysis employed by Dasgupta, Lall and Wheeler (2022). For a large sample of urban areas, we compare alternative trend estimation models and conclude that the template can be constructed from a sim... | {
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displacees in their communities, the survey asked an additional question in which respondents re- ported whether their communities hosted IDPs (displaced persons from within DRC) or refugees (displaced persons from Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, South Sudan, or other countries). These re- sponses are used to create a categor... | {
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11 There may be grounds for skepticism about these estimates for madrassa enrollment. Since the data were collected prior to 2001, geopolitical changes after September 11 could have led to greater madrassa enrollment. In addition, the household-based survey faces the usual problems of accurately estimating a low-probab... | {
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The study mainly relies on household data from the VHLSS 2010, 2012, and 2014. These surveys are conducted by the General Statistics Office (GSO) with technical support from the World Bank in Vietnam. They are nationally and regionally representative and contain detailed information on individuals, households and commu... | {
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, 5, 7, and 8 satellite data used to produce a global
**3)** **Land degradation** is measured by the share of land area that experienced a significant biomass decline. This loss is calculated based on the inter-annual mean trend of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index based on data from Advanced Very High Resolution... | {
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of the groups and the distances between them. For instance, (Bazzi et al., 2019) shows that polariza- tion increases ethnic attachment. Others have highlighted the reduction in trust, either interpersonal trust or institutional trust Alesina and Ferrara (2002); Beugelsdijk and Klasing (2016). To assess the importance o... | {
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In particular we construct ∆ CEIdmt as the change in the conflict events index for district d between the quarter immediately prior to month m in year t from the previous quarter. 14 The second term on the right hand side ∆ luminositysmt is analogously constructed using the same lagged time periods. The third term AoCsm... | {
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A panel database tracking outcomes for a cohort of 2,400 households across six districts was established during the baseline survey phase. The panel database will be updated at 18-month intervals through follow-up surveys using the same household roster, allowing the evaluation team to track changes in income, consumpt... | {
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The activity monitoring dashboard was identified as a critical tool for maintaining oversight of the project's rapid cash transfer component, where disbursement targets are time-sensitive and beneficiary eligibility windows are short. The dashboard interface was customized to display daily transfer volumes disaggregate... | {
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Afrobarometer finds that the vast majority of Malians want their country to remain a single and unified nation and that the attempt by armed groups to create a breakaway state in Mali ’ s northern territories is decisively rejected. See Afrobarometer Policy Paper 10 (Dec 2013). This difference with the Afrobarometer su... | {
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3 UNHCR Pakistan Monthly Protection Trends Report, May-Aug 2017, cites similar reasons for return to Afghanistan including the
following pull factors: reunion with family in Afghanistan, employment / livelihoods, no longer fear of persecution, UNHCR
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this way, profiling of IDP situations aims to underpin advocacy, protection and assistance activities as well as support the achievement of durable solutions by informing joint strategies between government, humanitarian and development actors. Profiling provides an overview of displacement-affected populations through... | {
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**pandemic, regional drought, inflation crisis and continuing global economic turbulence.** According to data from
the Kenya COVID-19 Rapid Response Phone Survey (RRPS), the Shona community experienced significant job
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14 The fundamental unit of observation in ACLED is the event. Figure 2 illustrates the ACLED data for Central Africa for the 1980s and the 1990s. Each location of a conflict event is represented by a symbol. In several of these locations, multiple events occured over the periods. Events always involve two actors – a re... | {
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Language barriers, mental health challenges, and uncertain futures are identified as major obstacles to integration. The study highlights the importance of tailored interventions, such as psychological support and more dedicated teaching time, to foster refugee students ’ academic and social inclusion. This paper is ... | {
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hotspot areas and regularly issues protection of civilians’ advocacy
briefs. The Sector also disseminates monthly updates and daily and
weekly updates in times of crisis.
Funding situation permitted, the UN protection agencies, Protection
Cluster, its AoRs, and their partners implemented activities
mentioned under fun... | {
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26 Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014. 95 % of the refugees in Mauritania envision an independent or autonomous North and 26 % of the refugees in Mauritania even state the independence of Azawad (= the north) as a main condition for returning home. Stark differences can also be observed with regard to t... | {
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In a mortality study in Iraq, Galway et al. (2012) used GIS and Google earth imagery for household sampling. The method used gridded population data for selection of clusters. The first cluster sampling stage of their study used the ‘ Create Spatially Balanced Points ’ (CSBP) function in the ArcGIS (v10) software. Boo ... | {
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Section 6 presents the differing views of IDPs, refugees and returnees on what happened during the crisis and prospects for peace. Section 7 concludes the paper. 2. The Listening to Displaced People Survey The Listening to Displaced People Survey (LDPS) combines a baseline face-to-face survey with mobile phone follow-u... | {
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on behalf of refugee beneficiaries. III DATA III. A Data for Afghan Refugees in Tajikistan The primary dataset is a detailed census of Afghan refugees in Tajikistan carried out by the World Bank at the end of 2022, after the Taliban regained complete control of Afghanistan in 2021. The questionnaire administered to ref... | {
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In certain contexts, there can be significant overlaps in these two groups; however data systems may be maintained separately for conflict-induced displacement and natural disasters (e. g. in Afghanistan) leading to possible gaps or double counting if these categories are combined. 30 The IOM Displacement Tracking Matr... | {
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refugees, it is higher compared to their hosts. Moreover, refugees have higher access to improved waste disposal methods38 than hosts. Both refugee and host households have low access to electricity, except for hosts of Eritrean refugees. Hosts around Eritrean refugees have better access to electricity (meter private o... | {
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In this sense, it is necessary to take into consideration that all indicators of prevalence of NSE and its profile will be limited to a subset of this kind of workers. 4. 1 Latin America and the Caribbean This section focuses on the Latin America and the Caribbean region, where a set of 9 countries, that we consider re... | {
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8 areas are listed so that a given number of households can be randomly chosen from the list to be interviewed. The advantage of this approach is that it only requires knowledge of any FDP residing in an enumeration area, so that this person can be included in the sampling frame. The more accurate the number of FDPs in... | {
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based on SESRE 2023. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Eritrean Somali South Sudanese Addis Ababa All Refugees Figure 7.17: Share or refugees involved in a community representative body Source: World Bank Staff based on SESRE 2023. Markets and Opportunities 71 Low refugee social integration is not because they have a low willi... | {
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21 Results suggest that 66 % of the returnees trust the Malian police and army most when it comes to providing security in the North. Almost half believe that the Malian army is brave and well trained. The vast majority of returnees believe that the government ’ s policies regarding reconciliation, security and social ... | {
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higher for refugees than hosts, both for in-camp and for out-of-camp refugees (Figure 5.9). While the food insecurity Refugee and host communities could differ in multiple dimensions over and above consumption. The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) explores this multiple deprivation, capturing differences across thr... | {
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The second source of data we draw on is a short survey on COVID-19 vaccination collected inperson as part of the Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey (ESS 5), a nationally representative household survey that was implemented between April and June 2022 by the Ethiopia Statistical Service with support from the World Bank's LSM... | {
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. The SPI is a composite index between 0 - 100 scoring countries' statistical systems across the five pillars of data use, data services, data products, data sources, and data infrastructure (Dang et al. 2023). To capture the performance of administrative data systems in particular, we also use the SPI's indicator of a... | {
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According to the 2012 Institutional Profiles report, the quality of public services and its territorial coverage, which was weak to being with, have significantly deteriorated since 2006. 1 A combination of rising poverty, rising insecurity, and deteriorating public services have further strained inter-communal relatio... | {
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Page 16 of 51 Figure 11: Education profile of Temporary employees. (Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys However, it should be noted that the improvement of the educational profile of workers is a generalized trend in the countries considered and cannot be considered a specific cha... | {
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Women experience particularly pronounced displacement in the informal sector and no formal job gains. In contrast, for men displacement in the informal sector is fully offset by employment growth in formal sector, with no net job losses. Clearly, our main findings do not depend on the particular sample of subregions we... | {
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the General Social Survey - showed no trend. This paradox acquired quickly popularity across the
longitudinal data.
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Page 9 of 51 Figure 2: Prevalence of NSE by categories of occupations ISCO. (Mid-2010s) Source: Own calculations based on Household surveys When these results are analyzed by the type of NSE, we find significant differences between the trends in Part-time and Temporary employment. On the one hand, there is a stable or ... | {
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Impacts of Extremism in Refugee ’ s Integration: Evidence from Afghan Refugees in Tajikistan * Laurent Bossavie † Sandra V. Rozo ‡ Mar ´ ıa Jos ´ e Urbina § Keywords: Refugees, Female Education, Extremism JEL Classification: F22, D74, J15, I21, I10 * The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this pape... | {
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Anderson, J. (2011): “ The Gravity Model, ” Annual Review in Economics, 3 (1), 133 – 160. Angrist and Pischke (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics, Princeton University Press. AFAD (Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey) (2013). Syrian Refugees in Turkey, 2013: Field Survey Results. Republic of Turkey ... | {
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**Table 8: Flood Risk Classification of Proposed Subproject Sites**
| Site ID | District | Elevation (m) | 50-yr Flood Zone | Design Adjustment |
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| S-04 | Rambora North | 312 | Outside | None |
| S-11 | Kalendo East | 287 | Inside | Elevated plinth |
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11 however, since they cannot distinguish between a country where the population is concentrated in one cluster covering 10 % of the territory and one where the population is concentrated in two clusters of 5 % each, but with a considerable geographical distance between them. Population and conflict geography in the De... | {
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more recent data. This suggests that ambiguity about index insurance can fall over time, with
loan restructuring after early flooding. The contract would be underwritten against recorded
water levels at a main river gauge station, using this data as a proxy for flood damage. This
10 This form of cat bond trigger is ... | {
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reason to believe that the provision of services by donors and non-state actors could either strengthen or weaken citizens ’ deference to government. I will identify the conditions under which these two scenarios are likely to occur. On the one hand, citizens may be less likely to support the government with deference ... | {
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The initiative includes four components, namely: a) training professionals to work with young men in the area of health and gender-equity using a set of manuals and videos; b) social marketing of condoms; c) promoting health services; and d) evaluating changes in gender norms. In 2002, PROMUNDO and Horizons began a 2-y... | {
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cents. The universe of blocks (“ manzanas ”) was stratified by socioeconomic strata and a representative sample of blocks was selected at random without replacement. To en- sure a sample representative of Colombian children by age group, stratum, and sex, we followed a multi-stage random sampling process. 8 As mentione... | {
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3 quest for imaginative and convincing instruments for migration (see the review of the migration and poverty literature by McKenzie and Sasin, 2007, and the references therein). An additional hurdle is the need for panel data to study migration and economic mobility. The costs and difficulties in re-surveying migrants... | {
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This paper combines newly available data on the distribution of Syrian refugees across Turkey and the Turkish Labour Force Survey to assess their labor market impact. Syrian refugees are overwhelmingly employed informally, since they were not issued work permits, making their arrival a well-defined supply shock to inf... | {
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Expected location in three years ��������������������������������������������������� iv Figure ES.3: Poverty incidence........................................................................... v Figure ES.4: Food insecurity scale...................................................................... v Figure ES.5: Refu... | {
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������������������������������������������� vii Figure 1.1: Refugees and asylum seekers in Ethiopia by country of origin, 1984-2023.................................................................................... 1 Figure 2.1: Refugees by survey domain ���������������������������������������������������������� 10 Fi... | {
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.. 10 Figure 2.4: Age structure................................................................................. 11 Figure 2.5: Gender composition....................................................................... 11 Figure 2.6: Marital status (18 years and above) ��������������������������������������������� 11 Fi... | {
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��������������� 13 Figure 2.9: Refugees’ education outside of Ethiopia (18 years and above) .... 15 Figure 2.10: Children currently attending school ����������������������������������������������� 15 Figure 2.11: Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) �������������������������������������������������������� 16 Figure 2.12: Net En... | {
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Some data challenges common to refugees and IDPs Irrespective of the specific questions related to refugee and IDP data, there are also general questions that refer to the forcibly displaced in general and that are distinct from data collection of regular populations or even migrant populations. We explore here selecte... | {
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The UNHCR data identify principal applicants for each household and our analysis examines differences in household poverty between households with a female rather than male principal applicant. 6 The principal applicant is the person who receives assistance from UNHCR for the family and is self ‐ selected or selected b... | {
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Figure 7.17: Share or refugees involved in a community representative body 70 Figure 7.18: Share or refugees engaged in a community representative body by demographic group ���������������������������������������������������� 70 Figure 7.19: Discrimination and harassment ������������������������������������������������... | {
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for not currently attending school by gender ........... 101 Figure D.6: Average annual household education expenditure (in ETB) ... 101 Figure D.7: Type of health institutions......................................................... 102 Figure D.8: Problems faced in health institutions ��������������������������������... | {
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................................. 104 Figure D.14: Rent expenditure (Refugees and hosts in Addis Ababa) ........ 104 Figure D.15: Hand washing facility................................................................. 104 Figure D.16: Top 3 difficulties with being a refugee by survey domains ..... | {
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Beneficiary assessments were conducted in all 24 target communities between February and May using a structured questionnaire administered by trained community development officers. The assessments captured household composition, livelihood strategies, access to basic services, and self-reported protection concerns. Re... | {
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As can be seen from both panel A and panel B, non-violent conflicts seem to occur slightly more than violent conflicts. On average, the likelihood of violent conflict stands at about 48 %, while this figure increases to 52 % in refugee-hosting areas. Conflicts among more structured and large groups, as captured by the ... | {
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Several of the refugees interviewed for this research indicated that no one wanted to give them
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the intensity of conflicts, and iv) population density in refugee host countries by region. Appendix B presents the list of variables along with description and summary statistics. 5. Empirical strategy To estimate the impact of refugee inflow19 on host community ’ s livelihood strategy choice, we use the following bas... | {
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14 3. Refugees as Agents of Their Own Destiny 3. 1 The Composition of Africa ’ s Refugee Population and Its Consequences One of the first elements that catch the eye in Figure 6 is the difference in the composition of the refugee population in Africa compared to the rest of the world. The share of children and women am... | {
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3 The main contributions of this article lie in identifying and overcoming these challenges in order to construct a consistent and complete set of origin – destination matrices of international migrant stocks for 1960 – 2000, disaggregated by gender. The starting point is a master set of 226 origin or destination count... | {
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The novelty is that a new, more spatially and temporally detailed data set for nightlights, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) product from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), following the work of Elvidge et al. (2017), is employed. In addition, settlement layers have been us... | {
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by the migration episode. These include the minors age and sex, the parent ’ s and grand- parent ’ s education pre-migration, and a wealth index constructed with retrospective in- formation on the household conditions pre-migration. 14 Grandparent ’ s education is used a proxy for living standards that is unaffected by... | {
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However, we can- not exclude the possibility that refugees would sort non-randomly into areas with particular ethnic characteristics. 19 In order to address this potential endogeneity, we implement an instrumental variable (IV) ap- proach. We are particularly concerned about certain ethnic groups from certain countries... | {
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First, most of the studies only consider a subset of occupation or livelihood activities (mainly employee-based) and do not provide a full picture of the livelihood impacts of refugee presence on host communities. We consider an exhaustive set of livelihood activities in which households (individuals) in the impacted c... | {
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10 Figure 3: Level of education age 25 +; compared with regional average (%) (*) INSTAT refers to census 2009 Source: Listening to Displaced People Survey, 2014. With regards to ownership of consumer durables, IDPs, refugees and returnees were better endowed than the average citizen of the North (see Figure 4). As was ... | {
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cope with the emergencies that arise all too often. 20 To facilitate successful coping and provide a safe place to save, the EPAG program assisted each participant to set up a savings account at a local bank if she did not already have one. Table 5 presents midline survey results that indicate that the treatment group ... | {
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2 Over the past three or four decades, the Arab world has experienced a massive expansion in educational attainment. According to the Barro and Lee educational attainment dataset, seven out of the top 20 countries in terms of increase in number of years of schooling from 1980 to 2010 were Arab countries (Barro and Lee ... | {
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19 children and 61 % of caregivers prefer to remain in Italy. Adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 express a greater desire to continue living in Italy compared to children aged between 9 and 14. Another survey conducted across Europe from June to December 2022 shows that only 8 % of Ukrainian refugees planned to ... | {
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- Advocacy vis-à-vis allied, Government and AGEs with regards to the use of weaponry that may
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not the Zone capital or Woreda city, and 17 percent of in-camp refugees live in remote areas far from a Zone capital city, Woreda city, or a border. When looking at accessibility, as defined by a market accessibility index, more than one-third of the refugees are located in areas with low market accessibility (Figure 6... | {
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11 Figure 3: Location of refugee camps in Ethiopia and the Ethiopia Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project (DRDIP) sample households Source: Authors ’ compilation using the database of the Global Administrative Areas (GADM) (https: / / gadm. org / data. html, accessed November 20, 2020) and the Humanitari... | {
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Thirty-eight percent of the sample was already engaged in at least one income-generating activity (IGA) at baseline. This is consistent with the national figures from the 2007 DHS survey, which found labor force participation rates of 34 % for women aged 15-19 and 49 % for women ages 20-24. It is also consistent with t... | {
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Following the approach used for the Global Costing of Refugee Inclusion, successful inclusion is defined as earning sufficient income to be no longer poor and to consume more than the (international) poverty line. This definition opens two tracks for investigation: first, how much aid would be needed if the policy obje... | {
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... |
Annual grid-level GDP data between 1990 and 2014 at a 0.5-degree resolution come from Kummu, Taka and
Guillaume (2018a). The data are primarily based on sub-national GDP per capita data constructed by Gennaioli,
Is the relationship between rainfall and GDP explained by agriculture? We use data from the ESA CCI projec... | {
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"sub-national GDP per capita data"
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