text stringlengths 1 1.11k | source dict |
|---|---|
neural-network, deep-learning, explainable-ai, shap
Title: Explanation of how DeepExplainer works to obtain SHAP values in simple terms I have been using DeepExplainer (DE) to obtain the approximate SHAP values for my MLP model. I am following the SHAP Python library.
Now I'd like learn the logic behind DE more. From ... | {
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"tags": "neural-network, deep-learning, explainable-ai, shap",
"url": null
} |
python, algorithm, python-2.x, queue, circular-list
q2 = QueueOnCirciularBuffer(3)
for i in range(3):
print i
q2.push_element(i)
for i in range(10):
print q2.pop_element()
q2.push_element(i) Advice 1
QueueOnCirciularBuffer: you misspelled Circular
Advice 2
Wikipedia gives more c... | {
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"tags": "python, algorithm, python-2.x, queue, circular-list",
"url": null
} |
measurement
Unfortunately, I am not sure how to start with this, as I would usually use Born‘s rule to get the probability of measuring a certain defined state from the existing superposition.
But here, I don’t know, what the state that would be in the bra side of the Born’s rule is. Therefore, I would be really grate... | {
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"tags": "measurement",
"url": null
} |
quantum-mechanics, wavefunction, schroedinger-equation, boundary-conditions, discrete
$$\psi(x)=C\sin(kx)$$
now the behaviour of $\psi(x)$ in $x=0$ is all good. We now have to impose that $\psi(L)=0$, so:
$$Csin(kL)=0 \ \ \Rightarrow \ \ kL=\pi n$$
because of course the $\sin$ is zero only when its argument ($\theta$)... | {
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"tags": "quantum-mechanics, wavefunction, schroedinger-equation, boundary-conditions, discr... |
general-relativity, energy-conservation, antimatter, geodesics, matter
Title: Is there work done on a mass from matter-antimatter pairs? Imagine I have a vaccuum at very low temperature and I put a single neutron in, then gamma rays interact to form matter-antimatter pairs within this vaccuum and assume that this happ... | {
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"tags": "general-relativity, energy-conservation, antimatter, geodesics, matter",
"url": ... |
optics, polarization
I am trying to find if there's any relationship/difference between dispersion of unpolarized and polarized light in a given medium (a glass prism in this scenario).
Specifically what I want to achieve is rotating/changing the oscillations of the rays of light such that when I pass the rotated ray... | {
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"tags": "optics, polarization",
"url": null
} |
So the equation could be written as, (3n ± 1)/2, and the result of this equation is always an integer for any odd or even value of n.
-
We know that every prime $> 3$ is of the form $6n+1$ or $6n-1$. Now find two numbers $a$ and $b$ such that $a+b = p$ and $a-b =1$, where $p$ is either $6n+1$ or $6n-1$. Suppose $p = ... | {
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"openwebmath_score": 0.8667438626289368,
"ta... |
quantum-mechanics, commutator, poisson-brackets
Title: How to evaluate Commutator Bracket $\left[x,\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\right]$ indirectly using Poisson Bracket? I want to evaluate $\left[x,\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\right]$ using a Poisson bracket. Can this be done? I have heard that the commutator bracket is... | {
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"tags": "quantum-mechanics, commutator, poisson-brackets",
"url": null
} |
sage: R = Zmod(251)
sage: R(61)/R(11)
74
sage: R(11)^(-1) * R(61)
74
sage: R.is_field()
True
sage: R = Zmod(753)
sage: [ x for x in R if R(33) * x == R(183) ]
[74, 325, 576]
(There are three solutions modulo $753$. We have found the $74$, the next ones are obtained by adding $251$.)
Bezout's Identity says that it i... | {
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"openwebmath_score": 0.8808892965316772,
"tag... |
c++, beginner, hangman
else if(choice==2)
{
cout<<"Enter a topic for the player who is guessing"<<endl;
cin.ignore();
getline(cin,topic);
cout<<endl;
cout<<endl;
}
else if(choice==3)
{
cout<<"The Topic is:"<<topic<<... | {
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collapse all
### Incomplete Gamma Function
The lower incomplete gamma function P and the upper incomplete gamma function Q are defined by
`$\begin{array}{l}P\left(x,a\right)=\frac{1}{\Gamma \left(a\right)}{\int }_{0}^{x}{t}^{a-1}{e}^{-t}dt,\\ Q\left(x,a\right)=\frac{1}{\Gamma \left(a\right)}{\int }_{x}^{\infty }{t}^... | {
"domain": "mathworks.com",
"id": null,
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"lm_q1_score": 0.9904406006529085,
"lm_q1q2_score": 0.8274968142957474,
"lm_q2_score": 0.8354835350552603,
"openwebmath_perplexity": 573.3069061530966,
"openwebmath_score": 0.9141629338264465,
"tags": ... |
python, beginner, python-3.x, homework
Output
# ['hi', "let's", 'go']
# ['go']
I came up with this code which outputs the correct result:
class MaxSizeList(object):
ls = []
def __init__(self,mx):
self.val = mx
def push(self,st):
self.ls.append(st)
def get_list(self):
whi... | {
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"openwebmath_score": null,
"tags": "python, beginner, python-3.x, homework",
"url": null
} |
python, beginner, python-3.x, battleship
I've edited this function a bit so it only returns columns that haven't been chosen already. Leaving the responsibility of the function to return correct columns instead of the main game loop having that responsibility helps reduce the complexity of the program. Now, you don't ... | {
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"tags": "python, beginner, python-3.x, battleship",
"url": null
} |
general-relativity, black-holes, differential-geometry, charge, mass
A Remark on Computing Hodge Duals.
Like I said above, I’m not sure which formula you’re using to compute Hodge duals, but it’s wrong. Here is the general calculational rule:
Theorem.
Let $(V,g)$ be an $n$-dimensional oriented pseudo inner-product sp... | {
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"url": nu... |
$$x^{p^{k}} - y^{p^{k}} = (x-y)(x^{p^{k-1}} + x^{p^{k-2}}y + \ldots + xy^{p^{k}-2} + y^{p^k-1})$$
By assmption we know that $$x-y$$ is a multiple of $$p$$ so we are left to show that
$$(x^{p^{k-1}} + x^{p^{k-2}}y + \ldots + xy^{p^{k}-2} + y^{p^k-1})$$
is a multiple of $$p^{k}$$. But I do not see why this sould be tr... | {
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"lm_q1_score": 0.9881308807013052,
"lm_q1q2_score": 0.8032193009079215,
"lm_q2_score": 0.8128673201042492,
"openwebmath_perplexity": 63.663146796283414,
"openwebmath_score": 0.9156368970870972,
"ta... |
filters, filter-design, infinite-impulse-response, digital-filters
Note that this solution has one more zero than the other two methods. The poles of all three methods are identical.
The figure below shows the approximation of the RIAA de-emphasis filter given by $(2)$ according to the three aforementioned transformat... | {
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"tags": "filters, filter-design, infinite-impulse-response, digital-filters",
"url": null
} |
fl.formal-languages, regular-language, context-free
To answer your comment: there exist ambiguous regular grammars, for instance $S\to A\mid B,\,A\to a,\,B\to a$ has two leftmost derivations for $a$: $S\Rightarrow A\Rightarrow a$ and $S\Rightarrow B\Rightarrow a$. An equivalent unambiguous grammar is $S\to a$. | {
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"tags": "fl.formal-languages, regular-language, context-free",
"url": null
} |
javascript, algorithm, array
const withDuplicates = [1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10];
function removeDuplicates(arr){
return [...(new Set(arr)).values()];
}
console.log(removeDuplicates(withDuplicates));
I think that is what you may consider better, however it does involve an extra iteration when con... | {
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"tags": "javascript, algorithm, array",
"url": null
} |
decision-trees
./Makefile: line 12: SHELL: command not found
./Makefile: line 19: src: command not found
./Makefile: line 48: obj: command not found
./Makefile: line 59: all:: command not found
cat defns.i global.c c50.c construct.c formtree.c info.c discr.c contin.c subset.c prune.c p-thresh.c trees.c siftrules.c rul... | {
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"openwebmath_score": null,
"tags": "decision-trees",
"url": null
} |
c++, queue, boost, producer-consumer
#define N 6
#define QN 3
struct testdata {
int a;
int b;
};
boost::lockfree::queue<testdata, boost::lockfree::fixed_size<true>> que(QN);
boost::condition_variable que_has_data, que_has_room;
boost::mutex que_mtx_hd, que_mtx_hr;
void producer(void) {
testdata td;
... | {
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"tags": "c++, queue, boost, producer-consumer",
"url": null
} |
optics, refraction, interference, wavelength
Edit in response to comment:
A variant of this formula is given on this hyperphysics website page and looks like $$\lambda=\lambda_0 \sqrt{1-\frac{\sin^2 \alpha}{\eta^2}}\tag{2}$$ the symbols they use are defined on their webpage, but still there is no derivation for it.
Is... | {
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"tags": "optics, refraction, interference, wavelength",
"url": null
} |
newtonian-gravity, everyday-life, education, tidal-effect
With regard to the North Sea, there are three M2 tidal amphidromic points in the neighborhood of the North Sea. This nicely explains why the tides are so very goofy in the North Sea.
Images
For those who like imagery, here are a few key images. I'm hoping that ... | {
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"tags": "newtonian-gravity, everyday-life, education, tidal-effect",
"url": null
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php, html, mysql, mysqli
<div class="form-group <?php echo (!empty($mobile_err)) ? 'has-error' : ''; ?>">
<label>Мобилен</label>
<input type="text" name="mobile" id="mobile" class="form-control" maxlength="9" value="<?php echo $mobile; ?>">
... | {
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"tags": "php, html, mysql, mysqli",
"url": null
} |
greedy-algorithms, huffman-coding
All codewords thus have length 2.
You can check that the same example works up to $\Pr[a] = 0.4$ (we need $\Pr[a] \leq 2\Pr[b] = (2/3)(1-\Pr[a])$). What if $\Pr[a] > 0.4$? Consider the time at which Huffman's algorithm merges $a$ with some symbol $X$ (which may be composed of several ... | {
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"tags": "greedy-algorithms, huffman-coding",
"url": null
} |
catkin-make
# 2. Package Name (project())
project(can_bus_read)
# 3. Find other CMake/Catkin packages needed for build (find_package())
find_package(catkin REQUIRED nodelet roscpp rospy std_msgs message_generation sensor_msgs)
find_package(roscpp REQUIRED)
# 4. Message/Service/Action Generators (add_message_files(),... | {
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"id": 18089,
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"tags": "catkin-make",
"url": null
} |
php, object-oriented, mysql, pdo
Is this approach good? Or what is the proper way to do this? Let me first say that any answer you get here is going to by biased by each person's personal preference. What you're doing isn't dangerous or breaking any rules, so it's 'fine' as far as that's concerned. So with that in min... | {
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"tags": "php, object-oriented, mysql, pdo",
"url": null
} |
reference-request, self-study, equalizer, adaptive-algorithms, lms
I tried $\mu=0,125 * 2/N$, but it seems to be wrong in some cases. I'm leaving the answer here, if somebody ever stumbles upon the same question.
About LMS: Both DFE and ARC employ Least Mean Squares (LMS) adaptive algorithms: DFE is an adaptive filter... | {
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"tags": "reference-request, self-study, equalizer, adaptive-algorithms, lms",
"url": null
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because any other logic operation can be created using only NAND gates. It has n input (n >= 2) and one output. truth table of Logic Gates, Et-364, digital electronics, logic gates, Et-364 digital electronics, DAE Electrical, DAE Electrical 3rd year, chapter 2 logic gates, logic gates,. This page contains a JavaScript ... | {
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"lm_q1_score": 0.9759464485047916,
"lm_q1q2_score": 0.8132801752066438,
"lm_q2_score": 0.8333245911726382,
"openwebmath_perplexity": 795.8803509624115,
"openwebmath_score": 0.6178021430969238,
"tags":... |
c++, design-patterns, c++20
You can't in C++, unless you explicitly provide a member function a() in your decorators as well. You can't automatically create member functions in a class based on what is in another class at the moment, it might be possible in some future C++ version.
However, the next best thing might b... | {
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"tags": "c++, design-patterns, c++20",
"url": null
} |
homework-and-exercises, thermodynamics, statistical-mechanics, differentiation, mathematics
Algebraically, you can treat differential $dH$ forms as vectors, i.e. you can add them, multiply by scalars and decompose one form as a linear combination of others.
The differential of a function $f$ is a sum of terms: partial... | {
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"tags": "homework-and-exercises, thermodynamics, statistical-mechanics, differentiation, ma... |
as the vertical speed one second after falling from its peak. In this article, we will look at how to solve vertical circular motion problems. This means that the vertical velocity is changing by 9.8 m/s every second. Calculate the satellite’s acceleration. (Wir betrachten ein Doppelpendel wie in Abbildung 2 dargestell... | {
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"lm_q1_score": 0.9752018419665618,
"lm_q1q2_score": 0.8062108622714075,
"lm_q2_score": 0.8267117919359419,
"openwebmath_perplexity": 788.8755055509969,
"openwebmath_score": 0.38295450806617737,
"tags... |
co.combinatorics
Title: Membership testing in transformation monoids "Given a finite set $A$, a set of functions $S=\left\{f_{1}, f_{2}, \ldots, f_{k}\right\}$, each $A \to A$, and a candidate function $g:A \to A$, is $g$ in the monoid generated by $S$ with respect to composition?"
Kozen's paper "Lower bounds for natu... | {
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"tags": "co.combinatorics",
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} |
performance, android, xml, user-interface, layout
Inside the onBindViewHolder() method:
holder.binding.rbRad1.setOnClickListener(object : View.OnClickListener {
override fun onClick(view: View?) {
holder.binding.rbRad2.isChecked = false
holder.binding.rbRad4.isCh... | {
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"tags": "performance, android, xml, user-interface, layout",
"url": null
} |
c++, beginner, homework, calculator
int main()
{
double r;
std::cout << "Please enter the radius of a circle: ";
std::cin >> r;
double *results = calcSphereMesures(r);
std::cout << "\n**************************************" << "\n"
<< "* Area and Circumference of A Sphere *" << "\n"
<< "******************************... | {
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### Sufficient Condition
Conversely, suppose the conditions hold. We check that the ring axioms hold for $S$.
$(1): \quad$ Ring Axiom $\text A$: Addition forms an Abelian Group: By $1$ and $2$ above, it follows from:
the One-Step Subgroup Test
Subgroup of Abelian Group is Abelian
that $\struct {S, +}$ is an abelian s... | {
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"lm_q1_score": 0.9888419661213173,
"lm_q1q2_score": 0.8130151206572127,
"lm_q2_score": 0.822189134878876,
"openwebmath_perplexity": 319.09718721398394,
"openwebmath_score": 0.9435973167419434,
"tags": ... |
optics, refraction, data
ADDENDUM: If you calculate the index of refraction in the range 850nm-2.5um by extrapolating from the visible, you will overestimate it. The longer the wavelength, the more severe the overestimation. That's because the effect of a resonance, e.g. the CH stretch resonance, is to increase the re... | {
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"openwebmath_score": null,
"tags": "optics, refraction, data",
"url": null
} |
c#, algorithm, markov-chain
Title: Implementation of a sparse Markov Chain I need to create a sparse Markov chain. It is supposed to receive text, so the number of rows or columns can easily go up to 20000. Besides, if I want to consider higher orders of the Markov chain (creating pairs of consecutive words) the dimen... | {
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"tags": "c#, algorithm, markov-chain",
"url": null
} |
java, compression, canvas, javafx, video
this.compressionAlgorithm = compressionAlgorithm;
}
public BitArrayBuilder getBitArrayBuilder() {
return this.bitArrayBuilder;
}
public boolean isRunning() {
return isRunning.get();
}
@Override
public void run() {
... | {
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"url": null
} |
general-relativity, time, metric-tensor
Assuming this is correct, this is all fine with me. Now fast forward to general relativity. $ds^2=g_{\mu\nu}dx^{\mu}dx^{\nu}$...so if a ball is travelling in spacetime under whatever metric, then to me it would seem like, in the ball's frame, we should set $dx^i=0$, and then we ... | {
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"url": null
} |
sequence-alignment, proteins, protein-structure
For more discussion of how the alignment output object is used see Assessing PyMol sequence alignment object | {
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graphs, combinatorics
$$ E = \sum_{m=3}^n \frac{n!}{2m(n-m)!} p^m. $$
In order to estimate this number, let's find the largest term. The ratio of two successive terms is roughly
$$ \frac{p^{m+1}}{(n-m-1)!} \frac{(n-m)!}{p^m} = (n-m)p. $$
When $p$ is constant, we see that the most important term corresponds to $m = n$,... | {
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"tags": "graphs, combinatorics",
"url": null
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everyday-chemistry, food-chemistry
Title: How does salt push out the water from vegetables, meat, etc.? Where can I find out, how does this process work? Have you noticed, that when you salt mushrooms, eggplant... or add sugar to lemon - some "juice" comes out.
Any explanations? Or maybe name that reaction? It is ca... | {
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We can also do this question using elimination of options.
edited
0
but your L(G2): e1---e2 it is bipertite right?e1 may be in one partition and e2 on another...it is bipertite i guess.
0
Hi,
I have corrected the example, and updated the file.
0
great example you have updated...proving line of tree is not a tree too ... | {
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"openwebmath_score": 0.5384103059768677,
"... |
c++
Okay, here’s the thing. First you construct the key as a string by trimming the dashes… and then you check whether it’s valid in the first place. But if it’s invalid, you’ve wasted the effort to construct it. And then, in is_defined(), you search through command_line_ to find the key… and if you find it, you just…... | {
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special-relativity, lagrangian-formalism, field-theory, variational-principle, action
By requiring variations in all directions equal zero we obtain
$$ {\partial{\mathcal L} \over \partial \Phi} -
\partial^{\mu}\left( {\partial{\mathcal L} \over \partial (\partial^{\mu} \Phi)}\right) = 0 $$
(arguments the same as alwa... | {
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"tags": "special-relativity, lagrangian-formalism, field-theory, variational-principle, actio... |
eclipse
Title: Missing ROS_format.xml
I was setting up Eclipse on a fresh Ubuntu install and forgot to save my copy of ROS_format.xml (the C++ auto-formatting for ROS). I went on the site to pull a new copy down (http://www.ros.org/wiki/IDEs) but the link to the XML file seems to be broken. Anyone know where I can ge... | {
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"tags": "eclipse",
"url": null
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newtonian-mechanics, forces, mass, acceleration, vectors
Title: Newton’s second law of motion In the equation $\vec F = m \vec a$ is the acceleration vector always in the direction of the force vector, I mean why can’t they be in the opposite direction? Will this relationship break down in some scenario? That equation... | {
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"tags": "newtonian-mechanics, forces, mass, acceleration, vectors",
"url": null
} |
general-relativity, black-holes, mass-energy, singularities
In this case, are the black holes superposing on each other by pure constructive interference?
Kindly help me with the same. I'm going to answer this as best I can, however in order to do that I will need to explain briefly how Black Holes were 'discovered'. ... | {
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"tags": "general-relativity, black-holes, mass-energy, singularities",
"url": null
} |
special-relativity, aether
Title: On stellar aberration in the context of ether drag hypothesis In Resnick's book on introduction to special relativity he mentions two effects that contradict the ether drag hypothesis. Fizeau convection coefficient and stellar aberration. He says that if ether was to be moving along w... | {
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"tags": "special-relativity, aether",
"url": null
} |
newtonian-mechanics, rotational-dynamics, angular-momentum, acceleration, rotational-kinematics
Title: Does a rotating body resist acceleration in a direction that is perpendicular to the direction of the rotation of the body? I would like to know if a rotating body resists acceleration in a direction that is perpendi... | {
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"tags": "newtonian-mechanics, rotational-dynamics, angular-momentum, acceleration, rotation... |
graph-theory, np-hardness, permutations
Consider any edge incident on a vertex in $A$. If this edge is $(u, v)$ with $u \in A$ and $v \in B$ then $v$ is a successor of $u$ since all vertices in $B$ are after all vertices in $A$. Thus, edges between $A$ and $B$ do not contribute any predecessors to any vertices in $A$.... | {
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"openwebmath_score": null,
"tags": "graph-theory, np-hardness, permutations",
"url": null
} |
electric-circuits, charge, capacitance
Title: Charge distribution on capacitors connected in series
When capacitors are connected in series, similar but opposite charges appear on every adjacent plate. How and why this happens ? Suppose charge appeared on plate A is $Q$ and then charge on plate F will be $-Q$ , as of... | {
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ros
As you can see odometry info (position and orientation) are updated properly, but timestamp (secs and nsecs) are never updated.
I think rviz can't show me the robot odometry or position for that issue, but I'm not sure.
Can anybody help me? Regards
Originally posted by aldo85ita on ROS Answers with karma: 252 on ... | {
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If $X_i$ are iid with $EX_i=0$, then $ER_n=0$, as you showed in the comments. However, the situation changes if your asset has $E\log(X_i) =0$; this is like stating that the expected rate of return of an asset is zero. In this case, counterintuitively, you can have positive expected returns. Check out the "volatility p... | {
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"openwebmath_score": 0.9470154047012329,
"ta... |
wave, dct
I can use the inverse DCT (DCT-III) and get the input values back, but I want to see the signal that represents the original input values. I tried summing the frequencies but I don't know if I'm doing it right so can someone guide me?
Btw the formula I used was
$y[$n]= $realarray[$n]*cos((M_PI/$N)*($n+0.5)*... | {
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beginner, unit-testing, scala, bioinformatics
Source You're right that this doesn't feel like functional-programming.
To start, avoid mutable collections; mutability goes against functional programming principles.
This problem should be approached as some kind of fold operation: you start with some initial result (a m... | {
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operating-systems, type-checking, interpreters, os-kernel
Overhead: With managed languages, there is A LOT of overhead compared to C or even C++. Things like Cosmos need to implement a lot of things before even a C# hello world kernel can be run. In C, you are ready to go, no real setup needed. In C++, there are just ... | {
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"tags": "operating-systems, type-checking, interpreters, os-kernel",
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game, functional-programming, homework, clojure
;;;;;;;;;;;; reset methods;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
(defn reset-game [state]
(if
(inside? (:x (:rocket state )) (:y (:rocket state)))
(reset-state-variable state)
state))
(defn reset-game-over [gameOver state]
(if (-> state :rocket :dir (n... | {
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algorithms, binary-trees
Title: Algorithm to find the saddle point in a Binary tree How to find a saddle point in a binary tree. where saddle point is a node in a tree whose value = min(the node and all its ancestors) = max ( the node and all its descendants) Here is a sketch.
Given a node $u$, let $p_u,\ell_u,r_u,v_... | {
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flow is called the gradient flow, and is used in the. Note: Given in the problem (as indicated by the lhs (left-hand-side) of equation) • a curve C in 2D or 3D • a vector field F in 2D or 3D Note: What you need to do to get started is • Step 1: parametrize the given curve C. Paneled shading, but it also results in slowe... | {
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"openwebmath_score": 0.6458716988563538,
"tags": null,... |
solubility, gas-laws, mixtures
Title: What is the carbon dioxide content of a soda can or bottle? I sort of know how carbonated beverages are carbonated: a lot of $\ce{CO2}$ gets pushed into the liquid, and the container is sealed. There are at least two things I don't know. First, how much carbon dioxide is actually ... | {
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haskell, formatting, ascii-art
-- | @insert x xs@ prepends and appends @x@ to the result of @intercalate x xs@.
--
-- >>> insert "#" ["Alpha","Beta","Gamma"]
-- "#Alpha#Beta#Gamma#"
insert :: [a] -> [[a]] -> [a]
insert x xs = intercalate x ([] : xs ++ [[]])
-- | Version of 'insert' that uses 'intersperse' instead... | {
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quantum-mechanics, operators, group-theory, lie-algebra, observables
It is always the case that an hermitian basis of a Lie algebra represent an observable quantity in QM or it is only the case for $SU(2)$ group? What is the general connection between group theory and observable quantities of QM and QFT? Let $A$ be th... | {
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"tags": "quantum-mechanics, operators, group-theory, lie-algebra, observables",
"url": nu... |
\emptyset$$, $$(A\cup B)\cup C = A\cup(B\cup C)\\(A\cap B)\cap C = A\cap(B\cap C)$$, $$A\cup(B\cap C) =(A\cup B)\cap(A\cup C)\\A\cap(B\cup C) = (A\cap B)\cup(A\cap B)$$, $$\overline{A\cap B}=\overline{A} \cup \overline{B}\\\overline{A\cup B}= \overline{A} \cap \overline{B}$$, $$A\cup(A\cap B) = A \\ A\cap(A\cup B) = A$... | {
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"openwebmath_score": 0.9934531450271606,
"tags": ... |
-
I think this is a consequence of Cartan Lemma. In a neighborhood of a fixed point $p$ the action can be linearized, so locally analytically we may assume $X=\mathbb{C}^n$, $p=0$ and $G \subset \rm{GL}(n, \, \mathbb{C})$. Then in a neighborhood of $0$ the fixed locus is given by a union of linear subspaces and the cla... | {
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"lm_q1_score": 0.9777138170582865,
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"lm_q2_score": 0.8221891283434877,
"openwebmath_perplexity": 190.91345003883916,
"openwebmath_score": 0.9580434560775757,
"tag... |
- 2.5 = 4.625 percent. Rate of Return (RoR) on Stocks and Bonds The rate of return calculations for stocks and bonds is slightly different. If you want to know the real rate of return on a nontaxable municipal bond, that is the rate that would be equivalent on a taxable bond, you would perform the following calculation... | {
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"lm_q1_score": 0.9697854146791214,
"lm_q1q2_score": 0.806030409381157,
"lm_q2_score": 0.8311430520409023,
"openwebmath_perplexity": 1693.8225016339977,
"openwebmath_score": 0.32949429750442505,
... |
astrophysics, space-time, redshift, magnetic-field
Title: What is the time dilation less a magnetic field? Does time dilation drop off like a gravity or does resemble a magnetic field model?
Could a smaller body with a magnetic field have more time dilation then a larger body without and to what degree? There is a m... | {
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electromagnetism, waves, reflection, scattering
$\tilde{f}_{R}(z,t) = \tilde{A}_{R}e^{i(-k_{1}z-\omega t)},\quad (z < 0)$.
And finally the transmitted wave:
$\tilde{f}_{T}(z,t) = \tilde{A}_{T}e^{i(k_{2}z-\omega t)},\quad (z > 0)$.
There is a person shaking the rope at $-\infty$, generating the wave. We work with those... | {
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"tags": "electromagnetism, waves, reflection, scattering",
"url": null
} |
performance, c, matrix, sse, simd
int i, j, k;
for (i = 0; i < N; i += 8)
{
for (j = 0; j < N; ++j)
{
//The cost heavy storing is done once for each iteration and then use them at all places needed, stores column of matrix2 in chunks of eight, uses setr to have them in the right order
vec_mat2 ... | {
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"tags": "performance, c, matrix, sse, simd",
"url": null
} |
quantum-spin
Title: Magnitude of spin Why can't the magnitude of spin change for an elementary particle? All the places i have looked at so far just state that spin magnitude cannot be changed. Why is this the case? Because it is an intrinsic property of the particle. Just like mass, charge etc.
All elementary Standar... | {
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problems! Back them up with references or personal experience class may be chosen as a of. A relation Marriage Certificate be so wrong equally well be represented by other... The MATHEMATICAL study which help to solve your problems EASY books are warehouses. Good work earn Transferable Credit & Get your Degree, Get acc... | {
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"id": null,
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"lm_name": "Qwen/Qwen-72B",
"lm_q1_score": 0.9702399026119352,
"lm_q1q2_score": 0.8412326828177606,
"lm_q2_score": 0.8670357512127872,
"openwebmath_perplexity": 449.1873379878951,
"openwebmath_score": 0.5408604741096497,
"tag... |
python, performance, graph
Slower version:
def sp1(G):
nodes = list(G.nodes)
dic = {v:set() for v in nodes}
for v in nodes:
nb = random.choice(list(G.neighbors(v)))
dic[v].add(nb)
dic[nb].add(v)
P = list(CCbfs(dic))
return P
def CCbfs(dic):
seen = set()
for v in dic... | {
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"tags": "python, performance, graph",
"url": null
} |
reinforcement-learning, q-learning
Use experience replay - store S, A, R, S' data for each step and run the Q learning update on random mini-batches of the stored data, instead of online.
Keep two copies of the Q estimator neural network. Train one continuously, and copy it to a "frozen" version every now and then (e.... | {
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"openwebmath_score": null,
"tags": "reinforcement-learning, q-learning",
"url": null
} |
inorganic-chemistry, nmr-spectroscopy
Title: 19F NMR line spectra I am trying to figure out the NMR spectra of F3P-BH3
I am solving this out using 2nI+1 rule. IP = 1/2 and IB = 3/2
Hence for this compound,
(2nIP+1)(2nIB+1) = (2x1X1/2+1)(2X1X3/2+1) =
(2)(4) = 8 lines (quadraplet of doublet)
This is what I came up w... | {
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"tags": "inorganic-chemistry, nmr-spectroscopy",
"url": null
} |
I won't address your question about how small the period of $$\{F_n \bmod p\}$$ can be as $$p$$ grows, but instead ask if the upper bounds on the period can be achieved infinitely often. For consistency I'll use the notation from Joe Silverman's answer: set $$A = (1 + \sqrt{5})/2$$ and $$B = (1-\sqrt{5})/2$$, so $$F_n ... | {
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"openwebmath_score": 0.9715709686279297,
"tags... |
beginner, c, integer
if (negative == 1)
{
return ~output + 1;
}
return output;
}
Can I please get some advice regarding any possible issues or "rookie mistakes" I may have made? Avoid mysterious bit-shifting
return ~output + 1;
Is the same as:
return - (output + 1) + 1;
And as:
return - output;
... | {
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"tags": "beginner, c, integer",
"url": null
} |
kinematics, coordinate-systems, rotational-kinematics, simulations
Title: Determining a direction/projection/heading for an object in 3D space after it has been rotated I hope this is a good place to find an answer. Regardless, Worldbuilding looks like a great forum to follow.
I'm not a math wiz and I've tried to tack... | {
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"tags": "kinematics, coordinate-systems, rotational-kinematics, simulations",
"url": null... |
# Determinants - Existence
Determinants are functions which take matrices as inputs and produce numbers. They are of enormous importance in linear algebra, but perhaps you've also seen them in other courses. They're used to define the cross product of two 3-dimensional vectors. They appear in Jacobians which occur in ... | {
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"lm_q1_score": 0.989986431444902,
"lm_q1q2_score": 0.80236312028995,
"lm_q2_score": 0.8104789063814617,
"openwebmath_perplexity": 401.42047571306273,
"openwebmath_score": 0.9511772990226746,
"tags":... |
thermodynamics, entropy, adiabatic
$$
Now we can integrate both sides:
$$
c_V \int_{U_1}^{U_2} \frac{1}{U}dU = -R\int_{V_1}^{V_2} \frac{1}{V}dV,
$$
or
$$
c_V\left( \ln U_2 - \ln U_1 \right) =R \left( \ln V_1 - \ln V_2 \right).
$$
A quick note about interpretation is in order here. We're integrating both sides over d... | {
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"openwebmath_score": null,
"tags": "thermodynamics, entropy, adiabatic",
"url": null
} |
kinematics, velocity, mathematics, differentiation, fractals
Title: Can a particle have no instantaneous velocity at all points of the path taken but a finite average velocity? I have a question on kinematics.
Say the path traced by a particle is given by a Koch curve or Koch snowflake. | {
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"openwebmath_score": null,
"tags": "kinematics, velocity, mathematics, differentiation, fractals",
"url": null
} |
reinforcement-learning, papers, imitation-learning
Title: What is the surrogate loss function in imitation learning, and how is it different from the true cost? I've been reading A Reduction of Imitation Learning and Structured Prediction
to No-Regret Online Learning lately, and I can't understand what they mean by th... | {
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"id": 2237,
"lm_label": null,
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"lm_q1_score": null,
"lm_q1q2_score": null,
"lm_q2_score": null,
"openwebmath_perplexity": null,
"openwebmath_score": null,
"tags": "reinforcement-learning, papers, imitation-learning",
"url": null
} |
windows, assembly, nasm
For maximum safety, I would write the char from AL in the string before teletyping it. On some implementations of BIOS/DOS etc. , I've seen the AX register modified even when the official documentation told it was preserved.
stosb ; write the character to the string
mov bh, 0 ... | {
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"tags": "windows, assembly, nasm",
"url": null
} |
electrostatics, electromagnetic-induction
In the presence of the influencing charge, balancing charges are brought in from earth to neutralize any potential difference between conductor and earth due to influence.
One my phrase it the following way: The electrostatic potential $\phi(x)$ at any point $x$ in space is t... | {
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"lm_q2_score": null,
"openwebmath_perplexity": null,
"openwebmath_score": null,
"tags": "electrostatics, electromagnetic-induction",
"url": null
} |
quantum-field-theory, quantum-electrodynamics, s-matrix-theory, trace, matrix-elements
Title: Where do the traces come from in Casimir's trick? I am following the derivation for electron-muon scattering amplitude in Griffiths textbook and got to the section where they use Casimir's trick. I can't see where the traces ... | {
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"id": 76102,
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"lm_q2_score": null,
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"openwebmath_score": null,
"tags": "quantum-field-theory, quantum-electrodynamics, s-matrix-theory, trace, matrix-elem... |
c, embedded
/*
* The function 'adjust_position()' adjusts the position depending on the
* acceleration and velocity.
*/
INT16U adjust_position(INT16U position, INT16S velocity,
INT8S acceleration, INT16U time_interval)
{
INT16S new_position = position + velocity * time_interval / 1000
... | {
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"id": 9878,
"lm_label": null,
"lm_name": null,
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"lm_q2_score": null,
"openwebmath_perplexity": null,
"openwebmath_score": null,
"tags": "c, embedded",
"url": null
} |
c#, unit-testing, extension-methods
LineBuffer buffer = new LineBuffer((extractedLine) => {
var expectedLine = expectedLines.Dequeue();
Assert.AreEqual(expectedLine, extractedLine, $"Expected: '{expectedLine}' but go '{extractedLine}' during scenario {scenarioName}");
ca... | {
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"openwebmath_perplexity": null,
"openwebmath_score": null,
"tags": "c#, unit-testing, extension-methods",
"url": null
} |
Now for the strides. The strides, in genreal will be a tuple of increments need to jump
• from first element of the first window of the first image to the first element of the first window of the second image
• from first element of a window to the first element of the next window below
• from first element of a windo... | {
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"lm_q1q2_score": 0.8062227563970525,
"lm_q2_score": 0.8221891348788759,
"openwebmath_perplexity": 831.7931266014855,
"openwebmath_score": 0.6607351899147034,
"tags": nu... |
f is a continuous function). Fourier Series Course Notes (External Site - North East Scotland College) Be able to: Use Fourier Analysis to study and obtain approximations of functions over any range. In short, fourier series is for periodic signals and fourier transform is for aperiodic signals. The discrete version of... | {
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"id": null,
"lm_label": "1. YES\n2. YES",
"lm_name": "Qwen/Qwen-72B",
"lm_q1_score": 0.9918120913084073,
"lm_q1q2_score": 0.8449770939444133,
"lm_q2_score": 0.8519528057272543,
"openwebmath_perplexity": 849.0646823502694,
"openwebmath_score": 0.8424391746520996,
"tags"... |
c#
Or maybe like this?:
Dog d = Animal as Dog;
Cat c;
if (d != null;)
{
// d. etc..
}
else if ((c = Animal as Cat) != null)
{
// c. ....
}
Or maybe something else? This question is better suited for Programmers Stack Exchange than Code Review...
To answer your question - if you do evaluations like that it ... | {
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"id": 3965,
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"openwebmath_score": null,
"tags": "c#",
"url": null
} |
4. Feb 28, 2012
### LearninDaMath
Please see thread https://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=580771 Post #8-16 for thorough attempt and on-going progress on this topic. Rest assured no information is being given away without effort on my part. I appreciate the expertise of physicsforums members who take some ti... | {
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"id": null,
"lm_label": "1. YES\n2. YES\n\n",
"lm_name": "Qwen/Qwen-72B",
"lm_q1_score": 0.9825575121992375,
"lm_q1q2_score": 0.8351455637951678,
"lm_q2_score": 0.8499711756575749,
"openwebmath_perplexity": 1567.9213942783588,
"openwebmath_score": 0.3306967616081238,
... |
python, scikit-learn
X, y = load_breast_cancer(return_X_y=True)
scaler = StandardScaler()
lr = LogisticRegression()
X_sc = scaler.fit_transform(X)
lr.fit(X_sc, y)
pipe = Pipeline(steps=[('scale', scaler),
('lr', lr)])
# Predicting would fail if the pipeline had unfitted estimators:
pipe.pred... | {
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"id": 7938,
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"openwebmath_perplexity": null,
"openwebmath_score": null,
"tags": "python, scikit-learn",
"url": null
} |
c++, recursion, template, c++20, constrained-templates
std::cout << "recursive_reduce_all function test with execution policy (std::execution::seq), initial value and specified operation: \n";
auto recursive_reduce_all_result10 = recursive_reduce_all(std::execution::seq, test_vectors, static_cast<double>(1), [](au... | {
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"lm_q2_score": null,
"openwebmath_perplexity": null,
"openwebmath_score": null,
"tags": "c++, recursion, template, c++20, constrained-templates",
"url": null
} |
reinforcement-learning
$R_s^a$ is the expected reward when taking action $a$ in state $s$. It is equal to $\sum_{s',r} p(s',r|s,a)r$. It is also equal to $\mathbb{E}[R_{t+1}|S_t=s, A_t=a]$, by definition and independently of $\pi$.
$P_{ss'}^a$ is the state transition probability - the probability of ending up in state... | {
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"id": 2821,
"lm_label": null,
"lm_name": null,
"lm_q1_score": null,
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"lm_q2_score": null,
"openwebmath_perplexity": null,
"openwebmath_score": null,
"tags": "reinforcement-learning",
"url": null
} |
mechanical-engineering, gears
Title: Designing non-self-locking worm gear I see that most worm gears are self-locking but I'm looking to make my own non-self-locking POM worm gear. It'll only be of module 1. Does anyone know what needs to be changed in order to make a self-locking worm gear non-locking? Is it just the... | {
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"id": 644,
"lm_label": null,
"lm_name": null,
"lm_q1_score": null,
"lm_q1q2_score": null,
"lm_q2_score": null,
"openwebmath_perplexity": null,
"openwebmath_score": null,
"tags": "mechanical-engineering, gears",
"url": null
} |
nyquist, bandwidth, baseband
$$
\text{Maximum data rate} = 2B\log_2(V) \mbox{ bits/sec}
$$
I'm not quite sure how that derives from the Nyquist theorem.
I (believe I) understood that the sampling rate of a signal with a maximum frequency of $f_{\rm max}$ has to be at least (strictly greater than) $\gt 2 f_{\rm max}$ f... | {
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"openwebmath_score": null,
"tags": "nyquist, bandwidth, baseband",
"url": null
} |
performance, vba, excel
End Sub
Private Function TrainNames(ByVal numberOfTrains As Long, ByVal lastRow As Long) As Variant
Dim myTrains As Variant
ReDim myTrains(1 To numberOfTrains, 1 To 2)
Dim trainIndex As Long
trainIndex = 1
Dim i As Long
For i = 1 To lastRow
If Sheet2.Cells(i, 9)... | {
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"openwebmath_score": null,
"tags": "performance, vba, excel",
"url": null
} |
neuroscience, brain, neurology, memory
None of the articles i have read make any comments addressing this question.
Links to relevant information on memory processing and storage will be appreciated. The brain is trained to remember patterns and predictable associations. Randomness is the absence of patterns, so it's ... | {
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"tags": "neuroscience, brain, neurology, memory",
"url": null
} |
So now you just need to show each nontrivial subset of $$\mathbb{N}$$ can correspond with a particular rapidly growing function.
Start with one rapidly growing function F. For each subset of $$\mathbb{N}$$ with n elements and largest element m, construct a degree m polynomial with n terms with exponents corresponding ... | {
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"openwebmath_perplexity": 1878.2059876944775,
"openwebmath_score": 0.9975054860115051,
"tag... |
shors-algorithm
Title: Why is the superposition of all states an eigenvector, with eigenvalue 1, of the QFT? In many descriptions of order finding, but also in this answer here, it is shown that the superposition of all states is an eigenvector for eigenvalue 1.0. To cite:
Having found the eigenvalues, we now want to... | {
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"tags": "shors-algorithm",
"url": null
} |
divided. Equal length and 4 right angles 30° = 150° should add up to 360 degrees, and not like... A four sided shape until you reach the start you will have angles that add to! Internal angles of any quadrilateral add up to 180 degrees to 181 degrees * Y with this collection of as. 360° as Keith has justified … a kite ... | {
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"lm_q1_score": 0.9603611631680359,
"lm_q1q2_score": 0.814355299074947,
"lm_q2_score": 0.8479677545357568,
"openwebmath_perplexity": 501.38378076364575,
"openwebmath_score": 0.43173834681510925,
"tags": null... |
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