id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 217 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56e8f1fb0b45c0140094cd89 | Westminster_Abbey | During the early 20th century it became increasingly common to bury cremated remains rather than coffins in the abbey. In 1905 the actor Sir Henry Irving was cremated and his ashes buried in Westminster Abbey, thereby becoming the first person ever to be cremated prior to interment at the abbey. The majority of interments at the Abbey are of cremated remains, but some burials still take place - Frances Challen, wife of the Rev Sebastian Charles, Canon of Westminster, was buried alongside her husband in the south choir aisle in 2014. Members of the Percy Family have a family vault, The Northumberland Vault, in St Nicholas's chapel within the abbey. | In the early 20th century it became more common to bury what kind of remains? | {
"text": [
"cremated"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
56e8f1fb0b45c0140094cd8a | Westminster_Abbey | During the early 20th century it became increasingly common to bury cremated remains rather than coffins in the abbey. In 1905 the actor Sir Henry Irving was cremated and his ashes buried in Westminster Abbey, thereby becoming the first person ever to be cremated prior to interment at the abbey. The majority of interments at the Abbey are of cremated remains, but some burials still take place - Frances Challen, wife of the Rev Sebastian Charles, Canon of Westminster, was buried alongside her husband in the south choir aisle in 2014. Members of the Percy Family have a family vault, The Northumberland Vault, in St Nicholas's chapel within the abbey. | In what year was Sir Henry Irving cremated? | {
"text": [
"1905"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
56e8f1fb0b45c0140094cd8b | Westminster_Abbey | During the early 20th century it became increasingly common to bury cremated remains rather than coffins in the abbey. In 1905 the actor Sir Henry Irving was cremated and his ashes buried in Westminster Abbey, thereby becoming the first person ever to be cremated prior to interment at the abbey. The majority of interments at the Abbey are of cremated remains, but some burials still take place - Frances Challen, wife of the Rev Sebastian Charles, Canon of Westminster, was buried alongside her husband in the south choir aisle in 2014. Members of the Percy Family have a family vault, The Northumberland Vault, in St Nicholas's chapel within the abbey. | Who was buried in the south choir aisle in 2014? | {
"text": [
"Frances Challen"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
56e8f1fb0b45c0140094cd8c | Westminster_Abbey | During the early 20th century it became increasingly common to bury cremated remains rather than coffins in the abbey. In 1905 the actor Sir Henry Irving was cremated and his ashes buried in Westminster Abbey, thereby becoming the first person ever to be cremated prior to interment at the abbey. The majority of interments at the Abbey are of cremated remains, but some burials still take place - Frances Challen, wife of the Rev Sebastian Charles, Canon of Westminster, was buried alongside her husband in the south choir aisle in 2014. Members of the Percy Family have a family vault, The Northumberland Vault, in St Nicholas's chapel within the abbey. | What family has the Northumberland Vault? | {
"text": [
"Percy Family"
],
"answer_start": [
554
]
} |
56e8f2c599e8941900975f14 | Westminster_Abbey | In the floor, just inside the great west door, in the centre of the nave, is the tomb of The Unknown Warrior, an unidentified British soldier killed on a European battlefield during the First World War. He was buried in the abbey on 11 November 1920. This grave is the only one in the abbey on which it is forbidden to walk.[citation needed] | When was The Unknown Warrior buried? | {
"text": [
"11 November 1920"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
56e8f34d99e8941900975f1b | Westminster_Abbey | At the east end of the Lady Chapel is a memorial chapel to the airmen of the RAF who were killed in the Second World War. It incorporates a memorial window to the Battle of Britain, which replaces an earlier Tudor stained glass window destroyed in the war. | Where is the memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF? | {
"text": [
"At the east end of the Lady Chapel"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e8f34d99e8941900975f1d | Westminster_Abbey | At the east end of the Lady Chapel is a memorial chapel to the airmen of the RAF who were killed in the Second World War. It incorporates a memorial window to the Battle of Britain, which replaces an earlier Tudor stained glass window destroyed in the war. | The memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF has a window for what? | {
"text": [
"the Battle of Britain"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
56e8f34d99e8941900975f1e | Westminster_Abbey | At the east end of the Lady Chapel is a memorial chapel to the airmen of the RAF who were killed in the Second World War. It incorporates a memorial window to the Battle of Britain, which replaces an earlier Tudor stained glass window destroyed in the war. | The window for the Battle of Britain replaced what that was destroyed? | {
"text": [
"Tudor stained glass window"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
56e8f3ff99e8941900975f23 | Westminster_Abbey | On Saturday September 6, 1997 the formal, though not "state" Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held. It was a royal ceremonial funeral including royal pageantry and Anglican funeral liturgy. A Second Public service was held on Sunday at the demand of the people. The burial occurred privately later the same day. Diana's former husband, sons, mother, siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman were present. Diana's body was clothed in a black long-sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker, which she had chosen some weeks before. A set of rosary beads was placed in her hands, a gift she had received from Mother Teresa. Her grave is on the grounds of her family estate, Althorp, on a private island.[citation needed] | When was the formal funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales? | {
"text": [
"Saturday September 6, 1997"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56e8f3ff99e8941900975f24 | Westminster_Abbey | On Saturday September 6, 1997 the formal, though not "state" Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held. It was a royal ceremonial funeral including royal pageantry and Anglican funeral liturgy. A Second Public service was held on Sunday at the demand of the people. The burial occurred privately later the same day. Diana's former husband, sons, mother, siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman were present. Diana's body was clothed in a black long-sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker, which she had chosen some weeks before. A set of rosary beads was placed in her hands, a gift she had received from Mother Teresa. Her grave is on the grounds of her family estate, Althorp, on a private island.[citation needed] | When was a second public service held for Princess Diana? | {
"text": [
"Sunday"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
56e8f3ff99e8941900975f25 | Westminster_Abbey | On Saturday September 6, 1997 the formal, though not "state" Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held. It was a royal ceremonial funeral including royal pageantry and Anglican funeral liturgy. A Second Public service was held on Sunday at the demand of the people. The burial occurred privately later the same day. Diana's former husband, sons, mother, siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman were present. Diana's body was clothed in a black long-sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker, which she had chosen some weeks before. A set of rosary beads was placed in her hands, a gift she had received from Mother Teresa. Her grave is on the grounds of her family estate, Althorp, on a private island.[citation needed] | Who designed Diana's dress? | {
"text": [
"Catherine Walker"
],
"answer_start": [
481
]
} |
56e8f3ff99e8941900975f26 | Westminster_Abbey | On Saturday September 6, 1997 the formal, though not "state" Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held. It was a royal ceremonial funeral including royal pageantry and Anglican funeral liturgy. A Second Public service was held on Sunday at the demand of the people. The burial occurred privately later the same day. Diana's former husband, sons, mother, siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman were present. Diana's body was clothed in a black long-sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker, which she had chosen some weeks before. A set of rosary beads was placed in her hands, a gift she had received from Mother Teresa. Her grave is on the grounds of her family estate, Althorp, on a private island.[citation needed] | Who gave Diana the rosary beads? | {
"text": [
"Mother Teresa"
],
"answer_start": [
615
]
} |
56e8f4ab0b45c0140094cd93 | Westminster_Abbey | Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also in the precincts of the abbey. It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education, and Benedictine monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179. The Choir School educates and trains the choirboys who sing for services in the Abbey. | What are also in the precincts of Westminster Abbey? | {
"text": [
"Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e8f4ab0b45c0140094cd94 | Westminster_Abbey | Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also in the precincts of the abbey. It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education, and Benedictine monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179. The Choir School educates and trains the choirboys who sing for services in the Abbey. | Who required the Benedictine monks to maintain a charity school? | {
"text": [
"the Pope"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
56e8f4ab0b45c0140094cd95 | Westminster_Abbey | Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also in the precincts of the abbey. It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education, and Benedictine monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179. The Choir School educates and trains the choirboys who sing for services in the Abbey. | When were the Benedictine monks required to maintain a charity school? | {
"text": [
"1179"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
56e8f4ab0b45c0140094cd96 | Westminster_Abbey | Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also in the precincts of the abbey. It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education, and Benedictine monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179. The Choir School educates and trains the choirboys who sing for services in the Abbey. | The choirboys of the abbey are trained where? | {
"text": [
"Westminster Abbey Choir School"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
56e8f5740b45c0140094cd9b | Westminster_Abbey | The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late 19th century by John Loughborough Pearson, were re-instated and coloured in 1959. | Who built the organ? | {
"text": [
"Harrison & Harrison"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
56e8f5740b45c0140094cd9c | Westminster_Abbey | The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late 19th century by John Loughborough Pearson, were re-instated and coloured in 1959. | When was the organ built? | {
"text": [
"1937"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
56e8f5740b45c0140094cd9d | Westminster_Abbey | The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late 19th century by John Loughborough Pearson, were re-instated and coloured in 1959. | When was the organ first used? | {
"text": [
"the coronation of King George VI"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
56e8f5740b45c0140094cd9e | Westminster_Abbey | The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late 19th century by John Loughborough Pearson, were re-instated and coloured in 1959. | What was included in the new organ from the previous Hill organ of 1848? | {
"text": [
"pipework"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
56e8f5740b45c0140094cd9f | Westminster_Abbey | The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late 19th century by John Loughborough Pearson, were re-instated and coloured in 1959. | Who designed the two organ cases? | {
"text": [
"John Loughborough Pearson"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
56e8f62999e8941900975f30 | Westminster_Abbey | In 1982 and 1987, Harrison and Harrison enlarged the organ under the direction of the then abbey organist Simon Preston to include an additional Lower Choir Organ and a Bombarde Organ: the current instrument now has five manuals and 109 speaking stops. In 2006, the console of the organ was refurbished by Harrison and Harrison, and space was prepared for two additional 16 ft stops on the Lower Choir Organ and the Bombarde Organ. One part of the instrument, the Celestial Organ, is currently not connected or playable. | What part of the organ is not connected or playable? | {
"text": [
"the Celestial Organ"
],
"answer_start": [
460
]
} |
56e8f6a899e8941900975f35 | Westminster_Abbey | The bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971, by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or 1544 kg). | When were the bells overhauled? | {
"text": [
"1971"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
56e8f6a899e8941900975f36 | Westminster_Abbey | The bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971, by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or 1544 kg). | How many bells make up the abbey ring? | {
"text": [
"Ten"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
56e8f6a899e8941900975f37 | Westminster_Abbey | The bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971, by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or 1544 kg). | When were the ten bells cast? | {
"text": [
"1971"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
56e8f6a899e8941900975f38 | Westminster_Abbey | The bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971, by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or 1544 kg). | Who cast the abbey bells? | {
"text": [
"Whitechapel Bell Foundry"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
56e8f74999e8941900975f3d | Westminster_Abbey | In addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service bells and the 1320 bell, along with a fourth small silver "dish bell", kept in the refectory, have been noted as being of historical importance by the Church Buildings Council of the Church of England. | Who cast the two service bells? | {
"text": [
"Robert Mot"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
56e8f74999e8941900975f3e | Westminster_Abbey | In addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service bells and the 1320 bell, along with a fourth small silver "dish bell", kept in the refectory, have been noted as being of historical importance by the Church Buildings Council of the Church of England. | When were the two service bells cast? | {
"text": [
"1585 and 1598"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56e8f74999e8941900975f3f | Westminster_Abbey | In addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service bells and the 1320 bell, along with a fourth small silver "dish bell", kept in the refectory, have been noted as being of historical importance by the Church Buildings Council of the Church of England. | When was the Sanctus bell cast? | {
"text": [
"1738"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
56e8f74999e8941900975f40 | Westminster_Abbey | In addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service bells and the 1320 bell, along with a fourth small silver "dish bell", kept in the refectory, have been noted as being of historical importance by the Church Buildings Council of the Church of England. | Who cast the Sanctus bell? | {
"text": [
"Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
56e8f74999e8941900975f41 | Westminster_Abbey | In addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service bells and the 1320 bell, along with a fourth small silver "dish bell", kept in the refectory, have been noted as being of historical importance by the Church Buildings Council of the Church of England. | Where is the "dish bell" kept? | {
"text": [
"in the refectory"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
56e8f8170b45c0140094cda5 | Westminster_Abbey | The chapter house was built concurrently with the east parts of the abbey under Henry III, between about 1245 and 1253. It was restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1872. The entrance is approached from the east cloister walk and includes a double doorway with a large tympanum above. | Under whom was the chapter house built? | {
"text": [
"Henry III"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
56e8f8170b45c0140094cda7 | Westminster_Abbey | The chapter house was built concurrently with the east parts of the abbey under Henry III, between about 1245 and 1253. It was restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1872. The entrance is approached from the east cloister walk and includes a double doorway with a large tympanum above. | Who restored the chapter house in 1872? | {
"text": [
"Sir George Gilbert Scott"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
56e8f8fa99e8941900975f47 | Westminster_Abbey | Inner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century paintings and numerous stone benches above which are innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled windows. These are virtually contemporary with the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris. | What style is the octagonal chapter house? | {
"text": [
"Geometrical Gothic style"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
56e8f8fa99e8941900975f48 | Westminster_Abbey | Inner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century paintings and numerous stone benches above which are innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled windows. These are virtually contemporary with the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris. | There is an octagonal what below the chapter house? | {
"text": [
"crypt"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
56e8f8fa99e8941900975f49 | Westminster_Abbey | Inner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century paintings and numerous stone benches above which are innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled windows. These are virtually contemporary with the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris. | What kind of ceiling is in the chapter house? | {
"text": [
"vaulted"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
56e8f8fa99e8941900975f4a | Westminster_Abbey | Inner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century paintings and numerous stone benches above which are innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled windows. These are virtually contemporary with the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris. | What kind of windows are in the chapter house? | {
"text": [
"4-light quatre-foiled windows"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
56e8f8fa99e8941900975f4b | Westminster_Abbey | Inner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century paintings and numerous stone benches above which are innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled windows. These are virtually contemporary with the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris. | The architecture of the chapter house is contemporary with what? | {
"text": [
"the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris"
],
"answer_start": [
431
]
} |
56e8f9f90b45c0140094cdad | Westminster_Abbey | The chapter house has an original mid-13th-century tiled pavement. A door within the vestibule dates from around 1050 and is believed to be the oldest in England.[citation needed] The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the 14th century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame designed by Scott. The Chapter house was originally used in the 13th century by Benedictine monks for daily meetings. It later became a meeting place of the King's Great Council and the Commons, predecessors of Parliament. | What kind of tiled pavement is in the chapter house? | {
"text": [
"mid-13th-century"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
56e8f9f90b45c0140094cdae | Westminster_Abbey | The chapter house has an original mid-13th-century tiled pavement. A door within the vestibule dates from around 1050 and is believed to be the oldest in England.[citation needed] The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the 14th century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame designed by Scott. The Chapter house was originally used in the 13th century by Benedictine monks for daily meetings. It later became a meeting place of the King's Great Council and the Commons, predecessors of Parliament. | A door in the vestible dates back to when? | {
"text": [
"1050"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
56e8f9f90b45c0140094cdb0 | Westminster_Abbey | The chapter house has an original mid-13th-century tiled pavement. A door within the vestibule dates from around 1050 and is believed to be the oldest in England.[citation needed] The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the 14th century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame designed by Scott. The Chapter house was originally used in the 13th century by Benedictine monks for daily meetings. It later became a meeting place of the King's Great Council and the Commons, predecessors of Parliament. | When were the exterior flying buttresses added? | {
"text": [
"the 14th century"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
56e8f9f90b45c0140094cdb1 | Westminster_Abbey | The chapter house has an original mid-13th-century tiled pavement. A door within the vestibule dates from around 1050 and is believed to be the oldest in England.[citation needed] The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the 14th century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame designed by Scott. The Chapter house was originally used in the 13th century by Benedictine monks for daily meetings. It later became a meeting place of the King's Great Council and the Commons, predecessors of Parliament. | Who else met in the chapter house? | {
"text": [
"King's Great Council and the Commons"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
56e8faa20b45c0140094cdb7 | Westminster_Abbey | The Pyx Chamber formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory. It dates to the late 11th century and was used as a monastic and royal treasury. The outer walls and circular piers are of 11th-century date, several of the capitals were enriched in the 12th century and the stone altar added in the 13th century. The term pyx refers to the boxwood chest in which coins were held and presented to a jury during the Trial of the Pyx, in which newly minted coins were presented to ensure they conformed to the required standards. | What formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory? | {
"text": [
"The Pyx Chamber"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e8faa20b45c0140094cdb8 | Westminster_Abbey | The Pyx Chamber formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory. It dates to the late 11th century and was used as a monastic and royal treasury. The outer walls and circular piers are of 11th-century date, several of the capitals were enriched in the 12th century and the stone altar added in the 13th century. The term pyx refers to the boxwood chest in which coins were held and presented to a jury during the Trial of the Pyx, in which newly minted coins were presented to ensure they conformed to the required standards. | When does the Pyx Chamber date to? | {
"text": [
"the late 11th century"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
56e8faa20b45c0140094cdb9 | Westminster_Abbey | The Pyx Chamber formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory. It dates to the late 11th century and was used as a monastic and royal treasury. The outer walls and circular piers are of 11th-century date, several of the capitals were enriched in the 12th century and the stone altar added in the 13th century. The term pyx refers to the boxwood chest in which coins were held and presented to a jury during the Trial of the Pyx, in which newly minted coins were presented to ensure they conformed to the required standards. | When were newly minted coins presented to ensure they met standards? | {
"text": [
"the Trial of the Pyx"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
56e8fb1a0b45c0140094cdbf | Westminster_Abbey | The chapter house and Pyx Chamber at Westminster Abbey are in the guardianship of English Heritage, but under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. English Heritage have funded a major programme of work on the chapter house, comprising repairs to the roof, gutters, stonework on the elevations and flying buttresses as well as repairs to the lead light. | The Pyx Chamber and chapter house are under guardianship of whom? | {
"text": [
"English Heritage"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
56e8fb1a0b45c0140094cdc0 | Westminster_Abbey | The chapter house and Pyx Chamber at Westminster Abbey are in the guardianship of English Heritage, but under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. English Heritage have funded a major programme of work on the chapter house, comprising repairs to the roof, gutters, stonework on the elevations and flying buttresses as well as repairs to the lead light. | Who cares for and manages the Pyx Chamber and chapter house? | {
"text": [
"the Dean and Chapter of Westminster"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
56e8fb1a0b45c0140094cdc1 | Westminster_Abbey | The chapter house and Pyx Chamber at Westminster Abbey are in the guardianship of English Heritage, but under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. English Heritage have funded a major programme of work on the chapter house, comprising repairs to the roof, gutters, stonework on the elevations and flying buttresses as well as repairs to the lead light. | English Heritage has funded what for the chapter house? | {
"text": [
"repairs"
],
"answer_start": [
262
]
} |
56e8fbad0b45c0140094cdc5 | Westminster_Abbey | The Westminster Abbey Museum is located in the 11th-century vaulted undercroft beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey. This is one of the oldest areas of the abbey, dating back almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in 1065. This space has been used as a museum since 1908. | What is located in the vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory? | {
"text": [
"The Westminster Abbey Museum"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e8fbad0b45c0140094cdc6 | Westminster_Abbey | The Westminster Abbey Museum is located in the 11th-century vaulted undercroft beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey. This is one of the oldest areas of the abbey, dating back almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in 1065. This space has been used as a museum since 1908. | The area the museum occupies dates back to when? | {
"text": [
"1065"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
56e8fbad0b45c0140094cdc7 | Westminster_Abbey | The Westminster Abbey Museum is located in the 11th-century vaulted undercroft beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey. This is one of the oldest areas of the abbey, dating back almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in 1065. This space has been used as a museum since 1908. | The vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory has been a museum since when? | {
"text": [
"1908"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
56e8fc6799e8941900975f51 | Westminster_Abbey | The exhibits include a collection of royal and other funeral effigies (funeral saddle, helm and shield of Henry V), together with other treasures, including some panels of mediaeval glass, 12th-century sculpture fragments, Mary II's coronation chair and replicas of the coronation regalia, and historic effigies of Edward III, Henry VII and his queen, Elizabeth of York, Charles II, William III, Mary II and Queen Anne. | What belonging to Henry V is in the museum? | {
"text": [
"funeral saddle, helm and shield"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
56e8fc6799e8941900975f53 | Westminster_Abbey | The exhibits include a collection of royal and other funeral effigies (funeral saddle, helm and shield of Henry V), together with other treasures, including some panels of mediaeval glass, 12th-century sculpture fragments, Mary II's coronation chair and replicas of the coronation regalia, and historic effigies of Edward III, Henry VII and his queen, Elizabeth of York, Charles II, William III, Mary II and Queen Anne. | What kind of panels are in the museum? | {
"text": [
"panels of mediaeval glass"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
56e8fd2b99e8941900975f59 | Westminster_Abbey | Later wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio, Viscount Nelson, wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright.[citation needed] During recent conservation of Elizabeth I's effigy, a unique corset dating from 1603 was found on the figure and is now displayed separately.[citation needed] | Who modelled the effigies in the museum? | {
"text": [
"sculptor Patience Wright"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
56e8fd2b99e8941900975f5a | Westminster_Abbey | Later wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio, Viscount Nelson, wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright.[citation needed] During recent conservation of Elizabeth I's effigy, a unique corset dating from 1603 was found on the figure and is now displayed separately.[citation needed] | What are the effigies made of? | {
"text": [
"wax"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
56e8fd2b99e8941900975f5b | Westminster_Abbey | Later wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio, Viscount Nelson, wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright.[citation needed] During recent conservation of Elizabeth I's effigy, a unique corset dating from 1603 was found on the figure and is now displayed separately.[citation needed] | What is the effigy of Viscount Nelson wearing? | {
"text": [
"some of his own clothes"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
56e8fd9c99e8941900975f63 | Westminster_Abbey | A recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece, which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey. Although it has been damaged in past centuries, the panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved. | What was recently added to the museum exhibit? | {
"text": [
"13th-century Westminster Retable"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
56e8fd9c99e8941900975f64 | Westminster_Abbey | A recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece, which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey. Although it has been damaged in past centuries, the panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved. | What is the Westminster Retable? | {
"text": [
"England's oldest altarpiece"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
56e8fd9c99e8941900975f65 | Westminster_Abbey | A recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece, which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey. Although it has been damaged in past centuries, the panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved. | What was the altarpiece designed for? | {
"text": [
"high altar of the abbey"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
56e8fd9c99e8941900975f66 | Westminster_Abbey | A recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece, which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey. Although it has been damaged in past centuries, the panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved. | What was damaged but cleaned and then conserved? | {
"text": [
"altarpiece"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
56e8fe7f0b45c0140094cdcb | Westminster_Abbey | In June 2009 the first major building work at the abbey for 250 years was proposed. A corona—a crown-like architectural feature—was intended to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s. This was part of a wider £23m development of the abbey expected to be completed in 2013. On 4 August 2010 the Dean and Chapter announced that, "[a]fter a considerable amount of preliminary and exploratory work", efforts toward the construction of a corona would not be continued. In 2012, architects Panter Hudspith completed refurbishment of the 14th-century food-store originally used by the abbey's monks, converting it into a restaurant with English Oak furniture by Covent Garden-based furniture makers Luke Hughes and Company. | What was proposed for the abbey in June 2009? | {
"text": [
"major building work"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
56e8fe7f0b45c0140094cdcc | Westminster_Abbey | In June 2009 the first major building work at the abbey for 250 years was proposed. A corona—a crown-like architectural feature—was intended to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s. This was part of a wider £23m development of the abbey expected to be completed in 2013. On 4 August 2010 the Dean and Chapter announced that, "[a]fter a considerable amount of preliminary and exploratory work", efforts toward the construction of a corona would not be continued. In 2012, architects Panter Hudspith completed refurbishment of the 14th-century food-store originally used by the abbey's monks, converting it into a restaurant with English Oak furniture by Covent Garden-based furniture makers Luke Hughes and Company. | On what date did the Dean and Chapter announce that work would not be continued? | {
"text": [
"4 August 2010"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} |
56e8fe7f0b45c0140094cdcd | Westminster_Abbey | In June 2009 the first major building work at the abbey for 250 years was proposed. A corona—a crown-like architectural feature—was intended to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s. This was part of a wider £23m development of the abbey expected to be completed in 2013. On 4 August 2010 the Dean and Chapter announced that, "[a]fter a considerable amount of preliminary and exploratory work", efforts toward the construction of a corona would not be continued. In 2012, architects Panter Hudspith completed refurbishment of the 14th-century food-store originally used by the abbey's monks, converting it into a restaurant with English Oak furniture by Covent Garden-based furniture makers Luke Hughes and Company. | Panter Hudspith refurbished a 14th-century foodstore into what? | {
"text": [
"a restaurant"
],
"answer_start": [
692
]
} |
56e8fe7f0b45c0140094cdce | Westminster_Abbey | In June 2009 the first major building work at the abbey for 250 years was proposed. A corona—a crown-like architectural feature—was intended to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s. This was part of a wider £23m development of the abbey expected to be completed in 2013. On 4 August 2010 the Dean and Chapter announced that, "[a]fter a considerable amount of preliminary and exploratory work", efforts toward the construction of a corona would not be continued. In 2012, architects Panter Hudspith completed refurbishment of the 14th-century food-store originally used by the abbey's monks, converting it into a restaurant with English Oak furniture by Covent Garden-based furniture makers Luke Hughes and Company. | What kind of furniture is in the restaurant? | {
"text": [
"English Oak"
],
"answer_start": [
710
]
} |
56e8fe7f0b45c0140094cdcf | Westminster_Abbey | In June 2009 the first major building work at the abbey for 250 years was proposed. A corona—a crown-like architectural feature—was intended to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s. This was part of a wider £23m development of the abbey expected to be completed in 2013. On 4 August 2010 the Dean and Chapter announced that, "[a]fter a considerable amount of preliminary and exploratory work", efforts toward the construction of a corona would not be continued. In 2012, architects Panter Hudspith completed refurbishment of the 14th-century food-store originally used by the abbey's monks, converting it into a restaurant with English Oak furniture by Covent Garden-based furniture makers Luke Hughes and Company. | Who supplied the furniture for the restaurant? | {
"text": [
"Luke Hughes and Company"
],
"answer_start": [
772
]
} |
56e8ff6c99e8941900975f6b | Westminster_Abbey | A project that is proceeding is the creation of The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries in the medieval triforium of the abbey. The aim is to create a new display area for the abbey's treasures in the galleries high up around the abbey's nave. To this end a new Gothic access tower with lift has been designed by the abbey architect and Surveyor of the Fabric, Ptolemy Dean. It is planned that the new galleries will open in 2018. | What will be created in the medieval triforium? | {
"text": [
"The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
56e8ff6c99e8941900975f6d | Westminster_Abbey | A project that is proceeding is the creation of The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries in the medieval triforium of the abbey. The aim is to create a new display area for the abbey's treasures in the galleries high up around the abbey's nave. To this end a new Gothic access tower with lift has been designed by the abbey architect and Surveyor of the Fabric, Ptolemy Dean. It is planned that the new galleries will open in 2018. | What has been designed to help with the gallery? | {
"text": [
"Gothic access tower with lift"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} |
56e8ff6c99e8941900975f6f | Westminster_Abbey | A project that is proceeding is the creation of The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries in the medieval triforium of the abbey. The aim is to create a new display area for the abbey's treasures in the galleries high up around the abbey's nave. To this end a new Gothic access tower with lift has been designed by the abbey architect and Surveyor of the Fabric, Ptolemy Dean. It is planned that the new galleries will open in 2018. | When will the new galleries open? | {
"text": [
"2018"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
56e9ebac5a205f1900d6d326 | Political_corruption | Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence. | What is it called when government officials use their power for private gain? | {
"text": [
"Political corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56e9ed745a205f1900d6d32c | Political_corruption | Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is also considered political corruption. | One form of corruption involves the hiring of family members, which is called what? | {
"text": [
"nepotism"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
56e9ed745a205f1900d6d32d | Political_corruption | Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is also considered political corruption. | Another form of corruption, the practice of usury, is called what? | {
"text": [
"gombeenism"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
56e9ed745a205f1900d6d32e | Political_corruption | Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is also considered political corruption. | Three forms of corruption that can promote criminal activities include drugs, money laundering, and what? | {
"text": [
"human trafficking"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
56e9ed745a205f1900d6d32f | Political_corruption | Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is also considered political corruption. | The repression of what is also considered political corruption? | {
"text": [
"political opponents"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} |
56e9f4805a205f1900d6d336 | Political_corruption | The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning "rule by thieves". | Which crime costs over one trillion U.S. dollars every year, world-wide? | {
"text": [
"bribery"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} |
56e9f4805a205f1900d6d337 | Political_corruption | The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning "rule by thieves". | What does kleptocracy mean? | {
"text": [
"rule by thieves"
],
"answer_start": [
522
]
} |
56ea8ec15a205f1900d6d33c | Political_corruption | Some forms of corruption – now called "institutional corruption" – are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain. A similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the primary purpose of the institution. | What are some forms of corruption now called? | {
"text": [
"institutional corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
56ea8ec15a205f1900d6d33d | Political_corruption | Some forms of corruption – now called "institutional corruption" – are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain. A similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the primary purpose of the institution. | Institutional corruption is distinguished from what type of corruption? | {
"text": [
"bribery"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
56ea8ec15a205f1900d6d33e | Political_corruption | Some forms of corruption – now called "institutional corruption" – are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain. A similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the primary purpose of the institution. | This type of problem happens in any organization where the interests of the people who financially support it conflicts with what? | {
"text": [
"the primary purpose of the institution"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
56ea90465a205f1900d6d342 | Political_corruption | In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue. | What does corruption undermine in politics? | {
"text": [
"democracy"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
56ea90465a205f1900d6d343 | Political_corruption | In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue. | What does corruption disregard in politics? | {
"text": [
"formal processes"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
56ea90465a205f1900d6d344 | Political_corruption | In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue. | Political corruption in legislature reduces what, overall? | {
"text": [
"accountability"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
56ea90465a205f1900d6d345 | Political_corruption | In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue. | Corruption in what compromises the rule of law? | {
"text": [
"judiciary"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
56ea90465a205f1900d6d346 | Political_corruption | In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue. | Corruption in what creates weak provision of services? | {
"text": [
"public administration"
],
"answer_start": [
304
]
} |
56ea91795a205f1900d6d34c | Political_corruption | More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and public offices are bought and sold. Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance. Recent evidence suggests that variation in the levels of corruption amongst high-income democracies can vary significantly depending on the level of accountability of decision-makers. Evidence from fragile states also shows that corruption and bribery can adversely impact trust in institutions. | What two democratic values are soiled due to corruption? | {
"text": [
"trust and tolerance"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} |
56ea91795a205f1900d6d34d | Political_corruption | More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and public offices are bought and sold. Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance. Recent evidence suggests that variation in the levels of corruption amongst high-income democracies can vary significantly depending on the level of accountability of decision-makers. Evidence from fragile states also shows that corruption and bribery can adversely impact trust in institutions. | Corruption disintegrates government capacity when public offices are what? | {
"text": [
"bought and sold"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
56ea91795a205f1900d6d34e | Political_corruption | More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and public offices are bought and sold. Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance. Recent evidence suggests that variation in the levels of corruption amongst high-income democracies can vary significantly depending on the level of accountability of decision-makers. Evidence from fragile states also shows that corruption and bribery can adversely impact trust in institutions. | The level of corruption can vary in richer democracies in regards to the what of those officials making decisions? | {
"text": [
"accountability"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
56ea931e5a205f1900d6d352 | Political_corruption | In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms. | Corruption raises the cost of business because of illegal payments in what sector? | {
"text": [
"private"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
56ea931e5a205f1900d6d353 | Political_corruption | In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms. | Some people feel that corruption actually reduces costs because it cuts what? | {
"text": [
"bureaucracy"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
56ea931e5a205f1900d6d355 | Political_corruption | In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms. | What process is better than allowing bribes to remain in place? | {
"text": [
"Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} |
56ea931e5a205f1900d6d356 | Political_corruption | In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms. | Corruption changes the playing field by allowing businesses with connections to be shielded by what? | {
"text": [
"competition"
],
"answer_start": [
611
]
} |
56ea94715a205f1900d6d35c | Political_corruption | Corruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus further distorting investment. Corruption also lowers compliance with construction, environmental, or other regulations, reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure, and increases budgetary pressures on government. | Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects? | {
"text": [
"public investment"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
56ea94715a205f1900d6d35d | Political_corruption | Corruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus further distorting investment. Corruption also lowers compliance with construction, environmental, or other regulations, reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure, and increases budgetary pressures on government. | What is more plentiful in capital projects? | {
"text": [
"bribes and kickbacks"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
56ea94715a205f1900d6d360 | Political_corruption | Corruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus further distorting investment. Corruption also lowers compliance with construction, environmental, or other regulations, reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure, and increases budgetary pressures on government. | Corruption can lower what with environmental regulations? | {
"text": [
"compliance"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
56ea95025a205f1900d6d366 | Political_corruption | Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home (hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts). In Nigeria, for example, more than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999. | African dictators often have what kind of bank accounts? | {
"text": [
"Swiss"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
} |
56ea95025a205f1900d6d367 | Political_corruption | Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home (hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts). In Nigeria, for example, more than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999. | What form has corruption taken in Africa? | {
"text": [
"rent extraction"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
56ea95025a205f1900d6d368 | Political_corruption | Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home (hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts). In Nigeria, for example, more than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999. | In Africa, the finances are often moved where? | {
"text": [
"overseas"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
56ea963e5a205f1900d6d36e | Political_corruption | University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Mancur Olson.) In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and the fact that new governments often confiscated previous government's corruptly obtained assets. This encouraged officials to stash their wealth abroad, out of reach of any future expropriation. In contrast, Asian administrations such as Suharto's New Order often took a cut on business transactions or provided conditions for development, through infrastructure investment, law and order, etc. | Which researchers studied corruption from Sub-Saharan countries from 1970 to 1996? | {
"text": [
"University of Massachusetts Amherst"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56ea963e5a205f1900d6d370 | Political_corruption | University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Mancur Olson.) In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and the fact that new governments often confiscated previous government's corruptly obtained assets. This encouraged officials to stash their wealth abroad, out of reach of any future expropriation. In contrast, Asian administrations such as Suharto's New Order often took a cut on business transactions or provided conditions for development, through infrastructure investment, law and order, etc. | The 187 billion exceeded what in these countries? | {
"text": [
"external debts"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
56ea963e5a205f1900d6d371 | Political_corruption | University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Mancur Olson.) In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and the fact that new governments often confiscated previous government's corruptly obtained assets. This encouraged officials to stash their wealth abroad, out of reach of any future expropriation. In contrast, Asian administrations such as Suharto's New Order often took a cut on business transactions or provided conditions for development, through infrastructure investment, law and order, etc. | What was one of the factors for this behavior in Africa? | {
"text": [
"political instability"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
56ea97140030b61400a34fbd | Political_corruption | Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention. | Where is corruption most noticeable? | {
"text": [
"countries with the smallest per capita incomes"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
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