Datasets:

ratishsp
/

fineweb-edu-misinfo

url large_stringlengths 15 1.22k	domain large_stringlengths 4 74	domain_category large_stringclasses 7 values	edu_score float64 2.52 5.03	text large_stringlengths 197 440k	llama_label large_stringclasses 7 values	llama_confidence large_stringclasses 5 values	llama_reason large_stringlengths 3 1.33k ⌀
http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/ptp/ptp16.htm	sacred-texts.com	pseudoscience	2.546875	Pageant of the Popes, by John Farrow, , at sacred-texts.com Italy and France and Spain all struggled to control the next conclave and the latter two powers did not hesitate to try and enlist the aid of Caesar Borgia. But happily the sinister creature was not as active at this important time as he could have been; for h...	benign	high	The document is a historical narrative about the Papacy and various Popes, specifically focusing on Pope Julius II, and does not contain any misinformation, propaganda, or pseudoscience; it is a factual and informative historical account.
http://wattsupwiththat.com/2014/02/06/newspaper-closes-mind-will-no-longer-will-print-skeptical-agw-opinions/	wattsupwiththat.com	climate_denial	2.515625	From the newspaper SouthCoastToday.com Our View: There is no debate on climate change The “debate” over the reality and cause of climate change stopped being scientific long ago. Today, the “debate” is nothing more than a distraction that serves a political purpose for those who would stand to lose the most by policies...	benign	high	The document is an opinion piece that clearly states the scientific consensus on climate change and distinguishes between scientific facts and theories, without promoting misinformation or pseudoscience.
http://conservapedia.com/Invasion_of_Kuwait	conservapedia.com	climate_denial	2.65625	Invasion of Kuwait Reasons for Invasion Despite close foreign relations during the Iran-Iraq War, the relationship between Iraq and Kuwait quickly deteriorated after the war. This happened for a number of reasons, many of which can be attributed to blunders and miscalculations by Saddam Hussein. Kuwait loaned Iraq $8.2...	benign	high	The document provides a factual and neutral account of the events surrounding the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in 1990, without promoting or endorsing any misinformation or propaganda.
http://www.sacred-texts.com/asia/cm/cm59.htm	sacred-texts.com	pseudoscience	2.5625	Index Previous Next A Raven married a Fox-Woman. They had nothing to eat. The Raven said, "Now I am going to the Sea-Spirit." His wife laughed. "How will you find him?" — "Oh, I shall, I know the sea!" The Raven flew away, p. 194 and came to the middle of the sea. He sat down on the ice, and saw, down in the water unde...	benign	high	The document is a traditional folk tale from the Yukaghir people, and its content is a narrative story that does not promote or endorse any misinformation, propaganda, or pseudoscience.
http://www.realmagick.com/conservative-judaism-history/	realmagick.com	pseudoscience	2.515625	Conservative Judaism History A selection of articles related to conservative judaism history. Original articles from our library related to the Conservative Judaism History. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Conservative Judaism History. - Judaism: An Overview - Judaism, t...	benign	high	The document appears to be a collection of links and summaries related to various historical and religious topics, including Conservative Judaism History, and does not actively promote or endorse misinformation.
http://www.icr.org/articles/view/135/316/	icr.org	pseudoscience	3.1875	The Impact of Evolution on the Humanities and Science by John N. Moore, M.S., Ed.D. The novels of Jack London, the plays of George Bernard Shaw, and even the poetry of Alfred Tennyson contain a seemingly convincing basis for belief in the "evolution" of humankind.1 Tennyson had expressed an evolutionary viewpoint actua...	pseudoscience	high	The document promotes creationism and criticizes evolutionary theory, presenting a biased and unscientific viewpoint, while also linking evolutionary thinking to various negative influences on philosophy, psychology, education, and theology.
http://www.naturalnews.com/037501_tomatoes_stroke_prevention.html	naturalnews.com	antivax_medical_misinfo	2.90625	(NaturalNews) According to Finnish researchers, a diet rich in carotenoids such as lycopene and beta-carotene may significantly lower the risk of stroke for men. Higher concentrations of carotenoids in the blood were associated with as much as a 55-59 percent decrease in the likelihood of having a stroke during the 12-...	health_misinfo	medium	The article contains a mix of legitimate health information about carotenoids and their potential benefits, but it is hosted on a website (NaturalNews) known for promoting health misinformation, and includes links to antivax and other questionable health content.
https://childrenshealthdefense.org/news/the-special-ed-epidemic-what-happens-when-they-age-out-of-school-part-3-of-4/	childrenshealthdefense.org	antivax_medical_misinfo	3.234375	CHD Note: In this 4-part series, Children’s Health Defense partner, Focus For Health, examines the special needs epidemic and its effects on schools, the US economy, life after age 21 and the many theories that point to potential causes of the explosion of chronic disease and disability in our children. The explosion o...	health_misinfo	medium	The document discusses the rising prevalence of developmental disabilities, including autism, and suggests a potential link between autism and the decline of males in the workforce, while also referencing an article that implies a connection between bioaccumulation of neurotoxic chemicals and neurodevelopmental disorde...
http://www.heritage.org/constitution/amendments/6/essays/158/right-to-counsel-clause	heritage.org	climate_denial	3.359375	In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right...to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.Amendment VI By affording a right to assistance of counsel, the Founders specifically meant to reject the English practice of prohibiting felony defendants from appearing through counsel except upon debat...	benign	high	The document is a well-researched and informative academic text discussing the history and interpretation of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel in the United States, written by a law professor, with no apparent misinformation or propaganda.
http://sacred-texts.com/pag/frazer/gb06202.htm	sacred-texts.com	pseudoscience	3.328125	THE CUSTOM of kindling bonfires on the first Sunday in Lent has prevailed in Belgium, the north of France, and many parts of Germany. Thus in the Belgian Ardennes for a week or a fortnight before the day of the great fire, as it is called, children go about from farm to farm collecting fuel. At Grand Halleux any one wh...	benign	high	The document is a descriptive and informative text about traditional European folk customs and practices related to the first Sunday in Lent, without any apparent promotion or endorsement of misinformation, propaganda, or pseudoscience.
http://www.heritage.org/constitution/articles/2/essays/88/opinion-clause	heritage.org	climate_denial	3.265625	The President...may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices....Article II, Section 2, Clause 1 The Opinion Clause arose out of the debates at the Constitutional Convention regarding whether the Am...	benign	high	The document is a well-researched and informative analysis of the Opinion Clause in the US Constitution, providing historical context and explaining its implications for the executive branch, without promoting any misinformation or problematic content.
http://www.wnd.com/2017/05/is-this-the-smartest-bird-in-the-world/	wnd.com	conspiracy	2.84375	‘Hey bird brain’ – not the insult one might think “Dr. Irene Pepperberg, of Harvard University,” Spirit Daily reports, “who puts her ‘top three’ in animal intelligence as apes, dolphins, and parrots – specifically, the African grey parrot, which Dr. Pepperberg has tested for forty years. ‘A lot of the research we’re sh...	benign	high	The document contains lighthearted and entertaining articles about various topics, including animal intelligence, a child's DIY skills, a rhino's dating profile, a beer-tasting internship, and coffee art, with no apparent misinformation, propaganda, or pseudoscience.
https://sacred-texts.com/afr/sbf/sbf79.htm	sacred-texts.com	pseudoscience	2.828125	Specimens of Bushman Folklore, by W.H.I. Bleek and L.C. Lloyd, , at sacred-texts.com The star does in this manner, at the time when our heart falls down, that is the time when the star also falls down; while the star feels that our heart falls over. Therefore, the star falls down on account of it. For the stars know th...	benign	high	The document is a collection of folklore and traditional stories from the Bushman people, presented in a neutral and informative manner without promoting or endorsing misinformation.
http://www.realmagick.com/european-school-curriculum/	realmagick.com	pseudoscience	2.953125	European School Curriculum A selection of articles related to european school curriculum. Original articles from our library related to the European School Curriculum. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on European School Curriculum. - Mother Of The Gods And The Father Of The ...	benign	high	The document appears to be a collection of articles and resources related to various topics, including history, mythology, and education, without promoting or endorsing misinformation or problematic content.
https://sacred-texts.com/earth/za/za61.htm	sacred-texts.com	pseudoscience	3.453125	Zetetic Astronomy, by 'Parallax' (pseud. Samuel Birley Rowbotham), , at sacred-texts.com IT has been shown that the moon is not a reflector of the sun's light, but is self-luminous. That the luminosity is confined to one-half its surface is sufficiently shown by the fact that at "new moon" the entire circle or outline ...	pseudoscience	high	The document promotes a non-scientific and outdated understanding of the moon's luminosity, contradicting established astronomical knowledge, and presents an unscientific experiment to support its claims.
http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread1011265/pg1	abovetopsecret.com	conspiracy	2.71875	Created with the help of IBM, Sony's technology allows for tapes that can store the equivalent of 3,700 Blu-ray discs. The tape hold 148 gigabits (Gb) per square inch - beating a record set in 2010 more than five times over. Storage tapes are typically used by businesses to hold huge amounts of data for a long time. An...	benign	high	The document is a discussion about a new data storage technology developed by Sony, with comments from various users, and is generally informative and on-topic, without promoting or endorsing misinformation.

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FineWeb-Edu Misinformation Audit

A dataset of 200K documents from FineWeb-Edu annotated for misinformation content. FineWeb-Edu uses a Snowflake-arctic-embed embedding model classifier to select "web pages of educational value", but the classifier optimizes for surface-level markers of educational writing (structure, citations, academic tone) and cannot assess whether content is factually accurate or ideologically motivated.

Dataset composition

100K documents from known problematic domains across 7 categories: pseudoscience, climate denial, conspiracy, antivax/medical misinformation, propaganda, hate/extremism, and Holocaust denial
100K randomly sampled documents from FineWeb-Edu to establish background rates

All documents were annotated by Llama 4 Maverick (meta-llama/Llama-4-Maverick-17B-128E-Instruct-FP8) on Together AI for misinformation content.

Fields

Field	Description
`url`	Original URL from FineWeb-Edu
`domain`	Domain name extracted from URL (e.g. naturalnews.com)
`domain_category`	Source domain category (null for random sample)
`edu_score`	FineWeb-Edu classifier score
`text`	Full document text
`llama_label`	Annotation: benign, health_misinfo, pseudoscience, climate_denial, conspiracy_propaganda, hate_extremism
`llama_confidence`	Annotator confidence (high/medium/low)
`llama_reason`	Free-text reasoning

Key findings

4.1% of randomly sampled FineWeb-Edu documents contain misinformation (health misinformation, pseudoscience, conspiracy theories, etc.)
39% of documents from known problematic domains contain misinformation content, nearly 10x the overall rate
The full FineWeb-Edu dataset contains 1.53 billion documents. Extrapolating the 4.1% rate, approximately 63 million documents may contain misinformation. From known problematic domains alone, an estimated 3 million documents contain confirmed misinformation content.

Label distribution

Flagged domains (100K)

Label	Count
benign	60,804
pseudoscience	16,179
health_misinfo	10,142
climate_denial	5,393
conspiracy_propaganda	4,878
hate_extremism	2,261

Random sample (100K)

Label	Count
benign	95,865
health_misinfo	2,087
pseudoscience	1,123
conspiracy_propaganda	475
hate_extremism	236
climate_denial	199

Inter-annotator agreement

600 documents (300 flagged, 300 random) were independently annotated by both Llama 4 Maverick and Claude Sonnet 4.6 using the same prompt. Agreement was measured using Cohen's kappa.

Subset	n	Binary agreement	Binary kappa	Multiclass agreement	Multiclass kappa
Flagged	300	92.0%	0.831	90.3%	0.832
Random	300	98.7%	0.850	98.0%	0.779
Overall	600	95.3%	0.862	94.2%	0.842

Binary confusion matrix (Llama vs Claude, overall):

	Claude: benign	Claude: misinfo
Llama: benign	457	5
Llama: misinfo	23	115

Citation

If you use this dataset, please cite:

@misc{puduppully2026fineweb-edu-misinfo,
  author = {Puduppully, Ratish},
  title = {FineWeb-Edu Misinformation Audit},
  year = {2026},
  publisher = {HuggingFace},
  url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/ratishsp/fineweb-edu-misinfo}
}

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ratishsp/fineweb-edu-misinfo-classifier

Text Classification • Updated 13 days ago