id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56e0840c231d4119001ac23a | Saint_Helena | Education is free and compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16 The island has three primary schools for students of age 4 to 11: Harford, Pilling, and St Paul’s. Prince Andrew School provides secondary education for students aged 11 to 18. At the beginning of the academic year 2009-10, 230 students were enrolled in prim... | How many primary schools does the island have? | {
"text": [
"3"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
} |
56e0840c231d4119001ac23b | Saint_Helena | Education is free and compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16 The island has three primary schools for students of age 4 to 11: Harford, Pilling, and St Paul’s. Prince Andrew School provides secondary education for students aged 11 to 18. At the beginning of the academic year 2009-10, 230 students were enrolled in prim... | What are the 3 primary schools called? | {
"text": [
"Harford, Pilling, and St Paul’s"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
56e0840c231d4119001ac23c | Saint_Helena | Education is free and compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16 The island has three primary schools for students of age 4 to 11: Harford, Pilling, and St Paul’s. Prince Andrew School provides secondary education for students aged 11 to 18. At the beginning of the academic year 2009-10, 230 students were enrolled in prim... | What is the name of the secondary school for the island? | {
"text": [
"Prince Andrew School"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
56e0840c231d4119001ac23d | Saint_Helena | Education is free and compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16 The island has three primary schools for students of age 4 to 11: Harford, Pilling, and St Paul’s. Prince Andrew School provides secondary education for students aged 11 to 18. At the beginning of the academic year 2009-10, 230 students were enrolled in prim... | How many students were enrolled in primary school in 2010? | {
"text": [
"230"
],
"answer_start": [
287
]
} |
56e0848f231d4119001ac245 | Saint_Helena | The Education and Employment Directorate also offers programmes for students with special needs, vocational training, adult education, evening classes, and distance learning. The island has a public library (the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere) and a mobile library service which operates weekly rural areas. | When does the mobile library service operate? | {
"text": [
"weekly"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
56e0848f231d4119001ac246 | Saint_Helena | The Education and Employment Directorate also offers programmes for students with special needs, vocational training, adult education, evening classes, and distance learning. The island has a public library (the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere) and a mobile library service which operates weekly rural areas. | Who provides programs to students with special needs? | {
"text": [
"The Education and Employment Directorate"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e084e27aa994140058e59f | Saint_Helena | The UK national curriculum is adapted for local use. A range of qualifications are offered – from GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications: | What curriculum does the island adapt? | {
"text": [
"The UK national curriculum"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e0856a7aa994140058e5a6 | Saint_Helena | Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international c... | Saint Helena is a member of what kind of association? | {
"text": [
"International Island Games Association"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
56e0856a7aa994140058e5a8 | Saint_Helena | Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international c... | When did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international cricket? | {
"text": [
"2011"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
56e085d7231d4119001ac25a | Saint_Helena | The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in December 2010. In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part. | Where does the Governor's cup take place? | {
"text": [
"between Cape Town and Saint Helena island,"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
56e085d7231d4119001ac25c | Saint_Helena | The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in December 2010. In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part. | What months does the Governor's cup take place? | {
"text": [
"December/January"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
56e085d7231d4119001ac25d | Saint_Helena | The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in December 2010. In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part. | When did the most recent Governor's cup take place? | {
"text": [
"December 2010"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
56e08645231d4119001ac263 | Saint_Helena | There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912. Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures. | What kind of groups are on Saint Helena and Ascension Island? | {
"text": [
"scouting and guiding"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
56e08645231d4119001ac264 | Saint_Helena | There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912. Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures. | When was Scouting established on Saint Helena? | {
"text": [
"1912"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
56e08645231d4119001ac265 | Saint_Helena | There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912. Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures. | Who visited the scouts on their return from the tour of Africa in 1937? | {
"text": [
"Lord and Lady Baden-Powell"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
56e08645231d4119001ac266 | Saint_Helena | There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912. Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures. | What book describes Lord and Lady Baden-Powel's visit? | {
"text": [
"African Adventures"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
56e03fd2231d4119001ac013 | Aspirated_consonant | In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian... | Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what? | {
"text": [
"phonetics"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e03fd2231d4119001ac014 | Aspirated_consonant | In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian... | Aspirated consonants are what in English? | {
"text": [
"allophones"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
} |
56e03fd2231d4119001ac015 | Aspirated_consonant | In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian... | What are two language types where the difference is contrastive? | {
"text": [
"Indian and East Asian"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
56e040b27aa994140058e401 | Aspirated_consonant | To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin [pʰɪn] and then spin [spɪn]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin. In most dialects of English, th... | With what word should you see a candle flicker or feel a puff of air? | {
"text": [
"pin"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
56e040b27aa994140058e402 | Aspirated_consonant | To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin [pʰɪn] and then spin [spɪn]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin. In most dialects of English, th... | In English the first consonant in "pin" is what? | {
"text": [
"aspirated"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
56e042487aa994140058e407 | Aspirated_consonant | In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represen... | What does IPA stand for? | {
"text": [
"International Phonetic Alphabet"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
56e042487aa994140058e408 | Aspirated_consonant | In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represen... | Written IPA consonants use symbols for what? | {
"text": [
"voiceless consonants"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
56e042487aa994140058e409 | Aspirated_consonant | In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represen... | What modifier indicates a voiceless bilabial stop? | {
"text": [
"p"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
56e042487aa994140058e40a | Aspirated_consonant | In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represen... | pʰ represents what? | {
"text": [
"aspirated bilabial stop"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
56e043c67aa994140058e40f | Aspirated_consonant | Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called v... | What is not often aspirated? | {
"text": [
"Voiced consonants"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e043c67aa994140058e410 | Aspirated_consonant | Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called v... | The symbol followed by bʰ would likely mean the consonant has what type of release? | {
"text": [
"breathy"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
56e043c67aa994140058e412 | Aspirated_consonant | Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called v... | Voiced aspirated consonants are what type? | {
"text": [
"breathy-voiced"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
56e044e9231d4119001ac019 | Aspirated_consonant | There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two... | There are no IPA symbols for what? | {
"text": [
"degrees of aspiration"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
56e044e9231d4119001ac01b | Aspirated_consonant | There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two... | What may be doubled to indicate a long aspiration? | {
"text": [
"aspiration modifier"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
56e044e9231d4119001ac01c | Aspirated_consonant | There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two... | What language, according to the text, may need double stops to indicate aspiration length? | {
"text": [
"Korean"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
56e044e9231d4119001ac01d | Aspirated_consonant | There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two... | How are voice-onset time details usually presented? | {
"text": [
"numerically"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} |
56e0455c231d4119001ac023 | Aspirated_consonant | Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: ⟨ʰp⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop. | A preaspirated consonant is marked how? | {
"text": [
"placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
56e0455c231d4119001ac024 | Aspirated_consonant | Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: ⟨ʰp⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop. | What represents a preaspirated bilabial stop? | {
"text": [
"⟨ʰp⟩"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
56e045d2231d4119001ac027 | Aspirated_consonant | Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨t⟩. | How are unaspirated or tenuis consonants sometimes marked for unaspiration? | {
"text": [
"with the modifier letter"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
56e045d2231d4119001ac028 | Aspirated_consonant | Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨t⟩. | What is the superscript equal sign? | {
"text": [
"⟨t˭⟩"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
56e045d2231d4119001ac029 | Aspirated_consonant | Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨t⟩. | Most often, unaspirated consonants are what? | {
"text": [
"left unmarked"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
56e045d2231d4119001ac02a | Aspirated_consonant | Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨t⟩. | How are unaspirated consonants left unmarked? | {
"text": [
"⟨t⟩"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
56e04669231d4119001ac02f | Aspirated_consonant | Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is ... | What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate? | {
"text": [
"Voiceless consonants"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e04669231d4119001ac030 | Aspirated_consonant | Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is ... | What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate? | {
"text": [
"voiced consonants"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
56e04669231d4119001ac031 | Aspirated_consonant | Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is ... | What is it called when a person's vocal cords stay open after a consonant? | {
"text": [
"Voiceless aspiration"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
56e046bc7aa994140058e417 | Aspirated_consonant | Phonetically in some languages, such as Navajo, aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication. | Aspiration of stops is seen as voiceless velar airflow in some languages, such as what? | {
"text": [
"Navajo"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
56e046bc7aa994140058e418 | Aspirated_consonant | Phonetically in some languages, such as Navajo, aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication. | In Navajo, the aspiration of affricates can be seen as what? | {
"text": [
"an extended length of the frication"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
56e047177aa994140058e41c | Aspirated_consonant | Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in consonant clusters. In Wahgi, consonants are aspirated only in final position. | In Eastern Armenian, aspirated consonants occur in what? | {
"text": [
"consonant clusters"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
56e047177aa994140058e41d | Aspirated_consonant | Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in consonant clusters. In Wahgi, consonants are aspirated only in final position. | Where are consonants aspirated in just the final position? | {
"text": [
"Wahgi"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
56e047997aa994140058e422 | Aspirated_consonant | Armenian and Cantonese have aspiration that lasts about as long as English aspirated stops, in addition to unaspirated stops. Korean has lightly aspirated stops that fall between the Armenian and Cantonese unaspirated and aspirated stops as well as strongly aspirated stops whose aspiration lasts longer than that of Arm... | As well as lasting as long as an English aspirated stop, the Armenian and Cantonese aspiration lasts as long as what? | {
"text": [
"unaspirated stops"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
56e048cf231d4119001ac039 | Aspirated_consonant | Aspiration varies with place of articulation. The Spanish voiceless stops /p t k/ have voice-onset times (VOTs) of about 5, 10, and 30 milliseconds, whereas English aspirated /p t k/ have VOTs of about 60, 70, and 80 ms. Voice-onset time in Korean has been measured at 20, 25, and 50 ms for /p t k/ and 90, 95, and 125 f... | Aspiration alters with what? | {
"text": [
"place of articulation"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
56e06606231d4119001ac098 | Aspirated_consonant | When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiratio... | What is comprised of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release? | {
"text": [
"An aspirated affricate"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
56e06783231d4119001ac0a9 | Aspirated_consonant | Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops: | What two languages mentioned have have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]? | {
"text": [
"Icelandic and Faroese"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e06783231d4119001ac0aa | Aspirated_consonant | Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops: | What do scholars say the preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk] are too? | {
"text": [
"consonant clusters"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
56e06783231d4119001ac0ab | Aspirated_consonant | Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops: | What do preaspirated stops contrast with in Icelandic? | {
"text": [
"double stops and single stops"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
56e06851231d4119001ac0b5 | Aspirated_consonant | Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in North Sami, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /tʃ/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([ʰp], [ʰt] [ʰts], [ʰtʃ], [ʰk]) when they occur in medial or final position. | The Sami tongue also has what? | {
"text": [
"Preaspirated stops"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e06851231d4119001ac0b6 | Aspirated_consonant | Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in North Sami, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /tʃ/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([ʰp], [ʰt] [ʰts], [ʰtʃ], [ʰk]) when they occur in medial or final position. | Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated? | {
"text": [
"North Sami"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
56e06908231d4119001ac0c4 | Aspirated_consonant | Although most aspirated obstruents in the world's language are stops and affricates, aspirated fricatives such as [sʰ], [fʰ] or [ɕʰ] have been documented in Korean, in a few Tibeto-Burman languages, in some Oto-Manguean languages, and in the Siouan language Ofo. Some languages, such as Choni Tibetan, have up to four co... | How many contrastive aspirated fricatives does Choni Tibetan have? | {
"text": [
"up to four"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
56e069f0231d4119001ac0d1 | Aspirated_consonant | True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ,... | Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what? | {
"text": [
"True aspirated voiced consonants"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e069f0231d4119001ac0d2 | Aspirated_consonant | True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ,... | True aspirated consonants are considered what? | {
"text": [
"rare"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
56e069f0231d4119001ac0d3 | Aspirated_consonant | True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ,... | True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else? | {
"text": [
"Kx'a languages"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
56e06a517aa994140058e479 | Aspirated_consonant | Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster. | What has a different significance in various languages? | {
"text": [
"Aspiration"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e06a517aa994140058e47a | Aspirated_consonant | Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster. | What two forms can aspiration be in? | {
"text": [
"allophonic or phonemic"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
56e06ab2231d4119001ac0dd | Aspirated_consonant | In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated. | Aspiration is what, in English and some other languages? | {
"text": [
"allophonic"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56e06ab2231d4119001ac0de | Aspirated_consonant | In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated. | How are stops distinguished? | {
"text": [
"voicing"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
56e06ab2231d4119001ac0df | Aspirated_consonant | In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated. | Voiceless stops are at times what? | {
"text": [
"aspirated"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
56e06ab2231d4119001ac0e0 | Aspirated_consonant | In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated. | Voiced stops are most often what? | {
"text": [
"unaspirated"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
56e06b78231d4119001ac0e5 | Aspirated_consonant | They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromo... | When following a word such as spill, they are what for most speakers? | {
"text": [
"unaspirated"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
56e06b78231d4119001ac0e6 | Aspirated_consonant | They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromo... | If the letter s is a different place in the word, it is typical unaspirated unless the word is what? | {
"text": [
"compound words"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
56e06b78231d4119001ac0e7 | Aspirated_consonant | They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromo... | If there is a cluster such as st and it belongs to different morphemes, the stop is what? | {
"text": [
"aspirated"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
56e06b78231d4119001ac0e8 | Aspirated_consonant | They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromo... | If the st belongs to one morpheme, then the stop is what? | {
"text": [
"unaspirated"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
56e06bd2231d4119001ac0ed | Aspirated_consonant | In many languages, such as Armenian, Korean, Thai, Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Icelandic, Ancient Greek, and the varieties of Chinese, tenuis and aspirated consonants are phonemic. Unaspirated consonants like [p˭ s˭] and aspirated consonants like [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate phonemes, and words are distinguis... | In languages like Thai and Icelandic, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what? | {
"text": [
"phonemic"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
56e06bd2231d4119001ac0ee | Aspirated_consonant | In many languages, such as Armenian, Korean, Thai, Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Icelandic, Ancient Greek, and the varieties of Chinese, tenuis and aspirated consonants are phonemic. Unaspirated consonants like [p˭ s˭] and aspirated consonants like [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate phonemes, and words are distinguis... | [p˭ s˭] and [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate what? | {
"text": [
"phonemes"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
56e06c697aa994140058e493 | Aspirated_consonant | In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the "lenis" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨b d ɡ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts ⟨p t k⟩, mainly in their lack of aspiration. | How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants? | {
"text": [
"their lack of aspiration"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
56e06c697aa994140058e494 | Aspirated_consonant | In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the "lenis" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨b d ɡ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts ⟨p t k⟩, mainly in their lack of aspiration. | If the lenis are ⟨b d ɡ⟩, what are the fortis counterparts? | {
"text": [
"⟨p t k⟩"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
56e06cd3231d4119001ac0fd | Aspirated_consonant | Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, /t tʰ/, /t͡s t͡sʰ/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus d represents /t/, and t represents ... | Mandarin has stops and affricates that are distinguished by what? | {
"text": [
"aspiration"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
56e06cd3231d4119001ac0fe | Aspirated_consonant | Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, /t tʰ/, /t͡s t͡sʰ/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus d represents /t/, and t represents ... | Tenuis stops have letters that are representative of English voiced consonant in what? | {
"text": [
"pinyin"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
56e06cd3231d4119001ac0ff | Aspirated_consonant | Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, /t tʰ/, /t͡s t͡sʰ/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus d represents /t/, and t represents ... | What kind of stops in pinyin are written with letters that representative of voiceless consonants? | {
"text": [
"aspirated stops"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
56e06d44231d4119001ac103 | Aspirated_consonant | Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced... | What has a three-way distinction in regards to stops and affricates? | {
"text": [
"Wu Chinese"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e06d44231d4119001ac104 | Aspirated_consonant | Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced... | What is the actual distinction for Wu Chinese? | {
"text": [
"/p pʰ b/"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56e06d44231d4119001ac105 | Aspirated_consonant | Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced... | What is /b/ representative of, in addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants? | {
"text": [
"Muddy consonants"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
56e06d44231d4119001ac106 | Aspirated_consonant | Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced... | What kind of voice are muddy consonants pronounced with? | {
"text": [
"slack or breathy"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
56e06dca231d4119001ac10d | Aspirated_consonant | Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has ... | How many distinctions in stops do languages like Bengali and Hindi have? | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
56e06dca231d4119001ac10f | Aspirated_consonant | Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has ... | What is another term for voice-aspirated? | {
"text": [
"breathy-voiced"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
56e06dca231d4119001ac111 | Aspirated_consonant | Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has ... | Which distinction has Punjabi lost? | {
"text": [
"breathy-voiced consonants"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
56e06eee231d4119001ac117 | Aspirated_consonant | Some of the Dravidian languages, such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated only in loanwords from Indo-Aryan languages. In native Dravidian words, there is no distinction between these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and... | Telegu, Kannada and others are considered to be some of the what languages? | {
"text": [
"Dravidian"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
56e06eee231d4119001ac119 | Aspirated_consonant | Some of the Dravidian languages, such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated only in loanwords from Indo-Aryan languages. In native Dravidian words, there is no distinction between these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and... | What has no distinction between the categories of voiced, voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated? | {
"text": [
"native Dravidian words"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
56e070687aa994140058e4c3 | Aspirated_consonant | Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/. | What language has two-way distinctions between aspirated and voiced? | {
"text": [
"Western Armenian"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e070687aa994140058e4c4 | Aspirated_consonant | Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/. | Western Armenian /tʰ/ compares to eastern Armenian /tʰ/ and what? | {
"text": [
"/d/"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
56e070687aa994140058e4c5 | Aspirated_consonant | Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/. | The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what? | {
"text": [
"/t/"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
56e072537aa994140058e4c9 | Aspirated_consonant | Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine Greek grammarians. | Early Greek (before Koine) have been redone with what? | {
"text": [
"aspirated stops."
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
56e072537aa994140058e4ca | Aspirated_consonant | Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine Greek grammarians. | What Greek dialect had three-way stop distinction like Eastern Armenian? | {
"text": [
"Classical Attic"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
56e072537aa994140058e4cc | Aspirated_consonant | Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine Greek grammarians. | Who referred to the Classical Attic dialect stops by the three distinctions? | {
"text": [
"Greek grammarians"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
56e072b57aa994140058e4d2 | Aspirated_consonant | There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment. | What is the representation for the three places of articulation? | {
"text": [
"/pʰ tʰ kʰ/"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
56e072b57aa994140058e4d3 | Aspirated_consonant | There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment. | Earlier Greek was represented by what? | {
"text": [
"Mycenaean Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
56e072b57aa994140058e4d4 | Aspirated_consonant | There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment. | Whether a stop was labial, coronal or velar depended on what two things? | {
"text": [
"dialect and phonetic environment"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
56e073267aa994140058e4d9 | Aspirated_consonant | The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis). | Dialects such as Aeolic and Doric had how many distinctions that were the same at one point in time? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
56e073267aa994140058e4da | Aspirated_consonant | The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis). | Which two dialects lost aspiration at times? | {
"text": [
"Ionic and Aeolic"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
56e073267aa994140058e4db | Aspirated_consonant | The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis). | Rather than /tʰ/, what did the Doric dialect have in place during the Classical period? | {
"text": [
"fricative"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
56e073d0231d4119001ac177 | Aspirated_consonant | Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /θ ð/ in Medieval and Modern Greek. | Attic Greek lenited to what? | {
"text": [
"voiceless and voiced fricatives"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56e073d0231d4119001ac179 | Aspirated_consonant | Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /θ ð/ in Medieval and Modern Greek. | The lenited Attic Greek yielded /θ ð/ in what periods? | {
"text": [
"Medieval and Modern Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
56e074547aa994140058e4fd | Aspirated_consonant | The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [ʔ h ɦ]. | Aspiration may refer to a sound change of what? | {
"text": [
"debuccalization"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
56e074547aa994140058e4fe | Aspirated_consonant | The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [ʔ h ɦ]. | Debuccalization is when consonants are weakened to become what? | {
"text": [
"glottal stop or fricative"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
56e074547aa994140058e4ff | Aspirated_consonant | The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [ʔ h ɦ]. | What is another term for a consonant being weakened? | {
"text": [
"lenited"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
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